ng trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng (S 13/Thng 7 2013)]

HOAHOC.ORG NGUYN THNH TR - 1 -

NG DNG BT BO HA TRONG MT S BI TON
T CHY CC CHT HU C
Nguyn Thnh Tr
Th X Ty Ninh Tnh Ty Ninh

Trong cc bi ton t chy nhiu cht hu c trong mt hn hp, ta thng tm cc gi
tr trung bnh , , ... C H M c thng tin khi qut v cng thc phn t ca cc cht trong .
Tuy nhin, vic ch xt n cng thc phn t khng thi qu l mt iu thiu xt ln i vi
hp cht hu c. Bi l , ti su tm v chia s vi cc hc sinh cng nh qu thy/c
mt cng thc quan trng gip tm ra bt bo ha c c yu t ny s m ra cho cc
bi ton t chy hn hp (c nhiu nhm chc khc nhau) nhiu hng suy lun, gip rn
luyn t duy trong gii ton Ha hc!
Ta bit mt cht hu c bt k cha 3 nguyn t C,H,O c cng thc phn t l
x k n n
O H C
2 2 2 +
vi k l bt bo ha (tng s vng v s lin kt t trong cng thc cu to).
Xt phn ng chy ca hp cht ny, ta c: O H k n nCO O H C
x k n n 2 2 2 2 2
) 1 ( + +
+

Phn tch h s phn ng ny, ta c mt kt qu rt quan trng l:
2 2
1
H O CO
X
n n
n
k

Vi
X
n l s mol cht hu c b t chy.
Hai trng hp ring hay gp trong cc bi tp ph thng l k=0 ( hp cht no, mch h
x n n
O H C
2 2 +
) c =
X
n
2 2
CO O H
n n (Ankan, ancol no mch h, ete no mch h,...), v k=2 c
O H CO X
n n n
2 2
= (ankin, ankaien, axit khng no 1 ni i, anhit khng no 1 ni i, xeton
khng no mt ni i,...)
Kt qu ny c th m rng cho cc phn ng chy ca cc hp cht hu c c cha nit.
*Trch 16 phng php v k thut gii nhanh BTTN mn Ha Hc.
Nhm tc gi:Phm Ngc Bng (Ch bin)-V Khc Ngc-L Phm Thnh,.NXB HSP in ln 2, 7/2010.
Mt cht c th:
o Metan CH
4
(k=0)
o Etylen
2 2
CH CH = (k=1)
o Axetylen CH CH (k=2)
o Anehit acrylic
2
CH CH CHO = (k=2)
Th bt bo ha k l mt gi tr nguyn dng. Khi p dng vo bi tp hn hp nhiu
cht hu c, th gi tr k tm c bng cch da vo s mol CO
2
v H
2
O, trng hp ny th k
khng nguyn, n ch c ngha v mt tnh ton v nhn nh chung v s lng ni t ca c
hn hp.
ng trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng (S 13/Thng 7 2013)]

HOAHOC.ORG NGUYN THNH TR - 2 -
Bi 1: Mt hn hp gm anehit acrylic v mt anehit n chc X. t chy hon ton 1,72
gam hn hp trn cn va 2,296 lt kh oxi (ktc). Cho ton b sn phm chy hp th ht
vo dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 8,50 gam kt ta. Cng thc ca X l:
A. HCHO B. C
3
H
5
CHO C. CH
3
CHO. D. C
2
H
5
CHO
Gii:
Anehit acrylic:
2
56 CH CH CHO M = =
2
0,1025 .
O
n mol =
2
0, 085 .
CO
n mol =
T nh lut bo ton khi lng, tnh c
2
2
1, 26 0, 07 .
H O
H O
m gam n mol = =
V 2 anehit u n chc nn bo ton nguyn t oxi, ta c:
1 0,1025 2 0, 085 2 0, 07 0, 035 .
hh hh
n n mol + = + =
n y, c rt nhiu cch gip ta chn c p n ng:
+ Cch 1: Tm
2
0, 085
2, 43
0, 035
CO
hh
n
C
n
= = = .
=> V anehit acrylic c 3 nguyn t C, ch c p n C l 2 nguyn t C thi!
+ Cch 2: Tm
1,17
49,...
0, 035
M = =
Trong : HCHO (M=30), C
3
H
5
CHO (M=70), CH
3
CHO (M=44), C
2
H
5
CHO (M=58), m
2
( 56) CH CH CHO M = = nn ch c M=44 l gi tr nh hn v gn vi gi tr trung bnh.
+ Cch 3: Bng cch tm thm bt bo ha:

2 2
1, 43
1
H O CO
X
n n
n k
k
t

= =

Vi 1, 43 k t = ch gip ta loi c p n B ( v C
3
H
5
CHO c 2t ). Phi tm thm cc yu t
, ,... C H mi c th chn c p n. Cht cn li phi c 1t
.

