1

I HC BCH KHOA TPHCM

BO CO
TH NGHIM HA I CNG

Nhm 5


H tn:
Man Hunh Kha 50800907
Nguyn Thanh Huy 50800797



Nm 2010



2

BI 2: NHIT PHN NG

I/ Kt qu th nghim :

Th nghim 1:
Ta c: m = 50 (g) ; c = 1 (cal/g.) mc = 50 (cal/)
Nhit (
o
C) Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
t
1
37.8 33.9 36.6
t
2
65.1 51.5 53
t
3
52 43 45
m
o
c
o
(cal/) 4.2 3.53 2.4

m
o
c
o TB
= 3,376 (cal/)

(Tnh mu 1 gi tr m
o
c
o)

Ln 1 :
m
0
c
0
=

3 1 2 3
2 3
(t t ) (t t )
mc
(t t )
=
(52-37.8)-(65.1-52)
65.1-52
= . (cal/)

Th nghim 2:
c
NaCl 0.5M
= 1 cal/g. ; n
NaCl
= 0.05*0.5 = 0.025 mol

NaCl 0.5M
= 1.02 g/ml
c
axit
c
baz
1 cal/g. ; m
axit
m
baz
25g
Tnh mu 1 gi tr:
Ln 1:
t = (t
1
+ t
2
) / 2 = (36 + 35)/2 = 35,5
o
C
Q = (m
o
c
o
+ mc)t = (m
o
c
o
+ m
HCl
c
HCl
+ m
NaOH
c
NaOH
)(t
3
t)


3

Nhit (
o
C) Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
t
1
36 35 36
t
2
35 35 35
t
3
41 40 40
Q (cal) 299.75 272.5 245.25
Q
trung bnh
(cal) 272.5
H (cal/mol) -11626,68

10900
025 . 0
5 . 272
= = =
n
Q
(cal/mol)
H < 0 nn phn ng ta nhit

Th nghim 3:
c
CuSO4
= 1 cal/g. ; m
CuSO4
= 4 g ; m
nc
= 50 g
n
CuSO4
= 4/160 = 0.025 mol

Nhit (
o
C) Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
t
1
36 36 35
t
2
40 41 40
Q (cal) 234 292,5 292,5
H (cal/mol) -9360 -11700 -11700
H
tb
(cal/mol) -10920

Tnh mu 1 gi tr Q v H:
Ln 1:
Q = mct = (m
o
c
o
+ m
nc
c
nc
+ m
CuSO4
c
CuSO4
)(t
2
t
1
)
n
Q
=
- H < 0 nn phn ng ta nhit
- H > 0 nn phn ng thu nhit



4

Th nghim 4 :
c
NH4Cl
= 1 cal/g. ; m
NH4Cl
= 4g
n
NH4Cl
= 4/53.5 = 0.0748 mol

Nhit (
o
C) Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
t
1

36 35 35
t
2

32 31 32
Q (cal)
234 234 175,5
H (cal/mol)
3128,3422 3128,3422 2346,2567
H
tb
(cal/mol)
2867,6470

Tnh mu 1 gi tr Q v H:
Ln 1:
Q = mct = (m
o
c
o
+ m
nc
c
nc
+ m
CuSO4
c
CuSO4
)(t
2
t
1
)
n
Q
=
- H < 0 nn phn ng ta nhit
- H > 0 nn phn ng thu nhit

II/ Tr li cu hi

1. H
th
ca phn ng HCl +NaOH NaCl + H
2
O s c tnh theo s mol

HCl hay NaOH khi cho 25 ml dd HCl 2M tc dng vi 25 ml dd NaOH
1M. Ti sao?

H
th
ca phn ng HCl +NaOH NaCl + H
2
O s c tnh theo s mol NaOH v
H
th
l s mol phn ng, m s mol HCl phn ng bng vi s mol
NaOH




5

2. Nu thay HCl 1M bng HNO

3
1M th kt qu th nghim 2 c thay i
khng?


Kt qu th nghim 2 khng thay i v HCl v HNO
3
l 2 axit mnh phn ly hon ton.

HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
; HNO
3
H
+
+ NO
3
-

ng thi th nghim 2 l phn ng trung ha
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
3/ Tnh H
3
bng l thuyt theo nh lut Hess. So snh vi kt qu th nghim. Hy xem
6 nguyn nhn c th gy ra sai s trong th nghim ny:
- Mt nhit do nhit lng k
- Do nhit k
- Do dng c ong th tch ha cht
- Do cn
- Do sunfat ng b ht m
- Do ly nhit dung ring dung dch sunfat ng bng 1 cal/g.
Sai s no l nguyn nhn quan trng nht, gii thch? Cn nguyn nhn no khc khng?
Theo nh lut Hess: H
3lt
= H
1
+ H
2
= 2.8 18.7 = -15.94 kcal/mol
Theo thc nghim: H
3tn
= - 12.38228 (kcal/mol)
. Do trong qu trnh thao tc khng chnh xc, nhanh chng dn n tht thot nhit ra
mi trng ngoi.
nguyn nhn sunfat ng b ht m ,ly v cn khng nhanh v cn thn d lm cho
CuSO
4
ht m nh hng n hiu ng nhit CuSO
4
.5H
2
O, n
CuSO4
< 0.025 mol






6

BI 3: XC NH KHI LNG RING

XC NH NG LNG NHM

I/ Kt qu th nghim :
1. Khi lng ring ca nc: T(
o
C) = 36
o
C

m
1
(g) m
0
(g) m
1
m
0
(g)
nc
(g/ml)
tb
(g/ml) ng
77,45
22,40
55,05 1,101
1,101 77,43 55,03 1,1006
77,47 55,07 1,1014

Vy
nc
= 1.0378 0.0005 (g/ml)
Khi lng ring ca ct: T(
o
C) = 36
o
C

m
o
= 22,40 g m
2
(m
1tb
m
o
) = 549,94g
ct
= 0,19979
(g/ml)
m
1tb
= 77,45 g
m
2tb
= 9,99 g 50(m
1tb
+ m
2
m
3
) =2752,5 g
m
3tb
= 32,39 g

Khi lng ring ng ca ct: T(
o
C) = 36
o
C

m (g)
ng
(g/ml)
tb
(g/ml) ng
14,96 1,496
1,493
0,003
14,90 1,490 0,003
14,93 1,493 0

Vy
ng
= 1.51 0.03 (g/ml)


7

2. ng lng nhm:
P
kq
= 775 mmHg ;
H2
= 1.008
P = P
kq
P
hinc
= 775 44.6 = 730.4 mmHg
T phng trnh RT
M
m
PV =
RT
MPV
m = vi R = 62400 mmHg/mol.
Bng kt qu:
TN m
Al
V
H2
(ml) m
H2

Al

Al

1 0,1 173 0.1125 0.896
0.878
2 0,12 180 0.117 0.8615


II/ Tr li cu hi :
1. Chng minh cng thc
) ( 50
) (
3 2 1
1 2
m m m
m m m
o
ct
+

=
Vi m
0
: khi lng ca bnh o t trng (g)
m
1
: khi lng ca bnh cha y nc (g)
m
2
= 10 g ct
m
3
: khi lng ca bnh cha 10 g ct v y nc (g)

2. Cng thc P = P
kq
P
hinc
ng cha? Thc t phi ghi th no mi ng?
Cng thc cha chnh xc. V khi p dng cng thc trn l ta gi ...
chnh xc phi ghi: P = P
kq
P
hinc
- P
khngkh


3. S dng cng thc PV = nRT l chnh xc hay gn ng? Ti sao?
Dng cng thc PV = nRT l gn ng v cng thc ny ch ng vi kh l
tng m H
2
sinh ra trong th nghim l kh thc




8

BI 4: XC NH BC PHN NG

I/ Kt qu th nghim :
a/ Bc phn ng theo Na
2
S
2
O
3
:
TN
Nng ban u (M)
t
1
(s) t
2
(s) t
3
(s) t
tb
(s)
Na
2
S
2
O
3
H
2
SO
4

1 0,1 0,4 93 48 25 55,33
2 0,1 0,4 92 46 26 54,67
3 0,1 0,4 91 46 25 54,00

T t
tb
ca TN1 v TN2 xc nh m
1
(tnh mu):



