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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.

com

i Hc Quc Gia H Ni Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T nhin

Phng php gii ton ha hc qua cc k thi H-C t nm 2010-2012


Ngi son: V Thanh Tng_sv khoa ha HKHTN-HQGHN

H Ni, thng 08 nm 2012

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com

Cc phng php gii ton ha hc

L thuyt v bi tp
3 5 8 12 16 17 19 21 22 26

p n phn t gii

TT1. Phng php bo ton khi lng(BTKL) TT2. Phng php tng gim khi lng TT3. Phng php bo ton nguyn t(BTNT) TT4. Phng php bo ton e(BT electron) TT5. Phng php bo ton in tch(BTT) TT6. Phng php trung bnh TT7. Phng php qui i hn hp TT8. Phng php chia hn hp thnh 2 phn khng u nhau TT9. Phng php kho sat s mol CO2 v H2O TT10. Phng php gii bi ton cracking v cng hp hir

Hi vng tp ti liu ny s gip cho cc bn hs t tin hn khi bc vo ma thi mi Trong qu trnh son bi c tham kho ti liu ca cc thy(c), cc bn hs, sv v cc tuyn sinh ca cc trng nh H s phm h ni, H quc gia h ni, thpt chuyn nguyn hu,... V kh nng v qu thi gian c hn chc chn b cn nhiu thiu st, rt mong s gp chn thnh ca qu thy(c), cc bn hs, sv

V Thanh Tng
Sv khoa ha HKHTN-HQGHN
T 098.555.6536 hoc 01219.030.111. E-mail thanhbach20112011.tb.vnu@gmail.com Facebook: phongtran22111992@gmail.com Yahoo: thankinhthuongnho@yahoo.com Page 2

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com

TT.1: Phng php bo ton khi lng


A/ C s l thuyt: Cho phn ng ha hc xy ra: aA + bB cC + dD - nh lut bo ton khi lng pht biu ns: trong mt p ha hc, tng khi lng cht tham gia bng tng khi lng cht to thnh: mA + mB = mC + mD B/ V d minh ha Cu 1: Cho 200 gam mt loi cht bo c ch s axit bng 7 tc dng va vi mt lng NaOH, thu c 207,55 gam hn hp mui khan. Khi lng NaOH tham gia phn ng l A. 31,45 gam. B. 31 gam. C. 32,36 gam. D. 30 gam. ( Trch thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2011) Hd gii: [ pp s dng: mcht bo + mNAOH = mhn hp mui khan + mH2O + mglixerol ] hoc sd pp tng gim khi lng ( xem 16.2) - Do cht bo c ch s axit l 7 nn nNaOHp vi axit =nH2O =nKOHp vi axit = (200 . 7): (1000 . 56) =0,025 mol - gi s mol NaOH p l x mol, vy s mol NaOH thc hin p vi este l (x 0,025) mol, vy s mol glixerol l (x 0,025)/3 mol - p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c pt: mcht bo + mNAOH = mhn hp mui khan + mH2O + mglixerol <=> 200 + 40x = 207,55 + 0,025 . 18 + 92. (x 0,025)/3 => x = 0,775 mol => mNaOH =31 gam Cu 2: Trn 10,8 gam bt Al vi 34,8 gam bt Fe O ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Ho tan hon ton hn hp rn sau phn ng bng dung dch H SO long (d), thu c 10,752 lt kh H (ktc). Hiu sut ca phn ng nhit nhm l
2 2 4 3 4

A. 80%.

B. 90%.

C. 70%.

D. 60%. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi B 2010)

Hd gii: [ pp sd: p dng bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t i vi nhm v st] - Gi s mol Al v Fe sau khi thc hin phn ng nhit nhm l x, y mol - Ta c nH2= 1,5nAl+ nFe =1,5x + y= 0,48 mol (1) -nAl ban u=0,4 mol => nAl2O3= (0,4 x)/2 (bo ton nguyn t Al) do Al d l x mol sau p -nFe3O4ban u= 0,15 mol => nFe3O4 d= (0,15 . 3 y)/3 mol - p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c mAl (trc p) + mFe3O4(trc p) = mAl d + mFe3O4 d + mAl2O3 + mFe 27x+232.(0,15 . 3 y)/3 +102(0,4 x)/2 + 56y = 10,8 + 34,8

24x + 64/3y =9,6 (2)