Bi 2: Hn hp X c C
2
H
5
OH, C
2
H
5
COOH, CH
3
CHO trong C
2
H
5
OH chim 50% s mol.
t chy m gam X thu c 3,06 gam H
2
O v 3,136 lt CO
2
(ktc). Mt khc, 13,20 gam hn
hp X thc hin hon ton phn ng trng bc c p gam Ag. Gi tr ca p l:
A. 2,16 gam B. 8,64 gam. C. 9,72 gam. D. 10,8 gam.
( thi th H ln 3 nm 2010, Trng H KHTN H Ni, Khi chuyn Vt L).
Gii:
2
0,17 .
H O
n mol =

2
0,14 .
CO
n mol =
ng trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng (S 13/Thng 7 2013)]

HOAHOC.ORG NGUYN THNH TR - 3 -
Trong mt bi ton trc nghim, nu bi cho nhiu cht cng tham gia 1 loi phn ng, ta
phi c gng tm ra c quy lut chung v ring (t cu to, kh nng phn ng, h s phn
ng trn PTHH,) la chn hng gii.
i vi trng hp ny, c c ancol, axit, anehit. Xt CTCT, ta thy:
2 5
0 C H OH t (nhm 1)
2 5 3
, 1 C H COOH CH CHO t (nhm 2)
V C
2
H
5
OH chim 50% s mol nn t l mol gia nhm 1 : nhm 2 l 1 : 1. C iu kin
hnh thnh ng cho:

(iu kin: k phi ( ) 0;1 e v k l gi tr trung bnh ca 0 v 1).
p dng cng thc:

2 2
0,17 0,14
0, 06 .
1 0, 5 1
H O CO
X
n n
n mol
k

= = =


D dng suy ra:
2 5
0, 06 50% 0, 03 .
C H OH
n mol = =
Phi tm thm yu t
2
0,14 7
0, 06 3
CO
hh
n
C
n
= = = .
Cng chia ra 2 nhm ri lp s ng cho:

D dng suy ra:
2 5
1
0, 06 0, 02
1 2
C H COOH
n mol = =
+

v
3
0, 01 CH CHO mol
Tm li, trong m gam X c
2 5
3
2 5
0, 03
0, 01 3, 3 .
0, 02
C H OH mol
CH CHO mol m gam
C H COOH mol

ng trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng (S 13/Thng 7 2013)]

HOAHOC.ORG NGUYN THNH TR - 4 -
Nhng trong 3,3 gam ny ch c 0,01 mol CHO. cho khi lng 13,2gam (tc gp 4 ln
khi lng ban u) nn cng c 0,04 mol CHO tham gia trng bc. Bi ton s tr nn ngn
gn, d hiu nu ta bit s phn ng:
3
/
1 2
0, 04 0, 08 .
8, 64 .
Ag NH
Ag
nh m CHO Ag
mol
m gam
+

=

Bi 3: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol triglixerit X ta thu c 250,8 gam CO
2
v 90 gam H
2
O.
Mt khc, 0,1 mol X phn ng va vi V lt dung dch Br
2
1M. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,3 B. 0,5 C. 0,1 D. 0,7
(Trch thi th H ln 4, THPT Chuyn KHTN H Ni nm hc 2010 2011).
Gii:
Cch 1:
2
5, 7 .
CO
n mol =

2
5 .
H O
n mol =
T cng thc
2 2
8
1
H O CO
X
n n
n k
k
t

= =

Triglixerit l trieste ca glixerol vi cc axit n chc (monocacboxylic) c s nguyn t cacbon chn (khong
12C n 24C) khng phn nhnh, c CTCT nh sau:
R
1
COO
CH
2
CH
CH
2
COO
R
3
COO
R
2

(R
1
,R
2
,R
3
l cc gc hidrocacbon no hoc khng no, khng phn nhnh, c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau).
Xt CTCT ta thy: phn nh chc c 3 ni t (3 nhm -COO). M theo tnh ton trn th
trong X c 8t 5 ni t cn li s phn b trn cc gc R
1
,R
2
,R
3
.
Khi cho X phn ng vi Br
2
thc cht l phn ng gia Br
2
v 5 ni t . Nu phn t c 1 ni t ,
phn ng cng vi Br
2
s theo t l mol 1:1 (v d: anken cng Br
2
). Nh vy, s mol Br
2
= s
mol ca 5 ni t =50,1=0,5 (mol).
Cch khc:
Da theo cng thc cu to c v trn: ta thy c 6 oxi.
T s mol CO
2
, H
2
O, v cht X, suy ra cng thc phn t: C
57
H
100
O
6
.
Tnh bt bo ha:
2 57 (4 2) 100 (1 2)
8
2
k
+ +
= = .
ng trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng (S 13/Thng 7 2013)]

