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TRNG AI HOC NHA TRANG

SO TAY PHNG PHAP GIANG DAY VA ANH GIA

LU HANH NOI BO 2006

i mi phng php ging dy v nh gi l nhim v thng xuyn i vi mi cn b ging dy. thc hin tt iu ny, vic trang b nhng kin thc c bn v cp nht v cc phng php ging dy v nh gi l rt cn thit. p ng yu cu trn v c s ng ca Gim hiu, Phng o to H & SH t chc xy dng ti liu S tay phng php ging dy v nh gi trn c s bin son v bin dch cc ti liu thch hp. y l ti liu tham kho tm tt, v vy chng ti hn ch ti a vic gii thiu cc ni dung thuc v phng php lun. V l ti liu xut bn c tnh nh k nhm cp nht cc phng php ging dy v nh gi tin tin, cho nn chng ti rt mong nhn c s tham gia v mt chuyn mn ca tt c qu Thy, C; cng nh nhng ph bnh, gp v hnh thc v ni dung ca S tay ny.

PHNG O TO H & SH
TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

(Ch bin: TS. L Vn Ho)

MC LC

A. PHNG PHP GING DY


1. CC PHNG PHP GING DY TCH CC....................................... 7 2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU TRNG HP....................................... 22 3. PHNG PHP DY HC DA TRN VN .....................................27 4. S DNG CNG TRNH NGHIN CU TRONG GING DY I HC.......................................................................................................... 31 5. DY HC VI CC NHM NH................................................................34 6. DY LP NG SINH VIN: NHNG KINH NGHIM TT...............40 7. TM TT MT S PHNG PHP GING DY V HNG DN TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................45

B. PHNG PHP NH GI
8. KHI NIM, MC CH, V YU CU CA NH GI HC TP...51 9. CC HNH THC TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN................................57 10. T CU HI TRONG GING DY..........................................................66 11. XY DNG CU HI T LUN................................................................. 69

I.

A. PHNG PHP GING DY

Gio dc khng nhm mc tiu nhi nht kin thc m l thp sng nim tin (Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire) - W. B. Yeats -

CC PHNG PHP GING DY TCH CC


1. TH NO L PHNG PHP GING DY TCH CC? Nh chng ta bit, mi mt phng php ging dy d c in hay hin i u nhn mnh ln mt kha cnh no ca c ch dy-hc hoc nhn mnh ln mt no thuc v vai tr ca ngi thy. Chng ti cho rng, cho d cc phng php th hin hiu qu nh th no th n vn tn ti mt vi kha cnh m ngi hc v ngi dy cha khai thc ht. Chnh v th m khng c mt phng php ging dy no c cho l l tng. Mi mt phng php u c u im ca n do vy ngi thy nn xy dng cho mnh mt phng php ring ph hp vi mc tiu, bn cht ca vn cn trao i, ph hp vi thnh phn nhm lp hc, cc ngun lc, cng c dy-hc sn c v cui cng l ph hp vi s thch ca mnh. Theo chng ti, phng php ging dy c gi l tch cc nu hi t c cc yu t sau: - Th hin r vai tr ca ngun thng tin v cc ngun lc sn c - Th hin r c ng c hc tp ca ngi hc khi bt u mn hc - Th hin r c bn cht v mc kin thc cn huy ng - Th hin r c vai tr ca ngi hc, ngi dy, vai tr ca cc mi tng tc trong qu trnh hc - Th hin c kt qu mong i ca ngi hc 2. MT VI PHNG PHP GING DY TCH CC Mt s phng php ging dy c gii thiu trong phn ny gm: - Dy hc da trn vn

- Dy hc theo nhm - Dy hc thng qua lm n mn hc

1. Phng php dy hc da trn vn Phng php ny c th c xem nh mt cch xy dng tng th mt cng ging dy hoc l mt trong nhng cch c ngi dy p dng xy dng cng ging dy cho mt mn hc. Phng php ny xut hin vo nm 1970 ti trng i hc Hamilton-Canada, sau c pht trin nhanh chng ti Trng i hc Maastricht-H Lan. Phng php ny ra i v c p dng rng ri da trn nhng lp lun sau: - S pht trin nh v bo ca KHCN trong nhng thp nin gn y, tri ngc vi n l kh nng khng th dy ht cho ngi hc mi iu. - Kin thc ca ngi hc th ngy cng hao mn t nm ny qua nm khc, cng thm l s chch lch gia kin thc thc t v kin thc thu c t nh trng. - Vic ging dy cn qu nng v l thuyt, cn qu coi trng vai tr ca ngi dy, cha st thc v cha p ng c yu cu ca thc t. - Tnh cht th ng trong hc tp ca ngi hc so vi vai tr truyn ti ca ngi dy cn cao khi m s lng ngi hc trong mt lp ngy cng tng. - Hot ng nhn thc cn mc thp so vi yu cu ca thc t (v d nh kh nng c v khai thc mt cun sch hoc mt cng trnh nghin cu). - S ngho nn v phng thc nh gi ngi hc, vic nh gi cn qu nng v kim tra kh nng hc thuc. Chnh v nhng l do trn m phng php dy hc da trn vic gii quyt vn xut pht t tnh hung thc t ca cuc sng, thc t ngh nghip c xy dng da trn nhng yu cu sau: - Phi c mt tnh hung c th cho php ta t ra c mt vn .
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- Cc ngun lc (tr ging, ngi hng dn, ti liu, c s d liu.) u c gii thiu ti ngi hc v sn sng phc v ngi hc. - Cc hot ng phi c ngi hc trin khai nh t vn , quan st, phn tch, nghin cu, nh gi, t duy, - Kin thc cn c ngi hc tng hp trong mt th thng nht (ch khng mang tnh lit k), iu cng c ngha l vic gii quyt vn da trn cch nhn nhn a dng v chng t c mi quan h gia cc kin thc cn huy ng. - Phi c khong cch thi gian gia giai on lm vic trong nhm v giai on lm vic c lp mang tnh c nhn. - Cc hnh thc nh gi phi a dng cho php chng ta c th iu chnh v kim tra qu trnh sao cho khng chch mc tiu ra. m bo mi hot ng c th bao ph c ton b cc yu cu trn, Trng i hc Rijkuniversiteit Limbourg ti Maastricht ra cc bc tin hnh nh sau: Bc 1: Lm r cc thut ng v khi nim lin quan Bc 2: Xc nh r vn t ra Bc 3: Phn tch vn Bc 4: Lp ra danh mc cc ch thch c th Bc 5: a ra mc tiu nghin cu v mc tiu hc tp Bc 6: Thu thp thng tin Bc 7: nh gi thng tin thu c Trong s cc bc trn, ngi hc thng gp kh khn trong vic phn tch vn v tng hp cc thng tin lin quan vn . 1.1 Cc c trng ca mt vn hay Thc t ch ra l c rt nhiu kiu vn , ch c th la chn. iu ny ph thuc vo tng hon cnh c th, tng cch xy dng vn

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v cc hot ng ra cho ngi hc. Tuy nhin, c trng b ni ca mt vn th khng bao gi ri xa nhu cu ca ngi hc (nhu cu v nhn thc, lnh hi kin thc,..) cng nh khng bao gi xa ri mc tiu hc tp. Di y chng ti trnh by mt vi cch xy dng vn c gi tham kho. - Xy dng vn da vo kin thc c lin quan n bi hc. Ton b bi ging c xy dng di dng vn s kch thch tnh t m v s hng th ca ngi hc. Tnh phc tp hay n gin ca vn lun lun l yu t cn c xem xt. - Xy dng vn da trn cc tiu ch thng xuyn bin i trong cng vic, ngh nghip (Vn c thng xuyn gp phi? V n c phi l ngun gc ca nhng thiu st trong sn xut? N c tc ng ln ti khch hng hay khng? Tu theo tng hon cnh th cc gii php t ra cho vn ny c a dng v khc bit khng?) Vn phi c xy dng xung quanh mt tnh hung (mt s vic, hin tng,) c thc trong cuc sng. Vn cn phi c xy dng mt cch c th v c tnh cht vn. Hn na, vn t ra phi d cho ngi hc din t v trin khai cc hot ng lin quan. Mt vn hay l mt vn khng qu phc tp cng khng qu n gin. Cui cng l cch th hin vn v cch tin hnh gii quyt vn phi a dng. Vn t ra cn phi c nhiu ti liu tham kho nhng trng tm nhm gip ngi hc c th t tm ti liu, t khai thc thng tin v t trau di kin thc; cc phng tin thng tin i chng nh sch v, bng ct st, phn mm m phng, internet, cng cn phi a dng nhm phc v mc ch trn. 1.2 Vn v cch tip cn vn Vn t ra cn phi c tc dng kch thch cc hot ng nhn thc cng nh cc hot ng x hi ca ngi hc. Theo chng ti, cc hot ng ny thng gn kt vi mt hot ng nghin cu thc th m ngi hc cn phi:

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- t vn (Vn t ra l g?) - Hiu c vn - a ra cc gi thuyt (Cc cu tr li trc v i chng vi cc cu hi c t ra trong tnh hung) - Tin hnh cc hot ng thch hp nhm kim tra cc gi thuyt ca mnh (nghin cu, phn tch, nh gi ti liu lin quan, sau cng l tng hp vic nghin cu) - Tho lun v nh gi cc gii php khc nhau da theo tng tiu ch m hon cnh a ra - Thit lp mt bn tng quan v a ra kt lun Cc bc t ra trn y s gip cho ngi hc nng cao kh nng tng hp kin thc. V d nh mt vn lin quan n sinh thi s c nhiu khi nim lin quan: cc khi nim vt l, ho hc, cc khi nim v kinh t, sc kho cng ng, chnh sch,.. 1.3 Chu trnh v cch thc t chc dy hc da trn vn . Trong chu trnh hc tp theo phng php ny, thi gian lm vic c lp (c nhn) lun lun phin vi thi gian lm vic trong nhm (c s gip ca ging vin, tr ging, hoc ngi hng dn). Theo chng ti, cng vic cn tho lun theo nhm thng xut hin vo hai thi im c bit c miu t trong chu trnh di y:

Tho lun trong nhm

1
Lm vic c lp

2
Lm vic c lp 12 Tho lun trong nhm

Nh vy chu trnh dy hc da theo vn gm 4 giai on: Sau khi kt thc giai on 1 (Gii thiu ch , chun b cc hot ng v ngun lc cn thit), hc vin bt u nhm hp theo cc nhm nh - giai on 2 (c hoc khng s tr gip ca tr ging) nhm phn tch ch , a ra cc cu hi v gi thit u tin, phn chia nhim v cho cc thnh vin nhm. Tip theo cc thnh vin lm vic c lp theo nhim v c phn chia (giai on 3). Kt thc giai on 3, tng c nhn s gii thiu thnh qu lm vic trong nhm. Cui cng mi c nhn t vit mt bn bo co (giai on 4). Km theo cc giai on ny thng c cc bui hi tho trong mt nhm ln, hoc cc hot ng thc t hay tin hnh th nghim. C th kt thc qu trnh ti giai on ny hoc tip tc qu trnh nu mt vn mi c nu ra. Vic tho lun trong nhm l bt buc i vi tt c cc c nhn, n khng nhng gip hc vin pht trin c kh nng giao tip v cc k nng x hi m cn pht trin c qu trnh nhn thc (c hiu, phn tch, nh gi,) 1.4 Tc ng tch cc ca phng php dy hc da trn vn - Hc vin c th thu c nhng kin thc tt nht, cp nht nht - C th bao ph c trn mt din rng cc trng hp v cc bi cnh thng gp - Tnh ch ng, tinh thn t gic ca ngi hc c nng cao - ng c hc tp v tinh thn trch nhim ca hc vin c nng cao - Vic nghin cu v gii quyt vn ngy cng c bo m Tuy nhin, p dng phng php ny vi c hi thnh cng cao i hi chng ta phi tin hnh mt lot nhng chuyn i sau: - Chuyn i cc hot ng ca ngi hc t tnh th ng sang tnh tch cc, ch ng - Chuyn i cc hot ng ca ngi dy (ngi dy c vai tr khi dy cc vn v hng dn ngi hc)
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- Chuyn i mi quan h gia vai tr ca ngi hc v ngi dy - Chuyn i h thng nh gi ngi hc - Coi trng thi gian t hc ca ngi hc nh thi gian hc trn lp 2. Dy hc theo nhm gip ngi hc tham gia vo i sng x hi mt cch tch cc, trnh tnh th ng, li th phng php dy hc trong nh trng c mt vai tr rt to ln. Dy hc theo nhm ang l mt trong nhng phng php tch cc nhm hng ti mc tiu trn. Vi phng php ny, ngi hc c lm vic cng nhau theo cc nhm nh v mi mt thnh vin trong nhm u c c hi tham gia vo nhim v c phn cng sn. Hn na vi phng php ny ngi hc thc thi nhim v m khng cn s gim st trc tip, tc thi ca ging vin. Mt nhim v mang tnh cng tc l nhim v m ngi hc khng th gii quyt mt mnh m cn thit phi c s cng tc thc s gia cc thnh vin trong nhm tuy nhin vn phi m bo tnh c lp gia cc thnh vin. Hn na, ngi dy cn phi c yu cu r rng v to iu kin thun li cho vic hp tc gia ngi hc. Chng ti s dng thut ng hp tc nhm nhn mnh n cng vic m ngi hc tin hnh trong sut qu trnh thc thi nhim v. Trong qu trnh hp tc, cng vic thng c phn cng ngay t u cho mi thnh vin. Cn ch rng tm quan trng ca nhim v c phn cng v vai tr ca nhim v s quyt nh ng c hc tp ca ngi hc. Ngi hc s c ng c thc hin nhim v ca mnh nu h bit r c vai tr ca cc ngun thng tin ban u, ca cc ngun lc sn c, bit c ngha ca vn , ca cc yu t u vo. c c mt nhim v hp dn, c kh nng kch thch ng c hc tp ca ngi hc, chng ti xin trnh by di y cc c trng ca mt nhim v hay.

