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LI M U......................................................................................................... 2
DANH MC CC T VIT TT........................................................................ 3
PHN A NGHIN CU V IU CH M XUNG PCM ........................... 4
I - Nguyn tc iu ch.................................................................................. 4
II. Lc hn bng............................................................................................. 5
III. Ly mu.................................................................................................... 6
IV. Lng t ha............................................................................................ 6
V. M ha..................................................................................................... 10
VI. c im ca tn hiu PCM.................................................................. 13
1. Bng thng ca tn hiu PCM ............................................................... 13
2. nh hng ca nhiu ln tn hiu PCM................................................. 14
PHN B CHNG TRNH M PHNG BNG MATLAB CC BC
CA QU TRNH PCM......................................................................................15
I. M phng qu trnh ly mu................................................................... 15
II. M phng qu trnh lng t ha......................................................... 16
III. M phng qu trnh m ha................................................................. 17
IV. Tng kt.................................................................................................. 18
KT LUN............................................................................................................19
TI LIU THAM KHO.....................................................................................20
LI M U
Hu ht cc tn hiu truyn qua h thng thng tin s u l tn hiu tng t. V
th vic u tin ca h thng thng tin s l phi s ha tn hiu tng t. Lnh
vc s ha tn hiu lin tc nghin cu mnh trong cc vi nm tr li y. S
nghin cu to ra rt nhiu kiu bin i khc nhau v trong mi kiu li c
cc bin th. Vic la chn phng php no cn ph thuc vo lnh vc p dng
v cht lng truyn dn m ta mong mun t c.
Mt trong cc phng php bin i tn hiu lin tc sang tn hiu s ph bin
hn cc l iu ch m xung PCM. PCM cho cht lng m bo vi gi thnh
tng i. T PCM cn c nhng phng php c th p dng nh PCM delta, iu
ch xung m vi sai DPCM, iu ch delta DM v.v.. Trong phm vi bi tp ln ny,
ta ch i su phn tch iu ch PCM v m phng iu ch PCM thng qua s
dng MATLAB.
DANH MC CC T VIT TT
Vit tt
PCM
CCITT
PAM
NRZ
RZ
in thoi v in bo
Telegraph
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Non- Return Zero
Return Zero
iu ch bin xung
Tn hiu khng tr v khng
Tn hiu tr v khng
Tin hiu c
bng hn ch
Lc
Cc xung PAM
lng t ha
Cc xung
PAM
Ly mu
Lng t
fS
Hnh A-1: S thc hin PCM
M ha
Tn hiu
PCM
Qu trnh khi phc phn thu c thc hin nh sau: Gii m c chui
xung PAM lng t ha ri cho qua lc thng thp c tn s ct bng mt na tn
s ly mu.
Nh ni trn, thc t cc tn hiu li vo iu ch m xung l cc tn hiu
c ph tri rng v hn. Sau lc hn ch ph tn, tn hiu c ph hn ch v do vy
c thi gian tn ti tri rng ti v hn, ngha l v l thuyt vic ly mu phi thc
vi v hn mu theo s trn. T chng ta c th thy rng tn hiu lin tc
khi phc li c phn thu, ngay c trong trng hp khng tnh n mo v tp
nhiu trn ng truyn, cng ch l mt phin bn gn ng ca tn hiu lin tc
cn truyn i phn pht m thi. Sai s gia cc tn hiu phin bn v nguyn bn
gy ra bi cc nguyn nhn sau:
-
[ a, + a ]
Peq = eq2 =
(A-1)
a /Q
Peq = a 2 / 3Q 2 = 2 /12
(A-2)
ln(1 + x )
, 1 x 1
ln(1 + )
(A-3)
Ax
, 0 x 1/ A
sign( x)
1
+
ln
A
y=
sign( x) 1 + A x ,1/ A x 1
1 + ln A
(A-4)
10
V. M ha
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, tuyn truyn PCM l mt b phn ca mt kt
ni quc t. Yu cu t ra l vic xen mt tuyn truyn dn s nh vy vo kt ni
quc t di nht khng c dn n suy gim cht lng so vi tuyn truyn dn
thun ty analog. Cc yu cu v tp m i vi mt kt ni ng di quc t c
xc nh theo cc quan h p dng i vi mng tham chiu qui nh trong khuyn
ngh G.103 ca CCITT. tha mn cc yu cu , t s tn hiu trn tp m
lng t ca mt chng m n c m v gii m PCM cn phi khng nh hn
22dB, tnh ti gii mc ting ni trung bnh ti u vo b m ha (-5 n -25 dBm)
[A14]. cc mc ting ni thp hn, yu cu v t s tn hiu trn tp m lng t
s nh hn nhiu. i vi mng tham chiu trong khuyn ngh G.103, s on
m v gii m PCM mc ni tip khng vt qu 14. Ngha l i hi v t s tn
hiu trn tp m lng t ca mi on thnh phn cn cao hn, thm 10lg14 dB
na, tc l vi mi on t s tn hiu trn tp m lng t phi 33.46 dB. Yu
cu ny va ng t c bng vic s dng b m ha vi cc t m 7 bit. Khi
tnh n c cc tham s suy gim cht lng khc ca PCM, b m ha 8 bit thng
c p dng nht.
