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5.

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS


IMPORTANT NOTES :
UNIT 5.1 Law of Indices
I. am x an = am + n
II. am  an = am – n
III (am)n = amn

1
Other Results : 0
a = 1, a m  , (ab)m = am bm
am

1. 1000 = 3– 2 = (3p)2 =

5.1.1 “BACK TO BASIC”


BIL am  an = am + n am  an = am – n (am)n = amn
1. a3 × a2 = a 3 + 2 = a 5 a4  a = a 5 – 1 = a 4 (a3)2 = a3x2 = a6

23 × 24 = 23 + 4 3 5 3–5

a a = a = a
2. □ 2 4 2x4

= 2 (3 ) = 3 = 3
1
=
a2

p3 × p – 4 = p3 + ( – 4) p – 4  p5 = p – 4 – 5

□ □ –5 2 – 5 x2

= p = p (p ) = p = p
3.

1 =
= =  
p

2k3 × (2k)3 (4a)2  2a5 = (42a2)  (2a 5) (3x2)3 = 33 × x2x3


= 2k3 × 23 × k3
2
16a
4. = 2a 5 =

= ( ) =

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UNIT 5.2 SIMPLE EQUATIONS INVOLVING INDICES

Suggested Steps:
S1 : Use the laws of indices to simplify expression
(if necessary)
S2 : Make sure the base is the SAME
S3 : Form a linear equation by equating the indices
S4 : Solve the linear equation

No Example Exercise 1 Exercise 2


x x x
1. 3 = 81 2 = 32 4 = 64
3x = 34
x= 4 x = x=
2.
8x = 16 4x = 32 27x = 9

(23)x = 24
23x = 24
3x = 4
4
x =
3 x = x=
3. 8x = 16x – 3 4x+2 = 32x - 1 271 – x = 92x
(23)x = 24(x – 3)
23x = 24x – 12
3x = 4x – 12
x = 12
x = x=
4. 2 × 82x = 16x + 3 16 × 42x – 3 = 322 – x 251 – 3x = 5 × 125x
21 × (23)x = 24 (x + 3)
21+3x = 24x + 12
1 + 3x = 4x + 12
1 – 12 = 4x – 3x

x = – 11 x = x=

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UNIT 5.2 LOGARITMS
Do YOU know that ....

If a number N can be expressed in the


form N = ax , then the logarithm of N to
the base a is x?

N = ax  loga N = x

100 = 102  log10 100 = 2


64 = 43  log4 64 = 3
0.001 = 10-3  log10 0.001 = – 3

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Unit 5.2.1To convert numbers in index form to logaritmic form and vice-versa.
No. Index Form Logaritmic Form
1. 102 = 100 log10 100 = 2

2. 23 = 8 log2 8 = 3

3. pq = r logp r = q

4. 104 = 10000

5. a3 = b

6. 81 = 34

7. logp m = k

8. 2x = y

9. V = 10x

10. log3 x = y

11. loga y = 2

12. 25 = 32

13. log3 (xy) = 2

14. 10x = y3

15. log10 100y = p

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UNIT 5.2.2 To find the value of a given Logaritm

IMPORTANT : x
loga a = x
No. Logaritmic Form Notes
103 = 1000
1. log10 1000 = 3
dan log10 103 = 3
25 = 32
2. log2 32 = 5
dan log2 25 = 5
10 = 0.01
3. log10 0.01 =
dan log10 =
4 = 64
4. log 4 64 =
dan log4 =
5. log p p =

(REINFORCEMENT)

6. log p p8 = log a a2 =
1
7. log m m-1 = logm m2
=

8. log a a⅓ = log p p-5 =


1
9. loga a4
= log b bk =

10. log p (p×p2) = log p p p =

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UNIT 5.3 Laws of Logaritm
I. loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
x
II. loga   = loga x – loga y
 y
III loga xm = m loga x

Other Results : loga 1 = 0 (sebab 1 = a0)


loga a = 1 (sebab a1 = 1)
NO. Examples Exercises
1. loga 3pr = loga 3 + loga p + loga r (a)loga 2mn =

(b) loga 3aq = (c) log10 10yz =

(d) log10 1000xy = (e) log2 4mn =

2. p p
loga = loga p – loga q (a) loga = loga p – loga 2r
q 2r
= loga p – (loga 2 + loga r)
=

(c) log10   =
4 10
(b) log2 =
m  kx 

(d) log10   =
xy 3a
(e) loga =
 100  m

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UNIT 5.3.2 Aplication of the law : loga xn = n loga x
3. Example : 1 –2
(a) loga = loga x
3 x2
loga x = 3 loga x
=
(b) log2 ( xy 4 ) = log2 x + log2 y 4 (c) log2 ( 4 y 4 ) =
= log2 x + =

y4 y4
(d) log2 = (e) log2 =
x 8

Reinforcement exercises (Laws of Logaritm)


1. Example : (a) log10 10000x 5 =
3
log10 100x = log10 100 + log10x3 =

= log10 102 + 3 log10 x =

= 2 + 3 log10 x

xy 4 (c) logp ( 8 p 5 ) =
(b) log2 ( ) =
8
=
=

k2 y3
(d) log2 = (e) log4 =
4x 3 64

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UNIT 5.4 EQUATIONS IN INDICES (Which involves the use of LOGARITM)

I. Equation in the form ax = b


Steps to be followed:
S1 : Take logaritm (to base 10) on both sides.
S2 : Use the law log10 ax = x log10 a.
S3 : Solve the linear equation with the help of a calculator.