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2.1 Cc c trng ca mt nhim v hay Nhim v hay c kh nng kch thch ng c hc tp ca ngi hc l nhim v c tm lc trong 4C sau: - Choix (S la chn): S t do trong la chn nhim v ca ngi hc s thc y ng c ni ti ca h, dn n gii phng h hon ton v thc y h tham gia vo nhim v mt cc su sc hn. Bn cht v thi im la chn cng rt a dng: la chn mt nhim v ring trong tng th cc nhim v, la chn cc bc tin hnh, cc ngun lc cn huy ng,Cui cng tu thuc vo mc tiu sau m ngi dy quyt nh nhn s cho nhim v c la chn. - Challenge (Thch thc): Thch thc chnh l mc kh khn ca nhim v. Mt nhim v c tnh phc tp trung bnh s mang tnh thc y hn bi l nu n qu d th s dn n s nhm chn, ngc li nu qu kh th hc vin d nn lng. Thch thc i vi ngi dy l ch xc nh c ng mc kh khn ca nhim v. - Contrle (Kim sot): iu quan trng l ngi hc phi nh gi c kt qu mong i, kh nng cn huy ng v cn pht trin i vi chnh bn thn mnh. Vic kim sot l rt quan trng thit lp nn mi quan h gia tnh t ch ca ngi hc v ng c cho cc nhim v cn li. i vi ngi dy th iu quan trng l bit a ra cc ch dn, cc mc tiu cn t c, khun kh hot ng cng nh l mc i hi i vi ngi hc. - Coopration (Hp tc): Nhm pht trin k nng giao tip x hi. Vic cng tc s lm tng ng c hc tp ca ngi hc. Cn ch rng phng php hc tp theo nhm c nh gi cao hay thp tu theo vo ni dung m ta mun truyn t. Theo mt vi tc gi, phng php ny s hiu qu hn i vi vic gii quyt cc vn , nhng nhim v khng qu d i hi s sng to, tng a dng.

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Mt nhim v cng gn vi kinh nghim c nhn hoc vi cng vic sau ny ca ngi hc s c nhiu c hi khch l ngi hc tham gia hn. Nhim v nh vy cn phi c cc c trng sau: - Pht huy tinh thn trch nhim ca ngi hc bng cch trao cho h quyn c chn nhim v - Phi thch ng trn bnh din c nhn, x hi v ngh nghip - Th hin s thch thc i vi ngi hc - Cho php ngi hc c th trao i thng tin qua li ln nhau - c tin hnh trong mt khong thi gian va - Nhim v phi r rng 2.2 Cc c trng ca nhm S lng ngi hc trong mt nhm thng vo khong t 5 n 10 (con s ny c th tng hoc gim tu theo nhim v ca nhm, c s vt cht hin c, trnh ca ngi hc, thi gian dnh cho nhim v,..). Thc t th mc tiu ca hc tp cng tc l gip ngi hc tho lun, trao i kin v cht vn nhau. Nu nh c qu t ngi trong mt nhm th chng ta khng chc l s thu thp c cc quan im a dng v khc nhau. Ngc li, nu s lng ngi trong nhm qu ln th kh c th cho php tng thnh vin tham gia trnh by quan im ca mnh, hoc kh c th qun l c ht cc kin khc nhau. Mt nhm l tng l nhm cho php mi thnh vin tham gia din t kin ca mnh, bnh lun v cht vn kin ca ngi khc. S khng ng nht gia cc thnh vin trong nhm cng l mt ch tiu ng c quan tm, n cho php sn sinh ra nhiu kin a dng hn mt nhm ng nht. S khng ng nht biu hin cc kha cnh sau: - c trng ca tng c nhn (tui, gii tnh, o c x hi,) - Kin thc, trnh hc vn, trnh ngh nghip - Kh nng nhn thc - Kin thc hiu bit v x hi
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Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, tu thuc vo ch ca nhm, vo hon cnh cng vic ca nhm, s khng ng nht gia cc thnh vin cng c th c nhng nhc im nh: qu nng i vi mt vi thnh vin dn n chm tr trong cng vic, hoc kh thc thi. Trong bt k trng hp no, ngi dy lun phi t chc tt vic cht vn kin v chnh vic ny s lm thay i v nhn thc ca ngi hc. Ngi dy khng nn can thip qu su vo ni dung m ch gi vai tr ch dn thc s trong cc nhm v cc vn sau: - T chc ly kin - Hng dn tho lun - Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit - Theo di kin, quan im ca mi mt thnh vin - Duy tr hng i cho cc nhm theo ng nhim v c giao 2.3 Tc ng tch cc ca phng php dy hc theo nhm. Phng php dy hc theo nhm c nhng tc ng tch cc v mt nhn thc sau: - Hc vin thc c kh nng ca mnh - Nng cao nim tin ca hc vin vo vic hc tp - Nng cao kh nng ng dng khi nim, nguyn l, thng tin v s vic vo gii quyt cc tnh hung khc nhau Ngoi nhng tc ng v mt nhn thc, mt s tc gi cn cho rng phng php ny cn c tc ng c v quan im x hi nh: - Ci thin mi quan h x hi gia cc c nhn - D dng trong lm vic theo nhm - Tn trng cc gi tr dn ch - Chp nhn c s khc nhau v c nhn v vn ho - C tc dng lm gim lo u v s tht bi

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- Tng cng s tn trng chnh bn thn mnh 3. Dy hc thng qua vic lm n mn hc 3.1 c trng ca n mn hc

n mn hc thng thng c xy dng t mt vn gn gi vi cuc sng (nhu cu, s thiu ht, mu thun v nhn thc x hi, mong mun tm ra mt iu g mi m,) hoc t ngi dy hoc cng c th l t ngi hc (c nhn xy dng hoc mt tp th). Vic xy dng mt n mn hc i hi ngi hc phi c kh nng tng hp kin thc, c kh nng d on, sng to v t duy i mi. Trong qu trnh xy dng n lun i hi phi c s trao i, tho lun gia ngi hc v ngi dy nhm gii thch v thng nht mc tiu. Ngi hc lun thy c li ch v to c ng c hc tp bi n lun gn lin vi mc tiu v cc phng tin i n mc tiu . Cho php ngi hc: Thu c nhiu kin thc, k nng

Nng cao kh nng kim sot tnh hung thng qua vic tr li cc cu hi lin quan ti vn , thng qua nhng pht hin trong qu trnh tin hnh n Hiu bit hn v chnh mnh, nhng hn ch ca bn thn, nh gi c nhng nhu cu ca bn thn v cch thc m mnh tin hnh.

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3.2

Cc chc nng ca phng php dy hc thng qua lm n mn hc

Chc nng gio dc: ngi hc c ng c hc tp tt hn thng qua vic tham gia vo mt hot ng c ngha. Chc nng kinh t v sn xut: Vic thc thi mt cng trnh i hi phi tnh n nhng kha cnh v kinh t, thi gian, vt lc v nhn lc. Do vy i hi ngi hc phi cp ti vn ny khi lm n Chc nng dy hc: thc hin n, vic nghin cu cc phng tin v thng tin l ht sc cn thit do d i hi ngi hc phi bit x l v t chc chng. Chc nng x hi: Nu vic thc hin n cn c s gip ca cc bn lin quan th phng php ny cho php ngi hc c c hi hc hi t cc c nhn, t chc khc thng qua trao i kinh nghim v tham kho kin. Thng qua phng php ny, ngi hc c pht trin cc kh nng nh: tnh t ch, tnh sng to, kh nng phn tch mt vn v kh nng quan h x hi. Ngi hc c lm ch hnh ng ca mnh tu theo mc tiu cn t. 3.3 Cc bc hng dn tin hnh mt n

Vic hng dn tin hnh mt n (c th l n nhm c th ho hn mt tng c nhn, mt n thit k hoc cng c th l cc bc tin hnh xy dng mt vt dng k thut p ng mt s tnh cht no ) bao gm mt s cng on sau: CHUN B, THC HIN, TNG HP, NH GI. Vic hng dn cc cng on ny c ngi dy thc hin thng qua vic tr li cc cu hi lin quan di y:

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CNG ON CHUN B 1. Xc nh n Cu hi Lm th no gii thiu ni dung n vi ngi hc sao cho kch thch tnh t m ca h? Lm th no hng ngi hc t a ra mc ch ca mnh? Lm th no gip ngi hc huy ng c cc kin thc vn c ca mnh? Lm th no gip ngi hc t ra c nhiu cu hi lin quan n ch ? 2. Lp k hoch Lm th no c th tp hp c ngi tham gia vo cng tc lp k hoch? Lm th no gip ngi hc m ng c vai tr v trch nhim ca mnh u l ngun lc hu hiu nht i vi ngi hc? CNG ON THC HIN 3. Thu thp v x l thng tin thu c Hng dn ngi hc tm kim thng tin nh th no? Lm th no gip ngi hc phn tch, so snh v hiu c thng tin thu c? Hng dn ngi hc la chn thng tin nh th no? Lm th no gip ngi hc thit lp c mi lin h Tr li

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gia cc thng tin tm c? Gip ngi hc t chc sp xp cc thng tin nh th no? Nhng kin thc v chin lc g l hu ch cho ngi hc? 4. Xy dng sn phm hoc bn bo co Lm th no hng dn ngi hc xc nh cc yu t ch yu bo co? Nhng nhn xt ca ngi dy v vt cht h tr ngi hc hon thin sn phm? 5. Gii thiu sn phm Hng dn ngi hc tip thu kin phn hi nh th no? Nu c s chnh sa hon thin th tin hnh u, nh th no? CNG ON TNG HP 6. S khch quan ho Hng dn ngi hc xem xt li cc bc tin hnh nh th no? Hng dn ngi hc xem xt li kt qu hoc sn phm nh th no? Lm th no hng dn ngi hc xc nh c nhng bi cnh mi p dng nhng kin thc, k nng, nng lc c c? Lm th no hng dn ngi hc hnh thnh nhng tng, mc tiu mi?

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CNG ON NH GI 7. Mi lin h vi ni dung o to Vic xy dng n gip ngi hc pht trin k nng, nng lc v thu c kin thc g? 8. K hoch ho i tng nh gi Nhng kin thc v phng php no s c nh gi? Mng kin thc no v kh nng hp tc s c nh gi vv 9. Xc nh loi hnh nh gi Liu ngi hc c th t nh gi? Nu c th lm th no gip ngi hc t nh gi v vic hc tp ca mnh? Liu c th p dng loi hnh nh gi theo cp? Nu c th u l nhng im cn nh gi? Liu c th p dng loi hnh nh gi theo nhm? Nu c th lm th no gip ngi hc tham gia vo hot ng nh gi?

(Do ThS. L Xun Thng bin dch t bn gc ting Php ti: http://www.ipm.ucl.ac.be/Marcell/TECHPED/MethTech.html)

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PHNG PHP NGHIN CU TRNG HP


Phng php nghin cu trng hp (Case study method) bt u c khi xng t nhng nm 40 ca th k 20 bi James B. Conant i hc Havard, Hoa K (Conant, 1949). Tuy nhin, s khi xng ny khng nhn c s ng h rng ri ca cc nh gio dc thi y do bi Conant khng s dng cc case nh vn cho SV tho lun m ch a vo bi ging ca mnh. n nhng nm 80, cc trng Lut v Thng mi ca H Havard bt u s dng rng ri cc case, l cc v d in hnh trong thc t, lm ni dung chnh cho SV tho lun trong cc mn hc (Christensen, 1986). T s thnh cng cc trng ny, PPGD ny dn c m rng sang cc ngnh o to khc. n nay, n tr thnh mt trong cc PPGD ch o bc H. Nhiu trng H thnh lp ring cc trung tm nghin cu v pht trin PPGD ny, tiu biu nh H Buffalo - Hoa K. I. CC PHNG PHP XY DNG CASE 1. T cc ngun t liu sn c Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca nhn loi trn mi mt, c th ni ngun t liu xy dng case l gn nh v hn: sch, bo, tp ch, phim, nh, internet,... Vn l ngi dy bit cch chn lc thng tin sao cho ph hp vi mc ch dy hc v thi gian cho php. Mt s v d v s dng cc ngun t liu khc nhau: - Mt hoc mt chui cc bi vit trn bo v mt vn no - Mt on phim t liu - Mt th hoc bng s liu - H s bnh n ca mt bnh nhn - H thng s sch k ton ca mt cng ty 2. T xy dng Ngi dy c th t xy dng cc case cho st vi yu cu v mc ch ca mn hc. Ni dung nhng case ny thng da trn nhng tnh hung, d kin v ang din ra trong thc tin nhng c sp xp, h cu li vn nu ra c xc tch, giu thng tin, v p ng tt hn mc ch m ngi dy hng n. Mt s v d v cc case t xy dng:
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- Hot ng qung b ca mt cng ty v mt sn phm - Biu hin ca mt h thng thit b sau mt ngy hot ng lin tc - Bn tung thut mt tin trnh th nghim II. CU TRC CA MT CASE Mt case thng c ba phn chnh: - Phn ni dung: cha ng vn cn c phn tch, tm hiu, nh gi - Phn h thng cu hi: gip nh hng ngi hc tm hiu v nh gi vn , vn dng kt qu tm hiu vn vo nhng tnh hung tng t,... - Phn hng dn ti liu: ch ra cc ngun ti liu tham kho gip ngi hc tm hiu cc kha cnh khc nhau ca case V d: Mt case trong lnh vc sinh l ng vt: Phn ni dung: Gii thiu mt bi vit m t mt th nghim v s mt tr nh chut Phn h thng cu hi: - Th nghim c t ra nghin cu vn g? - Phng php thc nghim g c p dng? - Kt qu ca th nghim l g? - Bn nh gi nh th no v tin cy ca th nghim? Phn hng dn ti liu: (gii thiu ngun ti liu tham kho v hot ng thn kinh ca chut, bn cht ca tr nh) III. T CHC GING DY VI CASE Theo Herreid (1994), c th tin hnh ging dy case theo cc phng php sau: 1. Phng php tho lun (Discussion format) GV gii thiu case cho lp hc, sau nu ra h thng cu hi hng dn lp tho lun. Trong qu trnh tho lun, GV c th a ra cc gi gip ni dung tho lun lun si ni v i ng hng. Ty theo ni dung vn m GV nn hoc khng nn tng kt tho lun v gii p cc cu hi. 2. Phng php tranh lun (Debate format)
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Thng c dng trong trng hp case cp n hai quan im hoc gii php tri ngc nhau cho cng mt vn , v d case cp n vic ung c ph l tt hoc c hi i vi sc khe con ngi. tin hnh tho lun, GV chia lp thnh hai nhm, mi nhm chun b kin v mt quan im hoc gii php sau ln lt mi nhm trnh by, nhm kia a ra kin phn bc. 3. Phng php cng lun (Public hearing format) Mt nhm SV c chn ng vai ch ta on, nhng SV cn li c th nu ln quan im ca mnh v vn m case t ra. Ch ta on c th t ra cc qui nh cho bui tho lun, iu hnh tin trnh tho lun, v cho kin nhn xt v cc ni dung trao i. GV ch ng vai tr h tr vo nhng lc cn thit v c th cho kin nh gi chung. 4. Phng php tranh tng (Trial format) y l phng php s dng hnh thc gii quyt vn ta nh cc phin ta: mt s SV (hoc cng vi GV) ng vai tr ch ta on, mt nhm SV ng vai tr bn nguyn n, mt nhm khc ng vai tr bn b n. Ngoi ra cn c mt s SV ng vai lut s bin h v nhn chng. 5. Phng php nghin cu nhm (Scientific research team format) Phng php ny khng ch trng vic tho lun nh cc phng php trn m ch yu gip SV cng cng tc tm hiu, gii quyt mt vn khoa hc, k thut no . GV a ra mt case vi cc yu cu c th v cc cu hi dn dt, trn c s nhm SV tm ti ti liu, nghin cu, trao i,... i tm li gii. IV. HNG DN NGI HC Hu ht SV s cm thy b ng khi ln u tham gia hc tp vi phng php ny, c bit khi h c yu cu phn tch, nh gi, a ra quan im/gii php ring ca mnh v nhng vn m case t ra. V vy s rt hu ch nu GV c nhng hng dn ban u v mt phng php. Nhng hng dn sau y c th c cung cp cho SV trc khi tham gia nhm gip h tng bc i su vo case v lm vic nhm c hiu qu: Trnh t nghin cu v gii quyt vn : 1. Nhn din cc vn c t ra; u l vn chnh, u l vn ph.

