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BI TP HNH HC KHNG GIAN V XC NH GIAO TUYN Bi 1: Cho t din ABCD.Hai im M ,N ln lt nm trn hai cnh AB v AC sao cho
AM AN .Mt mt phng (P) thay i lun lun i qua MN,ct CD v BD ln lt ti E AB AC

v F a)Chng minh rng ng thng EF lun lun i qua mt im c nh b)Tm qu tch giao im I ca ME v NF c)Tm qu tch giao im J ca MF v NE Bi 2 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l mt hnh bnh hnh tm O.Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca SA v SC.Gi (P) l mt phng qua 3 im M,N v B a) Tm cc giao tuyn (P) (SAB) v (P) (SBC) b)Tm giao im I ca ng thng SO vi mt phng (P) v giao im K ca ng thng SD vi mt phng (P) c)Xc nh cc giao tuyn ca mt phng (P) vi mt phng (SAD) v mt phng (SDC) d)Xc nh cc giao im E, F ca cc ng thng DA,DC vi (P). Chng minh rng E ,B ,F thng hng Bi 3: Cho hai hnh bnh hnh ABCD v ABEF khng cng nm trong mt mt phng .Trn cc on AC v BF ln lt ly cc im M ,N sao cho: AM = kAC v BN = kBF (0 < k < 1) a)Gi s k = 1/3 ;chng minh rng MN // DE b)Gi s MN // DE, hy tnh k theo MN v DE ? Bi 4 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thang ABCD vi AB l y ln. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh SB v SC a)Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (SAD) v (SBC) b)Tm giao im ca ng thng SD vi mt phng (AMN) c)Dng thit din ca hnh chp vi mt phng (AMN) Bi 5 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l mt t gic li.Gi M ,N ,E ,F ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh bn SA ,SB ,SC ,v SD a)Chng minh rng ME//AC , NF//BD b)Chng minh rng ba ng thng ME ,NF ,v SO(O l giao im ca AC v BD) ng qui c)Chng minh rng 4 im M,N,E,F ng phng Bi 6: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD. Gi I, J l hai im c nh trn SA v SC vi SI > IA v SJ < JC. Mt mt phng (P) quay quanh IJ ct SB ti M, SD ti N. a) CMR: IJ, MN v SO ng qui (O =ACBD). Suy ra cch dng im N khi bit M. b) AD ct BC ti E, IN ct MJ ti F. CMR: S, E, F thng hng. c) IN ct AD ti P, MJ ct BC ti Q. CMR PQ lun i qua 1 im c nh khi (P) di ng. Bi 7: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi C l trung im ca SC, M l 1 im di ng trn cnh SA. Mt phng (P) di ng lun i qua CM v song song vi BC. a) Chng minh (P) lun cha mt ng thng c nh. b) Xc nh thit din m (P) ct hnh chp SABCD. Xc nh v tr im M thit din l hnh bnh hnh. c) Tm tp hp giao im ca 2 cnh i ca thit din khi M di ng trn cnh SA.

HD: a) ng thng qua C v song song vi BC. b) Hnh thang. Hnh bnh hnh khi M l trung im ca SA. c) Hai na ng thng. Bi 8: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh thang vi cc y AD = a, BC = b. Gi I, J ln lt l trng tm cc tam gic SAD, SBC. a) Tm on giao tuyn ca (ADJ) vi mt (SBC) v on giao tuyn ca (BCI) vi mt (SAD). b) Tm di on giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (ADJ) v (BCI) gii hn bi hai mt phng (SAB) v (SCD). Bi 9: Cho t din ABCD. Gi I, J l hai im di ng ln lt trn cc cnh AD, BC sao cho lun c:
IA J B = . ID J C

