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Chuyn 1 ===================

VECT V CC PHP TON TRN VECT


I. TM TT KIN THC 1. Vect Vect l mt on thng c hng, ngha l ch r im mt no l im u (gc), im mt no l im cui (ngn), c c trng bi cc yu t: (*) Phng (**) Hng (chiu) (***) ln ( di) A B Hng t im u ti im cui ca vect c gi l hng ca vect. u u u r K hiu: Vect c im u l A, im cui l B c k hiu l AB * Ngoi ra, vect cn c k hiu bi cc ch in thng nh r r r r u r r r a, b, c, x, y, u , v... i vi cc vect t do.
u u u r u u u r

di ca vect AB l AB = AB Vect-khng l vect c im u trng vi im cui. Do di ca vect-khng bng 0 v vect-khng c hng ty . r Vect-khng c k hiu l 0 ch khng phi 0. Gi ca vect l ng thng i qua im u v im cui ca u u u r vect , v d gi ca vect AB l ng thng AB. Hai vect c gi l cng phng nu gi ca chng l hai ng u u u r u u u r thng song song hoc trng nhau. V d hai vect AB v CD l hai u u u r u u u r vect cng phng (v AB // CD) v c k hiu l AB // CD A B D C
u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r AB CD AB // CD u u u r u u u r AB CD

Hai vect cng phng c th cng hng, c th ngc hng.

* Vect-khng cng hng vi mi vect. Hai vect c gi l bng nhau nu chng cng hng v c cng di:
u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r AB = CD AB = CD u u u r u u u r AB CD

2. Cc php ton trn vect a. Php cng hai vect Cho hai vect a v b . Tng ca hai vect ny c xc nh nh sau: (1) Ly mt im Au bt k. u u u r r u u r r (2) Dng cc vect AB = a , BC = b . u u u r r r u u u r u u u r u u u r r r Vect AC c gi l tng ca hai vect a v b : AC = AB + BC = a + b T , ta c cc quy tc sau y: Quy tc ba im (Quy tc chn im) u u u u r u u u r u u u r Vi ba im M, N, P bt k, ta c: u MN = MP + PN u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u u u u r M rng ra, ta c quy tc n im: A1 An = A1 A2 + A2 A3 + ... + An 1 An Quy tc hnh bnh hnh: u u u r u u u u r u u u u r Vi hnh bnh hnh MNPQ bt k, ta c: MP = MN + MQ Cc tnh cht ca php cng vect: (1) Tnh giao hon: a+b = b+a r r r r r r a + ( b + c) = ( a + b) + c (2) Tnh kt hp: r r r (3) Cng vi vect-khng: a + 0 = a Ta cng c mt bt ng thc kh quan trng sau y: r r r r r r a+b a + b (Du = xy ra a b ) b. Php tr hai vect: Vect i: Vect a c gi l vect i ca vect b khi a v b l
r r a b r r hai vect ngc hng v c cng di: a = b r r a =b r r r Hiu ca hai vect a v b l tng ca vect a vi vect i ca r r r r r vect b : a b = a + b r r r r r r r r r r

( )

Cc quy tc: Quy tc ba im: u u u u r u u u r u u u u r Vi ba im M, N, P bt k, ta c: MN = PN PM Quy tc chuyn v: r r r r r r r r r Vi ba vect a, b v c ta c: a + b = c a = c b 3. Php nhn mt vect vi mt s thc Tch ca s thc k vi vect a l mt vect, k hiu l k a , c xc nh nh sau: r r r r Nu k = 0 hoc a = 0 th k a = 0
r r

Nu k > 0 v a 0 th k a a v ka = k a
r r r r r

Nu k < 0 v a 0 th k a a v k a = k a

T ta c cc h qu sau y:
r r k = 0 ka = 0 r r a = 0 r r ka = k a

Cc tnh cht ca php nhn mt vect vi mt s thc: r r r r 1a = a ; 1a = a


r r k ma = ( km ) a r r r ( k + m ) a = k a + ma r r r r k a b = k a kb

( ) (

iu kin ba im thng hng: Ba im A, B, C thng hng

u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r k 0 : AB = k AC , : AB + AC = 0

) (

4. H thc trung im - trng tm a. H thc trung im: Cho on thng AB, M l trung im ca on AB v O l mt im bt k. Ta c: M l trung u im ca AB u u u r u u u r AM = MB v AM MB u u u u r u u u r AM = MB u u u r u u u r MA = MB u u u r u u u r r MA + MB = 0 (1) ( MI + IA ) + ( MI + IB ) = 0
u u u r u u r u u r 2 IM = IA + IB u u r u u r u u u r IA + IB IM = 2 u u u r u u r u u u r u u r r