No. Example Exercise 1 Exercise 2


x x
1. 3x = 18 2 = 9 7 = 20
log10 3x = log10 18
x log10 3 = log10 18
log10 18
x 
log10 3

x = x = x=
2. 5x+2 = 16 4x+1 = 28 3x-2 = 8
log10 5x+2 = log10 16
(x+2) log10 3 = log10 18
log10 16
x2 
log10 5

x+2 =
x = x = x=
3. 2x+3 = 200 71-x = 2.8 63x-2 = 66
log10 2x+3 = log10 200

x+3 =
x = x = x=

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UNIT 5.5 Change of Base of Logarithms
log b x
Formula : loga x = log b a

No. Example Exercise 1 Exercise 2


1. log 2 8 log 2 32 (b) log16 8 =
log4 8 = (a) log4 32 =
log 2 4 log 2 4

=
3 =
2

(c) log8 2 = (d) log9 27 = (e) log81 9 =

= = =

(With a calculator) – Change to base 10


1. log10 9 log10 20 (b) log4 0.8 =
log4 9 = (a) log5 20 =
log10 4 log10 5

= =

(c) log7 2 = (d) log9 77 = (e) log3 9.6 =

(f) log6 2.5 = (g) log5 2000 = (h) log12 6 =

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UNIT 5.6 Aplication of the Laws of Logaritm To Solve Simple Equations
involvong logaritms
EXAMPLE EVERCISE
C1. Solve the equation log2 (x+1) = 3. L1. Solve the equation log2 (x – 3 ) = 2.
Answers: log2 (x+1) = 3 Jawapan:
x + 1 = 23
x+1= 8
x = 7

Ans : x = 7
C2. Solve the equation log10 (3x – 2) = – 1 . L2. Solve the equation log5 (4x – 1 ) = – 1 .
Jawapan: 3x – 2 = 10-1
3x – 2 = 0.1
3x = 2.1
x = 0.7

Ans : x = 0.3

L3. Solve the equation log3 (x – 6) = 2. L4. Solve the equation log10 (1+ 3x) = 2

Ans : x = 15 Ans : x = 33
L5. Solve the equation log3 (2x – 1) + log2 4 = 5 L6. Solve the equation
. log4 (x – 2) + 3log2 8 = 10.

Ans : x = 6
Ans : x = 14
L7. Solve the equation L8. Solve the equation
log2 (x + 5) = log2 (x – 2) + 3. log5 (4x – 7) = log5 (x – 2) + 1.

Ans : x = 3 Ans : x = 3
L9. Solve log3 3(2x + 3) = 4 L10 . Solve log2 8(7 – 3x) = 5

Ans : x = 12 Ans : x = 1

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UNIT 5.6.1 To Determine the value of a logarithm without using calculator.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Given log 2 3 = 1.585, log2 5 = 2.322. Without L1. Given log3 5 = 1.465 , log3 7 = 1.771 .
using a calculator find the value of Withouf using calculator, evaluate

(a) log2 15 = log2 (3 × 5) (a) log3 35 =


= log2 3 + log2 5 =
= 1.585 + 2.322 =
= =

(b) log2 25 = log2 (5 × 5) (b) log3 49 =


= =
= =
= =

3 (c) log3 1.4 =


(c) log2 0.6 = log2 ( )
5
= log2 3 – log2 5 =
= =
= =

(d) log2 10 = log2 (2 × 5) (d) log3 21 =


= log2 2 + log2 5 =
= =
= =

log 2 5
(e) log4 5 = (e) log9 21 =
log 2 4
=
2.322
= =
2
=
=

log 2 2 (f) log5 3 =


(f) log5 2 =
log 2 5
1
1 =
= ( )
( )
=
=

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Enrichment Exercises (SPM Format Questions)
EXERCISE EXCERCISE
L1 Given log3 x = m and log2 x = n. L2. Given log3 x = p and log2 x = q.
Find logx 24 in terms of m and n. Find logx 36 in terms of m and n.
[SPM 2001] [4] [4]

(Ans : 3/n + 1/m )


(Ans: 2/p + 2/q )
L3. Given log3 x = p and log9 y = q. L4. Given log3 x = p and log9 y = q.
Find log3 xy2 in terms of p and q. Find log3 x2y3 in terms of p and q.
[SPM 1998] [4] [4]

(Ans: p + 4q ) (Ans: 2p + 6q )
L5 Given log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express L6. Given log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express
log5 4.9 in terms of m and p. [4] log5 2.82 in terms of m and p.
[SPM 2004] [4]

(Ans: 2p – m – 1 ) (Ans: 2(p + m – 1 )


L7 Given log 2 T - log4 V = 3, express T in terms of L8. Given log 4 T + log 2 V = 2, express
V. [4] T in terms of V. [4]
[SPM 2003]

(Ans: T = 8V ½ ) (Ans: 16V-2 )


2x – 1 x
L9 Solve 4 = 7. [4] L10. Solve 42x – 1 = 9x. [4]

( Ans: x = 1.677 ) ( Ans: x = 2.409 )

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