a) CMR: IJ lun song song vi 1 mt phng c nh. b) Tm tp hp im M chia on IJ theo t s k cho trc. HD: a) IJ song song vi mp qua AB v song song CD. b) Tp hp im M l on EF vi E, F l cc im chia AB, CD theo t s k. = 600, AB = a. Gi O Bi 10: Trong mt phng (P), cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, B l trung im ca BC. Ly im S ngoi (P) sao cho SB = a v SB OA. Gi M l 1 im trn cnh AB. Mt phng (Q) qua M v song song vi SB v OA, ct BC, SC, SA ln lt ti N, P, Q. t x = BM (0 < x < a). a) Chng minh MNPQ l hnh thang vung. b) Tnh din tch hnh thang . Tm x din tch ln nht. Bi 11: Trong mt phng cho tam gic u ABC. Gi l mt phng ct theo giao tuyn BC.Trong mt phng ta v hai na ng thng Bx v Cy song song vi nhau v nm cng mt pha vi . Trn Bx v Cy ta ly B v C sao cho BB = 2CC a)Tm giao im D ca ng thng BC vi mt phng (ABC) v tm giao tuyn ca mt phng (ABC) vi mt phng b)Trn on AC ta ly im M sao cho AM = AC.Tm giao im I ca ng thng BM vi mt phng v chng minh I l trung im ca AD c)Chng minh rng nu B v C theo th t chy trn Bx v Cy sao cho BB = 2CC th mt phng (ABC) lun lun ct theo mt giao tuyn c nh d)Gi E v F ln lt l trung im ca AB v BC.Cnh AC ct DE ti G. Hy tnh t s v chng minh rng AD = 2AF Bi 12 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh thang y ln AB. im M thay i trn cnh BC, mt phng qua M v song song vi AB v SC a) Dng giao tuyn (SAD) (SBC) b) Dng thit din ca hnh chp vi c) Chng minh rng on giao tuyn ca vi (SAD) th //SD Bi 13 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l na lc gic u ABCD y ln AB = 2a,hai cnh bn AD v BC ct nhau ti I. Tam gic SAB cn ti S v SI = 2a. Trn on AI ta ly mt im M, t AM = x (0< x < 2a ). Mt phng qua M song song SI v AB ln lt ct BI, SB, SA ti N ,P ,Q a)Tnh gc gia SI v AB b) MNPQ l hnh g ? c)Tnh din tch MNPQ theo a v x.Tm x din tch y ln nht. Khi MNPQ l hnh g

d)Gi K = MP NQ. Tm qu tch im K khi M chy trn on AI Bi14 Cho t din ABCD. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB, CD v G l trung im ca on MN. a) Tm giao im A ca ng thng AG vi mp(BCD). b) Qua M k ng thng Mx song song vi AA v Mx ct (BCD) ti M. Chng minh B, M, A thng hng v BM = MA = AN. c) Chng minh GA = 3GA. Bi15 Cho hai hnh vung ABCD v ABEF trong hai mt phng khc nhau. Trn cc ng cho AC v BF ln lt ly cc im M, N sao cho: AM = BN. Cc ng thng song song vi AB v t M, N ln lt ct AD, AF ti M, N. a) Chng minh: (CBE) // (ADF). b) Chng minh: (DEF) // (MNNM). c) Gi I l trung im ca MN, tm tp hp im I khi M, N di ng. Bi16 Cho hai na ng thng cho nhau u u u r Ax, u u u rBy. M v N l hai im di ng ln lt trn Ax, By sao cho AM = BN. V NP = BA . a) C/ minh MP c phng khng i v MN lun song song vi 1 mt phng c nh. b) Gi I l trung im ca MN. CMR I nm trn 1 ng thng c nh khi M, N di ng. Bi 17: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh tm O vi AC = a, BD = b. Tam gic SBD u. Mt mt phng (P) di ng lun song song vi mp(SBD) v i qua im I trn on AC. a) Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp vi (P). b) Tnh din tch thit din theo a, b v x = AI. Bi 18: thi i hc khi A nm 2011 ( 1 im) Cho hnh chp SABC c y l tam gic vung cn ti B, AB = BC = 2a. Hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAC) cng vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Gi M l trung im AB, mt phng qua SM v song song vi BC ct AC ti N. Bit gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.BCNM v khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v SN theo a. Bi 19: ( thi i hc khi A nm 2010 cu IV : 1 im) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung ABCD cnh a. Gi M; N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v AD.; H l giao im ca CN vi DM. Bit SH vung gc vi (ABCD) v SH = a 3 . Tnh th tch khi chp S.CDNM v khong cch gia hai ng thng DM v SC theo a. Bi 20: Cho hnh chp S.ABC, y ABC l tam gic vung ti B c AB = a, BC = a 3 , SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC), SA = 2a. Gi M, N ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca im A trn cc cnh SB v SC. Tnh th tch ca khi chp A.BCNM.

