B.E./B.TECH.

DEGREE EXAMINATION NOV/DEC 2005

VII -SEMESTER
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

TIME :3 hrs
MAX MARKS :100

PART -A (10 X 2 = 20 MARKS)

1. A point sorce of ligth is 12 cm below the surface of a large body of water (n =

1.33). What is the radius of the largest circle on the water surface through which
the light can emerge?

2. Consider a parabolic index waveguide with n1 =1.75 ,n2 = 1.677 and core radius
25 micro meter. Calculate the numerical aperture at the axis and at a point 20
micro meter from the axis

3. Write the expression for the effective number of modes guided by a curved
multimode fiber of radius 'a'

4. Define normalized propagation constant.

5. Draw the three key transistion process involved in laser action

6. Write the concept of indirect bandgap semiconductor materials

7. Define responsivity of photodiode.

8. Define quantum efficiency of a photodetector

9. List the sysyem requirements neede in analyzing a point -to- point link

10. Write the concept of solition

PART - B (5 X 16 =80)

11(i) Diacuss the signal distortion in single mode fibers

(ii) Discuss pulse broadening in graded index fibers with necessary equations

12(a) (i) Briefly explain the evolution of fiber optic system

(ii) Compare the configuration of different types of fibers .

OR
(b)(i) Derive modal equation

(ii) Discuss the modes in step- index fibers

13(a) Draw the structures of edge-emitting LED and surface emitting LED and
explain the operation
OR
(b) (i)Discuss the LASER diode principle , modes and threshold conditions

14(a) Draw the schematics of pin photodiode and APD and explain.
OR
(b) Explain the fundamental receiver operation in optical communication
15(a) Explain various types of fiber splicing techniques and fiber connectors
OR
(b) (i) Explain the operational principles of WDM

(ii) Explain the rise-time budget.

B.E./B.TECH.DEGREE EXAMINATION APRIL/MAY 2005

VII -SEMESTER
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

TIME :3 hrs
MAX MARKS :100

PART -A (10 X 2 = 20 MARKS)

1. Define numerical aperture of a step index fiber

2. Define mode-field diameter

3. Give expression for the effective number of modes guided by a curved multimode
fiber

4. What are the causes of absorption?

5. What is meant by hetero junction?

6. What is meant by indirect band gap semi conductor material?

7. Define responsivity

8. A given APD has a quantum efficiency of 65 % at a wavelength of 90 nm . If 0.5

micro watt of optical power produces a multiplied photocurrent of 10 micro Ampere
, find the multiplication M

9. What is meant by solitron?

10 What is meant by modal noise?

PART-B (5 X 16 = 80)

11(I) Discuss the propagation modes in single -mode fiber

(ii) Discuss the structure of graded index fiber

12(a) (i) What is meant by material dispersion?

(ii) Derive an expression for material dispersion

(iii) Derive the expression for wave guide dispersion
OR
(b) Discuss the pulse broadening in graded index fibers

13(a) Draw the structure of edge emitting and surface emitting LEDs and explain
OR
(b) Discuss the laser diode structures and radiation patterns

14(a) An InGaAs pin photodiode has the following parameters at a wavelength of

1300 nm : I D = 4 nA, ? = 0.9, RL = 1000 ohms and the surface leakage current is
negligible. The incident optical power is 300 nw (- 35 dBm), and the receiver
bandwidth is 20 MHz . Find the various noise terms of the receiver
OR
(b) Discuss the performance of digital receiver by defining the probability of
error

15 (a) (i) Discuss the operational principles of WDM

(ii) Describe the key features of WDM

OR
(b) Explain the rise-time budget of a fiber –optic point – to – point link

B.E./B.TECH.DEGREE EXAMINATION MAY/JUNE 2006

VII -SEMESTER
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

TIME :3 hrs
MAX MARKS :100

PART -A (10 X 2 = 20 MARKS)

1. Commonly available single mode fibers have beat lengths in the range 10 cm < Lp
<2 m . What range of refractive index diffrences does this correspond to? (for
wavelength = 1300 nm)

2. Define mode field diameter

3. Find the coupling loss for two fibers having core refractive index profiles
alpha E = 2.0 and alpha R = 1.5 .

4. What causes mode coupling?

5. Give example for direct and indirect semiconductor materials

6. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rate to the spontaneous emission

rate for a lamp operating at a temperature of 100 K . Assume average operating
wavelength is 0.5 micro meter

7. Define long wavelength cutoff of a photodiode

8 What is meant by quantum limit?

9. Write the basic concept of solition generation

10 Write the concept of link power budget

PART B (5 X 16 = 80)

11(i) What is meant by 'material dispersion'? Derive its expression

(ii) Discuss the pulse broadening in graded index fiberss

12(a) (i) List the advantages of optical fiber comminication

(ii) Draw the elements of an optical fiber transmission link and explain
OR
(b) (i) Discuss the mode theory of circular waveguide

13(a)(i) What is meant by heterojunction ? Give example.

(ii) Derive the internal quantum efficiency of an LED

OR
(b) (i) Explain optical feedback and laser oscillation.

(ii) Derive the threshold condition for lasing

14 (a) Discuss the principle of operation of APD wiht neat circuit diagram. Also
discuss the requirements of photo detector.
OR
(b) Discuss the fundamentals of receiver operations with neat block diagram

15 (a) Draw the point-to -point fiber optic link and discuss the system
considerations
OR
(b) Discuss the principle ,requirement and applications of WDM

BE./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2007.

