You are on page 1of 28

PWVYQxWKDPNKzRNKLWULQNKDL

P}QJLSY
,3YOPWJLDRWKF,QWHUQHWPL~}FWKLWNQKP~SQJFF\zXFX
Y SKW WULQ FF GFK Y PL Y P UQJ NK{QJ JLDQ ~D FK WUzQ PQJ
,QWHUQHW~QJWKLNKFSKFQKQJKQFKNKFFD,3YKLQQD\NK{QJ
KWUWQKPFDJLDRWKFGFKY4R6FFFKFQxQJERPW7X\
QKLzQ  JLDR WKF ,3Y Y ,3Y NK{QJ WKW V W}|QJ WKFK YL QKDX 0W
NKFKWKQJ,3Y~SKWWULQPQKPYKLQQD\~KQKWKQKPW
PQJ,QWHUQHWWRQFXFTXLP{KWVFUQJOQFYNLQWUFPQJY
GFKYWUzQPQJ'RY\WURQJPWW}|QJODLJQNK{QJWKFKX\Q~L
PQJWRQEKWKQJPQJ,3YKLQQD\VDQJPQJ,3YwWULQNKDL
PQJ,3YKLXTXYWKLWWKFFFQKWKLWN,3Y~~}DUDFFJLL
SKSVDX

;y\GQJFFF|FKFKX\Q~LFKRSKSNWQLFFKRVWURXWHU,3YWUzQ
QQF|VKWQJFDPQJ,3YKLQQD\
6RQJVRQJOWULQNKDLNWQLFFPQJ,3YOLYLQKDXKQKWKQKPW
PQJ,3YWRQFX NWQLYRPQJWKQJKLP%RQH 

9Y\WURQJSKQQ\VWUQKE\YKRW~QJFDFFF|FKFKX\Q~L
Q\YFF\zXFX~WKFKLQFFNWQLWL%RQHwQJWKL~}DUDFF
JLLSKSWULQNKDLPQJ,3YWURQJWKFWKLQQD\FD9LW1DP
,7ULQNKDLPQJ,3YWUQQQ,3Y
&FYQFKXQJ
0FvFK

7KFKWKFP,3YSKL~LPWONKQxQJFKX\Q~LWUQYQFFJL
WLQ,3YW~QKGQJWKHRJLDRWKF,3YVDQJ,3Y~W~FWKYQ
FKX\QWUzQQQKWQJOPQJ,3YYKXKWFFWKLWENWQLPQJ
,QWHUQHWKLQQD\~X~}FWKLWNFKR,3Y
wWKFKLQ\zXFXQ\TXWUQKWULQNKDL,3YSKL~PERWQKOLQK
~QJPWFFKWL~DQK}QJ~LXQ\OLPyXWKXQYLTXLP{UQJOQ
FDPQJ,QWHUQHW'RY\~y\FQJFWKFRLOPW~LPFKQKWURQJ
TXWUQKWKLWNW,3Y~PERVWKQKF{QJFDPQJ,3Y.K{QJ~P
ER~}F\zXFXWUzQVNK{QJFVWKQKF{QJFDPQJ,3Y9G
WU}F~y\~FPWYLJLDRWKF~}FWKLWN~WKWKD\WK7&3,3QK}
;73QK}QJ~NK{QJWKWKQKF{QJOGRNK{QJFNKQxQJFK\VRQJ
VRQJ GXDOVWDFN KD\NK{QJFWQKW}|QJWKFKOQQKDXJLDFFKJLDR
WKFFYPL1KQJWQKQxQJPLFDFFJLDRWKFQ\QXPWPQK
QVNK{QJ~WKX\WSKF~QJ}LVGQJFKX\QVDQJVGQJ,3Y
FQJY\QXYLFF~FWQK}XYLWFDQVRYL,3YFQJFK}D~~

WKX\WSKFQJ}LGQJEPQJ,3YKLQQD\~[y\GQJPQJ,3YGR
Y\FQSKL~PERWQKW}|QJWKFKWUzQF|VFFFKFQxQJFD,3Y
WURQJTXWUQKFKX\Q~LVDQJ,3Y
wWULQNKDLPQJ,3YFFFSK}|QJWKFGLQUD~QJWKLO[y\GQJ
PQJ,3YWUzQQQKWQJOPQJ,3YKLQQD\VDX~WKD\WKGQ
PQJ,3YKLQQD\
0F~FKFDFFF|FKFKX\Q~LO~PERPWVFKFQxQJFKQK
QK}VDX

wPERWKFKLQFF~FWQK}XYLWFDPQJ,3YVRYLPQJ,3Y
7QGQJKWQJVQFFDPQJ,3YWURQJJLDL~RQFKX\QWLSVDQJ
PWPQJWKXQ,3Y
7xQJF}QJNKQxQJQyQJFSYWULQNKDL9LFFKX\Q~L~LYLFF
KRVWURXWHUNK{QJESKWKXFYRQKDX
7LWKLXKRVSKWKXFWURQJFFTXWUQKQyQJFS0WWURQJQKQJ
~LXNLQEWEXF~QyQJFSKRVWWL,3YOKWKQJ'16VHUYHUSKL
~}FQyQJFS~XWLzQ EL '16 O GFK Y K WU YLF WP NLP ~D FK
SKFYFKRFFQJGQJNKF&FKWKFFL~WYFXKQK'16VHUYHU
KWU,3YV~}FWUQKE\WURQJSKQWKQJKLP&F~LXNLQ~LYL
FFURXWHUQK}KWUFFJLDRWKF~QKWX\Q%*3KWU,3YFK}D
SKLOEWEXF
*QYFSSKWFFORL~DFKWKXQWLQ.KLFFKWKQJ,3Y~}FFL
~W~}FJQFF~DFK,3YPWNKF~DFK,3YOPWWSFRQFD~D
FK,3YGRY\FWKWLSWFVGQJYLFF~DFK,3YVQF&K
JQ FF ~D FK ,3Y WKW V FQ WKLW FKR FF NW QL WL %RQH Y WXyQ
WKHRFFNKRFKSKyQE~DFKFDWFKF~
*LWKQKNKL~LPWKS9NK{QJFQFKXQEFQWKLW~QyQJFSFF
KWKQJW,3YVDQJ,3YNKLWULQNKDLPWKWKQJ,3YPL&|FK
Q\~}FWKFKLQKRQWRQWUzQQQ,3Y~F

&|FKFKX\Q~LFD,3YOFWKNWKSFFWUP,3YFQJOPYLF
YLFFWUP,3YEWNQ|LQRWUzQ,QWHUQHWFKR~QNKL~DFK,3Y
NK{QJFQWQWLYFKRSKSFFWUP,3YY,3YWURQJPWNK{QJJLDQ
JLLKQ~FQJOPYLFVDX~&FF|FKQ\ER~PNKRQ~XW}WR
OQFDQJ}LGQJWURQJYLF[y\GQJKWKQJPQJ,3Y~QJWKLWULQ
NKDL~}FPQJ,3Y
&zFFtFKFKX\QvL

+LQQD\VO}QJFFPQJ,3YOUWOQKXKWFFGFKYYFFJLDR
GFKWUzQPQJ~XGDWUzQKWQJPQJ,3YGRY\[XWKLQQKLXF|
FKFKX\Q~LFKRSKSNWQLFFKRVW,3YTXDPQJ,3Y
9LF[y\GQJOLJLDRWKFFDWQJ,QWHUQHWWURQJP{KQK7&3,3~GQ
~QQKLXWKD\~L7URQJ~YQ~WKD\~LOQQKWFD,3YYL,3YO
YLFWKD\~LFXWUF~DFK6WKD\~LQ\QKK}QJ~QFFYQ~VDX


QKK}QJWLKRW~QJFDFFJLDRWKFWQJWUzQ 7QJJLDRYQY
WQJQJGQJ

QKK}QJWLFFSK}|QJWKF~QKWX\Q

0WNKFPW\zXFXTXDQWUQJWURQJYLFWULQNKDL,3YOSKLWKF
KLQ~}FPFWLzXEDQ~X~UDNKLWKLWNJLDRWKF,3Y~O,3Y
SKLOPYLF~}FWURQJP{LWU}QJVGQJJLDRWKF,3Y6FKLQ
W}QJFKFQKQJKRVWGQJGX\QKW,3YY~QJWKLFQJWQWL
QKQJKRVWFKGX\QKWF,3YwQJWKLQKQJKRVWWKXQ,3Y~
SKLJLDRWLS~}FYLQKQJKRVW,3YWURQJNKL~YQ~PER~DFK
,3YOFWQKWKQJQKWWRQFX'RY\~~PERWKFKLQFFV
W}|QJWKFKJLD,3YY,3YFFQKWKLWN,3Y~[y\GQJPWVF|
FKFKX\Q~LNKFQKDX
&FF|FKFKX\Q~LQ\FQKQJ~F~LPFKXQJQK}VDX

wPERFFKRVWURXWHUFL~W,3YFWKOPYLF~}FYLQKDXWUzQ
QQ,3Y
+WUFFNKQxQJWULQNKDLFFKRVWYURXWHUKRW~QJWUzQQQ,3Y
YLPFWLzXWKD\WKGQFFKRVW~DQJKRW~QJ,3Y
&PWSK}|QJWKFFKX\Q~LGGQJWKFKLQ~}FFFFS~NKF
QKDXWSKDQJ}LGQJFXLWLQJ}LTXQWUKWKQJFFQKTXQO
PQJYFXQJFSGFKY

&FF|FKQ\OPWWSFFJLDRWKFWKFKLQ~LYLFFKRVWYFF
URXWHUVNPWKHROFFSK}|QJWKFQK}JQ~DFKYWULQNKDLWKLWN
~OPTXWUQKFKX\Q~L,QWHUQHWVDQJ,3YOPYLFYLWULURQKWF
WK~}F
+LQQD\FFQKWKLWN,3Y~~}DUDF|FKFKX\Q~LFKQKFKR
SKSNWQL,3YWUzQQQ,3YQK}VDX

'XDO,3OD\HU&|FKQ\~PERPWKRVWURXWHU~}FFL~WFVWDFN
,3YY,3YWQJ,QWHUQHW/D\HUWURQJNLQWUF7&3,3FDQ
,3Y WXQQHO TXD ,3Y &| FK Q\ WKF KLQ ~QJ JL PW JL WLQ ,3Y
WKHR FKXQ JLDR WKF ,3Y ~ F WK PDQJ JL WLQ ~ WUzQ QQ NLQ WUF
,3Y &  ORL WXQQHOLQJ O FL ~W VQ &RQILJXUHG  Y W ~QJ
$XWRPDWLF 
WR&|FKQ\KRW~QJGDWUzQFFKRVW,3Y~VQFFF~DFK
,3Y W ~ [y\ GQJ PW ~D FK ,3Y F FX WUF ~F ELW FF KRVW V
GQJF|FKQ\NK{QJFQSKLWK{QJTXDPW,63FKWU,3Y