HOAHOC.ORG NGUYN THNH TR - 5 -
n y, ta cng suy lun nh trn.
*Nhn xt: Thng thng cc bi tp chng 1: Este Cht bo (lp 12) cc hc sinh thng
gp 2 loi bi v 2 phn ng c trng: phn ng t chy ( i vi cng thc phn t), phn
ng thy phn (i vi cng thc cu to). Nh vy, bi trn s dng cng thc cu to
triglixerit trong mt bi ton t chy l khng tng xng!
Bi 4: Hn hp X gm axit panmitic, axit stearic v axit linoleic. trung ha m gam X cn
40 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc, t chy hon ton m gam X th thu c 15,232 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc) v 11,7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca axit linoleic trong m gam hn hp X l:
A. 0,010 B. 0,015 C. 0,020 D. 0,005
(Trch thi TSH khi B nm 2010).
Gii:
Axit panmitic:
3 2 14
( ) CH CH COOH (1t )
Axit stearic:
3 2 16
( ) CH CH COOH (1t )
Axit linoleic:
3 2 4 2 2 7
( ) ( ) CH CH CH CHCH CH CH CH COOH = = (3t ).
Trn y l 3 axit bo n chc, nn khi trung ha th 0, 04
hh NaOH
n n mol = = .
T cng thc
2 2
1, 75
1
H O CO
X
n n
n k
k
t

= =

.
3
0, 04 0, 015
8
axit linoleic
n mol = =
*Nhn xt: Hon ton c th gii theo cch vit phng trnh phn ng v t n s (xin dnh
cho c gi). Tuy nhin, cch gii ny s mt nhiu thi gian hn!

Bi 5: t 0,2 mol hn hp gm etyl axetat v metyl acrylat thu c H
2
O v CO
2
trong
2 2
0, 08
CO H O
n n = . Nu un 0,2 mol hn hp X trn vi 400ml dung dch KOH 0,75M v c cn
thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 26,16 B. 26,4 C. 26,64 D. 20,56
(Trch thi H ln 4 nm 2011 Trng HSP H Ni Trng THPT Chuyn).
ng trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng (S 13/Thng 7 2013)]

HOAHOC.ORG NGUYN THNH TR - 6 -
Gii:
p dng cng thc
2 2
1, 4
1
H O CO
hh
n n
n k
k
t

= =

(1.1)

Etyl axetat:
3 2 5
(1 ) CH COOC H t
Metyl acrylat:
2 3
(2 ) CH CH COOCH t =
T s khc nhau v s ni t trong cng thc cu to, ta c s ng cho:

T y d dng tm c s mol ca mi este trong hn hp:
3 2 5 3
2 3 2
0,12 0,12
0, 08 0, 08
CH COOC H mol CH COOK mol
CH CH COOCH mol CH CH COOK mol


= =


n y tng ca bi ton vn cha dng li .
S mol KOH= 0,3 mol, trong khi s mol hn hp este ch c 0,2 mol nn lng KOH cn d
0,1 mol. Do , cht rn sau cng ngoi 2 mui kali cn c thm KOH 0,1 mol!
Tm li: m=26,16 gam.
*Nhn xt: C th tm s mol mi cht bng cch vit phn ng t chy ri t n s v gii
h phng trnh 2 n. bi s dng phng trnh i s
2 2
0, 08
CO H O
n n = , khi p dng cng
thc tnh bt bo ha, ta phi linh hot bin i v
2 2
0, 08
H O CO
n n = . C th ni bi ton
ny, khng my kh khn, nhng vic vn dng bin i ton hc tm ra gi tr -0,08 th
cng tht him thy trong s cc bi tp ha hc hin nay!
ng trn Tp ch Ha hc v ng dng (S 13/Thng 7 2013)]

HOAHOC.ORG NGUYN THNH TR - 7 -
BI TP TNG T
Bi 1: Hn hp X gm axit panmitic, axit stearic v axit linoleic. trung hon m gam X cn
50ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton m gam X th thu c 19,04 lt
CO
2
( ktc) v 14,76 gam H
2
O. Phn trm s mol ca axit linoleic trong m gam hn hp X l:
A. 31,25% B. 30% C. 62,5% D. 60%.
Bi 2: Hn hp X c C
2
H
5
OH, C
2
H
5
COOH, CH
3
CHO (trong C
2
H
5
OH chim 50% theo s
mol). t chy m gam hn hp X thu c 2,88 gam H
2
O v 2,912 lt CO
2
(ktc). Mt khc
9,00 gam hn hp X thc hin phn ng trng bc thy c p gam Ag kt ta. Gi tr ca p l
A. 12,96. B. 4,32. C. 8,64. D. 5,4.


Tc gi bi vit: Nguyn Thnh Tr

Sinh vin Khoa Ha, H Khoa hc T nhin HQG TpHCM.

Email: nguyenthanhtri237@gmail.com