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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com - T (1) v (2) suy ra x = 0,08 v y= 0,36. Vy H% = (0,4 0,08)/0,4=80% C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii (15-20 bi) Cu 3: Thu phn hon ton 0,2 mol mt este E cn dng va 100 gam dung dch NaOH 24%, thu c mt ancol v 43,6 gam hn hp mui ca hai axit cacboxylic n chc. Hai axit l A. HCOOH v C2H5COOH. B. HCOOH v CH3COOH. C. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH. D. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2010) Cu 4: un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C2H2 v 0,03 mol H2 trong mt bnh kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 10,08. Gi tr ca m l A. 0,328. B. 0,620. C. 0,585. D. 0,205. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2010) Cu 5: Cho hn hp X gm ancol metylic v hai axit cacboxylic (no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng) tc dng ht vi Na, gii phng ra 6,72 lt kh H2 (ktc). Nu un nng hn hp X (c H2SO4 c lm xc tc) th cc cht trong hn hp phn ng va vi nhau to thnh 25 gam hn hp este (gi thit phn ng este ho t hiu sut 100%). Hai axit trong hn hp X l A. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH. B. HCOOH v CH3COOH. C. C3H7COOH v C4H9COOH. D. C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH (trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2010) Cu 6: Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm Na, Na2O, NaOH v Na2CO3 trong dung dch axt H2SO4 40% (va ) thu c 8,96 lt hn hp kh c t khi i vi H2 bng 16,75 v dung dch Y c nng 51,449%. C cn Y thu c 170,4 gam mui. Gi tr ca m l: A. 37,2 gam B. 50,4 gam C. 50,6 gam D. 23,8 gam (trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2012) Cu 7: Cho 17,6 gam Cht X cng thc C4H8O2 tc dng hon ton vi 100 ml dung dch cha NaOH 1,5M v KOH 1,0M. Sau phn ng c cn thu 20 gam cht rn. Cng thc X l A. HCOO-C3H7 B. C2H5COOCH3 C. CH3COO-C2H5 D. C3H7COOH ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2010) Cu 8: Chia 23,6 gam hn hp gm HCHO v cht hu c X l ng ng ca HCHO thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1, cho tc dng vi H2 d (t0C, xc tc), sau phn ng thu c 12,4 gam hn hp ancol. Phn 2, cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c108 gam bc . Cng thc phn t ca X l: A. C2H3CHO B. C2H5CHO C. (CHO)2 D. CH3CHO ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2010) Cu 9: Cho 27,3 gam hn hp A gm hai este no, n chc tc dng va vi dung dch KOH, thu c 30,8 gam hn hp hai mui ca 2 axit k tip v 16,1 gam mt ancol. Khi lng ca este c khi lng phn t nh c trong hn hp A l A. 21 gam. B. 22 gam. C. 17,6 gam. D. 18,5 gam. ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 2012) Cu 10: Ha tan hon ton 3,9 gam kali vo 36,2 gam nc thu c dung dch c nng A. 4,04%. B. 15,47%. C. 14,00%. D. 13,97%. Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 4

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com ( trch thi th ln 1 nm 2010 chuyn HSPHN) Cu 11: Cho 10,6 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc tch nc 1400C, xc tc H2SO4 c thu c 8,8 gam hn hp 3 ete c s mol bng nhau. Hai ancol l: A. Phng n khc B. CH3OH v C3H7OH C. CH3OH v C4H9OH D. C2H5OH v C3H7OH ( trch thi th chuyn HSPHN ln 1 nm 2011) Cu 12: Cho 16,4 gam hn hp X gm 2 axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip nhau phn ng hon ton vi 200ml dung dch NaOH 1M v KOH 1M, thu c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y, thu c 31,1 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng thc ca 2 axit trong X l: A. C3H6O2 v C4H8O2 B. C3H4O2 v C4H6O2 C. C2H4O2 v C3H4O2 D. C2H4O2 v C3H6O2 ( trch thi th chuyn HSPHN ln 1 nm 2011) Cu 13: Ha tan ht 26,43 gam hn hp bt gm Mg, Al, Al2O3 v MgO bng 795 ml dung dch hn hp gm HCl 0,5M v H2SO4 0,75M (va ). Sau phn ng thu c dung dch X v 4,368 lt kh H2 ( ktc). C cn dung dch X thu c khi lng mui khan l A. 86,58 gam. B. 88,18 gam. C. 100,52 gam. D. 95,92 gam. ( trch thi th THPT Ph Dc_TB nm 2010) Cu 14: Cho V lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm 2 olefin lin tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng hp nc (xc tc H+) thu c 12,9 gam hn hp X gm 3 ancol. un nng X trong H2SO4 c 1400C thu c 10,65 gam hn hp Y gm 6 ete khan. Gi s hiu sut cc phn ng l 100%. Cng thc phn t ca 2 olefin v gi tr ca V l A. C2H4, C3H6, 5,60 lt B. C4H8, C5H10, 5,6 lt C. C2H4, C3H6, 4,48 lt D. C3H6, C4H8, 4,48 lt ( trch thi th THPT Ph Dc_TB nm 2011) Cu 15:un nng 15,2 gam hn hp 2 ru no n chc, l ng ng k tip vi H2SO4 c 140OC, thu c 12,5 gam hn hp 3 ete (h = 100%). Cng thc ca 2 ru l A. C3H7OH v C4H9OH. B. CH3OH v C2H5OH. C. C2H5OH v C3H7OH. D. CH3OH v C3H7OH