(theo quy tc ba im) (theo quy tc chuyn v) (2)

T cc h thc (1) v (2) ta suy ra: u u u r u u u r r iu kin cn v M l trung im ca AB l MA + MB = 0 iu kin cn v M l trung im ca AB l tn ti mt im


u u r u u r u u u r IA + IB I sao cho IM = 2

* Ch : Khi cho im I M, ta c h thc (2) h thc (1) b. H thc trng tm:

Cho tam gic ABC. Gi G l trng tmu ca tam gic, ta c: u u u r u u r u u u r r G l trng tm tam gic ABC GA + GB + GC = 0 (3) (Chng minh: Bn c c th s dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh hoc h thc (2)). Vi im O bt k, ta c h thc (1) c bin i nh sau: u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r GO + OA + GO + OB + GO + OC (3) ( ) ( ) ( ) =0 3GO + OA + OB + OC = 0 u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r OA + OB + OC = 3OG
u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r OA + OB + OC OG = 3 u u u r u u u r u u u r r GA + GB + GC = 0 u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r

(4)

T cc h thc (3) v (4) ta suy ra: iu kin cn v G l trng tm tam gic ABC l iu kin cn v G l trng tm tam gic ABC l tn ti mt
u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r OA + OB + OC im O sao cho OG = 3

* Ch : Khi cho im O G, ta c h thc (4) h thc (3) II. CC DNG BI TP C BN 1. Dng 1: Chng minh hai vect bng nhau: Phng php gii: r r a b r r Dng nh ngha hai vect bng nhau: a = b r r a= b

- S dng tnh cht ca hnh bnh hnh V d 1. Cho t gic ABCD. Gi M, N, P, Q theo th t l trung im ca cc u u u u r u u u r on AB, AC, CD v BD. Chng minh rng: MN = QP Gii. Ta thy: MN // AC v MN = AC (tnh cht ng trung bnh) QP // AC v QP = AC (tnh cht ng trung bnh) u u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r Do MN // QP v MN = QP MN QP v MN = QP MN = QP (ccm) V d 2. Cho t u gic ABCD. Gi M, N, P tng ng l trung im ca AD, u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r BC v AC. Bit MP = PN . Chng minh rng: AD = BC Gii. Ta thy: MP // DC v MP = DC MP = DC
u u r 1u 2 u u u r 1u u u r PN // AB v PN = AB PN = AB 2 u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r Mt khc, theo gi thit MP = PN AB = DC u u u r

Suy ra ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Vy AD = BC (ccm) 2. Dng 2: Chng minh cc ng thc vect: Phng php gii: - Bin i v tri thnh v phi hoc bin i v phi thnh v tri. - Bin i tng ng. - S dng tnh cht bc cu. V d 3. Cho t gic ABCD. Gi M, N l trung im ca AD v BC. O l trung im ca MN. Chng minh cc ng thc sau: u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r a. AB + DC = AC + DB
u u u u r 1 u u u r u u u r 1 u u u r u u u r AB + DC = AC + BD 2 u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r 2 r c. OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r IA + IB + IC + ID d. IO = vi I l mt im bt k. 4

u u u r

u u u r

b. MN =

Gii. u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r a. AB + DC = ( AC + CB ) + DC = AC + ( DC + CB ) = AC + DB b. Ta c:

u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u r AB + DC = AM + MN + NB + DM + MN + NC u u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r r r u u u u r = 2 MN + AM + DM + NB + NC = 2MN 0 + 0 = 2MN

u u u u r 1 u u u r u u u r 1 u u u r u u u r MN = AB + DC = AC + DB 2 2

) ( ) (

) ( ) )

c. Ta thy:

u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r OA + OB + OC + OD = OA + OD + OB + OC u u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r r = 2OM + 2ON = 2 OM + ON = 0

) (

d. T u kt qu cu c. ta c: u u u r u u r u u u r u u u r r

OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r r OI + IA + OI + IB + OI + IC + OI + ID = 0 u u r u u r u u r u u r u u r 4 IO = IA + IB + IC + ID

) (

) (

) (

* Ch : im O nh trn c gi l trng tm ca t gic ABCD. Trng tm ny l duy nht v lun tha mn cc h thc phn c. v d. Ta c th chng minh ba ng thng MN, PQ, EF ng quy ti O l trung im mi ng, trong M, N, P, Q, E, F ln lt l trung im ca cc on AD, BC, AB, CD, AC v BD. O lun nm trn on thng ni mt nh ca t gic vi trng tm ca tam gic to bi ba nh cn li.