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2. Nhn din cc d kin c lin quan n cc vn ; u l d kin chnh, u l d kin ph. 3. Xc nh nhng loi d kin cn c b sung gip gii quyt vn . 4. Xy dng nhng gi thuyt v vn 5. Xc nh nhng yu t, nguyn nhn lm vn ny sinh. 6. Xy dng cc gii php gii quyt vn . 7. Chn la gii php ti u. 8. Xy dng tin trnh gii quyt vn . Nhng lu i vi c nhn khi lm vic nhm: 1. Hy cng to ra khng kh thn thin v hp tc v y l yu t quyt nh cho s thnh cng ca nhm. 2. Tn trng v c gng hiu r nhng kin do bn xut v lin h vi suy ngh ca mnh. Ghi nhn nhng im hay v cha hay. 3. Mnh dn a ra gii php cho vn trn c s suy ngh ca bn thn v tng hay ca bn. 4. Mnh dn ph phn trn tinh thn xy dng v cu tin. 5. Khng nn chuyn sang tho lun mt vn khc khi m vn ang bn cha c gii quyt mt cch c bn. V. LI CH V KH KHN 1. Li ch Phng php nghin cu trng hp c s dng rng ri i hc bi n c th gip SV pht trin: - Kin thc v t duy: do c c hi c trc tip tm hiu, suy lun, nh gi v vn c t ra t cc case. - K nng: bao gm k nng c v phn tch tnh hung (thng qua tm hiu vn , ti liu), k nng lp trnh by, lp lun (thng qua vic trnh by v bo v tng), k nng hp tc (thng qua lm vic nhm), k nng ra quyt nh (thng qua vic xy dng cc kt lun, gii php). - Thi : yu thch mn hc hn (do nhn thc c ngha thc tin ca bi hc), trn trng kin ngi khc (thng qua tho lun, tranh lun), nng cao thc cng ng (thng qua lm vic

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nhm), bit ph phn (thng qua vic nhn xt cc tng ca ngi khc). 2. Kh khn - Phng php nghin cu trng hp kh c th gip GV chuyn ti y nhng kin thc c bn, thit yu v bi hc. V vy n cn c phi hp vi cc phng php khc, v d phng php thuyt ging. - Vi cc lp ng, s rt kh mi SV u c c hi pht biu hoc tham gia y cc hot ng hc tp; ng thi GV s gp kh khn trong vic t chc lp hc theo phng php ny. - Ging dy theo phng php ny i hi c nhiu thi gian, trong khi thi lng dnh cho cc mn hc nhn chung li c xu hng gim bt. iu ny i hi SV phi dnh thm thi gian t hc chun b trc nhng yu cu do GV t ra. - xy dng c nhng case c hiu qu cao, GV cn u t nhiu thi gian tip cn cc ngun thng tin khc nhau t thc tin cuc sng v lnh vc ngh nghip c lin quan; hoc cn c tp hun t sng to nhng case ph hp vi mn hc. TI LIU THAM KHO Conant, James B. (1949). The growth of the experimental sciences: An experiment in general education. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Christensen, C. Roland & Abby J. Hansen (1986). Teaching and the case method. Boston: Havard Business School Publishing Division. Herreid, C. Freeman (1994). Case studies in science: A novel method of science education (retrieved from: http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case.html)

27

PHNG PHP DY HC DA TRN VN


Trong xu th i mi phng php ging dy i hc theo hng ly ngi hc lm trung tm, phng php dy hc da trn vn (DHDTVProblem-Based Learning) ang c cc nn gio dc i hc nhiu nc quan tm nghin cu v ng dng. Mc d ra i t nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, cho n nay phng php ny vn thu ht c s quan tm ca nhng nh nghin cu gio dc. Chng hn mt hi tho quc t ring v phng php DHDTV c t chc t ngy 16-20/6/2002 ti Baltimore, Bang Maryland ca Hoa K. Bi vit ny nhm mc ch gii thiu nhng c trng chnh ca phng php ging dy ny, ng thi trao i mt s kin v vic ng dng ca phng php trong iu kin ca cc trng i hc Vit nam. I. C IM CA PHNG PHP DHDTV 1- Vn l bi cnh trung tm ca hot ng dy v hc C th ni rng phng php DHDTV o ln th t ca hot ng dy hc nu so vi cc phng php truyn thng thng tin c gio vin (GV) trnh by t thp n cao theo mt trnh t nht nh, v hc vin (HV) s ch c tip cn vi mt vn cn c l gii (nu c) mt khi h c trang b y nhng kin thc cn thit. Trong phng php DHDTV, HV c tip cn vi vn ngay giai on u ca mt n v bi ging. Vn c th l mt hin tng ca t nhin hoc l mt s kin/tnh hung , ang hoc c th s din ra trong thc t v cha ng nhng iu cn c l gii. 2- HV t tm ti xc nh nhng ngun thng tin gip gii quyt vn . Trn c s vn c nu ra, chnh HV phi ch ng tm kim thng tin thch hp gii quyt vn . Thng tin c th nhiu dng v t nhiu ngun khc nhau (sch, bo, phim, nh, t internet). Ni cch khc, chnh ngi hc phi t trang b cho mnh phn l thuyt nhm c kin thc tip cn v gii quyt vn . 3- Tho lun nhm l hot ng ct li. Mc d phng php c th c p dng cho ring tng HV, trong a s cc ng dng ngi ta thng kt hp vi hot ng nhm. Thng qua tho lun nhm nh, HV chia s ngun thng tin v cng nhau hnh thnh cc gi thuyt gip gii quyt vn , kim tra gi thuyt v

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i n kt lun. Nh hot ng nhm, HV c rn luyn thm cc k nng cn thit khc ngoi mc ch lnh hi kin thc. 4- Vai tr ca GV mang tnh h tr. GV ng vai tr nh hng (ch ra nhng iu cn c l gii ca vn ), tr gip (ch ra ngun thng tin, gii p thc mc,), nh gi (kim tra cc gi thuyt v kt lun ca HV), h thng ha kin thc, khi qut ha cc kt lun. II. TIN TRNH DY HC THEO PHNG PHP DHDTV Trnh t t chc ging dy theo phng php DHDTV c th c khi qut qua cc bc sau: 1- GV xy dng vn , cc cu hi chnh cn nghin cu, cc ngun ti liu tham kho 2- T chc lp hc nghin cu vn : chia nhm, giao vn , thng nht cc qui nh v thi gian, phn cng, trnh by, nh gi,... 3- Cc nhm t chc nghin cu, tho lun nhm tr li cc cu hi ca vn 4- T chc bo co v nh gi: cc nhm trnh by kt qu nghin cu, GV t chc nh gi Vic c th ha cc bc ni trn ph thuc rt ln vo nng lc, tnh tch cc ca HV (v i khi ca c GV) v cc iu kin hc tp, ging dy hin hu (ti liu, trang thit b, ni tho lun, tr ging,...). III. U NHC IM CA PHNG PHP DHDTV u im: 1- Pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng trong hc tp. V phng php DHDTV da trn c s tm l kch thch hot ng nhn thc bi s t m v ham hiu bit cho nn thi hc tp ca HV mang nhiu yu t tch cc. Nng lc t duy ca HV mt khi c khi dy s gip h cm thy thch th v tr nn t gic hn trn con ng tm kim tri thc. 2- HV c rn luyn cc k nng cn thit. Thng qua hot ng tm kim thng tin v l gii vn ca c nhn v tp th, HV c rn luyn thi quen/k nng c ti liu, phng php t duy khoa hc, tranh lun khoa hc, lm vic tp th y l nhng k nng rt quan trng cho HV i vi cng vic sau ny ca h.
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3- HV c sm tip cn nhng vn thc tin. Gio dc i hc thng b ph phn l xa ri thc tin. Phng php ny c th gip HV tip cn sm vi nhng vn ang din ra trong thc t c lin quan cht ch vi chuyn ngnh ang hc; ng thi h cng c trang b nhng kin thc, k nng gii quyt nhng vn . 4- Bi hc c tip thu va rng va su, c lu gi lu trong tr nh HV. Do c ch ng tm kim kin thc v vn dng kin thc gii quyt vn , HV c th nm bt bi hc mt cch su sc v v vy h nh bi rt lu so vi trng hp tip nhn thng tin mt cch th ng thng qua nghe ging thun ty. 5- i hi GV khng ngng vn ln Vic iu chnh vai tr ca GV t v tr trung tm sang h tr cho hot ng hc tp i hi nhiu n lc t pha GV. ng thi theo phng php ny, GV cn tm ti, xy dng nhng vn va l th va ph hp vi mn hc v thi gian cho php; bit cch x l kho lo nhng tnh hung din ra trong tho lun C th ni rng phng php DHDTV to mi trng gip GV khng ngng t nng cao trnh v cc k nng s phm tch cc. Nhc im: 1- Kh vn dng nhng mn hc c tnh tru tng cao Phng php ny khng cho kt qu nh nhau i vi tt c cc mn hc, mc d n c th c p dng mt cch rng ri. Thc t cho thy nhng mn hc gn b cng nhiu vi thc tin th cng d xy dng vn , v v vy kh nng ng dng ca phng php cng cao. 2- Kh vn dng cho lp ng Lp cng ng th cng c nhiu nhm nh v vy vic t chc, qun l s cng phc tp. Mt GV rt kh theo di v hng dn tho lun cho c chc nhm HV. Trong trng hp ny, vai tr tr ging s rt cn thit. IV. NG DNG CHO LP NGMT S GI Sau y l mt s gi vn tt dnh cho GV mun ng dng phng php DHDTV cho nhng lp c ng HV:

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1- Tm vn : t cc phng tin thng tin i chng, thc t sn xut v i sng, nhng hin tng t nhin/x hi v ang din ra hng ngy GV cng c th sng to ra nhng vn min sao chng cha ng nhng yu t gn gi vi thc t, ph hp vi mn hc, v c kh nng thu ht s quan tm ca HV. 2- D kin thi gian hp l: bao nhiu vn cho mn hc, t trng thi gian 3- Chun b tt t tng cho HV: lp hc khng phi l ni thu lm kin thc mt cch th ng v ngi hc cn c chun b nhng k nng cn thit cho tng lai ngh nghip v sau. 4- Chun b tt khu ti liu tham kho: nn chun b trc mt s ti liu tham kho c bn, hng dn HV cc ngun ti liu c th c (th vin, sch bo, internet,) 5- Chun b tt khu t chc: bao nhiu nhm, mi nhm bao nhiu HV? a im tho lun? Cn bao nhiu GV h tr? 6- Nhng bin php b tr: lm th no hn ch HV vng mt? Lm th no HV tch cc tham gia? (cho im thng, treo gii thng?) TI LIU THAM KHO 1- Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education . London: Routledge. 2- James, R. & Baldwin, G. (1997). Tutoring and demonstrating. The University of Melbourne.