Bi 1: Cho t din ABCD.Hai im M ,N ln lt nm trn hai cnh AB v AC sao cho


AM AN .Mt mt phng (P) thay i lun lun i qua MN,ct CD v BD ln AB AC

lt ti E v F a)Chng minh rng ng thng EF lun lun i qua mt im c nh b)Tm qu tch giao im I ca ME v NF c)Tm qu tch giao im J ca MF v NE GII:
AM AN nn MN khng song song vi BC. AB AC Gi K = MN BC c nh. Mt khc : (MNEF) (BCD) = EF; MN (MNEF); BC ( BCD) v K = MN BC nn K EF hay EF lun i qua im K c nh. b) Khi (P) (ABC) th B F; C E . Gi H = BN CM c nh. Khi (P) (MND) th E D F Mt khc ( BDN) (CDM) = DH m ME (CDM) ; NF (BDN) nn I DH hay qu tch im I l on thng DH. c) Tng t : MF (ABD) ; NE (ADC) m (ABD) (ADC) = AD; MF NE = J

a) V

nn J thuc ng thng AD hay qu tch im J l ng thng AD * Gii hn qu tch : Khi (P) (MND) th J D; (P) (ABC) th J Ann J [ AD ] Vy qu tch im J l ng thng AD tr i khong AD.

D F E I B

C N

Bi 2 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l mt hnh bnh hnh tm O.Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca SA v SC.Gi (P) l mt phng qua 3 im M,N v B a) Tm cc giao tuyn (P) (SAB) v (P) (SBC) b)Tm giao im I ca ng thng SO vi mt phng (P) v giao im K ca ng thng SD vi mt phng (P) c)Xc nh cc giao tuyn ca mt phng (P) vi mt phng (SAD) v mt phng (SDC) d)Xc nh cc giao im E, F ca cc ng thng DA,DC vi (P). Chng minh rng E ,B ,F thng hng Gii: S a) V B, M ( MNB ) ( SAB ) nn ( MNB ) ( SAB ) = BM K N Tng t : ( MNB ) ( SAB ) = BN I V M; N ln lt l trung im H M ca SA; SC nn MN // AC Gi I = MN SO D Suy ra : I l trung im ca SO. C Vy (P) ct SO ti trung im ca SO. O Gi K BI SD V O l trung im ca BD B T O, v ng thng song A song vi BI ct SD ti H. p dng t/c ng trung bnh. Ta c : E SK = KH = HD
1 3 c) T kt qu cu b. Suy ra : ( P ) ( SAD ) = MK ; ( P ) ( SDC ) = NK SK 1 SM 1 = ; = nn AD khng song song vi MK. d) V SD 3 SA 2 Gi E = AD MK th ( P ) DA = E

hay Vy (P) ct SD ti K : SK = SD

Tng t : F = DC NK th ( P ) DC = F nn ( P ) ( ABCD ) = EF m B ( P ) ( ABCD ) Suy ra : B EF hay ba im B; E v F thng hng.

Bi 3: Cho hai hnh bnh hnh ABCD v ABEF khng cng nm trong mt mt phng .Trn cc on AC v BF ln lt ly cc im M ,N sao cho: AM = kAC v BN = kBF (0 < k < 1) a)Gi s k = 1/3 ;chng minh rng MN // DE b)Gi s MN // DE hy tnh k theo MN v DE GII: E a) Gi J = AB EN . JBN ( g-g) Ta c : EFN
BJ BJ BN JN 1 = = = = EF BA NF NE 2 BJ 1 = nn BA 2
F N B C

hay J l trung im ca AB. Tng t : Gi J1 = AB DM . CMD ( g-g) Ta c : AMJ1


BJ1 J1M 1 = = hay J1 l trung im ca AB BA MD 2 Vy J J1 nn MD NE = J JM JN 1 = = nn MN // DE ( nh l Talet) v MD NE 2
A

M D

b) Nu MN // DE. V M AC nn DM ct AB ti 1 im. Gi giao im l J. Tng t, v N BF nn EN AB = J1. m J; J1 (MNED) nn J J1 . p dng nh l Ta let. Ta c :


MN JM JM AM MN = = = k hay k = m DE JD JD AC DE H

Bi 4: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thang ABCD vi AB l y ln. J Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh SB v SC a)Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (SAD) v (SBC) b)Tm giao im ca ng thng SD vi mt phng (AMN) S c)Dng thit din ca hnh chp vi mt phng (AMN) GII: N a) Gi H = AD BC . Ta c : ( SAD ) ( SBC ) = SH . P J = SH MN b) Gi . M Ta c : SJ = JH. D Gi P = AJ SD th P ( AMN ) Vy ( AMN ) SD = J . c) Vy thit din ca hnh chp SABCD vi ( AMN ) l AMNP.
A B