Seventh Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 433 — OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
Time: Three hours
Maximum: 100 marks

PART A — (10 x 2 = 20 marks)

Answer ALL questions.
1. What is the fundamental parameter of a single mode fiber?
2. A step index fiber has a normalized frequency V = 26.6 at 1300 nm wavelength.
If the core radius is 25 pm, find the numerical aperture.
3. Mention the two causes of intra-modal dispersion.
4. Define fiber loss.
5. Compare LED and LASER.
6. What is meant by population inversion?
7. A photodiode is constructed of GaAs, which has band gap energy of 1.43 eV at
300 K. What is meant by long wavelength cutoff?
8. What are the benefits of a trans-impedance amplifier?
9. List the key requirements needed in analyzing a link.
10. Define Modal Noise.

PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) What are fiber modes? Explain mode theory for optical fibers in detail.
Or
(b) Compare Single mode fibers and Graded index fibers. Explain the requirements
for fiber materials.

12. (a) Discuss various kinds of losses that an optical signal might suffer while
propagating through fiber, Which is most important one? What is the effect of
these losses on light power and pulse shape?

Or
(b) What is mode coupling? Discuss pulse broadening in Gl fibers.

13. (a) With neat diagram explain the construction and working of high radiance
surface emitting LED.
Or
(b) Discuss about modulation of Laser diodes. Why thermoelectric cooler are used
in Laser diodes?

14. (a) What is known as quantum limit? A digital fiber optic link operating at
850 nm requires a maximum BER of 10*9. Find the minimum incidental optical power
Po to achieve this BER at a data rate of 10 Mb/s for a simple binary level
signaling scheme. (ry: 1), [1/r : B/2].
Or
(b) Discuss in detail digital receiver performance calculation and sensitivity
calculation in detail.

15. (a) What are the system consideration in point to point links? Explain in
detail.
Or
(b) Discuss in detail Fiber splicing and connectors. Explain the operation
principles of WDM.

B.E / B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION,NOV/DEC 2007

OPTICAL COMMUNCATION
VII SEMESTER

Time : 3 Hrs
Max Marks : 100
PART A (10 X 2 = 20 )

1. Give the relationship between rays and modes

2. A silica fiber as a core refractive index of 1.5 and a cladding refractive

index of 1.47 . Determine the acceptance angle in air for the fibr

3. What do you mean by polorization mode dispersion?

4. Distinguish dispersion shifted and dispersion flattened fibers

5. What do you mean by heterojunction ? Mention its advantages

6. List different types of mechanical misalignments that can occur between two
joined fibers

7. What are the desired features of photodetector?

8. Define quntum limit

9. What are the advantages of WDM?

10 Distinguish fundamental and higher order solitions.

PART - B ( 5 X 16 = 80)

11 (a) (i) Explain with neat diagram the elements of an optical fiber transmission
link.

(ii) A multimode step index fiber with a core diameter of 80 µm and a relative
index difference of 1.5 % is operating at a wavelength of 0.85 µm .If the core
refractive index is 1.48 ,estimate the normalized frequency for the fiber and the
number of guided modes
OR

(b) (i) Discuss the evolution of fiber optic communication system

(ii) Sketch and explain the electric field disturbution of the lower order guided
modes in symmetrical slab waveguide

(iii) Draw the structures of step index and graded index fibers with their typical
dimensions

12(a) (i) When the mean optical power launched into an 8 Km length of fiber is 120
µW , the mean optical power at the fiber output is 3µW.Determine

(1) Overall signal attenuation in dB/Km and

(2) The overall signal attenuation for a 10 Km optical link using the same fiber
with splices at 1 Km intervals ,each giving an attenuation of 1 dB
(ii) Explain with suitable diagrams the different mechanism that contribute to
attenuation in optical fibers
OR

(b) (i) Discuss in detail intramodel dispersion with relevant expressions and
diagrams

(ii) Write a brief note on design optimization of single mode fibers

13 (a) (i) Draw and explain the LED structures based double Hetero structure
configuration

(ii) Discuss the principle of operation of laser diodes .What are the effects of
temperature on the performance of a laser diode?
OR

(b) (i) Explain the different lensing schemes available to improve the power
coupling efficiency.

(ii) Explain the fiber splicing techniques with necessary diagrams

14 (a) (i) A silicon p-i-n photodiode incorporated into an optical receiver has a
quantum efficiency of 60 % at a wavelength of 0.9µm.The dark current is 3 nA and
load resitence is 4 K ohms.The incident opical power is 200 nw and the receiver
bandwidth is 5 MHz .Determine

(1)Mean square quantum noise current,

(2)Mean square dark current and
(3)Mean square thermal noise current at a temperature of 20 degree c

(ii) Draw and explain the operation of APD

OR

(b) (i) Discuss the different noise sources and disturbances in the optical pulse
detection mechanism

(ii) Derive an expression for the bit error rate of an optical digital receiver

15 (a) Explain the significance of link power budget and rise time budget with one
illustration for each
OR
(b) (i) Explain the principle of operation of Erbium doped fiber amplifier

(ii) Give a brief account of the principles of SONET