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S DNG CNG TRNH NGHIN CU TRONG GING DY I HC


Ging dy i hc ngy nay, cc nc trn th gii cng nh nc ta, ang tip tc xu hng gim nh vic nht kin thc v ng thi pht huy cc phng php khc nhau trong qu trnh dy v hc. Xu hng ny nhm gip ngi hc khng nhng lnh hi c nhng kin thc c bn m cn c trang b nhng phng php lm vic khoa hc gip h c th t lm giu thm vn hiu bit ca mnh v tng cng kh nng thch nghi vi cng vic thc t sau khi ra trng. Mt khc, ni dung o to cc trng H ngy nay c xu hng ngy cng gn b vi thc t x hi, vi thc t nghin cu v sn xut trong nc cng nh trn th gii. Mt trong nhng bin php p ng nhng yu cu trn l cho ngi hc, ngay t nhng nm u H, c tip cn v lm vic vi nhng cng trnh nghin cu (CTNC) di s hng dn ca thy gio. Vn t ra l nn s dng cc CTNC no v hng dn ngi hc lm vic vi chng ra sao. Trong bi vit ny, CTNC c hiu bao gm cc lun n, ti khoa hc, cc bi vit, bo co khoa hc c ng trn sch, tp ch; cc thng bo, bn tin v thnh tu KHKT mi, cc bi vit v cuc i v s nghip ca cc nh khoa hc li lc cng nh cc pht minh khoa hc ca h. Cc CTNC c th c a vo qu trnh dy v hc di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, ph thuc vo mc ch v iu kin ca mn hc. Tt nhin, ni dung ca cc CTNC cn c la chn sao cho ph hp vi trnh tip thu ca ngi hc, ph hp vi nhng vn c mn hc t ra. C th lit k cc phng php s dng CTNC theo th t tng dn v mc tham gia ca ngi hc vo loi hnh dy hc ny nh sau: a thng tin mi vo bi ging Dng CTNC lm ti liu tham kho cho ngi hc Dng CTNC lm vn cho qu trnh dy hc T chc cho ngi hc bo co chuyn da trn CTNC T chc lp hc tho lun v CTNC T chc cho lp hc thc nghim li CTNC

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1. a thng tin mi vo bi ging y l cch lm ph bin nht hin nay. N cho php ngi hc c tip cn cc kt qu nghin cu, thc nghim mi nht v nhng iu h ang hc; v v vy lm cho h cm thy t tin hn vi vn kin thc c trang b nh trng. Tuy l mt phng php n gin nhng n cng buc ngi dy phi tn khng t cng sc v phi thng xuyn theo di cc thnh tu mi trong nghin cu, sn xut thuc lnh vc chuyn mn ca mnh v cht lc chng a vo bi ging ca mn hc. 2. Dng CTNC lm ti liu tham kho cho ngi hc y l cch lm c nhiu tc dng. Ngi hc khng nhng c iu kin tip cn vi nhng thnh tu KHKT mi m cn rn luyn thi quen c cc ti liu khoa hc, hc hi cc phng php tin hnh mt nghin cu khoa hc. Nu l ti liu c vit bng ting nc ngoi th ngi hc li c thm iu kin n luyn v nng cao kh nng ngoi ng ca mnh. 3. Dng CTNC lm vn cho qu trnh dy hc Cch lm ny cho php ngi dy khng phi t chc qu trnh dy hc theo mt trnh t c tnh truyn thng l i t ci bit n ci cha bit. y, CTNC c s dng nh mt vn , v ngi hc c tip cn vi n ngay t lc nhng kin thc c lin quan cha c trang b mt cch y . S tip cn t ngt ny lm pht sinh nhng mu thun gia vn kin thc ang c v nhu cu c hiu bit; v v vy lm tng h s t m, lng ham mun c hiu bit vn . Chnh nhng yu t ny s lm qu trnh dy v hc tr nn tch cc, si ni v c nh hng r rt hn. 4. T chc cho ngi hc bo co chuyn da trn CTNC Tuy mt nhiu thi gian hn so vi nhng phng php trn nhng y l mt phng php rt ph hp vi mi trng H. Ngi hc khng nhng c tip cn vi thng tin mi m cn c rn luyn k nng c hiu, tm tt, v trnh by cc vn khoa hc. Qua nghin cu cc cng trnh chun b cho bo co trc lp, ngi hc cn c c hi hiu bit su sc vn c nu ra cng nh hc hi cc phng php t vn , gii quyt vn trong khoa hc. 5. T chc lp hc tho lun v CTNC Cch lm ny cho php nhiu ngi hc c th tham gia tranh lun v nhng vn c t ra t CTNC. Qu trnh tho lun s gip ngi
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hc nm bt vn chc hn, gip h lm quen vi khng kh v phng php tranh lun trong khoa hc. Ty theo s s ca lp hc m ngi dy phn chia s nhm tho lun, tuy nhin mi nhm khng nn qu 10 hc vin. Ni dung ca tho lun cng nh yu cu ca sn phm tho lun cn c ngi dy chun b trc v thng nht vi cc nhm. 6. T chc cho lp hc thc nghim li CTNC y l cch lm i hi nhiu thi gian v iu kin vt cht nht v n ph hp nht vi cc mn khoa hc t nhin, k thut. Trong phng php ny, ngi hc c to iu kin thc hin li cc bc i khoa hc m nh nghin cu tin hnh, chng hn nh: lm li mt th nghim, tnh ton li mt bn thit k,... Vi cch lm ny, ngi hc s cm thy rt hng th bi h c tham gia gn nh trc tip vo trong qu trnh nghin cu vn v v vy qu trnh tip thu kin thc cng din ra rt tch cc. C th ni rng y l mt trong nhng cch lm hiu qu nht ca vic a cc CTNC vo qu trnh dy hc, bi v ngoi nhng u im ni trn n cn gip ngi hc rn luyn phng php v k nng thc nghim khoa hc theo hng tip cn vi vn thc t. c th t c hiu qu tt nht i vi nhng phng php ngi hc c tip cn trc tip vi cc CTNC th s chun b ca ngi dy l rt quan trng. T khu la chn ti liu sao cho ph hp vi trnh ngi hc, vi mn hc n cch t chc sao cho va m bo yu cu v thi gian, va ph hp vi iu kin vt cht sn c. Ngoi ra, cng cn chun b trc cho ngi hc v phng php tip cn cc CTNC, cc yu cu i vi mi hnh thc hc tp c la chn. Nhng yu cu sau y c th c xem nh nhng gi cho ngi hc khi h bt u lm vic vi mt CTNC c th: Xc nh nhng vn t ra ca nghin cu - La chn, nh gi, v p dng nhng kin thc dng gii quyt vn nghin cu Xc nh nhng gi thuyt cho vn nghin cu - Nhn bit v nh gi nhng u, nhc im phng php tin hnh nghin cu

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DY HC VI CC NHM NH (Hng dn thc hnh)


Dy hc vi cc nhm nh l mt trong cc hnh thc t chc dy hc ngy cng c s dng rng ri bt k mn hc no bi cc c im u vit ca n. Ti liu ny khng i su gii thiu v mt l thuyt m ch gp phn gi m i vi nhng vn m ngi dy c th gp phi trong qu trnh s dng hnh thc dy hc ny. Vi mc ch nh vy, ct bn phi ca ti liu s c hc vin ca cc lp tp hun v phng php ging dy s dng ghi ch nhng iu c pht hin trong qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu. PHN GI M I. MC TIU CA T CHC HC TP THEO NHM NH 1- Mc tiu nhn thc: gip ngi hc nm vng kin thc hn (v c t khm ph v trao i vi nhiu ngi) 2- Mc tiu k nng: gip ngi hc rn luyn cc k nng t duy (phn tch, suy lun, tng hp, nh gi, gii quyt vn ,) v k nng x hi (giao tip, trnh by, tranh lun, lng nghe, hp tc, lnh o) 3- Mc tiu thi : gip ngi hc yu thch mn hc hn, gn b vi bn b hn, c thc vi tp th hn, bit dn ch hn II. T CHC HC TP THEO NHM NH 1- Cng tc chun b: Chun b phng php: s dng phng php lm vic no cho cc
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PHN GHI CH

nhm? (semina, gii quyt tnh hung, gii quyt vn , sm vai) Chun b ni dung tho lun: s tho lun v ch g? c bo m tnh hp dn hoc thi s khng? Chun b qu thi gian: s tho lun nhm trong bao lu l va? Cn tr hao bao nhiu cho vic n nh, di li? Chun b ti liu, phng tin: cn c nhng ti liu thamkho ti thiu g gip ngi hc c thng tin tham gia tho lun? c cn cc phng tin trnh by (overhead/projector) g khng? c cn giy kh ln cc nhm trnh by? Chun b a im: phng hc ln cho tt c cc nhm? hay c s phng nh? hay c th c nhng v tr thun li cc nhm c th tho lun (hnh lang, gc cy, bn n)? Chun b ngi h tr: c cn thm gio vin hay tr ging cng theo di cc nhm? Chun b ni quy: cc nhm s c t chc nh th no (nhm trng, th k)? qui dnh v im danh, pht biu, ghi chp ra sao? 2- Cng tc t chc, qun l: T chc chia nhm: nn chia lp ra lm bao nhiu nhm? mi nhm bao nhiu ngi? chia ra lm sao (theo la
36

tui, gii tnh, s thn quen, trnh )? Lm th no to ra khng kh thn thin, tho mi trong nhm? T chc theo di: lm th no theo di hot ng ca cc nhm (ghi bin bn, ghi hnh, ghi ting,)? 3- Cng tc nh gi: nh gi c nhn: tiu chun nh gi i vi c nhn nh th no? lm sao trnh c li nh gi bnh qun (tt c mi ngi trong nhm c im ging nhau)? nh gi tp th nhm: tiu ch nh gi nhm l g (t l tham gia, t l pht biu, cht lng tho lun, cht lng trnh by. )? III. NHNG VT QUA KH KHN CN

1- Thiu a im tho lun? nn tn dng ni ang c v yu cu cc nhm ni va nghe, tn dng cc khong trng yn tnh c th c xung quanh. 2- Thiu ngi h tr theo di cc nhm? chu kh i li thng xuyn gia cc nhm; nh Ban cn s lp gip theo di; yu cu cc nhm ghi bin bn chi tit. 3- Ngi hc t chu pht biu? xem li cc vn sau: Ngi hc thiu chun b bi?

37

Khng kh tho lun c thn thin? Sp xp ch ngi khng hp l? Mi ngi trong nhm c gii thiu bit nhau? C mt vi ngi pht biu qu nhiu? Chnh lch tui tc nhiu? Chnh lch trnh nhiu? Chnh lch v t l gii nhiu? Thiu c ch khuyn khch, kch thch? Thiu ti liu tham kho? Bin php theo di khng ph hp? (ghi hnh, ghi ting,)

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PH LC: MT S M HNH THO LUN NHM NH


M HNH 1: PHT BIU LN LT u im: - Mi thnh vin u c c hi pht biu, tham gia - Mi ngi d bit v nhau hn Nhc im: - Khng kh tranh lun b hn ch - To tm l t tho mi vi mt s ngi ngh: Ch nn dng lc u, khi mi ngi cn Moi ngi c phat bieu trong t gii mot khoang thiu v mnh; hoc khi cn c kin ring ca mi ngi; khi khng kh tho lun qu trm lng. M HNH 2: HIP TAY I u im: - Hon thin suy ngh c nhn trc khi pht biu - To ra khng kh tho lun d chu Nhc im: Mt s ngi c th khng c c hi pht biu ngh: Nn dng trong giai on u ca tho lun
thi gian nhat nh

Hip theo tng i, sau i din tng i pht biu

39

M HNH 3: HON THIN TNG BC

C nhn chun b hip tay i Hai cp r sot C nhm hon thin

u im: - Hon thin tng bc suy ngh c nhn - To ra khng kh tho lun d chu Nhc im: - Nhiu ngi c th khng c c hi pht biu trc c nhm - Mt nhiu thi gian ngh: Nn dng trong trng hp cn hon thin mt kt lun/quan im chung ca nhm M HNH 4: CHIA S GIA CC NHM
A B D A B D C B D C B D A C C C A C A A C C D D A A B B D D B B

Tai cau truc e co cac nhom mi: nhng ngi co cung ky hieu thanh lap nhom rieng

u im: Gip chia s thng tin gia cc nhm, c nhn c thm c hi bit nhiu ngi, c pht biu nhiu hn Nhc im: Ch dng tt vi cc nhm nh ngh: Nn dng khi cn chia s, trao i kt qu tho lun gia cc nhm
40