&KLWLWKRW~QJYSK}|QJWKFWKFKLQFDF|FKQ\V~}FWUQK
E\WURQJSKQVDX~y\
&}FK'XDO/D\HU
0sWx

'XDO,3OD\HU&|FKQ\~PERPLKRVWURXWHU~}FFL~WFJLDR
WKF,3YY,3Y9LF|FK~{LQ\KRW~QJFDFFKRVWURXWHUKRQ
WRQW}|QJWKFKYL,3YY,3Y
7KHRF|FKQ\,3YVFQJWQWLYL,3YYQVGQJF|VKWQJFD
,3Y6ODFKQ~VGQJ6WDFN ODFKQJLDRWKFQRWURQJWQJ,QWHUQHW V
GDYRWK{QJWLQ~}FFXQJFSELGFKYQDPHGTXD'16VHUYHU

+QKVDXPLQKKDF|FKQ\

Application
TCP/UDP
IPv4

IPv6

Network layer
+QK  &n FK 'XDO ,3 OD\HU

&|FKQ\~}FFRLOWKQJK}QJQKW~~PERPWQRGHV,3Y
KRQWRQW}|QJWKFKYLQKQJQRGHV,3YNKF1KQJQRGHYDKWU
,3YYDKWU,3YQK}Y\JLO,3Y,3Y1KQJQRGHVQ\FNK
QxQJYDQKQYDJLFQKQJJLWLQ,3YY,3Y&KQJFWKOP
YLFWUFWLSYLFFKRVWWKXQ,3YVGQJJLDRWKF,3YY~QJWKL
YDFWKWUFWLSOPYLFYLFFKRVWWKXQ,3YTXDJLDRWKF,3Y
+QFKFDP{KQK'XDO6WDFNOSKLJQWKzPPW~DFK,3Y~LYL
PLQRGH,3YPL
wLYLPLKRVWVGQJNWKXWGXDO,3OD\HUFWKNWKSYLF|FK
FKX\Q~L,3YRYHU,3YWXQQHOLQJ F|FKQ\VWUQKE\G}L~y\ 
wLYLQKQJQRGHQ\FWKVGQJNWKSYLFFF|FKWXQQHOLQJW
~QJKRFWXQQHOLQJFLVQKRFFNWKXWWXQQHOLQJQ\'R~FWK
FF|FKFKX\Q~L~LYLPLQRGH,3Y,3YO

1RGHV,3Y,3YNK{QJNWKSVGQJNWKXWWXQQHOLQJ
1RGHV,3Y,3YVGQJNWKSWXQQHOLQJFLVQ
1RGHV ,3Y,3Y V GQJ NW KS F WXQQHOLQJ FL VQ Y WXQQHOLQJ W
~QJ

wWULQNKDLWURQJPQJ/$1QJ}LWDWK}QJYQGQJP{KQK'XDO
VWDFNKQFK0{KQK'XDO6WDFNKQFK~}FP{WQK}VDX0W
VLWHNKLWKLWNWKHRP{KQK'XDO6WDFNFKFQKQJQRGHOPVHUYHUO
FFQRGHGXDOVWDFN1KQJQRGH~QJYDLWU&OLHQWFKOQKQJQRGH
WKXQ,3Y1RGHVHUYHU~QJYDLWUO~LPFXQJFSFFGFKYQK}
'16:HEILOHVKDULQJ9LSK}|QJWKFQ\FKFPW~DFK,3Y
~}FJQFKRVHUYHUJLPWKLXFF~DFK,3YJQFKRFFQRGHWURQJ
VLWH
wLYLPWKRVWURXWHUNKLKWUFGXDOlVWDFN,3VRQJVRQJFQSKL
~LXNKLQKDLE~DFKNKFQKDX1K}QJFFJLDRWKF$XWRPDWLF
1HLJKERXU'LVFRYHU\FD,3YQzQOPFKR6WDFNQ\OWURQJVXW~LYL
QKTXQOwFELWQXQK}FKQJWDPXQVRVQKQYLFFJLFD
YLFFXKQKFFWUP,3YQJ\QD\
9LFQyQJFSURXWHU~KWU,3YSKFWSK|Q&FURXWHUSKL~}F
WUDQJEP~IRUZDUGFFJL,3YWUDQJEFFJLDRWKF~QKWX\Q,3Y
YJLDRWKFTXQO,3Y
1K}WUzQ~WUQKE\F|FK'XDO6WDFNGDYRGFKYQDPHVHUYLFH
&FP\FK'XDO6WDFNVFFFEQJKL~DFKNKDLERWURQJ'16
VHUYHUGRY\'16VHUYHUQ\SKLKWU,3Y0WEQJKL$W}|QJ

~}|QJ~DFK,3YYPWEQJKL$$$W}|QJ~}|QJ~DFK,3Y0W
JLDRGLQ OSWUQK *+1KLQWLFKRSKSFFQJGQJQKQ~}F~D
FK,3YW}|QJQJYLPWGRPDLQDPHV~}FWKD\WKELPWJLDRGLQ
PL+1$*+1~}FJLYLFKPWOQKPWzQFD~FK
+1$~}FJLYLOQKO~DFK~FKYTXDQK~DFKKRFO$)
,1(7FKR~DFK,3Y+RFO$),17FKR~DFK,3Y
1X$),1(7WKWKWFVFKX\Q~DFKFDEQJKL$FWURQJ~FK
FD'161XO$),17(7WKWFWU}FKWVTXHU\'16FKREQJKL
$$$1XTXHU\~}FWKWKWFOLTXD\OLW~X1XNK{QJWPWK\
WKWFVTXHU\'16PWOQQDOQQ\OKLFKR~DFK~FK,3Y1
VGQJ&,$Q\QK}PW~DFK,3Y~}FPDSEL,3Y
&FP\FK'XDO6WDFNVVGQJFFJLDRWKFORRNXSQJ}FPL
&KQJVQKWUDFF~DFKWWQKWQJRLGDQKVFK~}FWUYYV
GQJFF~DFKQ\WURQJ\zXFXNWQL7&3KRFFRLQK}OFF~DFK
~FKFKRFFGDWDJUDP8'3&FJLDRWKFYQFKX\QGXDOVWDFNVTX\W
~QKKRFOVGQJ,3YQXQK}FF~DFKOWKXQ,3YKRF~|QJLQ
FKGQJ~DFK,3YQXQK}FF~DFKO~DFK~}FPDSEL,3Y
7KHRTXWUQKWKFKLQVWxQJOzQFDFFP\FKLQWHUQHWV~SQJ
FKRFF~DFK,3YYFK\Q~LYR'166FKX\QWLS ,3YVDQJ
,3Y V[\UDPWFFKWQKLzQQJ\FQJQKLXFRQQHFWLRQVGQJ
,3Y6NK{QJFEWNPWQJ\QRPYLFWKD\WKQ\WUQzQUQW
WX\QKLzQFXLFQJYLFWKD\WKQ\VEDRSKWRQE
&FWKWF'16OWURQJVXW~LYLQLGXQJFDFFEQJKL&KQKQJ
VHUYHUYJLDRGLQQRPFQFXQJFSKRFWUX\QKSWL~DFK,3Y
PLSKL~}FQyQJFS
9LFWUDQJEFKRFFVHUYHUQ\VOPWSKQFDYLFWUDQJE,3YFKR
FFWFKFPQJQ\
1K}QJFKQJWDSKL~PERUQJFFYHUVLRQPLSKLKRW~QJ~}F
~FWKNWQL~}F,3Y&FQJGQJ~}FQyQJFSVWPFF~DFK
WURQJ'16VFJQJ~WKLWOSNWQL7&3WLFF~DFKQ\&FNW
QLQ\VEW~X~}FFXQJFSFXWUFRYHUOD\WUzQLQWHUQHWY~}F[y\
GQJWUzQFF~}QJQJPNWQLJLDFFF~R
3KutQJSKzSWKFKLQ

4XDSKQSKyQWFKWUzQWDWK\FFWK{QJVFKQK~zWKFKLQF|FK
'XDOVWDFN~}FP{WWURQJEQJVDX
7K{QJV

*LWU

3KPYLSGQJ

6LWH

wDFK,3YFQJQ

~DFK~LYLKRVWQKLX~DFK~LYL5RXWHU

wDFK,3Y\zXFX

~DFK,3Y~LYLKRVWQKLX~DFK~LYL
5RXWHU

<zXFX~LYL+RVW

&L~WF,3Y,3Y

<zXFX~LYLURXWHU

&L~WF,3Y,3Y&FJLDRWKF~QKWX\QSKLK
WU,3Y

%rQJ   &tF WKDP V FD Fn FK GXDO VWDFN

<rXFXYJzQvDFK

9FFKRVWQ\VGQJFJLDRWKFWQJ,3O,3YY,3YGRY\FQ
JQFORL~DFK,3YY,3YPLKRVWQ\.K{QJQKWWKLWSKLF
VTXDQKJLDKDL~DFKQ\GRY\QKQJKRVW,3Y,3YFWKJQ
QKQJ~DFK,3YY,3YNK{QJFTXDQKYLQKDX
wLYLQKQJQRGHVFF|FKFKX\Q~LQ\NWKSYLNWKXW
WXQQHOLQJW~QJFQSKLJQPW~DFK,3Y~}FWREL~DFK,3Y
JQ~LYLKRVW~ wDFK,3YQ\JLO,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3Y~
WUQKE\WURQJSKQ &XWUFFD~DFKQ\QK}VDX
96 bits 0

32 bits IPv4

128 bits
+QK  &~X WUF pD FK ,3YFRPSDWLEOH ,3Y

wLYLQKQJQRGHV,3Y,3YFWKF~}F~DFK,3YWKHREWNPW
JLDRWKFFXKQK~DFK,3YQRKSO9GVGQJTXDFFJLDRWKF
FS~DFK~QJQK}'+&3%22735$53KRFJQWUFWLSFF~DFK
,3YWQK
wLYL~DFKORRSEDFN7KHRFXKQK~DFK,3Y~DFKORRSEDFNF
GQJ~DFKQ\FKX\QVDQJGQJ~DFK,3YW}|QJWKFKYL
,3YVFGQJ~y\~}FFRLOGQJ~DFKORRSEDFN~LYL
,3Y1KQJSDFNHWF~DFKORRSEDFNVFKWQWLWURQJQRGH~P
NK{QJFKX\QUDPQJ
.KDLEzR'16