V u d 4.u Cho 6 im A, B, C, D, E, F bt k trn mt phng. Chng minh: u u r u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r a. u b. AB + CD = AD + CB AB + CD + EA = ED + CB u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r c. AD + BE + CF = AE + BF + CD = AF + BD + CE

d. AB + CD + EF + GA = CB + ED + GF Gii. u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r a. AB + CD = AD + CB AB AD = CB CD DB = DB (ng) u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r u u u r r b. u AB + CD + EA = ED + CB AB + BC + CD + DE + EA = 0 AA = 0 (ng) u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r c. AD + BE + CF = AE + BF + CD AD AE + BE BF + CF CD = 0 u u u r u u u r u u u r r u u u r r ED + FE + DF = 0 EE = 0 (ng) u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r d. AB + CD + EF + GA = CB + ED + GF u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r u u u r r (ng) AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + FG + GA = 0 AA = 0 V d 5. Cho tam gic ABC, AM, BN, CP l cc trung tuyn. D, E, F l trung u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r im ca AM, BN v CP. Chng t rng: 3 ( OA + OB + OC ) = 4 ( OD + OE + OF ) vi O l mt im bt k. Gii. Ta c: 2OA + OB + OC = 2OA + 2OM = 2 ( OA + OM ) = 2.2OD = 4OD u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r Tng t: OA + 2OB + OC = 4OE v OA + OB + 2OC = 4OF Cng v cc bt ng thc trn, ta thu c ccm. 3. Dng 3: Chng minh ba im thng hng Phng php gii: u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r Ba im A, B, C thng hng ( k 0 : AB = k AC ) ( , : AB + AC = 0 ) V d 6. Cho tam gic ABC. O, G, H th t l tm ng trn ngoi tip, trng tm v u trc tm ca tam gic. Chng minh: u u u r u u u r u u r u u u r a. HA + HB + HC = 2 HO u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r b. OA + OB + OC = OH c. O, G, H thng hng Gii. a. Gi M l trung im ca BC. Ta thy: AH // MO (cng vung gc vi BC)
AH AG = = 2 (nh l Ta-lt) AH = 2MO MO MG u u u r u u u u r T suy ra HA = 2MO (1) u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u r

u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r

Mt khc, v M l trung im ca BC nn theo h thc trung im ta c: u u u r u u u r u u u u r (2) HB + HC = 2 HM u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u r Cng v (1) v (2) ta suy ra HA + HB + HC = 2 MO + 2 HM = 2 HO u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r b. Ta c OA + OB + OC = OA + 2OM = OA + AH = OH u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r c. G l u trng tm tam gic ABC nn OA + OB + OC = 3OG u u r u u u r Do OH = 3OG . Vy O, G, H thng hng. V d 7. Cho t gic ABCD. Cc im M, N theo th t thay i trn cc cnh AD, BC sao cho
AM CN = . Cc im E, F ln lt l trung im ca AC v AD CB

BD. Chng minh I lun chuyn ng trn on EF.

Gii. t

AM CN = =k AD CB

( 0 k 1)

V E l trung im ca AC, I l trung im ca MN nn theo V d 3. ta c


u u r 1 u u u u r u u u r 1 u u u r u u u r 1 u u u r u u u r EI = AM + CN = k AD + kCB = k AD + CB 2 2 2

(1) (2)

Mt khc do E v F l trung im ca AC v BD
u u r u u u r 1 u AD + CB 2 u u r u u u r T (1) v (2) suy ra EI = k EF . Ta c ccm.

Nn EF =

u u u r

4. Dng 4: Chng minh hai im trng nhau Phng php gii: u u u r r - A trng B AB = 0 u u u r u u u r - A trng B M : MA = MB V d 8. Chng minh rng AD + BE + CF = 0 l iu kin cn v hai tam gic ABC v DEF c cng trng tm. Gii. Gi G v G th t l trng tmu ca cc tam gic ABC v DEF. u u u u r u u u r u u u u r r V G l trng tm nn ta c: G ' D + G ' E + G ' F = 0
u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u r r G ' G + GA + AD + G ' G + GB + BE + G ' G + GC + CF = 0 u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r 3G ' G + GA + GB + GC + AD + BE + CF = 0 u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r 3G ' G + AD + BE + CF = 0 u u u r u u u r u u u r r

( (

) ( )