DY LP NG SINH VIN: NHNG KINH NGHIM TT


Do nhu cu c o to bc i hc (H) khng ngng tng nhanh, cng vi s hn ch v kinh ph u t, hu ht cc trng H trn th gii u chn gii php lp ng i vi cc mn hc c bn, c s. Cc lp hc vi s s 200 250 sinh vin (SV) tr thnh nhng hnh nh bnh thng nhiu trng H trn th gii. c th c nhng ni, s s ca mt vi lp hc ln n trn 1000 (AUTC Project, 2001). Tuy nhin, i vi nhiu ni, mt lp hc vi s s khong t 80 c th xem l lp ng. Lp ng c coi l mt mi trng dy hc c nhiu tr ngi trong vic to ra cc gi hc hng th cho a s SV; trong vic to ra khng kh tho lun gia GV-SV, gia SV-SV; cng nh vic t chc cc hnh thc hc tp tch cc nhm gip SV pht trin cc k nng nhn thc (nh k nng suy lun, gii quyt vn ) v cc k nng x hi (nh k nng giao tip, lm vic nhm). Tuy nhin, iu khng c ngha cc hot ng trn khng th lm c cc lp ng. Vn l ch ngi dy cn bit mnh phi lm g v lm nh th no vic ging dy lp ng vn c th mang li hiu qu nh mong mun. Theo mt nghin cu ca University of California-Santa Barbara (Hoa k), 80% SV c phng vn cho bit yu t gio vin c tc ng nhiu n cht lng ca lp hc hn l y t s s SV. Kt qu tng hp kinh nghim sau y ca nhiu GV, ca nhiu trng H trn th gii, v ca bn thn tc gi c th gip nhng ngi dy lp ng tm c cho ring mnh nhng ch dn hoc cch lm ph hp. I. GIAI ON CHUN B LN LP 1- Xc nh mc tiu bi ging Cn xc nh trc mnh mun SV t c nhng g sau khi kt thc bi ging/bui ging. Cc mc tiu c th ny cn xut pht t mc tiu tng qut ca mn hc. V d: Qua bui hc hm nay, SV: - hiu r cc khi nim: .. - bit cch vn dng nh lut . gii quyt cc bi ton/tnh hung n gin - c c hi rn luyn k nng lm vic theo nhm
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2- Kim tra c s vt cht Trc khi ln lp, cn kim tra xem th: - Bi ging, ti liu tham kho, cc phng tin h tr sn sng? - Ging ng c trang b cc phng tin (projector, n chiu, mn, my tnh...)? iu kin nh sng, m thanh, nhit m bo? 3- Chun b cho cc hot ng mt bui hc khng nhm chn, cn phi t chc mt s hot ng nh: th nghim minh ha, tho lun nhm SV, SV lm vic theo cp, Mun vy, GV cn phi chun b trc v ni dung, cu hi, phng tin h tr. 4- Chun b ngi tr ging Nn c ngi tr ging cho lp ng. Tr ging thng l GV tr ang thc tp ging dy, hoc hc vin cao hc/nghin cu sinh ca trng. Tr ging s h tr GV khi t chc cc hot ng cho cc nhm nh, tr li cc thc mc ca SV, t chc v chm thi-kim tra,... II. GIAI ON LN LP 5- n lp sm Hy n lp sm khong 5-10 pht : - kim tra ln cui cc trang b cn thit cho lp hc - lp t cc thit b (my tnh, n chiu,..) - hi thm cc SV n sm v tnh hnh lp, nhng thc mc v bi hc c 6- To n tng u tin Nu l bui ln lp u tin, nn to ra trong SV n tng tt p ban u v GV v mn hc bng cch: - GV t gii thiu v mnh v cung cp s in thoi lin h, email, v lch tip xc SV trong tun - GV gii thiu v mc tiu mn hc, ti liu hc tp, a ch cc ngun thng tin, phng php ging dy v nh gi ca mn hc, - GV t chc thm d SV v: nng lc u vo, mong mun ca c nhn v lp hc,
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7- Nh tn SV C gng nh tn ca cng nhiu SV cng tt, nht l SV ngi cc dy bn cui lp. C th bit tn bng cch xem v hc ca SV trong qu trnh i li trong lp hoc nhn vo s ch ngi. Thnh thong mi cc SV m mnh nh tn tr li cu hi hoc tham gia vo mt hot ng no . SV s cm thy c GV quan tm, v ng thi gim i cm gic lc lng trong lp ng. 8- Dy hc khm ph thay v dy bao trm (Discovering instead of covering) ng c gng trnh by tt c nhng g c trong chng trnh, sch gio khoa. Khng t GV vn tin rng SV s hc c t nhng g mnh truyn t. Telling is not teaching, and information is not knowledge Ni khng phi l dy, v thng tin khng phi l kin thc (NUS, 2001) l mt s khng nh rt chnh xc. Hy gii thiu cho SV nhng iu ct li v hng dn h tm hiu nhng phn cn li. Kim tra nh gi l cng c tt hng SV n nhng ni dung h cn t hc. Xc nh r mc ch v cho trc nhng cu hi nh hng cng gip vic t nghin cu ti liu ca SV t hiu qu cao. 9- S dng hp l cc phng tin dy hc Nn phi hp cc phng tin dy hc khc nhau trong mt bui ging. ng ngh rng cc phng tin ging dy hin i lun mang n hiu qu tt. Mt bi ging vi Powerpoint s chng t c g ng k nu SV khng c ti liu ph hp theo di, ghi ch; v GV khng kt hp linh hot vi cc phng php ging dy khc. Bng cch t v theo GV, SV c th nh v hiu tt hn so vi ch nhn mt hnh v c sn trong gio trnh. 10- S dng hp l cc phng php dy hc Khng c phng php ging dy no l ti u. Nn phi hp nhp nhng gia thuyt ging vi cc phng php gip SV tng cng tnh tnh cc, ch ng nh trao i v th nghim minh ha, tho lun nhm nh, bi tp thc hnh, Mt kt qu nghin cu tm l ng ch : S tp trung cao cho vic hc thng ch c hiu qu trong khong 15-20 pht! V vy c sau khong 15-20 pht thuyt ging, nn chuyn sang mt hnh thc dy hc khc hoc a vo mt ni dung hot ng khc.

43

11- Chun b cc cu chuyn Hy chun b mt s cu chuyn th v, gy hng th thng xuyn ti lp kh nng tp trung ca SV. Nn to thi quen su tm chuyn vui hoc cc s kin thc t c lin quan n mn hc t cc phng tin thng tin i chng. SV thng nh cc cu chuyn thc t c lin quan n mn hc lu hn so vi cc ni dung bi ging l thuyt thun ty. 12- T chc bi ging xoay quanh vn Khng nn trnh by bi ging nh nhng g c trong ti liu. Nn bt u bng mt s kin/hin tng/vn c tht lin quan n ni dung bi ging, ri t gii thiu nhng kin thc ct li gip gii quyt iu c t ra. SV s cm thy bi ging c ch, v t gip h hiu v nh lu hn, mt khi h thy ni dung bi ging gip gii quyt c vn trong thc t. 13- Tn trng, cao kin v s ng gp ca SV Cn to iu kin SV pht biu v trn trng kin ca h cho d cn nhiu khim khuyt, v gip h hon thin suy lun ca h mt cch t nh. Nn to c hi SV ng gp vo ngun t liu cho mn hc (v d: giao cho cc nhm SV chun b cc ti semina bng cch tm thng tin, ti liu trn internet). 14- Kim tra nh gi linh hot Nn chia im mn hc ra nhiu thnh phn ng vin SV tham gia y cc hot ng ca lp. V d: - T trng bi thi cui kho: 60% - T trng bi kim tra gia k: 20% - T trng bi lm nhm: 10% - T trng vic tham gia hc u: 10% 3. HOT NG NGOI LP HC 15- T chc cc hot ng ngoi kho T chc lp n tham quan mt c s sn xut, kinh doanh, nghin cu, v cc vn c lin quan n mn hc. y l iu kh thc hin vi lp ng, nhng nu lm c s mang li hiu qu gio dc to ln.
44

16- C k hoch tip xc SV Nu c phng lm vic ti trng, GV nn c k hoch tip xc SV ti phng nhm gii p thc mc, hng dn bi tp, n,... Trao i qua e-mail gia GV-SV v nhng vn ca mn hc cng l mt cch lm tt, c nhiu SV chn la. TI LIU THAM KHO AUTC Project (2001). A survey of large class teaching around Australia. The University of Queensland, Australia. Teaching large class well: solutions from your peers [On-line]. Originally published in the October 1992 issue of The Penn State ID newsletter. University of California-Santa Barbara (1998). Teaching large class at USCB. [On-line]. Available World Wide Web: http://www.oic.id.uscb.edu/Resources/Teaching/Large.uscb.html NUS (2001). Learning to teach, teaching to learn: a handbook for NUS teachers (4th ed.). National University of Singapore. Teaching large class (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2005 from www.uww.edu/Learn/largeclasses.php

45

TM TT MT S PHNG PHP GING DY V HNG DN TI LIU THAM KHO


STT 1 TN PHNG PHP Thuyt ging (Lecturing method) M T - GV s dng cc phng tin truyn t (bng vit, n chiu, h thng m thanh,...) trnh by ni dung bi ging. - SV tip thu bi ging trn c s lm vic c nhn. TI LIU INTERNET - http://www.isd.uga.edu/teaching_assistant/tahandbook/lecturing.html - http://www.indiana.edu/~teaching/allabout/handboo k/handbook_2.shtml - http://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/LectureTools.h tm - http://www.tedi.uq.edu.au/largeclasses/pdfs/guideli nes.pdf

T chc hc tp theo nhm (Group-based learning)

- GV t chc lp hc theo nhm v chun b cc nhim v hc tp. - Mi nhm nhn mt nhim v hc tp v cng hp tc thc hin.

- http://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/GroupTools.ht m - http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/assessinglearning/ 03/group.html - http://www.edtec.unsw.edu.au/inter/dload/flex_ed/g uides/studying/LearningInGroups.htm

Nghin cu trng hp (Case study)

- GV xy dng case c lin quan n ni dung dy hc. - SV c giao gii p case trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

- http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case. html - http://www.materials.ac.uk/guides/casestudies.asp - http://cte.umdnj.edu/active_learning/active_case.cf m

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Dy hc da trn vn (Problem-based learning)

- GV xy dng vn c lin quan n ni dung dy hc. - SV c giao gii p vn trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

- http://www.udel.edu/pbl/ - http://meds.queensu.ca/medicine/pbl/pblhome.htm - http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pbl.htm - http://www.shu.ac.uk/services/lti/topics/problem - http://www.lgu.ac.uk/deliberations/pbl - http://www.cleo.eng.Monash.edu.au/teaching

S dng cc cng trnh nghin cu trong ging dy (Teaching with research papers)

- GV chun b cc bi bo/bo co khoa hc c lin quan n ni dung dy hc. - SV c giao thc hin nhng cng vic da trn bi bo/bo co khoa hc trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

- www2.cs.uregina.ca/~pwlfong/CS499/readingpaper.pdf - http://www.msche.org/publications/devskill050208 135642.pdf - http://gethelp.library.upenn.edu/faculty/researchassi gnments.html - http://www.bie.org/pbl/index.php - http://pblmm.k12.ca.us/PBLGuide/WhyPBL.html - http://www.ucalgary.ca/~kmkahler/67910/projectba sed/ - http://www.roleplaysim.org/papers/ - http://www.business.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/ref lect/conf/2002/sutcliffe/sutcliffe.pdf - http://www.bu.edu/act/mdalcoholtraining/Teaching %20with%20Role%20Play.pdf - http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/scidemolink s.html

Dy hc thng qua lm n (Project-based learning)

- GV chun b ni dung cc n mn hc. - SV c giao thc hin n trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

Phng php sm vai (Role-play teaching)

- GV chun b kch bn c ni dung lin quan n mn hc. - Mt s SV c phn vai thc hin kch bn. S SV cn li ng vai tr khn gi v ngi nh ga.

Ging dy vi th nghim minh ha (Teaching with

- GV chun b cc TNMH (th nghim tht hoc o) v cc cu hi.

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demonstrations)

- SV tr li cc cu hi trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

- http://www.ncsu.edu/sciencejunction/terminal/imse/ highres/3/hdemons.htm - http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~phydemo/resources/resources.html (for physics)

Seminar SV (student seminar)

- GV chun b cc ch semina c lin quan n mn hc. - SV chun b v trnh by semina trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

- http://prs.heacademy.ac.uk/documents/discussion_a rticles/an_approach_to_seminar_teaching.html - http://www.sou.edu/cgi/deptcat.cgi?dept=USEM - http://www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/trns/mcqs/index.h tml (issues with MCQ) - http://www.nbme.org/PDF/ItemWriting_2003/2003 IWGwhole.pdf - http://www.sundaysoftware.com/video-tips.htm - http://www.viney.uk.com/original_articles/vidtech/ vidtech.htm - http://cedir.uow.edu.au/programs/overview/current/ dalton.html - http://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/DiscussionToo ls.htm - http://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/LTD.p df - http://www.vanderbilt.edu/cft/resources/teaching_re sources/activities/discussions.htm

10

S dng cu hi TNKQ trong ging dy (Teaching with MCQ)

- GV chun b cc cu hi TNKQ vi mc ch: nh gi nng lc u vo ca SV, n tp bi c, kim tra mc hiu bi. - SV tr li cc cu hi TNKQ trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

11

S dng phim t liu trong ging dy (Teaching with videos)

- GV chun b phim t liu c lin quan n mn hc v h thng cc cu hi. - SV xem phim, sau tr li cc cu hi trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

12

Ging dy thng qua tho lun (Teaching through discussion)

- GV chun b cc cu hi c lin quan n mn hc. - GV hng dn SV t n tri thc thng qua tho lun chung trn lp hoc cc nhm nh.

48

13

Ging dy thng qua thc hnh (Teaching through practical work)

- GV chun b cc yu cu thc hnh c lin quan n mn hc (ch to m hnh, thu thp s liu, thuyt trnh, ...). - SV thc hnh trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

- http://www.nordlab.emu.dk/pub/pdf/BidragRobinM illar.pdf - http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Millar_dra ftpaper_Jun_04.pdf - http://staffcentral.brighton.ac.uk/clt/disability/Acces sReview6.html#fieldtrips

14

Ging dy thng qua tham quan thc t (Teaching through fieldtrips)

- GV lin h a im v ni dung tham quan, chun b cc cu hi c lin quan n mn hc. - GV cng SV n a im tham quan. SV quan st, trao i vi ngi ti c s v cc vn do GV t ra. GV chun b v trin khai bi ging trn c s s dng cc phn mm trnh din, cc phng tin trnh chiu v cc cng c minh ha.

- http://www.nagt.org/nagt/field/index.html - http://jhl.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/22/2/195.pdf - http://www.field-guides.com/vft/vft.doc - http://classes.yale.edu/help/itg/itg/examples.html - http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_4_2001/neo.html - http://tep.uoregon.edu/technology/multimedia/multi media.html - http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~mcgeemr/teaching %20multimedia.PDF

15

Ging dy kt hp vi phng tin a truyn thng (Teaching with multi-media)

49

B. PHNG PHP NH GI

Thc o s thnh cng ca gio dc khng phi ch ngi hc thi nhiu hay t m l h c chun b ra sao vo i (The true measure of our success is not how well our students score in examinations, but how well prepared they are for life) - S. C. Fong -

50

51

KHI NIM, MC CH, V YU CU CA NH GI HC TP


Nu mun bit thc cht ca mt nn gio dc, hy nhn vo cch nh gi ca nn gio dc (Rowntree, 1987) nh gi trong gio dc lun lun l mt vn c tnh pht trin, v v vy khi nim, mc ch, v yu cu ca nh gi cng lun lun cha ng nhng yu t mi m. Qua bi vit ny, tc gi mun trao i mt s vn va mang tnh kinh in, va c tnh thi s i vi cc kha cnh ni trn ca hot ng nh gi hc tp. I. KHI NIM NH GI TRONG GIO DC 1. Vn thut ng Thut ng nh gi v ang c hiu vi nhng phm vi ni hm khc nhau trong ting Vit, ngay c gia nhng ngi hot ng, nghin cu trong lnh vc gio dc. Tht ra diu ny khng ch xy ra i vi chng ta m cn c tnh ph bin nhiu quc gia khc ngay c nhng ni c nn gio dc pht trin. Chng ta hy xem xt nhng thut ng c lin quan trong ting Anh t c s i chiu vi ting Vit (trong phm vi gio dc): Test Measurement grading Assessment Evaluation Kim tra, trc nghim o lng Cho im, xp loi (hng) nh gi (?) nh gi (?)

i vi ting Anh, ba thut ng u tng i c s thng nht cao (gia cc quc gia s dng ting Anh lm ngn ng chnh thc) v ng ngha v phm vi p dng: - Test: s dng mi hnh thc cu hi tm hiu v mt (hay nhiu) kha cnh no ca mt (hay nhiu) ngi. - Measurement: s dng mi cch thc, phng tin tm hiu v mt (hay nhiu) kha cnh no ca mt (hay nhiu) ngi. V d trong gio dc, quan st cng l mt cch thc tm hiu v ngi hc. - Grading: da trn cc d liu thu thp c t test hoc measurement cho im, xp loi hoc xp hng ngi hc.