7URQJPWKWKQJFFL~WFFQRGHKWUF|FKGXDOVWDFNWK~LX
NLQWLWKLXFQWKLWOGFKY'16FDKWKQJ~SKLKWU,3Y
+LQQD\~FPWVSKQPPQK}%,1'KWU,3Y 
wLYLFFQRGHV,3Y,3YFQSKLNKDLERFORLEQJKLWURQJ'16
VHUYHU+D\QLFFKNKFOFQSKLFXKQK'16~LYLFORL~DFK
PKRVW~~}FJQwLYLPL~DFK,3YFXWUFEQJKL'16F
GQJ$$$$ wFWYFXWUFFFORLEQJKLKWU,3Y~LYLGFKY
'16~}FP{WWURQJ5)& wLYLPL~DFK,3YFXWUFEQ
JKL'16FGQJ$
.KLGQJ~DFK,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3Y~}FJQYLFFKRVW,3Y,3Y
QKQJKRVWQ\VGQJNWKXWDXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ FORLEQJKL$
Y$$$$SKL~}FFXKQKWURQJ'16%QJKL$$$$SKLNKDLER
GQJ~\~~DFK,3YFRPSDELOH,3YWURQJNKL~EQJKL$VV
GQJELWVWKSWURQJ~DFKQ\

.KLWKFKLQORRNXS~LYLFFKRVW,3Y,3YFWKWPWK\ORLEQ
JKL$Y$$$$0LEQJKLQ\FWKWU~QPL~DFK,3YKRF
,3Y7URQJWU}QJKSNWTXWPWK\OPWEQJKL$$$$WU~QPW
~DFK,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3YYPWEQJKL$WU~zQ~DFK,3YW}|QJ
QJWKNWTXWUYFWKFFFJLWUVDX

7UOLGX\QKW~DFK,3Y
7UOLGX\QKW~DFK,3Y
7UOLF~DFK,3YY,3Y

/DFKQORL~DFKQR~}FWUYSKWKXFYRW\WQJWU}QJKS
WURQJWU}QJKSFORL~DFK~}FWUYWKWUWWVS[SFFORL~D
FKOLzQTXDQ~QOXQJ,3~LYLKRVW~1XPW~DFK,3Y~}FWU
YQRGH~JLDRWLSYLQRGH~FKWURQJ~FFJLWLQ~}F~QJJLWKHR
FKXQ,3Y1X~DFK,3Y~}FWUYWKQRGH~JLDRWLSYLPWKRVW
,3Y
&}FK7XQQHOLQJ
oFvLPFKXQJ

&|VKWQJPQJ,QWHUQHWKRW~QJWUzQQQ,3YKRW~QJNKQ~QK
YFTXLP{UQJOQ7QGQJNKQxQJQ\FFQKWKLWN,3Y~~}D
UDJLLSKSOWKFKLQF|FKWXQQHOLQJ ~}QJKP WUzQQQ,3Y
&ORLWXQQHOLQJQK}VDXO$XWRPDWLF7XQQHOLQJY&RQILJXUHG
7XQQHOLQJ
7U}FNKLWUQKE\Y~F~LPFDFFF|FKWXQQHOLQJVDX~y\VP{WPWV
NKLQLPOLzQTXDQ~QTXWUQKWXQQHOLQJ
,3YRQO\ QRGH O PW KRVW KD\ URXWHU KRW ~QJ WUzQ QQ ,3Y QKQJ
KRVW KRF URXWHU Q\ NK{QJ KLX ,3Y FF KRVW Q\ FKLP SKQ OQ FF
WKLWEWUzQPQJ,QWHUQHWKLQQD\7DJLOFFQRGHWKXQY,3Y
,3Y,3Y QRGH O FF QRGHV F NK QxQJ WKF KLQ WUzQ QQ ,3Y KRF
,3Y7DJLOFFQRGHVQ\OQRGHV~{L
,3YRQO\ QRGH O FF QRGHV FK F NK QxQJ KRW ~QJ WUzQ QQ ,3Y
NK{QJFNKQxQJWKFKLQWUzQQQ,3Y7DJLFFQRGHVQ\OQRGHV
WKXQ,3Y
,3YQRGHOQKQJQRGHVVDXQRGHVWKXQ,3YQRGHV~{L,3Y,3Y
,3YQRGHOQKQJQRGHVVDXQRGHVWKXQ,3YQRGHV~{L,3Y,3Y
,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3YDGGUHVVOPW~DFK,3Y~}FJQFKRFFQRGH
~{L,3Y,3Y~DFKQ\F~QKGQJQK}~P{WWURQJSKQFD
PF ,, SKQ  7D JL ~D FK ,3Y ORL Q\ O ~D FK ,3Y W}|QJ WKFK
,3YwDFKORLQ\~}FVGQJWURQJF|FKWXQQHO,3YWUzQQQ,3Y
V~}FP{WVDX~y\
,3YRQO\DGGUHVVOQKQJ~DFK,3YFQOL~~}FP{WWURQJSKQ

,3YRYHU,3Y WXQQHOLQJ N WKXW Q\ WKF KLQ YLF ~QJ JL FF
GDWDJUDPWKHRFXWUF,3YYRSKQGOLXFDGDWDJUDP,3Y~FWK
PDQJ FF JL WLQ ,3Y TXD PQJ ,3Y WD JL F| FK Q\ O 7XQQHO ,3Y

WUzQ QQ ,3Y & KDL SK}|QJ WKF WXQQHO O &RQILJXUHG 7XQQHOLQJ Y
$XWRPDWLF7XQQHOLQJw}F~QKQJKDQK}VDX
&RQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJ7KHRSK}|QJWKFQ\~DFKFXLFQJFWXQQHO
~}F[F~QKQKWK{QJWLQFXKQKWLQRGHV~QJJL
$XWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ7KHRSK}|QJWKFQ\~DFKFXLFQJFWXQQHOO
~DFK,3YW}|QJWKFKYL~DFK,3Y

&|FK7XQQHOLQJ~}FP{WQK}VDX&FQRGHV,3Y,3YVWKFKLQ
~QJJLFFGDWDJUDP,3YYRWKQKSKQGOLXWURQJGDWDJUDP,3Y
SKQWLWUQJFDJLWLQ,3YWUX\QWUzQPQJOJLWLQ,3Y YGR~
JLWLQQ\VFWKWUX\QTXDWUzQQQ,3Y+QKVDXPLQKKDF|FK
7XQQHOLQJ
,3Y QRGH
,3Y QRGH
(QFDSV
(QFDSV

,3Y URXWHU
,3Y URXWHU

Tunnel

,3Y URXWHU
,3Y URXWHU

,3Y QRGH
,3Y QRGH
'HFDSV
'HFDSV

+QK  &n FK WXQQHOLQJ

&FNWQLFWKSGQJF|FKWXQQHOLQJO

5RXWHUWR5RXWHU&FURXWHUV,3Y,3YNWQLYLQKDXELF|VKWQJ
,3YGR~FWKWKFKLQFKX\QFFGDWDJUDP,3YTXDF|FKWXQQHO
7URQJWU}QJKSQ\F|FKWXQQHOWULUQJW~LPEW~XWL~LPNW
WKFFDPWJLWLQ,3Y
+RVWWR5RXWHU0WKRVW~{L,3Y,3YFWKWKFKLQ7XQQHO,3YWUzQ
QQ ,3Y ~ FKX\Q FF JL WLQ WL FF URXWHU WUXQJ JLDQ FQJ ~F FX
KQK O FF QRGHV ~{L ,3Y,3Y 7URQJ WU}QJ KS Q\ WXQQHO WUL UQJ
WURQJSKPYLWKRVWWLURXWHU~
+RVWWR+RVW  +DL KRVW ~{L ,3Y,3Y F WK WUX\Q FF GDWDJUDP WKHR
~QK GQJ ,3Y WUzQ QQ ,3Y 7URQJ WU}QJ KS Q\ F| FK WXQQHO WUL
UQJW~LP~X~Q~LPFXL

.WKXWWXQQHO~}FSKyQORLGDWUzQQJX\QWFVGQJSK}|QJWKFQR~
TX\W ~QK ~D FK FD QRGHV FXL FQJ ~}F FX KQK WXQQHO 7URQJ  SK}|QJ
WKFWXQQHO~P{WWUzQOURXWHUWRURXWHUYKRVWWRURXWHUJLWLQ,3Y~}F
WXQQHO ~Q ~D FK FXL FQJ O WL URXWHU 'R ~ ~LP FXL FQJ FD TX WUQK
WXQQHOQ\OFFURXWHUWUXQJJLDQWLFFURXWHUQ\SKLFQKLPYPJL
WLQ~}FWXQQHOYFKX\QQWL~FKFXLFQJwDFKWURQJJLWLQ,3Y~}F
WXQQHONK{QJKWU~DFK,3YFD~LPFXLFQJWXQQHOWKD\YR~~DFK
~LPFXLFQJWXQQHOSKL~}FTX\W~QKWFFWK{QJWLQFXKQKWUzQQRGHV
WKFKLQ~QJJL7KHRF|FK[F~QK~DFKFXLQK}Y\WDJLOWXQQHO
&RQILJXUHGFQJKDO~DFK~LPFXLFDTXWUQKWXQQHO~~}FNKDLER
WU}F

7KHRSK}|QJWKFVDXKRVWWRKRVWYURXWHUWRKRVWJLWLQ,3Y
~}FWXQQHOWUzQWWFKQKWUQKFDFKQJFKRWLNKL~Q~}F~FK
7KHRF|FKQ\QRGHVFXLFQJ~}F[F~QKWXQQHOO~DFK~FKFD
JLWLQ,3Y9Y\~LPFXLFQJFDWXQQHOFWK~}FTX\W~QKW
~DFK~FKFDJLWLQ,3YQX~DFKQ\OPW~DFKW}|QJ~}|QJYL
~DFK,3YWKWKHRFXWUFFD~DFKQ\ELWVWKSV~}FO\OP

~DFKFDQRGHV~FKY~}FVGQJOP~DFK~FKFDQRGHVFXL
FQJ~}FWXQQHO.WKXWQ\WUQK~}FYLFSKLNKDLERWU}F~DFK
~FKFDQRGHVFXLFQJWXQQHOJLODXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ
&KDLNWKXWDXWRPDWLFYFRQILJXUHGFNKFQKDXF|EQQKWO
YLFTX\W~QK~DFKFXLFDTXWUQKWXQQHOFQOLYF|EQKRW
~QJFDF|FKQ\OJLQJQKDX&WKQK}VDX

wLPNKLWRWXQQHO ~LP~QJJLWLQ WRPWKHDGHU,3Y~QJJLY


WUX\QJLWLQ~~}F~QJJL
1RGHVNWWKFFDTXWUQKWXQQHO ~LPPJLWLQ QKQ~}FJLWLQ
~QJJL[RESKQKHDGHU,3YVD~LPWVWU}QJFDKHDGHU,3Y
Y[OSKQGOLXQ\QK}PWJLWLQ,3Y
1RGHV~QJJLFQGX\WUFFWK{QJWLQYWUQJWKLFDPLTXWUQK
WXQQHOYGFFWKDPV078~[OFFJLWLQ,3YEW~XWKFKLQ
WXQQHO9VO}QJFFWLQWUQKWXQQHOFWKWxQJOzQPWVO}QJNK
OQWURQJNKL~FFWK{QJWLQQ\WK}QJOSOLYGR~FWKVGQJ
NWKXWFDFKHY~}FORLENKLFQWKLW