Bi 5 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l mt t gic li.Gi M ,N ,E ,F ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh bn SA ,SB ,SC ,v SD a)Chng minh rng ME//AC , NF//BD b)Chng minh rng ba ng thng ME ,NF ,v SO(O l giao im ca AC v BD) ng qui c)Chng minh rng 4 im M,N,E,F ng phng GII: a) ME; NF ln lt l ng trung bnh ca SAC ; SBD S nn ME//AC , NF//BD b) Ta c : SAC SBD = SO Xt ( SAC): Gi J = SO ME th SJ = JO (l ) Xt ( SBD): Gi J1 = SO NF th SJ1 = J1O (l ) M F nn J J1 hay ba ng thng ng quy ti trung im ca SO. c) V ME NF = J J N A nn 4 im M,N,E,F ng phng. E
D

O B C

Bi 6: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD. Gi I, J l hai im c nh trn SA v SC vi SI > IA v SJ < JC. Mt mt phng (P) quay quanh IJ ct SB ti M, SD ti N. a)CMR: IJ, MN v SOng qui (O =ACBD). Suy ra cch dng im N khi bit M. b) AD ct BC ti E, IN ct MJ ti F. CMR: S, E, F thng hng. c) IN AD =P, MJ BC = Q. CMR PQ lun i qua 1 im c nh khi (P) di ng. Gii: a) Ta c : (SAC) (SBD) = IJ Trong (SAC). Gi K = IJ SO (1) nn K ( P ) v K SO K ( SBD ) m ( P ) ( SBD ) = MNS Suy ra : K MN (2) N T (1) v (2). Ta c : IJ, MN v SO ng qui nn N l giao im ca MK vi SD.
H I M F A Q E B K J D

O C

b) V S; E v F cng thuc giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (SAD) v (SBC) nn S; E v F cng nm trn ng thng hay S, E, F thng hng. c) T IN ct AD ti P, MJ ct BC ti Q nn PQ l giao tuyn ca (P) v (ABCD). Mt khc : Xt (SAC) Gi H = IJ AC . V IJ v AC c nh nn H c nh. M IJ (P); AC ( ABCD ) nn H PQ hay PQ lun i qua im H c nh. Bi 7: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi C l trung im ca SC, M l 1 im di ng trn cnh SA. Mt phng (P) di ng lun i qua C M v song song vi BC. a) Chng minh (P) lun cha mt ng thng c nh. b) Xc nh thit din m (P) ct hnh chp SABCD. Xc nh v tr im M thit din l hnh bnh hnh. c) Tm tp hp giao im ca 2 cnh i ca thit din khi M di ng trn cnh SA. GII: a) T ( P) // BC. Gi B' = ( P ) SB Ta c : B'C' // BC nn B' l trung im cnh SB Vy (P) lun i qua ng thng B'C' c nh. b) V BC // B'C' v BC // AD nn B'C' // AD S Mt khc : ( AB'C'D) (SAD) = AD + ( AB'C'D) (P) = B'C' + (P) (SAD) = MD' Suy ra : MD' // AD I D' M Vy D' l giao im ca ng thng qua M v song song vi AD B' C' nn thit din ca (P) vi hnh chp SABCD l B'C'D'M A B'C'D'M l hnh bnh hnh th B'C' = MD' m B'C' = BC =
1 2 1 AD 2
B C

Vy M l trung im cnh SA. c) Khi M A th D ' D . Gi I = AB ' DC ' ( = MB ' D ' C ' ) Khi M S D ' S nn S = MB ' D ' C ' Vy tp hp giao im ca 2 cnh i ca thit din khi M di ng trn cnh SA l ng thng SI tr khong gia SI. Bi 8: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh thang vi cc y AD = a, BC = b. Gi I, J ln lt l trng tm cc tam gic SAD, SBC. a) Tm on giao tuyn ca (ADJ) vi mt (SBC) v on giao tuyn ca (BCI) vi mt (SAD). b) Tm di on giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (ADJ) v (BCI) gii hn bi hai mt phng (SAB) v (SCD). GII: a) V cc mt phng ( SBC); (ABCD) v (ADJ) Ln lt ct nhau theo ba giao tuyn AD; BC v EF v AD // BC; J EF

nn (ADJ) (SBC) = EF vi EF i qua J v song song vi BC. * Tng t : (BCI) ct (SAD) theo giao tuyn MN song song vi AD v i qua I. V I l trng tm ca SAD v MN // AD
MN SM SI 2 2 2 = = = MN = AD = a AD SA SH 3 3 3 SM SE 2 = = nn ME // AB Mt khc : SA SB 3