52

Tuy nhin hai khi nim assessment v evaluation th khng c s dng thng nht, ngay c gia nhng ngi nghin cu v gio dc trong cng mt quc gia. Nhiu tc gi (V d Mehrens & Lehmann, 1991) quan nim hai thut ng ny l tng ng nhau, v h ch yu quan tm n s khc bit gia chng vi khi nim measurement: assessment (hoc evaluation) l mt qu trnh thu thp, x l thng tin a chiu t rt ra nhng nhn xt hay kt lun v ngi hc, mn hc, kho hc, hay v mt lnh vc no trong hot ng gio dc trn c s cc mc tiu ra. Vi quan nim nh vy th test v measurement ch l nhng b phn ca assessment (hoc evaluation). Trong gio dc, nhng kt qu measurement nh nhau cha hn c kt qu assessment (hoc evaluation) ging nhau: chng hn hai hc sinh A v B c im thi cui kho bng nhau (cng measurement), tuy nhin nu xut pht im v nng lc hc tp ca hc sinh B km hn nhiu so vi hc sinh A th hc sinh B xng ng c c kt qu assessment (hoc evaluation) cao hn. C nhng tc gi (v d Rowntree, 1987) cho rng evaluation cn c hiu rng hn l assessment: trong khi mc ch ca assessment l nhm nh gi thnh tch, nng lc, v s tin b ca ngi hc th evaluation cn bao hm lun c nhng yu t ca hot ng dy hc c tc ng n cht lng hc tp. Mt s tc gi (v d Astin, 1991) cho rng ngi dy ch yu lm nhim v measurement, tc xc nh thnh tch hc tp ca ngi hc, cn cc i tng khc thc hin assessment (hoc evaluation): nhng nh qun l o to quyt nh vic ln lp hoc li lp, khen thng; ngi hc t nh gi s tin b ca bn thn; cc c s o to cao hn xem xt kh nng tip tc hc ca ngi hc; nh tuyn dng quyt nh thu nhn hay khng. i vi ting Vit, ph hp thi quen s dng lu nay, thay v i tm hai thut ng khc nhau cho assessment v evaluation ngi vit ngh c th dng thut nh gi ch chung cho hai khi nim ny. Tuy nhin, gn cht vi mt mc ch c th, chng ta nn ghp thm cc t mang tnh cht din gii chng hn nh gi hc tp, nh gi o c, nh gi mn hc, nh gi chng trnh. Mt iu ng lu l ngi dy cn thn trng khi dng cm t nh gi ngi hc/hc sinh/sinh vin bi l iu c hiu nh l s nh gi v c mt con ngi theo ngha rng (bao gm c cc yu t v nhn cch), trong khi chng ta (ngi dy) ch yu ch quan tm n nhng thng tin v mt hc tp.
53

2. Mt m hnh v s tng quan gia ging dy v nh gi Ging dy v nh gi thng c xem l hai mt khng th tch ri ca hot ng dy hc v chng c tc dng tng h ln nhau. Tuy nhin tc dng tng h din ra nh th no th c nhiu lp lun, quan nim khng nh nhau. Trong phn ny, ngi vit xin c gii thiu mt m hnh v s tng tc gia ging dy v cc hot ng khc nhau ca nh gi ca tc gi Rowntree (1987), mt trong nhng nh nghin cu gio dc ln ca Hoa K.
G G G

D T A N E T A N

D T E T A N

D T E A A G

M HNH TNG TC GIA GING DY V NH GI Ghi ch: T (Teaching): ging dy A: nh gi qu trnh (formative assessment) N: cc tc ng khc ca hot ng ging dy E (Evaluation): nh gi tnh hiu qu ca hot ng ging dy D: (Diagnostic appraisal): tm hiu yu cu, u nhc dim ca ngi hc G (Grading): cho im, xp loi (hng)
A G nh gi chung cuc (summative assessment) im/xp loi (hng) chung cuc

Nhng c im chnh ca m hnh: - nh gi hc tp cn phi da trn nn tng thng tin m hot ng ging dy cung cp.

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- Cht lng ca ging dy c pht trin lin tc trn c s thng xuyn x l thng tin t nh gi hc tp; t s tm hiu yu cu, u nhc dim ca ngi hc; v t nh gi ging dy cng cc yu t tc ng n hc tp ca n. - im/xp loi (hng) chung cuc cn phi da trn kt qu ca chui nhng nh gi qu trnh. II. MC CH CA NH GI HC TP 1. Phn loi hoc tuyn chn ngi hc: y c l l mc ch ph bin nht ca cc hot ng nh gi hc tp. Vi mc ch ny, thng qua nh gi ngi hc c phn loi v trnh nhn thc, nng lc t duy, hoc k nng. S phn loi ny c th nhm phc v cho nhng mc ch khc nhau: xt ln lp, khen thng, xt tuyn i vi bc hc cao hn, xt tuyn dng lao ng 2. Duy tr chun cht lng: nh gi cn nhm mc ch xem xt mt chng trnh hc hoc mt nhm i tng ngi hc c t c yu cu ti thiu v mt cht lng c xc nh hay khng. nh gi theo mc ch ny thng c tin hnh bi cc nh qun l gio dc hoc cc c quan qun l cht lng gio dc. 3. ng vin hc tp: Thc tin gio dc cho thy mt khi hot ng nh gi c t chc u n v thch hp th cht lng hc tp khng ngng c nng cao. nh gi c xem nh mt cht xc tc gip cho phn ng hc tp c din ra thun li hn, hiu qu hn. Trong tm l hc, cho im hay xp loi hc tp c th c xp vo loi hot ng khch l (incentive). Hot ng ny ng vai tr nh l nhn t thc y bn ngoi (external motivational factor). Nu n c kt hp cng vi lng mong mun (drive), c hai s to ra ng lc (motive) cho cc hot ng ca con ngi (Bootzin v cng s, 1986, tr. 319). Tuy nhin, nu qu cao hoc p dng thi qu cc bin php khch l th c th dn n kt qu lm cho ngi c khuyn khch iu chnh mc ch hot ng ca h (Stipek, 1998). Khng t ngi hc hin nay coi im s hay xp hng l mc tiu quan trng nht ca s hc. y chnh l tc dng ngc ca hot ng nh gi hc tp mt khi n khng c thc hin mt cch ng n. 4. Cung cp thng tin phn hi cho ngi hc:

55

Kt qu nh gi c th cho php ngi hc thy c nng lc ca h trong qu trnh hc tp. Mun vy, thng tin nh gi cn a dng (chng hn cho im kt hp vi nhn xt) v hot ng nh gi cn din ra tng i thng xuyn. nhiu trng hin nay gio vin phi dy cc lp ng, t dn n h khng dm nh gi thng xuyn v khng c thi gian chm bi, m c chm th a s cng ch cho im ch him khi cho nhn xt v u, nhc im ca ngi lm bi. 5. Cung cp thng tin phn hi cho ngi dy: Thng qua nh gi, gio vin c th bit c nng lc hc tp hoc kh nng tip thu v mt vn c th ca ngi hc, bit c tnh hiu qu ca mt phng php ging dy hoc mt chng trnh o to no v t c th khc phc nhng hn ch. 6. Chun b cho ngi hc vo i: y l mc tiu t c quan tm nht trong thc tin gio dc mc d n khng km phn quan trng. Thng qua cc phng php nh gikhc nhau, gio vin c th gip ngi hc b sung, pht trin nhng kin thc, k nng cn thit cho cuc sng cng nh ngh nghip v sau. Ngoi cc k nng c tnh c th ca ngh nghip, cc k nng x hi (nh k nng giao tip, trnh by; k nng lm vic nhm;) cng rt quan trng i vi ngi hc v sau bi l cho d vi loi cng vic g, con ngi cng phi sng v lm vic trong mt mi trng tp th nht nh. III. YU CU CA NH GI HC TP Trong mt phc trnh ca U ban Quc t v Gio dc cho th k 21 ca UNESCO c xc nh bn tr ct ca mt nn gio dc l: Hc bit, Hc lm, Hc ton din, v Hc chung sng (Singh, 1998). Hc bit ni ln yu cu v mt tr tu, bao gm nhng kin thc c th gip ngi hc c th vn ln trong hc tp, trong hot ng ngh nghip, v hc tp sut i. Hc lm i hi s thnh tho ca cc k nng, thao tc cng nh phng php t duy. Hc ton din t ra yu cu pht trin ton din v cht, nhm gip ngi hc pht trin nhn cch hon chnh. Hc chung sng nhn mnh mc ch o to ra nhng con ngi bit cch sng v bit cch lm vic vi nhng ngi xung quanh. Bn tr ct ni trn l nh hng cho hot ng gio dc mi cp, trong c hot ng nh gi. Nh vy, ngoi cc yu cu v s a dng ca nng lc nhn thc (nhn bit, hiu, p dng, phn tch,
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nh gi), phng php v ni dung nh gi cn cn phi hng n nhng mc tiu p ng c bn tr ct trn. C th xem y l nhng nh hng th hin tnh nhn bn ca nh gi hc tp v chng hng n s pht trin ton din ca con ngi. Lu nay, hot ng nh gi mi cp hc thng tp trung ch yu vo mc tiu hc bit, th yu cho hc lm, v hu nh l chng c my vi hc ton din v hc chung sng. iu ny gp phn khng t vo mt thc trng hin nay l rt nhiu sinh vin cc trng i hc hc tp th ng, rt nhiu sinh vin tt nghip km nng ng trong mi trng lm vic tp th. Lc lng lao ng Vit Nam c u im l kho lo, cn c chu kh, nhng ngc li tinh thn hp tc trong lao ng th li yu. Tr li phng vn ca bo Tui tr v nhc im ca lao ng Vit Nam, Ch tch Hip hi Doanh nghip Nht ti Vit Namng Atsushi cho rng l khi lm vic theo nhm, tp th, tnh hp tc rt km (Vit Hng, 2003). Tt nhin, nh gi c hai mc tiu sau, cn phi c tng ng cc phng php gio dc thch hp. Chng ta khng th nh gi v nhng iu m ngi hc khng c trang b. C nhiu cch t chc dy hc hng n s pht trin ton din ca ngi hc. Nghin cu trng hp (Case Study) hay dy hc da trn vn (Problem-based Learning) c th c coi l nhng phng php dy hc hng n mc tiu gip ngi hc bit cch sng v lm vic cng vi nhau. TI LIU THAM KHO Astin, A. (1991). Assessment for excellent. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Bootzin, R, Bower, G., Zajonc, R., & Hall, E. (1986). Psychology today (6th ed.). New York: Random House. Mehrens, W.A. & Lehmann, I.J. (1991). Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology (4 th ed). London:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, INC. Rowntree, D. (1987). Assessing students: how shall we know them? London: Kogan Page. Singh, K (1998). Bn tr ct cho gio dc v vin cnh ca th k 21 . i Hc & GDCN, 1, tr. 8-11. Stipek, D. (1998). Motivation to learn: From theory to pratice . London: Allyn and Bacon.
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Vit Hng (2003). Tnh hp tc km l im yu ca lao ng Vit Nam. Tui tr, 9/10.

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CC HNH THC TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN


I. Cu tr li ngn 1. Yu cu: Tr li mt cu hi hoc in thm vo mt cu cho hp ngha bng mt t, mt nhm t, mt k hiu, mt cng thc, V d: (1)Ngi a ra cng thc E = M.c2 l: Einstein (2)on Thanh nin Cng sn HCM thnh lp nm: 1931 (3)Mg + (2) HCl ---> (MgCl2 + H2) 2. u im: - D xy dng - Ngi hc khng th on m 3. Nhc im - Thng ch c dng kim tra trnh mc nhn bit, hiu - i khi kh nh gi ng ni dung tr li V d: SeaGames XXII c t chc ti: 4. ngh: - Ni dung ca phn tr li cng c ng cng tt - Nn dng cu hi trc tip hn l cu in khuyt - Ch v yu cu ca n v tnh trong cu tr li bng s c th nguyn - Khong trng dnh cho cc cu tr li nn bng nhau trnh s on m II. Cu hi ng-sai 1. Yu cu: Chn mt trong hai phng n: ng Sai, Phi Khng phi, ng Khng ng . V d: (1)Tin giang l tnh c din tch ln nht ng min ng Nam b
59

Vit nam (?) H ni (?)