&tFKvQJJLWKFKLQWXQQHOLQJ

+QKVDXPLQKKRF|FK~QJJLWKFKLQWXQQHO
IPv4
Header
IPv6
Header

IPv6
Header

Transport
Layer
header

Transport
Layer
header

Data

Data

+QK  &n FK pQJ JL WKF KLQ WXQQHOLQJ

&XWUFFDSKQKHDGHUSDFNHW,3YNKLWKFKLQWXQQHOLQJ ~QJJL
,3YSDFNHWWURQJP{WGDWDJUDP,3Y QK}VDX

7KDPV

*LtWU ELWV

QJKD

9HUVLRQ

*LDRWKFVGQJO,3Y

,3KHDGHUOHQJWK

FKLXGLWL~DFDWU}QJQ\OELWV wLYL
FFJLWLQ,3Y~QJJLNK{QJVHWJLWUFKRSKQ
RSWLRQWURQJKHDGHU

7\SHRI6HUYLFH

7RWDO/HQJWK

E\WHV

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ
)ODJV

;F~QK~OQJPFKLXGLSKQKHDGHU,3Y
FKLXGLFD,3YFKLXGL,3YKHDGHU
*LWU~}F[F~QKWKQJQKWFKREWNJLWLQ
,3Y~}FWUDQVPLWELKWKQJ

')KRF0)

7LPHWROLYH
3URWRFRO



+HDGHU
&KHFNVXP

*QW}|QJQJYLORLSD\ORDGWURQJJLWLQ,SY
~QJJL
*LWUWQJFFE\WHVFDSKQKHDGHU,3Y~NLP
WUDWQKWRQYQGOLXNKLQKQ~DFK~FK

6RXUFH$GGUHVV

,3YDGGUHVV

wDFK,3YFDWUPQJXQ

'HVWLQDWLRQ
$GGUHVV

,3YDGGUHVV

wDFK,3YFDWUP~FK

%rQJ  &~X WUF SK{Q KHDGHU FD ,3Y NKL WKF KLQ WXQQHOLQJ

&tFKPJLNKLWKFKLQWXQQHO,3YRYHU,3Y

.KLPWKRVWKD\PWURXWHUQKQ~}FPWGDWDJUDP,3YFNLXJLDR
WKFOQVESKQKHDGHU,3YWURQJJLWLQYYJLOLSKQGDWD
~FKQKOJLWLQ,3Y+QKVDXPLQKKRF|FKPJL

IP v4
Header

IP v6
Header

IP v6
Header

T ra n sp o rt
L a ye r
header

T ra n sp o rt
L a ye r
header

D a ta

D a ta

+QK  &n FK P JL ,3Y NKL WKF KLQ WXQQHOLQJ

&KONKLWKFKLQPJLWLQ,3Y ,3YLQ,3Y SKQKHDGHUFD,3Y


NK{QJEELQ~L1X~OJLWLQ~Q~FKFXLFQJJLWUWURQJWU}QJ
KRSOLPLWVVEJLP[XQJJLWU3KQKHDGHU,3Y~QJJLEORLE
&FQRGHVWKFKLQPJLVWKFKLQYLFWLKSFFGDWDJUDP,3Y
WU}FNKLQWKFKLQPJL,3Y'RY\WWFFFJLWURSWLRQV,3Y
YQ~}FJLQJX\zQQK}WU}FNKL~QJJL
6DXNKLWKFKLQYLFPJLPLTXWUQK[OJLQJYLYLFQKQ
GDWDJUDP,3YWK{QJWK}QJNKF
w~PERWQKW}|QJWKFKJLD,3YY,3YFQSKLFF|FKFKX\Q
~L~LYLQKQJWKD\~LFD,3YVRYL,3YPFWKOSKQKHDGHU
FDFFGDWDJUDPYSKQWKD\~L~DFKFD,3Y7URQJSKQQ\FK
JLLKQNKDFQKP{WFFSK}|QJWKFFKX\Q~L~DFK&FSK}|QJ
WKFFKX\Q~L~DFK~PERWKFKLQ~}FFFQKLPYFKQKQK}
VDX

wP ER FF KRVW KRW ~QJ WUzQ QQ ,3Y Y ,3Y KRQ WRQ OP YLF
~}FYLQKDX
+WUFFNKQxQJWULQNKDLFFKRVWYURXWHUKRW~QJWUzQQQ,3Y
YLPFWLzXWKD\WKGQFFKRVW~DQJKRW~QJ,3Y
&PWSK}|QJWKFFKX\Q~LGGQJWKFKLQ~}FFFFS~NKF
QKDXWSKDQJ}LGQJFXLWLQJ}LTXQWUKWKQJFFQKTXQO
PQJYFXQJFSGFKY
,3YWXQQHOTXD,3Y&|FKQ\~QJJLPWJLWLQ,3YYRWURQJSKQ
KHDGHUFD,3Y~FWKPDQJJLWLQ~WUzQQQNLQWUF ,3Y&
ORLWXQQHOFXKQKVQYW~QJ

/DFKQJLzWU078YwSKqQPxQK

*LWUJLLKQNFKWK}FJLWLQWURQJWQJ'DWDOLQNFDJLDRWKF7&3,3
JLO078 0D[LPXP7UDQVIHU8QLW wLYLPLJLDRWKFWUzQWQJ
'DWDOLQNNKFQKDXFPWJLWU078NKFQKDX YGJLWU078FD
(WKHUQHWORFWHWV 'RFQKLXSK}|QJWKFNKFQKDX~LYLFF
OXQJWUDIILFWURQJPQJ,QWHUQHWQzQV[\UDKLQW}QJFFJLWU078
WLFF~LPJDWHZD\QKK|QJLWU078FDFFPQJWURQJ'RY\V
[\UDKLQW}QJSKyQPQKWLFF~LPJDWHZD\6DX~V[\UDKLQ
W}QJWLKSFF~LP~FK+QKVDXPLQKKDF|FKQ\
2ULJLQDWLQJ
2ULJLQDWLQJ
KRVW
KRVW

large MTU

)LUVW
)LUVW
*DWHZD\
*DWHZD\

small MTU

6HFRQG
6HFRQG
*DWHZD\
*DWHZD\

7KLUG
7KLUG
*DWHZD\
*DWHZD\

large MTU

;x\ UD KLQ WUoQJ

;x\ UD KLQ WoQJ

SKkQ PxQK

WzL KS

+QK  3KkQ PrQK Yq WtL KS JL WLQ

wLYLJLDRWKF,3YJLWU078FKOE\WHVJLWUQ\FWKQK
K|QJLWUFDPWJLWLQ,3Y1K}Y\FFQRGHHQWU\SRLQWNKLWKF
KLQ~QJJLFFJLWLQ,3YVSKLNLPWUDJLWLQ,3YPQ~QJJL
FY}WTXJLWU078FKRSKSKD\NK{QJ1XY}WTXWKSKLWKF
KLQSKyQPQKJLWLQ,3Y9LFSKyQPQKQ\GQ~QFFKLQW}QJ
VDX

SKDQKQVQKQ~}FUWQKLXFFPQKQK~}FWFKUDWJLOQ
1VSKLPWQKLXWKLJLDQYEQK~WLKSFFJLWLQSKyQPQK
WU}FNKLPJL
7URQJ WU}QJ KS PW JL WLQ SKyQ PQK E PW FF JL WLQ FQ OL V
FKLP PW NK{QJ JLDQ E ~P FKR ~Q NKL Y}W TX JL WU 77/ PL E
K\7RQE,3YOFQ\VEPWYSKLWUX\QOL7POLYLFWFK
JLVFKOFKLFKRWXQQHOJLDFFP\FK

1K}Y\YLFWKFKLQSKyQPQKFFJLWLQONK{QJKLXTXw[F~QKJL
WU078KSO QJ}L WD ~ [y\ GQJ JLDR WKF 078 'LVFRYHU\ 3URWRFRO ~}F
P{WWURQJWLOLX5)& &WKP{WWPWWWKXWWRQFKQODJLWU
078Q\QK}VDX

1XJLWU078FD,3YQKK|QKRFEQJWKFFFWU}QJ
KSVDX

1XJLWLQ,3YFQ~QJJLFNFKWK}FOQK|QE\WHVWKQRGH
HQWU\SRLQWWUYPWWK{QJER,&03WKHRFKXQ,3YYQRGHQJXQFD
JLWLQ,3Y~7K{QJER,&03FQLGXQJFQKERONFKFJLWLQ
OQK|QPFFKRSKS SDFNHWWRRELJ *LWU078KSO 9
~LPHQWU\WXQQHOVK\JLWLQ\zXFXWXQQHOLQJ
1XJLWLQ,3YFQ~QJJLFNFKFQKK|QE\WHVVWKFKLQ
~QJ JL Y JL WU FD WU}QJ IODJ IUDJPHQWLRQ WURQJ SKQ KHDGHU ,3Y
~}FVHW  NK{QJSKyQPQK

1XJLWU078FD,3YOQK|QWKFFFWU}QJKSVDX

1XJLWLQ,3YFQ~QJJLFNFKWK}FOQK|QJLWU 078FD,3Y
 WKQRGHHQWU\SRLQWWUYPWWK{QJER,&03,3YFQLGXQJ

JLWLQFQ~QJJLTXOQSDFNHWWRRELJ*LWU078KSO 078
FD,3Y9~LPHQWU\SRLQWVK\JLWLQ\zXFXWXQQHOLQJ
1XJLWLQ,3YFQ~QJJLFNFKFQKK|QJLWU 078FD,3Y
 VWKFKLQ~QJJLYJLWUFDWU}QJIODJIUDJPHQWLRQWURQJSKQ
KHDGHU,3Y~}FVHW  NK{QJSKyQPQK

wJLP~}FYLFSKLSKyQQKJLWLPFQKQKWURXWHU~X
WXQQHOWKFKLQWPNLPJLWU078~}FFRLOKSOQKW&KQJV
EW~XW078FDWXQQHOWL078FDJLDRGLQFFEFDFKQJ1X
QK}FFPHVVDJH,&03WUOL~FKUQJJLOTXOQFKQJVFKX\Q
WLPW078WKSK|Q7URQJPWYLWU}QJKSFKQJFWKJLPW
PHVVDJHWK~NKPSKUDNKQxQJWxQJWURQJ078.KL078FD
WXQQHOYQFQOQK|QNFKWK}FJLQKQKWP,3YKWU RFWHW
WKYLFSKyQQKJL,3YV~}FWW~LWURQJ,3YKHDGHU1XQK}JL
,3YOQK|Q078FDWXQQHOFWURQJJLDRGLQ1VEORLEY
PHVVDJH,&03i,3YSDFNHWWRELJjV~}FJLOLFKRNKFKKQJ
1K}QJNFKWK}FQKQKWFDJL,3YFKORFWHWFKNK{QJSKLO
078FDWXQQHOFWKWNKLQKK|QRFWHW~LXPEXFFF
URXWHU,3YVGQJYLFSKyQQKJL,3Y
1X078FDWXQQHO,3YQKK|QRFWHW&FJL,3YOQK|Q
RFWHWVEORLEYPHVVDJHi3DFNHWWRRELJjV~}FJLWUOLFKRQJ}L
JL,3Y*LQ\VFKUDPW078,3YFF~LFDRFWHW
1XPWJL,3YOQK|Q078FDWXQQHOQK}QJQKK|QEQJ7K
YLFSKyQQKJLVNK{QJWK~}FGQJ
6GQJYLFNKPSK078V~PERUQJFFNKFKKQJ,3YVQKQ
~}FYLFVGQJWFFWXQQHO,3Y
+QKVDXPLQKTXJLDRWKF078GLVFRYHU\~}FKWUWURQJ,3Y
;zF pQK JLz WU 078 TXD WKXW WRzQ 078 GLVFRYHU\
FzF WKmQJ WLQ Qw\ poF OoX WU WU{L