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S

nn

Tng t : NF // DC
MQ ME 2 ME NF 2 = = = = QB AB 3 AB DC 3 Gi K = MC PQ

nn

B K I N P

Suy ra : PQ =QK + KP =
2 1 2 1 2 2 2 BC + MN = b + a = a + b 3 3 3 3 3 9 3

A H D

Bi 9: Cho t din ABCD. Gi I, J l hai im di ng ln lt trn cc cnh AD, BC sao cho lun c:
IA J B = . ID J C

a) CMR: IJ lun song song vi 1 mt phng c nh. b) Tm tp hp im M chia on IJ theo t s k cho trc. HD: a) IJ song song vi mp qua AB v song song CD. b) Tp hp im M l on EF vi E, F l cc im chia AB, CD theo t s k. Gii: a) Cch dng IJ:
IA =k AD Dng IH // CD, H AC . Dng HJ // AB, J BC
A

Gi I I AD :

E I P M K D J F

Ta c : IJ l on thng tha mn yu cu bi ton. Gii: Qua I, dng IH // CD, H AC .


AH IA J B = = ( nh l Ta let) HC ID J C
B

H N

* Dng mt phng (P) qua CD v song song vi AB > Ta c mt phng (P) c nh. Mt khc : HJ // AB; AB // (P) Nn (P) // HJ (P) // HI ( v HI // CD) Nn (P) // (HIJ) Suy ra : IJ // (P) c nh. b) Gi M IJ :

IM =k MJ C N HJ Dng MN // IH ( ) E = CN AB F = EM CD . Ta c : Tp hp im M thuc on thng EF. Gi ;

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Tht vy: Xt (IHJ) : MN // IH nn N JH . Mt khc : Xt ( CDE): N CE; NM / / CD M (CDE ) V F = EM CD ( cch dng ) nn M EF . Phn o: Gi M EF bt k. Chng minh : M IJ :
IM =k MJ

Thy vy: T M EF . Qua M, dng (P)// AB; (P) // CD. Ct CA; CE; CB; DB; DA ln lt ti H; N; J; I v K. v IK ct CE ti P. Ta c : M NP ( V MP; MN cng song song vi CD)
MP FB = =k. MN FC Mt khc : M 1 = IJ NP . M 1 P IP NH EA Ta c : M N = NJ = NJ = EB = k 1 MP M 1 P MP MI = =k Vy MN = M N = k hay M M 1 v MN MJ 1

nn

= 600, AB = a. Gi O Bi 10: Trong mt phng (P), cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, B l trung im ca BC. Ly im S ngoi (P) sao cho SB = a v SB OA. Gi M l 1 im trn cnh AB. Mt phng (Q) qua M v song song vi SB v OA, ct BC, SC, S SA ln lt ti N, P, Q. t x = BM (0 < x < a). a) Chng minh MNPQ l hnh thang vung. P b) Tnh din tch hnh thang . Tm x din tch ln nht. 0 0 Gii: a) Ta c: ABC : A = 90 , B = 60 , AB = a l na tam gic u. a Mt khc v (Q) song song vi SB v OA nn MN // OA; MQ // SB // NP. T SB OA MN MQ nn MNPQ l hnh thang vung. Q b) T ABC l na tam gic u 2a Suy ra : ABO u BMN u O B N p dng nh l Ta let. Ta c : MN BM BM AO x a = MN = = =x. x + AO AB AB A MQ AM AM SB ( a x ) a = MQ = = = ax + SB AB AB a M 2 a x a a ) = 2a x NP CN CN SB ( = NP = = + SB CB CB 2a 2 2a x ax+ 4ax 3x 2 MQ + NP Vy S 2 = MN = x 4 MNPQ = 2 2 A 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 * Ta c : 4ax 3x = 3 x 2 ax + a + a = 3 x a + a 2 3 9 3 3 3 4 2 Vy Max S MNPQ = a 2 khi x = a 3 3