Sai

(2)C phi Newton l ngi a ra hc Phi Khng phi thuyt tin ho? (3)Bn c cho rng ting Anh nn c ng Khng ng dng nh mt quc t ng? 2. u im: - D xy dng - C th ra nhiu cu mt lc v t tn thi gian cho mi cu, v vy kh nng bao ph chng trnh rng hn 3. Nhc im: - Thng ch c dng kim tra mc nhn bit, hiu - T l on m ng cao (50%) 4. ngh: - Trnh dng cu ph nh nhiu ln V d: (1)Khng c l thuyt no l khng c mt ng hn ch (2)Khng ai khng bit iu c bn l khng ng c say ru lc li xe
Sai Sai

- Lu n tnh cht ch khi dng cu gm hai mnh c lin h nhn-qu V d: Con ngi mun tn ti c th phi hn ng ch sinh III. Cu hi tng thch 1. Yu cu: La chn s tng ng hoc s ph hp cho mi cp thng tin t bng truy (premises) v bng chn (responses). V d: Cho bit t loi ca cc t trong bng truy sau: Bng truy: Bng chn: ( C ) And A. Adjective ( D ) Dog B. Adverb ( G ) Jump C. Conjunction ( F ) She D. Noun ( B ) Quickly E. Preposition
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Sai

F. Pronoun G. Verb 2. u im: - D xy dng - C th hn ch s on m bng cch tng s lng thng tin trong bng chn 3. Nhc im: - Ch ch yu dng kim tra kh nng nhn bit - Thng tin c tnh dn tri, khng nhn mnh c nhng iu quan trng hn 4. ngh: - Lng thng tin trong bng chn cn nhiu hn lng thng tin trong bng truy - Thng tin trong bng chn nn c xp th t theo bng ch ci (cho cc mu t u tin) hoc th t tng dn ca dy s IV. Cu hi la chn a phng n 1. Yu cu: La chn mt phng n tr li ng hoc ng nht trong s cc phng n c cho sn. V d: (1) Nghim ca phng trnh (x 7)/4 = 5 2x l: abcdx=2 x=3 x=4 x=5

(2) Yu t no sau y c quan tm nhiu nht khi chn ni lm th cho mt quc gia: abcdKh hu Dn s C s h tng V tr a l

2. u im: - C th c s dng kim tra cc k nng nhn thc bc cao - Trnh c yu t m h so vi loi cu hi tr li ngn

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V d: Yu Tt SeaGames XXII c t chc ti: Vit nam SeaGames XXII c t chc ti: abcdIndonesia Myanmar Thi lan Vit nam

- Trnh c nhc im ngi hc ch bit mt pht biu l sai nhng c th khng bit pht biu ng l nh th no (so vi loi cu hi ng-sai) V d: Yu Tt on Thanh nin Cng sn HCM thnh lp nm 1930. ng Sai on Thanh nin Cng sn HCM thnh lp nm: abcd1930 1931 1932 1933

- Yu cu la chn phng n tt nht c th hn ch c kh khn khi phi xc nh mt pht biu l sai hon ton. - Vi nhiu phng n la chn, c th nh gi xu hng ngi hc thng sa vo nhng im yu no. 3. Nhc im: - Kh bin son cc cu hi dng nh gi cc k nng nhn thc bc cao. - V c nhiu phng n c chn nn kh xy dng cc cu hi c cht lng cao. - Tn ti t l on m. T l ny ph thuc vo s phng n c cho:

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S phng n/cu 3 4 5 4. ngh:

T l on m ng 33,3% 25% 20%

- Khng nn a ra nhiu khc nhau trong cng mt phng n V d: Yu lt l mt thnh ph: a- Rng v ng dn c nht Vit nam b- C kh hu nng v m c- Du lch v xut khu nhiu rau qu d- ng bng, thuc vng trung b lt l mt thnh ph: abcdng dn c nht Vit nam C kh hu nng Xut khu nhiu rau qu vng ng bng

Tt

- Trnh dng cc cu hi ph nh. - Rt cn thn khi a vo phng n la chn Tt c cc cu trn u sai hoc Tt c cc cu trn u ng. - Cc phng n la chn nn c sp xp theo mt trt t nht nh trnh s nhm ln ca ngi hc. V d nu l cc con s th nn sp xp chng theo th t tng dn hoc gim dn. V. Cu hi gc 1. Khi nim: Cu hi gc l dng cu hi dng tng qut, c th c lp ghp vi cc ni dung c th nhm cho ra cc cu hi TN hon chnh. V d: (1) T ng ngha vi .............. l: a- (phng n ng) b- (phng n sai) c- (phng n sai) d- (phng n sai)

63

(2) ..l mt bi th/tc phm ca .................. 2. Mt s dng cu hi gc: Sau y l mt s cu hi gc c phn chia theo 2 nhm nh sau (theo sau cc cu hi trn l cc phng n la chn): 2.1 Hiu bit khi nim: - Chn nh ngha tt nht cho khi nim .................. - Chn nh ngha ng cho khi nim .................. - .................. c ngha l: - Khi nim ng ngha vi .................. l: - S khc nhau gia .................. v .................. l: - S tng ng gia .................. v .................. l: - V d ca .................. l: 2.2 Hiu bit nguyn l (hoc nh l, nh lut ...): - Nguyn l chi phi hin tng .................. l: - Nguyn l ng nht gii thch hin tng .................. l: - Nguyn nhn ca hin tng .................. l: - Mi lin h gia .................. v .................. c th hin trong nguyn l: - V d ca nguyn l .................. l: 2.3 Hiu bit qui trnh: - Th t ca cng vic gii quyt vn .................. l: - Qui trnh no sau y l thch hp nht gii quyt vn .................. : - Mt ngi a ra qui trnh sau ................... Qui trnh ny cn thiu khu no sau y: VI. Cu hi trc nghim lin kt 1. Gii thiu: 1.1 Khi nim: TNLK l mt h thng cc cu hi TNKQ da trn mt tp hp s liu/d kin/gi thuyt chung. Cc thng tin chung

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ny c th di dng bi vit, bng biu, th, bn , hoc tranh nh. 1.2 Cch xy dng: - Chn mt tp hp s liu/d kin/gi thuyt chung - Xy dng cc cu hi TNKQ xung quanh tp hp thng tin trn 1.3 Mc ch: Nhm nh gi kh nng ca ngi hc cc mc k nng nhn thc bc cao (p dng, phn tch, tng hp, nh gi) 2. Cc mc tiu nh gi ca cu hi trc nghim lin kt: Cc cu hi trc nghim lin kt c th c dng nh gi k nng nhn thc nhiu mc . Sau y l mt s v d: 2.1 nh gi kh nng nhn din thng tin: bit chn lc thng tin ph hp vi mc ch cng vic V d (cu hi dnh cho hc sinh cp 2): Mt hc sinh lm ri sn Trng mt cy bt. Bn ny mun vit mt thng bo dn bng thng tin ca Trng, vi mc ch nh cc bn tm li cy bt. Hi bn y nn chn nhng iu no di y a vo thng bo ca mnh (nh cho vo c chn): abcdCy bt c v mu xanh Nn Cy bt c mc vit mu en Nn Cy bt rt p Nn Cy bt l qu tng ca M nhn ngy Nn sinh nht e- Cy bt rt t tin Nn
Khng nn Khng nn Khng nn Khng nn Khng nn

2.2 nh gi kh nng khi qut ho thng tin : Rt ra cc qui lut, nhn nh t cc d kin V d (dnh cho hc sinh cp III): Bng sau y cho bit t l t vong (tnh trn 100.000 ngi da trng) do tai nn xe my M trong hai nm 1957 v 1958. tui Cho tt c tui 1-4 5-14 Nam 32,9 10,5 10,4
65

N 11,1 8,0 5,4

15-19 20-24 25-44 45-64 T 65 tr ln

54,2 76,3 35,6 33,1 58,4

16,4 12,7 9,1 12,9 22,5

Da trn bng s liu ny, hy nh gi cc pht biu sau y: Hng dn: - Chn nu pht biu l ng so vi cc s liu - Chn S nu pht biu l Sai so vi cc s liu - Chn K nu pht biu Khng c cn c Pht biu a- T l t vong ca nam cao hn ca n b- Tai nn xe my l nguyn nhn chnh dn n t vong i vi ngi trong tui 20-24 c- n ng t 65 tui tr ln li xe t cn thn hn nam thanh nin trong tui 15-19 d- T l t vong ca n ng t 65 tui tr ln l cao nht e- Nu tnh chung cho mi la tui th c khong 11% ph n cht v tai nn xe my

2.3 nh gi kh nng vn dng: Vn dng l thuyt gii quyt/gii p vn c th. V d: (mn Vt l i cng): Mt cht im chuyn ng trn mt trc x c to l: x = 11 + 35t + 41t2 (m) 1abcd2abcdCht im ang thc hin chuyn ng: thng u thng nhanh dn u thng chm dn u khng th xc nh Gia tc ca cht im l: 11 m/s2 22 m/s2 41 m/s2 82 m/s2

3- Vn tc ca cht im sau 5 giy u tin l:


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abcd-

175 m/s 186 m/s 410 m/s 445 m/s

3. u nhc im ca cu hi trc nghim lin kt: 3.1 u im: - C th dng cc loi s liu/thng tin khc nhau (ch vit, th, biu bng,.) cho cu hi. - C th nh gi cc k nng nhn thc bc cao. - Bi trc nghim c b cc gn kt hn so vi loi TNKQ thng thng. 3.2 Nhc im: - Kh xy dng hn loi cu hi TNKQ thng thng. - i hi ngi ra bit cch su tp, bin tp, phi hp cc loi s liu/thng tin 4. Mt s lu khi xy dng cu hi trc nghim lin kt: - Chn lc cc loi s liu/thng tin sao cho ph hp tt vi mc tiu mn hc. - Chn lc cc loi s liu/thng tin sao cho ph hp vi kh nng nhn din/hiu ca ngi hc. - Bo m s liu/thng tin l mi i vi ngi hc. - Phn gii thiu s liu/thng tin chung cn ngn gn nhng sc tch, d hiu. - Cc cu hi cn c thit k sao cho c th tn dng ht ngun thng tin c cung cp c v chiu rng ln chiu su. - Lng cu hi cn t l vi lng thng tin cung cp. - Lu cc hng dn i vi vic xy dng cc cu hi TNKQ ni chung

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T CU HI TRONG GING DY
I. NHNG CI KHNG KHI T CU HI 1. Khng nn t cc cu hi ng-sai hay cc cu hi cho php c hi 50% ng v 50% sai. V d: C phi Orwell vit Animal Farm khng?, Ai thng trong cuc ni chin? Cc kiu cu hi ny khuyn khch s suy on, t duy tc th, v nh hng ng sai, khng phi t duy khi nim hay gii quyt vn . Nu gio vin v tnh hi kiu cu hi ny th h phi hi ngay lp tc cc cu hi khc nh ti sao hay nh th no. 2. Khng t nhng cu hi mp m hay khng xc nh: Cc thnh ph chnh ca nc M l g?. Nhng cu hi nh vy d nhm ln v thng phi c nhc li hay tinh gin. Cu hi phi r rng v ph hp vi d nh ca gio vin. 3. Khng t cc cu hi suy on. Cc cu hi suy on c th cng l nhng cu hi c/khng, nhng cu hi khng xc nh hay m h. Nn yu cu ngi hc gii thch ngha v ch ra cc mi lin h, ch khng i tm nhng thng tin chi tit v vn vn. 4. Khng t cc cu hi kp hay cu hi a din. V d: cng thc ho hc ca mui l g? Khi lng phn t ca n l bao nhiu? Trc khi ngi hc c th tr li cu hi th nht, th cu hi th hai li c hi. Kt qu l ngi hc khng bit cu hi no gio vin mun h tr li. 5. Khng t nhng cu hi gi hay dn dt. V d: Ti sao Andrew Jackson l mt tng thng v i? Cu hi thc s cn n mt quan im, nhng quan im hay s xt on c nhn nh. 6. Khng hi nhng cu rm r. V d: Trong mi lin h vi cc yu t nhim v cc tia nng mt tri, chng ta c th i n kt lun g v mc nc trong tng lai? Manifest Destiny dn n ch ngha quc v ch ngha thc dn nh th no trong khi tng cng cng nghip ho t nc? Nhng cu hi ny a chiu, khng xc nh, v di dng. Ta tt li khi hi, s dng t vng n gin, khng qu trang trng hay ti ngha, hi nhng cu hi r rng, n l trnh vic che lp ngha trong cu hi ca bn v lm cho ngi hc nhm ln.
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7. Khng hi nhng cu hi git cc. V d: Cn g na? Cn ai na. Nhng cu hi ny khng thc s khuyt khch t duy ca ngi hc. 8. Khng tp trung cu hi cho mt ngi. Bn c th gip mt ngi hc bng cch t mt lot nhng cu hi ly thng tin. Tuy nhin, iu ny phi c phn bit vi vic hi ngi hc kh nhiu cu hi, ng thi li lng qun nhng ngi hc khc. 9. Khng gi tn ngi hc trc khi t cu hi . Ngay sau khi ngi hc bit rng mt ngi no khc chu trch nhim tr li cu hi th s tp trung ca h b gim. Trc ht hy t cu hi, sau dng li ngi hc hiu v ri mi gi mt ai tr li. 10. Khng tr li cu hi ca mt hc vin nu mi hc vin phi bit cu tr li. Hy chuyn cu hi tr li lp v hi: Ai c th tr li cu hi ny?. 11. Khng nn nhc li cu hi hay cu tr li ca hc vin . Nhc li s to ra thi quen lm vic ti v khng ch . 12. Khng bc lt nhng hc vin gii hay nhng hc vin xung phong. Nhng hc vin khc trong lp s khng ch v xao nhng hot ng chung ang din ra. 13. Khng cho php tr li ng thanh (Tr khi n l yu cu ca mt phn bi ging) II. NHNG IU NN LM KHI HI 1. Hi nhng cu hi thc s khuyn khch v khng ch thun tu kim tra tr nh. Mt gio vin tt bit cch khuy ng hng th ca ngi hc v buc h phi suy ngh bng cc cu hi gi t duy. Cc cu hi yu cu nh li thng tin s khng duy tr c s ch ca lp hc. t nhng cu hi tng xng vi kh nng ca ngi hc. Cc cu hi qu thp hay qu cao i vi kh nng ca ngi hc s lm cho h chn hay nhm ln. Nn a ra cc cu hi ph hp vi mc kh nng ca a s hc vin. t cc cu hi ph hp vi ngi hc. Cc cu hi da vo cuc sng ca ngi hc l cc cu hi ph hp.