2ULJLQDWLQJ
2ULJLQDWLQJ
KRVW
KRVW

large MTU

)LUVW
)LUVW
*DWHZD\
*DWHZD\

3KkQ PxQK FK

078 QK QKW

small MTU

[\ UD WL LP QJ JL

QRGH QJXQ

6HFRQG
6HFRQG
*DWHZD\
*DWHZD\
Yw

smaller MTU

7KLUG
7KLUG
*DWHZD\
*DWHZD\

large MTU

OD FKQ JL WU

poF FKS QKQ WUlQ pR{Q WUDIILF WL pD FK pFK

+QK  *LDR WKF 078 GLVFRYHU\

&zFJLDRWKFWXQQHOYwURXWLQJ

.KLWXQQHO~}FFXKQKFKQJV~}F~L[QK}QKLXORL~}QJOLQN
NKFWURQJWRQEF|VKWQJ,3Y1XQK}WXQQHO~}FVGQJFKR
~}QJQLJLDFFGRPDLQ~QKWX\QWFKELWQKDXQVVGQJFKR
YLFWUDR~LJLDFFURXWHUVGQJ,'531XQK}WXQQHOE~}DYR~QK
WX\QQV~}F[HP[WQK}OPW~}QJOLQNVHULDOWKXQWXEQJFF
JLDRWKFURXWLQJQK}O5,3KRF263)

1K}QJFFWXQQHO~XNK{QJSKLOWKXQOFFOLQN7URQJWU}QJKS
FD5,3WRQEVOLXOVO}QJKRVW1JP~QKJLFDWXQQHO~WO
QK}OPW~}QJNWQLWUFWLSJLDURXWHUPFGOFFJLTXD
WXQQHOWURQJWKFW~}FFKX\QWLSTXDYLOQELFFOS,3YwF
WKOGRNWTXFDFFODFKQNKFJLQJQK}FFODFKQFKRYLF
~QKWX\QWK{QJTXDPWWXQQHOGLWKD\YFKX\QWLSTXDPWVO}QJ
QKFFNWQL,3YWUFWLS
7URQJPWGRPDLQ~QKWX\Q~|QQKLPYFDQKTXQOVGGQJ
K|QQXQK}VOFKQPHWULFFDWXQQHOO~}FW~QJQXQK}TX
WUQK~QKWX\Q,3YVFQJXQJFPHWULFFDWXQQHOWEQJ~QKWX\Q
,3Y
7KLJLDQVQJWURQJWXQQHO

'RYLF~QKWX\Q,3YO~QJWKLJLDQVGQJFKRFFJLWURQJWXQQHO
OWKD\~L&FJLQzQJLTXDWXQQHOYL77/,3YYD~~~PER
UQJFKQJNK{QJEWLPHRXW.KL~QKWX\QFF~FWQKKLQWLFDF|
FKFKX\QWLSO~~}FO}FEWWURQJ~LPQ\1J}LWDQLUQJ77/
~}FODFKQWURQJNLXKRW~QJSKWKXFYLJLWUQJP~QK~}F
~[XWWURQJWLOLX5)&
7KFWQJ}LWDWKLWOS77/Q\PWFFK~QJJLQJQK}FFFK}|QJ
WUQKWUDFHURXWHWKFKLQ9LFJLPVW77/FDWXQQHOFWKFFKQX
QK}QJ}LWDPXQNKPSKQKDQKFKQJVWKD\~LWURQJYLF~QK
WX\Q,3YYFSQKWPHWULFFDWXQQHO
oLXNKLQYLFFKLDVWXQQHO

0W~LPKQFKFD~QKWX\QWKHROSOOPKQ~QYLF~LXNKLQ
WLQJX\zQ&FJL~}FTXDWXQQHOVKRQWKQKYLFWUX\QWLQJX\zQ
YLFFJLWKXQ,3Y9Q~FWKJy\UDOLWURQJWU}QJKSFFURXWHU
,3Y~}FVGQJELYWXQQHOVFKQKQ~}FSKQFKLDVFDWL
QJX\zQFDNKFKKQJ~PFGQWK{QJWLQFWURQJWRQEJLWLQ
,3Y
&FJLLSKSW}|QJWV~}FVGQJFKR,3YWXQQHO1FPWYLOL
FKVDX
1J}LTXQOFWK~LXNKLQYLFFKLDVPQJP~}F~QKYWURQJ
,3Y
'LWK{QJWXQQHOFWK~}FVGQJ~Q~QKPHWULFKLQWKFWL
WXQQHO
&QJFPWYLFFEWOLWLPQ7KHR~QKQJKDYLFSEXFPJLL
KQWF~FKR,3YWXQQHOQJKDOFFJL,3YVNK{QJVGQJFKXQJ
~}FFFWLQJX\zQ~DQJNK{QJVGQJ~QQK}OFFJLWKXQ,3Y
&QJYY\QXQK}JLLExQJWK{QJW}|QJQJNK{QJ~}FGQKULzQJF
KLXTXPF,3YWKFKQKVFKPF,3YVNK{QJ~PER~}F
UQJFFJLFPF}XWLzQFDRQKWONK{QJEORLE~yX~WURQJ
WXQQHO

wy\O~LXNKUUQJ1J}LWDFWKW}QJW}QJUDJLDRWKF~LX
NKLQWXQQHO~QJJLPVWJLLWK{QJFVQFKRWXQQHOWURQJFFOXQJ
,3YWKLJLDQWKF1K}QJ~FQJOYQ~QJX\KLPELYFQKLX
VW}|QJWFUWSKFWSJLDFFSKQ~LXNKLQWF~JLFDFFJL
WURQJWXQQHOYNKQxQJFDWXQQHO9LFWKLWOSJLLWK{QJ~}F~QK
QJKDWU}FYEXFQVGQJWLPF,3YONKGGQJYFWKYQJ
FKFK|Q9LFWULQNKDLQKDQKFFNKQxQJQJX\zQWKXFD,3YFWK
VOWWK|QELYFKQJWDVWKRWUDNKL~}FWXQQHO
77/FKRFzFWXQQHOWvQJ

&FWXQQHO~WQJQKQFFJLWLYWFFKRVW~FOS~NK{QJ~}F
FXKQKPWFFKW}QJPLQKYY\QJ}LWDSKLFKQFFWK{QJV,3Y
QK}O77/KRF0787URQJWU}QJKSFD77/FFNKX\QQJKP
FKQJWD~~}F~FSWWU}FWKYQ~}FJLOLQXQK}FKQJWD
NK{QJELWWKzPJPLFFKRVWVGQJFFJLWU~}FNKX\QQJK
WURQJFF5)&QHPEHUKLQWLONKX\QQJKFKR5)&7U}QJ
KSFD079WKSKFWSK|Q7KFWFKQJWDFWU}QJKS

&FKRVW~FOSTXQOWXQQHO~|QWLURXWHU,3YJQQKW
&FKRVWTXDO~LXNKLQFFWXQQHOWLFFSDUWQHO~FOSFDFKQJ
&F URXWHU GXDO [X\zQ FF JL WL FF KRVW ~F OS P WKD\ PW FKR FF
KRVWWKXQ,3Y

&FKRVW~FOSFK~LXNKLQWXQQHO&KQJFWKFJLDRWKFSKW
KLQ078&FKRVWFK\GXDOFQJQzQFNKQxQJFK\JLDRWKFSKW
KLQ078FKRWWFFFWXQQHOKLQWL~DQJNFKKRWPFGFFP\
FKSKWK{QJNK{QJSKLWUOLFKRQKLXNKFKKQJWPUDQFQJNK
NKNKxQ&FURXWHUGXDOVVP~LPWYLUWQKLXFFWXQQHO~DQJ
NFKKRWSKLFNKQxQJWQKWRQFFKKLXTXWK{QJV078FKR
PLURXWHU&KQJVOX{QOX{QFOLNKLVGQJWLWKLXQJP~QKFD
078OE\WHYTXQO~}FYLFSKyQPQK,3YFFURXWHUPWKF
KLQYLFWXQQHOLQJFWKQKQ~}FFFERKLXOLNKFWK}QJO,&03
wWUQKFFO~HQQ\FKQJWK}QJFJQJFKX\QFFERKLXQ\
WURQJ,3Y,&03TXD\WUOLQJXQ,3Y
&F0HVVDJH,&03EDRJPE\WHWKQKWFDJL,3YE\WHWLSWKHR
VOKHDGHU,3YQJX\zQWKX1XFKQJ[XWKLQWKURXWHUVVGQJ
FKQJVKLSKFOL~DFKQJXQ,3YQJX\zQWKXQKP[y\GQJ
PHVVDJHEROL,&03,3Y
&}FK&RQILJXUH7XQQHOLQJ
0sWx

9LSK}|QJWKFWXQQHOLQJQ\~DFKPJL~}FTX\W~QKELFF
WK{QJWLQ~}FFXKQKQRGH~QJJL HQWU\SRLQWHQFDSVXODWLRQV wL
YLPLWXQQHOGQJQ\FFQRGHQ\SKLO}X~DFKFDFFWUPFXL
FFWUPPJLHQGSRLQW .KLFFSDFNHW,3Y~}FFKX\QTXDWXQQHO

Q\~DFKFDFFHQGSRLQW~}FFXKQKVDRFKRJLQJYL~DFK~FK
WURQJSKQKHDGHUFDJLWLQ,3Y~QJJL
&FWK{QJV\zXFX~LYLF|FKFRQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJQK}VDX