= = =
tb1 tb2
1
lg( t / t ) lg(55, 33 / 54, 67)
m 0, 017
lg2 lg2

T t
tb
ca TN2 v TN3 xc nh m
2


= = =
tb2 tb3
2
lg( t / t ) lg(54, 67 / 54, 00)
m 0, 018
lg2 lg2

Bc phn ng theo Na
2
S
2
O
3
=
+ +
= =
1 2
m m 0, 017 0, 018
0, 0175
2 2

b/ Bc phn ng theo H
2
SO
4

TN [Na
2
S
2
O
3
] [H
2
SO
4
] t
1
(s) t
2
(s) t
3
(s) t
tb
(s)
1 0,1 0,4 51 41 47 46,33
2 0,1 0,4 50 45 43 46,00
3 0,1 0,4 50 42 44 45,33



9

T t
tb
ca TN1 v TN2 xc nh n
1
(tnh mu)

= = =
tb1 tb2
1
lg( t / t ) lg(46, 33 / 46, 00)
n 0, 011
lg2 lg2

T t
tb
ca TN2 v TN3 xc nh n
2

= = =
tb2 tb3
2
lg( t / t ) lg(46, 00 / 45, 33)
n 0, 021
lg2 lg2

Bc phn ng theo H
2
SO
4
=
+ +
= =
1 2
n n 0, 011 0, 021
0, 0160
2 2

II/ Tr li cu hi :
1. Trong TN trn, nng ca Na
2
S
2
O
3
v ca H
2
SO
4
nh h ng th no
ln vn tc phn ng. Vit li biu thc tnh vn tc phn ng . Xc nh
bc ca phn ng.

- Trong TN trn, nng Na
2
S
2
O
3
v H
2
SO
4
lm tng tc phn ng
- Biu thc tnh vn tc phn ng




- Bc ca phn ng : 1.075 + 0.32 = 1.395

2. C ch ca phn ng trn c th c vit nh sau:
H
2
SO
4
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
S
2
O
3
(1)
H
2
S
2
O
3
H
2
SO
3
+ S (2)
Da vo kt qu ca TN c th kt lun phn ng (1) hay (2) l phn ng quyt nh
vn tc phn ng tc l phn ng xy ra chm nht khng? Ti sao? Lu trong cc
TN trn, lng H
2
SO
4
lun d so vi Na
2
S
2
O
3
. Khng th kt lun phn ng quyt nh
vn tc phn ng.
3. Da trn c s ca phong php TN th vn tc xc nh c trong cc TN trn
c xem l vn tc trung bnh hay vn tc tc thi?
Vn tc xc nh c trong cc TN trn c xem l vn tc tc thi

4. Thay i th t cho H
2
SO
4
v Na
2
S
2
O
3
th bc phn ng c thay i hay khng, ti
sao?
Thay i th t cho H
2
SO
4
v Na
2
S
2
O
3
th bc phn ng khng thay i. V
Bc phn ng tng qut = m + n


10

BI 5 : DUNG DCH M


I/ Kt qu th nghim
1. Dung dch chun

ng Thnh phn dung dch Mu sc
A 2ml HCl 0,1N + metyl da cam
B 2ml NaOH 0,1N + metyl da cam Cam
C 2ml HCl 0,1N + phenol phtalein Khng mu
D 2ml NaOH 0,1N + phenol phtalein Hng

2. Dung dch m axit

ng Mu sc ban u Lng HCl 0.1N hay NaOH
0.1N dng (ml)
Mu sc sau khi thm
axit hay baz M
1
M
2

1 Cam Cam 2,5 Cam nh
2 Vng 0,1 Cam nh
3 Khng mu Khng mu 1,1 Hng nht
4 Khng mu 0,1 Hng nht
5 Cam Vng 2,5 Cam nh

3. Dung dch m baz

ng Mu sc ban u Lng HCl 0.1N hay NaOH
0.1N dng (ml)
Mu sc sau khi thm
axit hay baz M
3
M
4

6 Hng Hng nht 0,5 Hng m
7 Khng mu 0,1 Hng nht
8 Cam Cam 1,1 Cam nh
9 Vng 0,1 Cam nh




11

II/ Tr li cu hi
1. Cho bit 3 mui khc c th dng thay th mui CH3COONa trong
dung dch m axit v 3 mui dng thay th mui NH4Cl trong dung
dch m bazo. Nu nguyn tc v gii thch cch la chn mui thay
th.

- mui c th thay th CH
3
COONa : CH
3
COOK, (CH
3
COO)
2
Ca,
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ba
- mui c th thay th NH
4
Cl : (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, NH
4
Br, NH
4
NO3

- Nguyn tc : Chn mui ca CH
3
COO
-
v kim loi mnh.

Chn mui ca NH
4
+
v gc axit mnh.