2.

3.

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4.

t cc cu hi theo trnh t. Cu hi v cu tr li phi c s dng lm nn cho cc cu hi tip theo. Vic lm ny ng gp vo vic hc lin tc. a dng ho di v kh ca cu hi. Cu hi phi c a dng ho c hc vin gii ln hc vin yu u c th tham gia tr li. Quan st nhng khc bit v c nhn, v gii thch cu hi mi hc vin u tham gia vo cuc tho lun. t cc cu hi r rang v n gin, cu hi phi hiu c d dng, trnh di dng vn t. Khuyn khch hc vin t cu hi cho nhau v cho nhn xt. Vic lm ny gip cho ngi hc tr nn tch cc hn v hp tc tt hn. Cu hi hay khuyn khch cc cu hi khc, thm ch l cc cu hi ca ngi hc. Cho php thi gian suy ngh. Dng li vi giy cho n khi mt s cnh tay gi ln to cho mi hc vin, c bit l hc vin km, c c hi suy ngh v cu hi. Tip tc vi nhng cu tr li khng ng. Tn dng th li ca nhng cu tr li khng ng hay gn ng. Khuyn khch ngi hc suy ngh v cu tr li.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

10. Tip tc vi nhng cu tr li ng. S dng nhng cu tr li ng dn dt cu tr li khc. Cu tr li ng i khi cn phi chi tit ho v c th c dng khuyn khch ngi hc tho lun. 11. Gi c hc vin xung phong v khng xung phong. Mt s hc vin xu h v cn s ng vin ca gio vin. Nhng hc vin c xu hng xao nhng cn s h tr ca gio vin ch hn n bi hc. Phn b cc cu hi u trong lp hc mi hc vin u c th tham gia c. 12. Gi nhng hc vin khng ch . Vic lm ny s chm dt c tnh trng c nhng hc vin khng lm bi hoc khng tham gia vo cc hot ng ca lp. 13. Tm tt bi hc di hnh thc cc cu hi, hoc di hnh thc mt vn khuyn khch ton lp phi suy ngh. 14. Thay i v tr ca bn v di chuyn quanh lp hc to ra s tng tc vi ngi hc v hn ch s xao nhng v nhng hin tng v k lut trong ngi hc.

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(Bin tp t ti liu Cc chin lc dy hc c hiu qu ca Allan C. Ornstein v Thomas J. Lasly, II)

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XY DNG CU HI T LUN
I. DNG CU HI T LUN Nhng cu hi c cu tr li ngn nhn chung khng nh gi c s a dng trong suy ngh - nhng suy ngh mang tnh ch quan hoc tng tng. bit c ngi hc suy ngh nh th no, tip cn vn ra sao, vit v khai thc nhn thc mc no, ... l nhng iu vt xa yu cu ca dng bi c cu tr li ngn. Nhng cu hi dng t lun, c bit l nhng cu hi khng c cu tr li ng c th, yu cu a ra s nh gi nhng d liu, l loi cu hi c gi tr ng k. Mt chuyn gia v ra coi dng bi t lun l dng bi kim tra c tin cy tt v xc thc nht vi hc vin t trung hc n i hc v c l l bin php tt nht nh gi qu trnh t duy cao cp. Cc chuyn gia bt ng quan im v vn cc cu hi t lun nn c vit nh th no v c th n mc no. V d mt s chuyn gia ng h vic dng nhng t nh ti sao, nh th no v dn n nhng hu qu g. H cho rng nhng cu hi c nhng t nh vy (m chng ti gi l cu hi t lun loi 1) i hi vic nm vng nhng kin thc, khi nim c bn v i hi ngi hc phi phi hp cc vn , s liu, suy lun v ch ra mi quan h nhn - qu. Mt s nh gio dc khc lp lun rng nhng t nh tho lun, xem xt v gii thch v cch dng nhng loi t ny (loi cu hi t lun 2) s a li cho hc vin t s t do hn trong trong vic tr li nhng c c hi hiu suy ngh ca h. Mc d cu hi t lun loi 2 hn ch hn loi 1 nhng chng c th dn n nhng cu tr li khc nhau mt s hc vin. Loi ny c hiu qu khi cn nh gi kh nng ca ngi hc trong vic la chn v sp xp cc d liu t nhng ngun khc nhau. Nhng chuyn gia khc th li ng h loi cu c thm cu trc hay tnh chnh xc thng qua vic dng nhng t nh xc nh r, so snh v i lp. Chng ti gi y l loi 3. Ngoi vic a thm ch dn trong u bi cho ngi hc, nhng t nh vy yu cu ngi hc phi la chn v sp xp cc d liu c th. V mt hiu qu, chng ti quan tm n mc t do c a ra cho ngi hc trong vic sp xp cu tr li. Tt c nhng loi cu hi t lun ni trn u c nhc im. Dng 1 v dng 2 cho php nhng cu tr li m rng. Chng c th dn n nhng trnh by khng mch
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lc, khng ph hp, s si ca nhng hc vin yu v kh nng sp xp tng. Loi cu hi 3 yu cu cu tr li tp trung; chng c th dn n vic ghi nh thng tin n gin (hc vt) v mt m hn n nhng chi tit. Cc cu hi t lun c th a n nhng kt lun hiu qu v kh nng phn tch, nh gi, tng hp, suy ngh c logic, kh nng gii quyt cc vn v a ra gi thuyt ca ngi hc. Chng cng ch ra kh nng sp xp, t chc cc tng, bo v mt quan im v sng to ra nhng tng, phng php v gii php. Mc phc tp ca cu hi v s t duy i hi ngi hc c th c iu chnh cho ph hp vi la tui, kh nng v kinh nghim. Mt u im ca cu hi t lun l d v t tn thi gian ra . Nhc im chnh ca dng bi ny l cn c mt khi lng thi gian ng k c v nh gi cc cu tr li, v tnh ch quan khi chm im ( di v tnh phc tp ca cu tr li cng nh tiu chun cho vic tr li c th dn n nhng vn v tin cy trong vic chm im). Mt s nghin cu cho thy vic chm im cng mt bi nhng gio vin khc nhau c th dn n s nh gi khc nhau v mc xut sc n yu km. S khc nhau cho thy nhng tiu chun rt khc nhau trong vic nh gi ca cc gio vin. Ti t hn na l mt nghin cu cho thy cng mt gio vin chm bi t lun nhng thi im khc nhau cho im s khc nhau ng k. Ngi ta cng chng minh rng cc gio vin cng b nh hng bi cc yu t nh vn phong, cht lng ca bi lun v chnh t ngay khi nhim v ca h ch l chm ni dung thi. Mt cch tng tin cy ca dng cu hi t lun l tng s lng cu hi v hn ch di ca cu tr li. Cu hi cng c th v cng hn ch th gio vin cng kh hiu nhng cu tr li v khng b nh hng bi nhng cch hiu v s ch quan trong vic chm im. Mt cch khc l gio vin cn vch ra mt cng nhng thng tin no cho mt cu tr li tt. Gio vin cng xc nh r p n th ngi hc cng c chm cng bng hn. Lu rng chng ti ni cng bng hn ch khng phi cng bng. L do cho vn ny rt r: cc bi thi t lun lun mang tnh ch quan c hu v cng bi thc t lun c mt khng tin cy trong vic nh gi cc cu tr li ca ngi hc. Mt bi kim tra ch c cu tr li dng t lun ch c th bao qut nhng ni dung hn ch bi v ch c mt vi cu hi c tr li trong
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khong thi gian quy nh. Tuy nhin hn ch ny c b li bng thc t l trong khi hc thi dng bi cu t lun, ngi hc c xu hng nhn nhn nhng ch hoc c kho hc gc tng th, v quan tm xem xt mi quan h gia cc tng, khi nim v quy lut. Cu tr li dng t lun b nh hng bi kh nng tr li ca ngi hc trong vic sp xp nhng tng. Rt nhiu hc vin hiu v gii quyt c vn nhng gp kh khn trong vic vit hoc chng t h hiu bi trong k thi kiu ny. Ngi hc c th b s hi v ch vit c nhng cu tr li ngn theo cch khng mch lc hoc ch din t c nhng kin thc s si. Mt cch lm gim bt kh khn ny l gio vin tho lun chi tit cng ngi hc v cch lm bi t lun. iu ng bun l rt t gio vin dnh thi gian ch ngi hc cch lm bi t lun. Mt khc, c nhng hc vin vit tt nhng li khng nm vng ni dung chng trnh. Kh nng vit ca h c th che y vic thiu kin thc. iu quan trng l gio vin cn bit phn bit nhng v s liu khng ng vi nhng thng tin ng. Mc d cc cu hi t lun c v d ra nhng vic ra cn thn l cn thit c th kim tra trnh nhn thc ca ngi hc, c ngha l cn vit c cc cu hi c gi tr. Rt nhiu cu hi t lun b ngi hc chuyn theo hng ch n thun thng k cc s liu m khng p dng hoc kt hp cc thng tin trong nhng tnh hung c th v khng chng t c vic hiu nhng khi nim. Cu hi Nguyn nhn ca chin tranh th gii th nht l g? c th tr li bng cch lit k nhng nguyn nhn c th m khng cn kt hp chng vi nhau. Cu hi nn l nh th ny th tt hn Gi s Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt v Adolph Hitle c mi ni vi cng chng v nguyn nhn ca i chin th gii th 2. Mi ngi s ni nh th no? mi v s chn nguyn nhn no l quan trng nht? im no h c th ng , khng ng ?. Nhng yu t cn lu khi quyt nh xem c nn dng dng cu hi t lun l: thi gian dnh cho vic chm bi, tin cy thp ca im s, vic d dng khi ra , kh nng nh gi c trnh nhn thc cao. Gio vin c th tn dng c nhng u im ca c dng cu hi c cu tr li ngn v cu hi dng t lun bng cch ra kim tra c c hai dng, c th 40-60% cu tr li ngn v phn cn li l cu hi dng t lun. S cn bng hai dng bi trn c quyt nh bi cp lp hc.

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Mu cu hi ra cho nhng mc nhn thc khc nhau 1. So snh a. So snh 2 ngi di y ........... b. Miu t s ging nhau v khc nhau gia.............. 2. Phn loi a. Nhm ring cc mc sau da vo........ b. Cc t di y c c im chung l................... 3. Vch cng (dn ) a. Vch s lc th t cc bc hn dng tnh...... b. Tho lun v quy lut/nguyn tc ca.... 4. Tm tt a. a ra nhng im chnh ca........ b. Pht biu nhng nguyn tc ca................ 5. T chc, sp xp a. Phc ho vi nt lch s ca......... b. Xem xt s pht trin ca...... 6. Phn tch a. Ch ra nhng li trong on vn lun chng sau.................. b. D liu no cn ............. 7. ng dng a. Lm r nhng phng php...........dng cho mc ch........ b. on nguyn nhn ca..... 8. Kt lun a. Ti sao tc gi ni............... b. Nhn vt X s c xu hng phn ng nh th no vi......... 9. Suy lun a. a ra tiu chun cho............
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b. Da vo tin ca........... xut mt kt lun c gi tr 10. Tng hp a. Bn s a ra kt lun ca cu chuyn...........nh th no? b. a ra mt k hoch cho........... 11. Chng minh a. a ra lp lun cho....... b. Bn ng vi phng n tr li no sau y? Ti sao? 12. nh gi a. L do ca.............l g b. Trn c s nhng tiu chun sau......... nh gi gi tr ca......... 13. Tin on a. Hy a ra kt qu c th ca...... b. iu g xy ra nu..............? Ti sao? 14. Sng to a. Pht trin gi thuyt v............... b. xut gii php cho............... II. HNG DN VIT CU HI T LUN Di y l mt s gi cho vic chun b v chm bi thi dng t lun: 1. Cho u bi c th, ch r hc vin phi vit ci g. Nu cn thit c th vit t 3 n 4 cu trong phn u bi ch dn. 2. T ng trong mi cu hi cng n gin, r rng cng tt. 3. Cho thi gian lm bi. Mt nguyn tc vng i vi gio vin l c chng khong thi gian mnh cn lm bi, sau gp i hoc 3 ln ln tu heo la tui v kh nng ca ngi hc. Ch ra thi gian cho mi cu hi ngi hc iu chnh tc lm bi ca h. 4. Hi cc cu i hi s ng no ng k. S dng nhng cu hi tp trung vo vic t chc sp xp d liu, phn tch, din gii, lp gi thuyt hn l ch vit li s liu.

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5. To iu kin cho ngi hc la chn cu hi v d chn hai trong ba cu cho nhng hc vin nm c c chng trnh nhng khng bit r mt lnh vc kin thc c th khng b mt im. 6. Quy nh trc lng kin thc yu cu trong mi cu hi hoc phn cu hi. a ra nhng yu cu ny trong u bi v da vo chm im. 7. Gii thch cch chm im trc mi bi kim tra. Gio vin nn gii thch r cho ngi hc tm quan trng ca kin thc, cch pht trin, t chc, sp xp cc , ng php, du, chnh t, vn phong v bt k yu t no c cn nhc trong vic nh gi. 8. Gi cch chm im nh nhau cho tt c cc hc vin. C gng che tn ca hc vin khi ang chm bi gim i thnh kin cho rng gio vin t quan tn n cht lng bi lm ca hc vin m b nh hng nhiu hn bi n tng v nng lc, thi v hnh vi ca ngi hc. 9. Chm tng cu hi cho cc bi khc nhau hn l chm c bi kim tra cng lc tng tin cy trong khi chm. Phng php ny gip gio vin d so snh v nh gi nhng cu tr li cho mi cu hi ring. 10. Vit li ph vo bi kim tra ca hc vin, ch ra nhng u im v gii thch lm th no tr li tt hn. Khng so snh cc hc vin vi nhau khi a ra nhn xt.

(Bin tp t ti liu Cc chin lc dy hc c hiu qu ca Allan C. Ornstein v Thomas J. Lasly, II)

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TRNG I HC NHA TRANG


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