.KQxQJQJGQJVLWH
<zXFXJLDRWKF,3YNWQLJLDFFVLWHVGQJ,3Y
wDFK,3YWLWKLXFPW~DFK,3YWURQJPWVLWH
<zXFXJLDRWKF,3YNK{QJFQWKLW
<zXFXY~DFK,3YNK{QJFQWKLW
<zXFXKRVW,3YVWDFNKRF,3Y,3YVWDFN
<zXFX~LYLURXWH,3Y,3YURXWHU

3KutQJSKzSWKFKLQ

wTX\W~QK~}QJ~LFDFFWXQQHOLQJKD\QLFFKNKF~F~}F
FFWK{QJWLQYQRGHHQGSRLQWFQSKLGDYREQJ~QKWX\QYK}QJ
~LFDFFSDFNHWVSKLGDYR~DFK~FKFDFKQJVGQJFFNWKXW
QHWPDVN
'HIDXOW&RQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJ*LQJQK}QJKDFDJLWUGHIDXOWURXWH
WURQJEQJ~QKWX\Q~LYLPWWXQQHONKLWKFKLQSK}|QJWKF
FRQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJQXQNK{QJWPWK\~LDFK~FKWURQJEQJ~QK
WX\QQVVGQJPWJLWUGHIDXOWNKDLWUzQURXWH~OP~DFK~FK
WURQJSDFNHW~QJJL
*LWUGHIDXOWWXQQHOLQJQ\FWKOPW~DFK,3YGQJDQ\FDVWYL
SK}|QJWKFQ\SDFNHW~QJJLV~}FIRUZDUG~QQKLXURXWHUNKF
&}FK$XWRPDWLF7XQQHOLQJ
0sWx

9LSK}|QJWKFWXQQHOLQJQ\~DFK~FKWURQJJLWLQ~QJJL,3Y
~}F[F~QKO~DFK~FKFDJLWLQ,3Y'RY\~DFK~FKFDJL
WLQ,3Y~}F~QJJLSKLFGQJ~DFK,3YW}|QJWKFKYL,3Y
,3YFRPSDELOLW\,3Y wLYLQKQJJLWLQ,3YP~DFK~FKO
GQJ~DFKNK{QJFGQJ,3YFRPSDELOHWKVNK{QJWKWKFKLQ
DXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ
&|FK$XWRPDWLF7XQQHOLQJWK}QJ~}FVGQJNKLFQWKFKLQQKQJ
NWQLYLFFKRVWKRFYLFFPQJ,3YWURQJPWWKLJLDQQJQKRF
WURQJQKQJWQKKXQJQJXQKLzQ
&FWK{QJVOLzQTXDQ~Q$XWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ

.KQxQJQJGQJ~LYLFFKRVW
<zXFXJLDRWKF,3Y<zXFXFFFNWQL,3YJLDFFVLWHV
<zXFX~DFK,3YWLWKLXFPW~DFK,3Y
<zXFXJLDRWKF,3Y.K{QJFQWKLW
<zXFX~DFK,3YwDFKGQJ,3YFRPSDWLEOH
<zXFX~LYLKRVWFL~WGXDOVWDFN,3Y,3Y

<zXFX~LYLURXWHQRQH

3KutQJWKFWKFKLQ

wLYLQKQJQRGHV,3Y,3YFPWSK}|QJWKF~TX\W~QKOLXFF
JLWLQ,3YF~}FDXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJKD\NK{QJ~OGDYRFF
WK{QJVWURQJEQJ~QKWX\QWQKoLYLFzFKRVWFvDFKvFKG{QJ
VvuFWKFKLQWvQJvQKWX\Q 9QKQJKRVWQ\WKDPQ
~LXNLQOF~DFK~FKFGQJ,3YFRPSDELOH 
&}FKWR

+LQQD\~WULQNKDLPQJ,3YWFKF,*75$1V ,3QJ7UDQVLWLRQ
:RUNLQJ*URXSPWQKPWKXF,(7) ~~}DUDPWJLLSKSWKED~
WULQNKDLPQJ,3YWUzQQQ,3YOF|FKWR0WWURQJQKQJKQFK
OQQKWFDF|FKWUzQ F|FKGXDOVWDFNYF|FKWXQQHOLQJ OYL
PLNKFKKQJFXL HQGXVHUVVLWH ~NWQLYLPQJ,3Y YG
%RQH ~XFQSKLODFKQPW,63FKWUGFKY,3Y~JLLTX\W
FFYQ~OLzQTXDQ~QFSSKW~DFKYWXQQHOLQJ0WNKFSK}|QJ
SKSQ\FQJKQFK~}FQKQJNKNKxQFDF|FKWXQQHOLQJQK}FF
KRW~QJWRTXQOGX\WUFFFXKQKWXQQHOLQJFDSK}|QJSKS
WXQQHOLQJ
<rXFX

0WKRVWSKLF~DFK,3Y
w~PERKRW~QJFKQK[FFDWRWURQJPWWRSRPQJSKFWS
WWFFFKRVW,3YSKL~PERWKXWWRQVDX~y\O FJLWUwO
WKXWWRQOLzQTXDQ~QODFKQ~DFKNKLWKFKLQJLJLWLQ,3Y9
WDELWUQJPWQRGHFWKJQQKLXGQJ~DFK,3YNKFQKDX'R
Y\WURQJGFKYWzQPLQ'16FWKNKDLQKLXEQJKLW}|QJQJYL
FF~DFK,3YNKFQKDXFXKRVW~7KXWWRQODFKQ~DFK~P
ER WURQJ PW WS FF ~D FK ,3Y WU Y NKL KRVW WKF KLQ TXHU\ '16
VHUYHUVODFKQPW~DFKFGQJWLQW WURQJWSFF~D
FKWUY~JLFFJLWLQ,3YWURQJFFNWQLFDKRVW~

0sWx

7KHRFXWUFFDGQJ~DFK*OREDO8QLFDVWSKQ~QKGDQKWLQW7/$
~}FJQELWFKF,$1$9GWLQW))(~}FJQFKRPQJ
WKQJKLP%RQH+D\~}FSKyQEWKHRF|FKSURGXFWLRQ
+LQQD\WFKFQ\FQJJQPWWLQW~FELWO ~KWUF|FK
WR7KHR~FXWUF~DFK,3YFDPWQRGHWKFKLQWRFGQJQK}VDX
3

13

32

16

64

001

0x0002

V4ADDR

SLA ID

Interface ID

7URQJ~

3KQ7/$,'~}FJQJLWU 

3KQ1/$JQELWVFQOLO~DFK,3YFDQRGH~

1K}Y\PWQRGHPXQWKFKLQF|FKWRSKLFPW~DFK,3YWKF ~D
FK,3YQ\SKL FJLWUWUzQPQJ,QWHUQHWNK{QJ SKL O ~D FK FD PQJ
ULzQJ 

&XWUFGQJ~DFKQ\~PERKRQWRQJLQJYLFF~QKGQJ~D
FK,3Y*OREDO8QLFDVWWK{QJWK}QJNKF
*LWLQ,3YWURQJFFVLWHFXKQKWR~}F~QJJLWKHRGQJ,3Y
JLQJF|FKWXQQHOLQJRYHU NKLFFJLWLQQ\FQFKX\QUDPQJ
QJRL6DXNKLJLWLQ~QJJLGQJ,3YV~}FFKX\QWURQJPQJ,3Y
QK}KRW~QJFDPQJ,QWHUQHWKLQQD\
3KQKHDGHUFDJLWLQ,3YF~DFK~FKY~DFKQJXQGQJ,3Y
&F~DFKQ\F~}FOGDYRF|FKODFKQ~DFKVDX~WKFKLQ
O\ELWV~DFK9$''5WURQJFXWUF~DFK,3YFWLQW
&XWUFFDGQJJLWLQ,3YQ\QK}VDX
Ver

IHL

Type of Ser

Indentification
TTL

Total Length
Flags

Protocol = 41

Fragment offset
Header Checksum

Source Address
Destination Address
Options

Padding

IPv6 header + payload....


+QK  &~X WUF JL WLQ ,3Y pQJ JL WKHR Fn FK WR

7U}QJKSWULQNKDL~|QJLQQKWFDF|FKWROVGQJF|FKQ\
~NWQLFFVLWH,3YYLQKDXPLVLWHQ\FFNWQLYLQKDXGDWUzQ
PQJ,3Y.K{QJ\zXFXFFVLWHQ\FFFNWQLYLFQJPW,63
&KFPW\zXFXOFFVLWH~}FFL~W,3YKWUF|FKWR~WKLW
OSJLWU3URWRFRO WURQJFFSDFNHW,3Y
wF|FKQ\KRW~QJPLVLWHFQFQSKLJQPW~DFK,3YWKHR
FXWUF~DFK~P{WWUzQwQJWKLWRPWEQJKL'16W}|QJQJ
YL~DFKQ\
9LG0WVLWH$F~DFK,3YOVWRPWEQJKLWUzQ
'16YLWLQW,3YFGQJ^)3 7/$ [1/$
&%$$`
0WVLWH%F~DFK,3YOVWRPWEQJKLWUzQ'16
YLWLQW,3YFGQJ^)3 7/$ [1/$
)()')&`
.KLPWKRVW,3YWUzQVLWH%FQNWQLYLPWKRVW,3YWUzQVLWH$FF
E}FWKFKLQQK}VDX

1WKFKLQTX\UHWL'16VHUYHU~WP~DFK,3YFDKRVWWUzQVLWH$
*L V ~D FK PQJ WU Y O ^)3  7/$ [ 1/$
&%$$`wDFKPWKRVWWURQJVLWH$FGQJWLQWQK}WUzQY
PWJLWU6/$Y,QWHUIDFH,'FGQJEWN
*LWLQ,3Y~}FKQKWKQKY~}FWUX\QQK}WK{QJWK}QJEzQWURQJ
KDLVLWHQ\ WFFKRVW,3Y~QFFURXWHUWR~}FWUX\QFFJLWLQ

WKXQ,3YNK{QJFEWNPWF|FKFKX\Q~LQR[\UDWURQJQL
EPWVLWH&FURXWHUWR~}FFRLOFFURXWHUFQELzQ
.KLFFURXWHUQ\QKQWK\~DFK~FKFSKQWLQW QV
WKFKLQF|FKJLQK}VDX

wQJJLJLWLQ,3YWKHRGQJ,3YYLFXWUFJLWLQ,3Y~P{WWUzQ
WURQJ~~DFK~FKFDJLWLQ,3YQ\~}FO\WELWVFDWU}QJ9$''5
WURQJ~DFKFK~FK,3YFDJLWLQ,3Y6DX~FKX\QJLWLQQK}JLDRWKF
,3YWK{QJWK}QJTXDFFJLDRWKF~QKWX\QFD,3Y
wLYLFFURXWHUEzQVLWH$VDXNKLQKQFFJLWLQ,3YVWKFKLQF|FKP
JLQK}VDX