Do hai tam gic ABC v DEF c cng trng tm G ' G = 0 u u u r u u u r u u u r r AD + BE + CF = 0 V d 9. Cho M, N, P, Q. R, S ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA ca lc gic ABCDEF. Chng minh rng cc tam gic MPR v NQS c cng trng tm. Gii. Xt MN + PQ + RS = AC + CE + EA
u u u u r u u u r u u u r 1u u u r 1u u u r 1u u u r 2 2 2 u u r u u u r u u u r r 1 u = AC + CE + EA = 0 2

u u u u r

Mt khc, theo V d 8. ta c ccm. 5. Dng 5: Tm tp hp cc im tha mn mt ng thc vect cho trc Phng php gii: u u u u r r r OM = a vi O c nh v a khng i th tp hp im M l ng trn r tm O bn knh a u u u r u u u r MA = MB vi A, B c nh th tp hp im M l ng trung trc ca

on thng AB

u u u u r r r OM = ka vi O c nh, a khng i v k R th tp hp im M l r ng thng i qua O v c cng phng vi a u u u u r r OM = ka vi O, A c nh v k R th tp hp im M l ng thng OA

V d 10. Cho t gic ABCDu u u r u u u r u u u r a. Xc nh im O sao cho OB + 4OC = 2OD u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u r MB + 4 MC 2 MD = 3 MA b. Tm tp hp cc im M tha mn h thc Gii. a. Ta c: u u u r u u u r

u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r OB + 4OC = 2OD 3OB = 2OD 4OC + 2OB u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r 3OB = 2 OD + CO + 2 CO + OB u u u r u u u r u u u r 3OB = 2 CD + CB u u u r u u u r u u r Gi I l trung im ca BD. Khi CD + CB = 2CI u u u r 4u u r u u u r u u r Vy 3OB = 4CI hay OB = CI 3

( (

) ( )

T suy ra v tr ca im O u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u r b. MB + 4MC 2MD = 3MA

u u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u u r u u u u r u u u r MO + OB + 2MO + 4OC + 2 MO MD = 3MA u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r 3MO + OB + 4OC + 2 DO = 3MA u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r r M theo cu a. th OB + 4OC = 2OD OB + 4OC + 2 DO = 0 u u u u r u u u r 3 MO = 3 MA Do MO = MA

Vy tp hp im M l ng trung trc ca OA III. BI TP T LUYN

1. Cho tam gic u ABC ni tip ng trn (O).


a. Xc nh cc im M, N, P tha mn cc u h thc sau: u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u r OM = OA + OB , ON = OB + OC , OP = OC + OA u u u u r u u u r u u u r r b. Chng minh: OM + ON + OP = 0

2. Cho tam gic ABC. Gi A l im i xng vi B qua A, B l im i


xng vi C qua B, u C l im iu xng vi A qua C. O l mt im bt k. u u u r u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r Chng minh OA + OB + OC = OA ' + OB ' + OC '

3. Cho tam gic ABC u tm O, M l mt im nm trong tam gic. Chng


minh MH + MK + ML = MO vi H, K, L th t l hnh chiu ca M trn AB, BC v CA.
u u u u r u u u u r u u u r u u u r 3u 2

4. Cho tam gic ABC, BC u = a, AC = b, AB = c. I l tm ng trn ni tip u r u u r u u r r


tam gic. Chng minh aIA + bIB + cIC = 0

5.

u u r 1u u u r BI = BC Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC. Cc im I, J tha mn , 4 u u r u u r u u r u u r u u u r u u u r 2u JA = JC . Phn tch cc vect IG , IJ theo cc vect BA v BC . T 3

suy ra ba im I, J, G thng hng.

6. Cho ng thng d v tam gic ABC. Tm im M thuc ng thng d


sao cho: u u u r u u u r u u u u r a. MA + MB + MC nh nht b.
u u u r u u u r u u u u r MA + MB + 2 MC nh nht

7. Cho tam gic ABC.

a. Xc nh im I sao cho 3IA 2 IB + IC = 0 b. Chng minh rng ng thng ni hai im M, N xc nh bi h thc u u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u u r MN = 2 MA 2MB + MC lun i qua mt im c nh u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r c. Tm tp hp cc im H sao cho 3HA 2 HB + HC = HA HB d. Tm tp hp cc im K sao cho 2 KA + KB + KC = 3 KB + KC
u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r u u u r

u u r

u u r u u r

8. Cho im M nm trn cnh BC ca tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng:


u u u u r MC u u u r MB u u u r AM = AB + AC BC BC

9. Cho

tam gic ABC v ba s , , tha mn iu kin + + 0 . u u u r u u u r u u u u r r Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht im M sao cho MA + MB + MC = 0

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