3a 2

11

Bi 11: Trong mt phng cho tam gic u ABC. Gi l mt phng ct theo giao tuyn BC.Trong mt phng ta v hai na ng thng Bx v Cy song song vi nhau v nm cng mt pha vi . Trn Bx v Cy ta ly B v C sao cho BB = 2CC a)Tm giao im D ca ng thng BC vi mt phng (ABC) v tm giao tuyn ca mt phng (ABC) vi mt phng b)Trn on AC ta ly im M sao cho AM = AC.Tm giao im I ca ng thng BM vi mt phng v chng minh I l trung im ca AD c)Chng minh rng nu B v C theo th t chy trn Bx v Cy sao cho BB = 2CC th mt phng (ABC) lun lun ct theo mt giao tuyn c nh d)Gi E v F ln lt l trung im ca AB v BC.Cnh AC ct DE ti G. Hy tnh t s v chng minh rng AD = 2AF Gii: a) Ta c : BC v B'C' khng song song x v BC, B'C' cng thuc mt phng B' nn D = BC B ' C ' y Vy AD = ( ( AB ' C ') b)p dng /l Talet cho BDB ' C' C : CC' // BB' (gt)
DC DC ' CC ' 1 = = = DB DB ' BB ' 2

nn C' l trung im ca DB' M hay M l trng tm ca ADB ' G I l trung im ca AD. E c) T BB = 2CC Suy ra : C' l trung im ca BD m tia BC c nh, di BC khng i A nn D khng i. Vy ( ( AB ' C ') = AD khng i. d) V G l trng tm ca ABD nn
AG 2 = . AC 3

F C D

Bi 12 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh thang y ln AB. im M thay i

trn cnh BC, mt phng qua M v song song vi AB v SC a) Dng giao tuyn (SAD) (SBC) b) Dng thit din ca hnh chp vi S c) Chng minh rng on giao tuyn ca vi (SAD) th //SD Gii: a) V qua M v song song vi AB K v SC nn MQ // AB; MN // SC Gi K = AD BC th (SAD) (SBC) = SK b) V // AB nn NP // AB. ( Vy P l giao im ca ng thng qua NNv // vi AB) P nn S.ABCD = MNPQ c) T AB // MQ // CD nn
AQ BM = AD BC BN BM = T MN // SC nn BS BC BN AP = Tng t : PN // AB nn BS AS
D Q C M

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Suy ra :

AQ AP = hay PQ // SD. AD AS

Cch 2: T QM // DC; MN // CS m QM MN = M ; DC CS = C nn (MNPQ) // (SDC) M (MNPQ) (SAD) = PQ (SDC) (SAD) = SD Nn PQ // SD.

Bi 13 Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l na lc gic u ABCD y ln AB = 2a,hai cnh bn AD v BC ct nhau ti I. Tam gic SAB cn ti S v SI = 2a. Trn on AI ta ly mt im M, t AM = x (0< x < 2a ). Mt phng qua M song song SI v AB ln lt ct BI, SB, SA ti N ,P ,Q a)Tnh gc gia SI v AB b) MNPQ l hnh g ? c)Tnh din tch MNPQ theo a v x.Tm x din tch y ln nht. Khi MNPQ l hnh g d)Gi K = MP NQ. Tm qu tch im K khi M chy trn on AI Gii: S a) V mt phng qua M song song SI v AB nn MN // AB // PQ; MQ // SI // NP Vy gc to bi SI vi AB l MQN . Mt khc, gi H; K l trung im ca AB; SI. V SAB cn nn SH AB . IAB u nn IH AB Suy ra : AB ( SHI ) AB SI m MQ // SI P Q nn AB MQ m PQ // AB Suy ra : PQ MQ hay MQN = 900
K H

M D C

Bi14 Cho t din ABCD. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc I cnh AB, CD v G l trung im ca on MN. a) Tm giao im A ca ng thng AG vi mp(BCD).

13 b) Qua M k ng thng Mx song song vi AA v Mx ct (BCD) ti M. Chng minh B, M, A thng hng v BM = MA = AN. A c) Chng minh GA = 3GA. GII: a) Xt (ABN): A' AG BN b) V MM' // AA' nn ng phng. P M Nn MM' l ng trung bnh ca ABA ' M' l trung im ca A'B. nn B, M, A thng hng v BM' = M'A' G B Mt khc: A'G l ng trung bnh ca MM ' N D nn MA = AN M' vy BM = MA = AN. A' c) Ta c : AA' = 2MM'; MM' = 2A'G Q N A'A = 4A'G nn GA = 3GA.
C

Bi15 Cho hai hnh vung ABCD v ABEF trong hai mt phng khc nhau. Trn cc ng cho AC v BF ln lt ly cc im M, N sao cho: AM = BN. Cc ng thng song song vi AB v t M, N ln lt ct AD, AF ti M, N. a) Chng minh: (CBE) // (ADF). b) Chng minh: (DEF) // (MNNM). c) Gi I l trung im ca MN, F tm tp hp im I khi M, N di ng. GII: a) Ta c :+ AD // BC; AF // BE m AF AD = A v BC BE = B nn (CBE) // (ADF). b) V MM' // AB nn MM' // DC
AM AM ' BN AN ' = = ; MC M ' D NF N ' F AM BN = m ( v AC = BF) MC NF AM ' AN ' = M ' N '/ / DF nn M 'D N 'F
N' N