- V kim loi mnh/gc axit mnh khng b thy phn trong nc. V th khi
thm vo dung dch m th pH ca dung dch m hu nh khng thay
i.


2. So snh gi tr pH trc v sau khi thm 10
-2
mol NaOH vo 1 lit dung
dch m CH
3
COOH 0.1 N v CH
3
COONa 0.1 N (th tch dung dch
khng i).

pH sau > pH trc

3. Gii thch s i mu ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0.1 N v metyl da cam khi
cho dung dch CH
3
COONa 0.1 N vo.

Khi cho dung dch CH
3
COONa vo dung dch CH
3
COOH lm cho nng H
+
gim, nn
mu dung dch nht dn.

4. So snh kt qu TN (pH, mu sc, lng HCl dng) gia ng 1 v

ng 5. Gii thch.

- pH (1) > pH (5) mu (1) nht hn mu (5)

- Lng HCl (1) lng HCl (5)

- V (5) nhiu hn (1) 4ml nc ct nn nng H
+
(1) < (5), nn pH

(1) > pH (5) v mu (1) nht hn (5). Cn lng HCl gn bng nhau v ng
lng cc cht khng i


12

BI 8: PHN TCH TH TCH
I/ Kt qu th nghim:
ng cong chun mt axit mnh bng 1 baz mnh:
1- Th nghim 1: Xc nh ng cong chun HCl bng NaOH.
































Xc nh:

pH im tng ng: 9.8

Bc nhy pH: t pH 9 n pH 11
Th nghim 2:
Ln V
HCl
(ml) V
NaOH
(ml) C
NaOH
(N) C
HCl
(N) Sai s
1 10 9.5 0.1 0.095 0.005
2 10 9.7 0.1 0.097 0.003



13

C
HCl
= 0.096 (N)
Th nghim 3 :

Ln V
HCl
(ml) V
NaOH
(ml) C
NaOH
(N) C
HCl
(N) Sai s
1 10 9.5 0.1 0.095 0.005
2 10 9.6 0.1 0.096 0.004

Th nghim 4:

Ln Cht ch th V
CH3COOH
(ml) V
NaOH
(ml) C
NaOH
(N) C
CH3COOH
(N)
1 Phenol phtalein 10 2,8 0,1 0,028
2 Phenol phtalein 10 2,7 0,1 0,027
3 Metyl orange 10 2,6 0,1 0,026
4 Metyl orange 10 2,6 0,1 0,026


II/ Tr li cu hi

1. Khi thay i nng HCl v NaOH, ng cong chun c thay i hay
khng, ti sao?
- Khi thay i nng HCl v NaOH, ng cong chun khng thay i do
phng php chun HCl Bng NaOH c xc nh da trn phng trnh:

HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H
2
O
v: C
HCl
V
HCl
= C
NaOH
V
NaOH

- Vi V
HCl
v C
NaOH
c nh nn khi C
HCl
tng hay gim th V
NaOH
cng tng hay
gim theo. T ta suy ra c ch khu thay i, m rng ra hoc thu hp
li cn ng cong chun khng i. Lp lun tng t nu thay i C
NaOH



14

2. Vic xc nh nng axit HCl trong cc th nghim 1 v 2 cho kt qu no
chnh xc hn, ti sao?

Vic xc nh nng axit HCl trong th nghim 2 v 3, th trong th nghim 2
cho kt qu chnh xc hn. V phenol phtalein gip chng ta xc nh mu tt
hn, r rang hn.

3. T kt qu th nghim 4, vic xc nh nng dung dch axit acetic
bng ch th mu no chnh xc hn, ti sao?

T kt qu th nghim 4, vic xc nh nng dung dch axit acetic bng phenol
phtalein chnh xc hn, V trong mi trng axit phenol phtalein khng c mu, v
chuyn sang c mu tm trong mi trng baz. Chng ta c th phn bit c
chnh xc hn. Cn metyl orange chuyn t trong mi trng axit, sang vng cam
trong mi trng baz nn ta kh phn bit c chnh xc.


4. Trong php phn tch th tch nu i v tr ca NaOH v axit th kt qu
c thay i khng, ti sao?

Trong php phn tch th tch nu i v tr ca NaOH v axit th kt qu khng thay
i, V cht ch th lun i mu im tng ng. Tuy nhin khi i nh vy th
ta kh xc nh mu hn nn s c sai s cht t.