Bin tn hiu li ra b nn c lng t ha u thnh 16 mc vi mi mt
on hay phn on. Vic m ha cc mc lng t u (sau nn) to thnh tn
hiu PCM c thc hin bng t hp 8 bit i vi c h M ln Chu u v cng
c dng PXYZABCD . Bit P ch th cc tnh gi tr lng t ca mu tn hiu: P=1
vi tn hiu dng v P=0 vi tn hiu m. Ba bt XYZ dng m cc on thng
(hoc phn on) lm gn ng vi cc lut nn( hay A), bn bit ABCD dng
m 16 mc lng t u trong tng on.
Do c tuyn tnh ha theo cc s on khc nhau, cch nhn c cc m 8
bit PCM i vi h M v h Chu u cng khc nhau. i vi h Chu u, trc
tin vic m 12 bit c thc hin, chia gii bin tn hiu vo mt cch tuyn
tnh thnh 4096 bc. Cc mch logic sau c s dng to ra cc t m 8 bit
theo quy tc c m t trong bng A-1. Trong khi , trc tin vic m 13 bit
11
c thc hin vi h M, chia tuyn tnh gii bin tn hiu vo thnh 8192
bc, sau m ha thnh cc t m 8 bit theo tuy tc m t trong bng A-2.
T bng A-1 v bng A-2 chng ta c th thy, rng mi on c chia thnh
16 mc lng t u. Gi tr ln ca mi mt mc lng t u tnh theo s
bc ca mc bin li vo (ghi ct cui cng cc bng)- thay i theo gi tr
li vo.
Bng A-1. Thut ton xp x c tnh nn lut A bng 13 on thng v m
on
Gii hn di
Gii hn trn
T m
ln ca mi
th
ca on (tnh
ca on (tnh
PXYZABCD
bc lng t u
theo bc vo
theo bc bin
(tnh theo s bc
bin vo)
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
0
-32
-64
-128
-256
-512
-1024
-2048
-4096
vo)
4096
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
0
-32
-64
-128
-256
-512
-1024
-2048
bin li vo)
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
2
2
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1111ABCD
1110ABCD
1101ABCD
1100ABCD
1011ABCD
1010ABCD
1001ABCD
1000ABCD
0000ABCD
0001ABCD
0010ABCD
0011ABCD
0100ABCD
0101ABCD
0110ABCD
0111ABCD
Gii hn di
Gii hn trn
th
ca on (tnh
T m
ln ca mi
theo bc vo
theo bc
(tnh theo s bc
bin vo)
4063
bin vo)
8159
bin li vo)
256
1000ABCD
12
2
2015
4063
1001ABCD
128
3
991
2015
1010ABCD
64
4
479
991
1011ABCD
32
5
233
479
1100ABCD
16
6
95
233
1101ABCD
8
7
31
95
1110ABCD
4
8
-31
31
1111ABCD
2
9
-95
-31
0110ABCD
4
10
-233
-95
0101ABCD
8
11
-479
-233
0100ABCD
16
12
-991
-479
0011ABCD
32
13
-2015
-991
0010ABCD
64
14
-4063
-2015
0001ABCD
128
15
-8159
-4063
0000ABCD
256
13
-4096
-2048
0111ABCD
128
Gi tr lng t ca cc mu tn hiu c tnh theo cng thc [A14]:
M = (32 + 2 L + 1) S i vi h Chu u,
(A-5a)
V
M = [2 S +1 L + 33(2 S 1)] i vi h M,
(A-5b)
Trong :
S = 4 X + 2Y ; L = 8 A + 4 B + 2C + D; = 1 nu P = 1; = 1 nu P = 0; (A-5c)
= 0 nu S = 0, = 1 nu S 0
(A-6)
13
1
1
R = n. f (trng hp 1)
2
2
BPCM R = n. f S (trng hp 2)
14
15
16
17
bt s 1 bt s 2 bt s 3 bt s 4 bt s 5 bt s 6 bt s 7
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4. Tng kt:
Vi cc gi tr ca mc u vo nhp l:
nhap so luong xung lay mau 200
nhap so muc luong tu N=256
nhap bien do cua tin hieu dau vao A=10
nhap so chu ky cua tin hieu dau vao 5
nhap tan so cua tin hieu dau vao 50
Ta thu c tn hiu nh hnh v trn v bng m ha phn trn.
KT LUN
19
20