Q B

Mt khc : DC // MM'; + M ' M M ' N ' = M '; DF DC = D nn (DEF) // (MNNM). c) Phn thun: * Gi P; Q ln lt l trung im ca AB; CF. N' Nu M A N B nn I P. Nu M C N F nn I Q. Vy qu tch ca I l on thng PQ. A Phn o: Gi I PQ bt k. C/m tn ti 2 im M; N : M AC ; N BF : AM = BN v MN nhn I lm trung im. M' Tht vy: Xt ( CPF). Qua I, dng ng thng // FC, ct PC; PF ln lt ti M1; N1. Qua M1; N1 dng cc ng thng song song

M'

N1 I P

N Q M1

14 vi AB ct AC; BF ti M v N.
PN1 PM 1 = N1 F M 1C PM 1 AM PN1 BN = ; = + M 1C MC N1 F NF AM BN AM BN = = AM = BN (1) Suy ra : MC NF AC BF + Suy ra : CMM 1 = FNN1 (c-g-c) MM 1 = NN1 . IM MM 1 = nh l Talet. Ta c : hay IM = IN (2) IN NN1

p dng l Ta let, ta c :

Vy im I tha mn yu cu bi ton. Bi16 Cho hai na ng thng cho nhau Ax, By. M v N l hai im di ng ln lt trn u u u r u u u r Ax, By sao cho AM = BN. V NP = BA . a) Chng minh MP c phng khng i v MN lun song song vi 1 mt phng c nh. b) Gi I l trung im ca MN. CMR I nm trn 1 ng thng c nh khi M, N di ng.

Gii u u u r u u u r a) T NP = BA NB = AP m NB = AM nn AM = AP hay AMP cn


Gi E; F l 2 im bt k ln lt thuc tia Ax v AP : AE = AF Suy ra : MP // EF c nh. * Mt khc : PN // AB c nh nn MN lun song song vi mt phng qua AB v song song vi EF c nh. b) Phn thun: * Khi M A th N B nn I H l trung im ca AB. * Khi M E th N D ( D l giao im ca ng thng qua F c nh, song song vi AB v By) nn I K l trung im ca ED. Vy I chy trn ng thng HK c nh. Phn o: Ly I HK bt k. Chng minh : tn ti 2 im M Ax; N By : AM = BN v I l trung im ca MN. Qua B, dng tia Bx' // Ax;
Q Bx ' : BQ = BN

E F

y'

S x' y D

X A

Y J

Q H

B Gi J l giao im ca ng thng qua D v // NQ. Dng mt phng qua (HTS) vi T; S l trung im ca EJ v DF. Qua I, dng ng thng song song vi TS ct HT; HS ti X; Y. qua X; Y dng ng thng song song vi AB ct Ax; Bx'; By v Ay' ln lt ti M; Q; N v P. Ta c : MQNP l hnh bnh hnh ( MQ // NP // AB; MQ = NP = AB) I l trung im ca MN.

Bi 17: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD, c y l hnh bnh hnh tm O vi AC = a, BD = b. Tam gic SBD u. Mt mt phng (P) di ng lun song song vi mp(SBD) v i qua im I trn on AC.

15

a) Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp vi (P). b) Tnh din tch thit din theo a, b v x = AI. GII: a) V (P) // (SBD) nn (P) ( ABCD ) = MN ; M AB; N AD + Trong ( SAB), qua M: dng MP // SB; P AS . ta c : MNP l thit din ca (P) vi S.ABCD b) p dng nh l Talet. Ta c :

P B C

MN AN PN MN AM MP = = ; = = BD AD SD BD AB SB M I MN PN MP = = BD SD SB A N M SBD u nn MNP u . MN AI AI BD x b 2 xb = MN = = = a p dng nh l Talet. Ta c : BD AO AO a 2

Vy SMNP

3 3 2 xb x 2b 2 3 = MN 2 = = 4 4 a a2

Bi 18: thi ai hc khi A nm 2011 ( 1 im) Cho hnh chp SABC c y l tam gic vung cn ti B, AB = BC = 2a. Hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAC) cng vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Gi M l trung im AB, mt phng qua SM v song song vi BC ct AC ti N. Bit gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC) bng 600. Tnh th tch khi chp S.BCNM v khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v SN theo a. Gii: S T (SAB) ( ABC) v (SAC) (ABC) S nn SA ( ABC) m AB BC Suy ra : SB BC hay SBA l gc to bi mt phng (SBC) v (ABC)
SA = tgSBA AB = 3 2a = 2 3 a
H
H