7KFKLQNLPWUDJLWUFDWU}QJ3URWRFROWURQJSKQKHDGHUFDJLWLQ
FEQJKD\NK{QJ"
1XJLWUQ\ VWKFKLQESKQKHDGHUFDJLWLQ,3YYO\
SKQGDWDFDJLWLQ,3YQ\OPWJLWLQ,3YVDX~FKX\QWURQJ
ORFDOVLWHEQJFFJLDRWKF,3Y+QKVDXP{WKRW~QJFDTXWUQK
Q\
IPv4 Site A
203.162.0.10

IPv4 Internet

Router 6to4

IPv6 Site A
2002:CBA2:000A::/48

Host IPv6

IPv4 Site B
9.254.253.252

Router 6to4

IPv6 Site B
2002:09FE:FDFC::/48

Host IPv6

Host IPv6

Host IPv6

+QK  &n FK pQJ P JL

3K~}QJWKFODFKQFFF}FK

wLYLQKQJQRGHV,3Y,3YSKLFSK}|QJWKFODFKQNKLQRJL
JLWLQ,3YNKLQRJLJLWLQ,3YYNKLQRWKFKLQDXWRPDWLFKRF
FRQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJ1KQJNWKXWGXDO,3OD\HUFRQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJ
YDXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJVGQJNWKSYLQKDX&FWU}QJKSFWK
[\UDQK}VDX

*LJLWLQ,3YWLWWFFF~DFK~FK,3Y
*LJLWLQ,3YWLWWFFF~DFK~FK,3YWUzQFQJPWOLQN
6GQJDXWRPDWLFWXQQHOLQJ*LFFJLWLQ,3Y~QJJL,3YF~DFK
~FKOGQJGQJ~DFK,3YFRPSDELOH
*LFFJLWLQ,3YUDPQJQJRLPURXWHWURQJPQJ~FKWU,3Y
*LFFJLWLQ,3YUDPQJQJRLVGQJGHIDXOWWXQQHOLQJNKLNK{QJF
URXWHKWU,3Y

&FWKXWWRQW}|QJQJYLFFWU}QJKSQ\QK}VDX
1XpDFKFDQRGHFXLOqPWpDFK,3Y

1X~DFK~FK~}FORFDWHWUzQPWDWWDFKHGOLQNWKVJLJLWLQ
,3YWLQRGHFXL

1X~DFKFDQRGHFXLNK{QJORFDWHWUzQOLQNYLQRGHQJXQWK
KRF
1XFPWURXWH,3YWUzQOLQNQRGHQJXQVJLJLWLQ
GQJ,3YwDFK~FKOPW~DFKGQJ,3Y
1XNK{QJ~DFK~FKVOXQUHDFKDEOHYQNK{QJQP
WUzQOLQNKRVWQJXQYFQJNK{QJQPOLQNYLURXWH
1XpDFKFDQRGHFXLOqPWpDFKGuQJ,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3YFFtF
WQKKXQJVDX

1X~DFK~FK~}FORFDWHWUzQPWDWWDFKHGOLQNNKL~KRVWQJXQ
VJLSDFNHWGQJ,3Y NK{QJ~QJJL wDFK~FKFDJLWLQ,3YO
~DFK*OREDO8QLFDVWFDWUP~FK
1XWUP~FKNK{QJORFDWHWUzQOLQN SKLWK{QJTXDURXWH FFF
WQKKXQJVDX[\UD
1X~OPWURXWH,3YWKPWJLWLQ,3Y~}F~QJJL
GQJ,3Y~WXQQHOTXDURXWHwDFK~FK,3YO~DFK,3YFD
QRGHFXLwLYLJLWLQ,3Y~DFK~FKOELWVWKSFD~DFK
GQJ,3YFRPSDWLEOH,3YwDFKGDWDOLQNO~DFKGDWDOLQNFD
URXWH,3Y
1XOPWURXWH,3YQPWUzQ~}QJOLQNWKJLWLQ~}FJL
WWUPQJXQFGQJJLWLQ,3YwDFKQJXQOPW~DFK
,3YFDQRGHQKQJLWLQwDFKGDWDOLQNO~DFK,3YFDURXWH
1XNK{QJNK{QJWKNWQLYLWUP~FK XQUHDFKDEOH
1XQRGHQKQOqPWQRGHWKX{Q,3YFFtFWQKKXQJVDX

1XQRGHQKQQPWUzQOLQNYLQRGHJLVJLJLWLQGQJ,3Y
wDFK~FKO~DFK,3YFDQRGHFXLwDFKGDWDOLQNO~DFKFD
QRGHFXL
1XQRGHFXLNK{QJQPWUzQOLQNFFFWQKKXQJVDX
1XFPWURXWH,3YWKJLWLQJL~}F~QKGQJ,3Y
wLDFK~FK,3YO~DFKFDQRGHFXLwDFKGDWDOLQNO~DFK
,3YFDURXWH
1X~DFK~FKFWKF~}FTXDFRQILJXUHGWXQQHOLQJY
FPWURXWH,3Y~NWQLUDQJRLWKJLWLQJLV~}F~QJJL
WKHR,3YwDFK~FK,3YO~DFKFDQRGHFXLwDFK~FKFD
JLWLQ,3YO~DFK,3YFDQRGHPJLwDFKGDWDOLQNO~D
FK,3YFDURXWH,3Y
1XNK{QJ~DFK~FKNK{QJWKNWQLWL XQUHDFKDEOH 
%QJVDXP{WTX\W~LQKSK}|QJWKFFKX\QJLWLQ

'QJ~D
FKFD
QRGH~FK

1RGH
~FK
WUzQ
OLQN"

5RXWH
,3Y
WUzQ
OLQN

5RXWH
,3Y
WUzQ
OLQN

wQK
GQJJL
WLQ~
JL

'QJ~D 'QJ~D 'QJ~D


FK~FK FK~FK FK~FK
,3Y
,SY
'OLQN

,3Y

<HV

1$

1$

,3Y

1$

(

(/

,3Y

1R

<HV

1$

,3Y

1$

(

5/

,3Y

1R

1R

1$

815&+

1$

1$

1$

,SY
FRPSDW

<HV

1$

1$

,3Y

(

1$

(/

,SY
FRPSDW

1R

<HV

1$

,SY

(

(

5/

,3Y
FRPSDW

1R

1R

<HV

,3Y

(

1$

5/

,3Y
FRPSDW

1R

1R

1R

815&+

1$

1$

1$

,3YRQO\

<HV

1$

1$

,3Y

(

1$

(/

,3YRQO\

1R

1$

<HV

,3Y

(

1$

5/

,3YRQO\

1R

<HV

1R

,3Y

(

7

5/

,3YRQO\

1R

1R

1R

815&+

1$

1$

1$

%rQJ   7P WyW SKonQJ WKF OD FKQ Fn FK FKX\Q pL

&KWKFK

1$.K{QJFWURQJWKFW
(wDFK,3YFDQRGHFXL
(wDFK,3YFDQRGHFXL
(/wDFKGDWDOLQNFDQRGHFXL
7wDFK,3YFD~LPPJLWURQJWXQQHO
5wDFK,3YFDURXWH
5wDFK,3YFDURXWH
5/'QJ~DFKGDWDOLQNFDURXWH
,3YwQKGQJJLWLQ,3Y
,3YwQKGQJJLWLQ,3Y
,3Y,3Y*LWLQ,3Y~}F~QJJLG}LGQJ,3Y
815&+*LWLQNK{QJ~}FJL 'HVWLQDWLRQLVXQUHDFKDEOH

,,7ULQNKDLPQJ,3YLYLYLWQDP
;z\GQJPQJO~L

9'&OPWQKFXQJFSGFKY,QWHUQHWFKQKFD9LzWQDP ,$3Y
,63 &QJQK}PW,63NKFKWKQJPQJO}LFD9'&FWK~}F
FKLDOPYQJFKQK

0QJWUXQJWyP&RUH1HWZRUN
&FNWQLFDFF,63NKF QK}1HWQDP)37
&FNWQLFDFFNKFKKQJ

Internet

IPv6 layers of deployment


*DWHZD\ URXWHUV %*3

CORE
network

Other servers

DNS

National Firewall

National Firewall

Access
Network

Routers

Consumers'
Network

Other services

ISPs

Routers

Customers & end-users

+QK   &tF OS F{Q TX\ KRuFK FKR ,3Y

wWULQNKDLPQJ,3YFFYQ~FQJLLTX\W~LYLPLYQJQ\
EDRJP

4XLKRFKYFSSKWNK{QJJLDQ~DFK,3YFKRPLYQJ
wxQJNFFVLWH,3Y
&L~W'16VHUYHUKWU,3Y

7ULQNKDLP{QJ,3YvLYLP{QJWUXQJWqP

,63FQSKL[F~QKFQzQFL~WULzQJELWFFURXWHUKRVWWKHRF|FK
GXDOVWDFNKD\FKOQKQJQRGHWKXQ,3Y4X\W~QKQ\GDWUzQFF
NWQLWLPQJWUXQJWyP&FSK}|QJWKF~QKWX\QFQ~}FFL~W~

VDRFKRFFJLWLQ,3Y~}F~QKWX\QWUzQQQKWQJPQJ,3YFQ
FFJLWLQ,3Y~}F~QKWX\QWUzQQQKWQJPQJ,3YPL
6DXNKLJLDL~RQFFURXWHUFK\FK~GXDOVWDFNQ~QK&F,63FWK
FXKQKFFURXWHUWURQJPQJFRUHOQKQJURXWHUFK\GXDOVWDFN~
~QKWX\QF,3YY,3Y
*LDL~RQWLSWLSWKHROWKFKLQFFNWQLWLPQJ,3YWRQFX&
WKOPFFNWQLQ\WK{QJTXDFFSK}|QJWKFNWQLWUFWLSYRPW
PQJ,3YWRQFX QK}PQJWKQJKLP%RQH KRFWK{QJTXDF|FK
WXQQHOLQJ1XPQJFRUHKWU,3YYFF,63NKFFQJKWU,3YWK
FWKFXKQKFFNWQLWUFWLS,3YPNK{QJFQWK{QJTXDWXQQHO
KRFGXDOVWDFN
wQJWKLFF,63FQJSKLTX\W~QKVGQJPWKRFPWYLFF
URXWHUQPi~}QJELzQjWURQJTXWUQKFKX\Q~LWPQJ,3YVDQJ
PQJ,3Y.KLQLPi~}QJELzQjQ\~}FKLXQK}OFFURXWHUOFF
JDWHZD\~QJYDLWUO~LPFKX\QWLSJLDPQJ,3YYPQJ,3Y
7ULQNKDLP{QJ,3YvLYLP{QJWUX\QKSFDNKzFKKwQJ