Mt khc: MN l dng trung bnh ca ABC


BC =a nn MN = 2 1 1 MN + BC MB Vy VSMNBC = SA S MNBC = SA A 3 3 2 ( a + 2a ) a = 3a 3 1 = 2 3a 3 2
A

D
N C

N
M
60

C
a

Qua N, v a // AB.Suy ra : d(AB; SN) = d(AB; (SND)) H AD a ( D a ) V (SAC) ( ABC ) v ( SAB) (ABC) nn SA ( ABC ) m AD a SD a hay a ( SAD ) * H AH SD AH ( SND) Vy AH l khong cch gia A v (SND) hay AH l khong cch gia AB v SN.

B
60

16 Xt SAD : SAD = 900 ; AD = MN = a; SA = tgSBA.AB = tg 600 2a = 2 3a AH =


SA2 AD 2 12a 2 a 2 2 39a = = 2 2 2 2 SA + AD 12a + a 13

Bi 19: ( thi i hc khi A nm 2010 cu IV : 1 im) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung ABCD cnh a. Gi M; N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v AD.; H l giao im ca CN vi DM. Bit SH vung gc vi (ABCD) v SH = a 3 . Tnh th tch khi chp S.CDNM v khong cch gia hai ng S thng DM v SC theo a. Gii: a) Ta c : AMD = DNC (c g c) nn ADM + DNC = 90 hay MD NC ADM = DCN + p dng nh l Pitago. Ta c :
MD = AD + AM =
2 2

Vy VS CDNM = SCDNM
1 1 = 3 2

1 3

5a a . a + = 2 2 1 1 SH = MD NC SH 3 2 2 5a 5 3a 3 a 3 = 2 24
2

B C

T chng minh trn. Ta c : MD NC m SH ( ABCD ) SH MD Vy MD ( SHC )

M A N H D

H HK SC m MD ( SHC ) nn HK MD hay HK l khong cch gia hai ng thng MD v SC.


cos DCN = 1 = 1 + tg 2 DCN 2 5a 5 HK = SH HC SH 2 + HC 2
A

1 1 1+ 2
2

+ Mt khc :

S =

2 5 5
N

HC = cos DCN CD =

2a

M1

p dng h thc lng. Ta c :

2 5a a 3 5

2 5a a 3 M+ 5

2 57 a 19
C

Bi 20: Cho hnh chp S.ABC, y ABC l tam gic vung ti B c a AB = a, BC = a 3 , SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC), SA = 2a. Gi M, N ln lt l a 3 hnh chiu vung gc ca im A trn cc cnh SB v SC.
B

17 Tnh th tch ca khi chp A.BCNM. Gii:Cch 1: H NM 1 SB V BC ( SAB ) ; NM1 // BC nn NM 1 ( SAB ) Suy ra : VABCNM = VSABC VSAMN Xt SAB : SAB = 900
AM = AB 2 AS2 2a 5 = 2 2 AB +AS 5 4a 2 4 a 5 = 5 5

SM = SA2 AM 2 = 4a 2

Mt khc :
AC = AB 2 + BC 2 = 2a nn SAC vung cn N l trung im SC nn NM1 l ng trung bnh

Vy NM1 =

a 3 nn VABCNM = VSABC VSAMN 2 2a 5 4a 5 3a 3 1 a a 3 1 a 3 = 5 = 2a 5 5 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 VSAMN = BC S SAB NM 1 S SAM 3 3

1 AB BC 1 AM SM = SA NM 1 3 2 3 2

Cch 2: Ta c : VABCNM = VSABC


1 BC 2 Xt SAB : SAB = 900

m NM1 =

AM =

AB 2 AS2 2a 5 4a 2 4 a 5 2 2 2 ; = SM = SA AM = 4 a = AB 2 +AS2 5 5 5

4a 5 SM 4 + = 5 = SB 5 a 5

nn VSAMN =

1 4 1 1 1 1 NM 1 AM SM = BC AM SC 3 5 2 3 2 2 21 1 2 = BC AM SC = VS . ABC 53 2 5 3 3 a3 3 a3 3 = VSABC = = 5 5 3 5

Suy ra : VABCNM

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