&FNKFKKQJFDPL,63FWKWUX\QKSYRPQJTXD~}QJGLDOXS
FFNKFKKQJJLQWLS KRFTXD~}QJOHDVHGOLQH FFNKFKKQJWUF
WLS 'RY\FKDLYQ~FQJLLTX\W~WULQNKDLPQJ,3YQK}VDX

&QSKLQyQJFSFFURXWHU~FFURXWHUQ\KWUGXDOVWDFN'RY\
~P ER FF FF NKFK KQJ ,3Y Y NKFK KQJ ,3Y ~X FF WU QxQJ
WUX\QKSYRPQJ
+RFFL~WFFURXWHU,3YY,3YULzQJUQKDX6DX~WKFKLQSKyQ
WFK FF NKFK KQJ WKXF PQJ ,3Y V  WUX\ QKS TXD URXWHU ,3Y F
FQ FF NKFK KQJ PL V WUX\ QKS TXD URXWHU ,3Y  1KQJ DFFHVV
URXWHUQ\SKLKWUFFNWQLWLPQJ,3YWRQFX1XPQJFRUH
NK{QJKWU,3YFQSKLFL~WFFF|FKFKX\Q~L GXDOVWDFNKD\
WXQQHOLQJ WUzQFFURXWHU,3Y
wLYLFFNKFKKQJOQKQJVLWH,3YFF,63FQSKLFL~WFFF|
FKFKX\Q~L~KWUNKFKKQJFWKWUX\QKSYRFFQRGH,3Y
FWKWK{QJTXDFFF|FKQK}1$7

4XLKRFKDFK

0WYQ~~WUD~LYLFF,$3QK}9'&OYLFTXQOYSKyQKRFK
~DFKVDRFKRKLXTXYNKRDKF~FELWO~LYL~DFK,3YFPW
NK{QJJLDQ~DFKUWOQ4XQOYSKyQE~DFK,3Y~}FWSWUXQJ
YRFK\XYRORL~DFK*OREDO8QLFDVW
wLYLPL~DFK,3YGQJ*OREDO ~JQFKRFFJLDRGLQWKFKLQ
NWQL,QWHUQHW WK}QJFGQJWLQWELWVELWVVXEQHWELWV
~QKGDQKJLDRGLQ1K}Y\FNKRQJ VXEQHWFWK~QK
QJKDYWURQJPLVXEQHWQ\FNKRQJKRVW QJKQWKRVW
7KHR FX WUF FD GQJ ~D FK *OREDO SKQ JL WU 7/$ ,' 7RS /HYHO
$JJUHDEOH ~}FWFKF,11$JQFKRPWVPQJ~FELWQK}VDX
*LWU))(~}FJQFKRPQJ%RQH

*LWU~}FJQFKRSK}|QJWKFFKX\Q~LWR



&FKLXGLSKQ7/$,'WURQJFXWUF~DFK,3YGQJ*OREDO8QLFDVWO
ELWVGRY\WUzQWRQFXVFNKRQJ  JLWU7/$,'JQYLFF7/$
NKFQKDXwFPWNK{QJJLDQ~DFK,3YPW,63FQWKFKLQFFTXLWF
[LQFSSKW~DFKQK}VDX
&tFK[LQFSvDFK,3Y

wDFK,3YFWKQKQ~}FWPWYLWFKFTXFWFWUFKQKLP
FXQJFS~DFKQK},5 LQWHUQHW5HJLVWULHV KRF/,5 /RFDO,QWHUQHW
5HJLVWULHV KRFTXDFF,63NKF~KWU,3Y4XWUQKFS~DFK
,3YFQJJLQJQK}FS~DFK,3Y~XWLzQFF,5NKDLERPWNK{QJ
JLDQ~DFKFKRPLWFKFORFDO,56DX~FF/,5O\PWSKQQK
WURQJNK{QJJLDQ~DFKFDQFSFKRFFNKFKKQJ YFFWFKFFS
~DFKFKLDWKHRYQJ 
7KHRFXWUF~DFK,3Y*OREDOWKVELWVWL~DPPL,5KRF/,5F
WKJQFKRPLNKFKKQJOELWVOPWLQWWURQJNK{QJJLDQ~DFK
FDK
&WKFKLDOPORL,63QK}VDX

1KQJ,63\zXFXNK{QJJLDQ~DFK~QKQ~}FPWVXE7/$ 7/$
FSFRQ WPW,5YQJ*LQKQJ,63Q\O7/$,631KQJ,63Q\
VQKQ~}FJLWUVXE7/$&F7/$,63~XWLzQVQKQ~}FFFJL
WUVXE7/$TXDFFWFKFPQ\zXFX[LQFS~DFK+QKVDXPLQK
KRSK}|QJWKFJQ~DFKQ\

13

13

19

16

64

FP

TLA ID

sub-TLA

NLA ID

SLA ID

Interface ID

TLA ISP prefix


'QK FKR FF 1/$ ,' JQ D
FK FF FF NKFK KQJ FXL

*L WU 1/$ ,' P FF 7/$ ,6$


JQ FKR 1/$ ,63 Q ELWV
+QK   iD FK O~\ W 6XE7/$

1K}Y\SKQSUHIL[FDFF7/$,63VOELWV ELWV)3ELWV7/$
FDWFKF[LQFS~DFK,3ELWVJQFKR7/$,63 9GQXWD[LQ
TXDERQHWKELWV~XFJLWUO))(

1KQJ,63NK{QJQKQ~}FVXE7/$*LQKQJ,63Q\O1/$,63V

6DXNKL[LQ~}FJLWUVXE7/$FF7/$,63VWKFKLQFSSKWOLFF
~DFKWURQJNK{QJJLDQ~DFKFDQFKRFFWFKFNKF3KQNK{QJ
JLDQ~DFKFSSKWOLVO ELWV1K}Y\FKLXGLYQJ~D
FKPFF7/$,63~}FSKSFSSKWOLFKRFF1/$,63VVO
 Q 9LFF1/$,63SKQELWV~QKGDQKFF,63Q\QPWELWV
WK~QEW&F1/$,63VWKFKLQFSSKWSKQELWVFQOLFKR

NKFKKQJwPERFFNKFKKQJFDFF1/$,63VFSKQ~QK
GDQKWLQWFFKLXGLELWV+QKVDXPLQKKRF|FKQ\
3

13

13

19

16

64

FP

TLA ID

sub-TLA

NLA ID

SLA ID

Interface ID

NLA ISP prefix

'wQK FKR FzF NKzFK KwQJ FXL SKkQ


KR{FK pD FK
3KQ pQK GDQK FzF NKzFK
KwQJ FXL GR FzF 1/$ ,63 FS

+QK   iD FK O~\ W 1/$

0WVYGYFSYwSKqQEvDFK,3Y

9LGYYLFSKqQEvDFK,3Y
9'&~QJYDLWUOPWQKFXQJFS~DFK,3YFKRFFWKXzEDRWURQJ
PQJ,QWHUQHWFD9LW1DP9LYDLWUQK}Y\9'&OPW7/$,63
4XWUQK[LQFSYSKyQE~DFKGLUDQK}VDX

9'&WKFKLQ\zXFX[LQFS~DFKTXDPWWFKF7/$9GTXD
%RQH&RPPXQLW\ &7/$,'O ))( 

*LV%RQH&RPPXQLW\FSFKR9'&JLWUVXE7/$,'F~GLO
ELWV1K}Y\SKQWLQWFD7/$,'FD9'&FFKLXGL ELWV
ELWVELWV 
6DXNKLQKQ~}FJLWU7/$,'9'&FWKSKyQKRFKVGQJFFJL
WUFQOL  ELWV WURQJFKLXGLELWVQK}VDX
 ELWVWURQJVELWVFQOLFDSKQ1/$~~QKGDQKFKRFF
QK FXQJ FS ~D FK FS FRQ NKF WURQJ Q}F Y G QK} )37
1HWQDP6*3&F,63Q\JLO1/$,63 1K}Y\FWK~QK
GDQK~}FWL~D  1/$,63
wLYLPL1/$,63FQOLELWV~~QKGDQJFFNKFKKQJFXL
7L~DPL1/$,63FWK~QKGDQK~}F  FFNKFKKQJ
FXL
wL YL PL NKFK KQJ FXL  KD\ PL VLWH ,' FKR SKS ~QK GDQK  
VXEQHW VXEQHWWURQJVLWH~
6O}QJWL~DFFKRVWWURQJPLVXEQHWO [S[NKRQJQJKQW
KRVW
1K}Y\VO}QJWL~DFF~DFKFD9'&FNKQxQJFXQJFSO

 1/$,63 [ HQGXVHUVVLWH1/$,63 [


VXEQHWVHQGXVHUVVLWH [ QJKQWKRVWVXEQHW
9GYVGQJvDFK,3Y

1K}Y\VDXTXWUQKSKyQE~DFKWUzQPWVLWH OPWNKFKKQJ
FXLHQGXVHUVLWH QKQ~}FPWNK{QJJLDQ~DFKFELWVSUHIL[9
G~DFK~O))(6LWHQ\WKFKLQYLFJQ~DFK
QK}VDX

3FFE:1234:5678::/48
I1

I2

R1
I3

R2

links

R3

R4

R5

links

links

links

+QK  9 G F~S SKtW pD FK ,3Y

5>@OFFURXWHU
,>@OFF,QWHUIDFHWUzQ5RXWHU*LVUQJVO}QJFFKRVWNWQL
YRFFURXWHU FFOLQNV TXDQxPWKQKWYQxPWKKDLQK}EQJVDX
5RXWHU

%DQ~X

1xPWKQKW

1xPWKKDL

5RXWHU5







5RXWHU5







5RXWHU5





5RXWHU5



&F~DFK~}FJQWUzQFF,QWHUIDFHFDURXWHU5QK}VDX
,
,
,

))(
))(
))(

9LSUHIL[JQFKR,FJLWU))FWKFKLD
WKQKFFVXEQHWQK}VDX
))(

))(


))())


))())
))(

))()))
9LSUHIL[))(FWKWLSWFFKLDQKQK}VDX
))(


))(

))()
))(
))(

))()

))()

))()

))()

))($

))())
9LSUHIL[))(FWKWLSWFFKLDQKQK}VDX
))(

))(

))()
))(

))()
))(

))())
.WQLYRPQJWKQJKLP%RQH

wLYL~LXNLQ9LW1DPKLQQD\~WULQNKDLPQJWKQJKLPPQJ
,3YQzQNWQLYLPQJ%RQHYWQKSKWK{QJYKWUNWKXWFD

KWKQJPQJQ\9Y\SKQVDX~y\VJLLWKLXKWKQJPQJQ\
~QJWKL~}DUDQKQJ\zXFX~NWQLYR%RQH

You might also like