TT.2: Phng php tng gim khi lng


A/ C s l thuyt Khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc khi lng c th tng hoc gim do khi lng mol ca mi cht khc nhau. S tng hay gim khi lng ca mi cht lun c quan h vi s mol ca mi cht. Da vo mi quan h ny c th gii nhanh nhiu bi ton ha hc B/ V d minh ha Cu 1: Cho m gam bt Zn vo 500 ml dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 0,24M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng dung dch tng thm 9,6 gam so vi khi lng dung dch ban u. Gi tr ca m l A. 20,80. B. 29,25. C. 48,75. D. 32,50 ( trch thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B 2011) HD1 [pp Khi lng dd tng thm 9,6 g chnh bng khi lng Zn tham gia p (1) v (2) tr i khi lng Fe to thnh (2) Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 5

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com - nFe(3+)= 0,24. 2. 0,5= 0,24 mol -ptpu: (1) Zn + 2Fe3+ Zn2+ + 2Fe2+ (2) Zn + Fe2+ Zn2+ Fe.

- gi s xy ra phn ng (1) ta c nZn(pu) nFe(3+)=0,12 mol, vy mddtng=mZn p 0,12. 65=7,8 gam, tri gi thit mdd tng=9,6 g => xy ra p (1) v (2) - ta c nZn(1)= nFe(3+)= 0,12 mol. Gi s mol Zn phn ng (2) l x mol => nFe= x mol. Khi lng dd tng thm 9,6 g chnh bng khi lng Zn tham gia p (1) v (2) tr i khi lng Fe to thnh (2)

mZn mFe = (0,12 +x). 65 56x= 9,6 => x =0,2 mol. Vy m= mZn= 65.(0,12 +0,2) = 20,8 gam
Cu 2: Cho 200 gam mt loi cht bo c ch s axit bng 7 tc dng va vi mt lng NaOH, thu c 207,55 gam hn hp mui khan. Khi lng NaOH tham gia phn ng l A. 31,45 gam. B. 31 gam. C. 32,36 gam. D. 30 gam ( trch thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B 2011) HD2 [ NaOH tham gia 2 p l p axit-bazo v p x phng ha: - RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O (1) 1 nguyn t H thay bng 1 nguyn t Na nn mui khan tng so vi axit l 22 gam nu 1 mol NaOH p vi axit - (RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3 (2) 3 nguyn t Na thay bng 1 gc C3H5. Vy mui khan tng so vi este l 23. 3 41= 28 gam nu 3 mol NaOH p vi este ] - Do cht bo c ch s axit l 7 nn nNaOHp vi axit =nH2O =nKOHp vi axit = (200 . 7): (1000 . 56) =0,025 mol - Gi s mol NaOH p vi este l x mol. Ta c: mmui khan mcht bo = 0,025. 22 + 28.x/3 = 7,55 gam x= 0,75 mol - Vy tng s mol NaOH p l 0.775 mol mNaOH = 31 gam Cu 3: Cho m gam bt Cu vo 400 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,2M, sau mt thi gian phn ng thu c 7,76 gam hn hp cht rn X v dung dch Y. Lc tch X, ri thm 5,85 gam bt Zn vo Y, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 10,53 gam cht rn Z. Gi tr ca m l A. 5,12. B. 3,84. C. 5,76. D. 6,40. ( trch thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B 2011) HD3: [ CM Zn p d: p dng nh lut bo ton e ta c e nhn trong dd= const= nAg+ = 0,2. 0,4 = 0,08 mol, m e Zn nhng c th=2nZn=0,18 mol. Vy Zn p d ] - khi cho Cu vo dd xy ra p: Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag (1) - p dng nh lut bo ton e ta c e nhn trong dd= nAg+ = 0,2. 0,4 = 0,08 mol, m e Zn nhng c th=2nZn=0,18 mol. Vy Zn p d. Gi s mol Cu2+ v Ag+ trong dd Y ln lt l x,y mol. - ptpu (2) Zn + 2Ag+ Zn2+ + 2Ag (y mol Ag+ => y mol Ag sinh ra v y/2 mol Zn p) (3) Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu (x mol Cu2+ => x mol Cu sinh ra v x mol Zn p)

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com - Sd pp tng gim khi lng: mcht rn tng= mCu sinh ra +mAg sinh ra mZn p = 64x+108y (x+y/2). 65= 10,53 5,85=4,68 g

-x +75,5y= 4,68 (I)


- nAg p 1= 0,4. 0,2 y= 0,08 y mol=2nCu(2+) trong Y=2x 2x + y= 0,08 (II) - T (I) v (II) ta c x= 0,009 v y= 0,062 => mAg sinh ra 1=2. 0,009. 108=1,944 => mCu(X)=7,76 -1,944 =5,816 gam - Vy m= 5,816 + 64. 0,009=6,392 Cu 4: Hn hp Z gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc X v Y (M > M ) c tng khi lng l 8,2 gam. Cho Z tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c dung dch cha 11,5 gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho Z tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO trong NH , thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Cng thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong Z l
3 3 X Y

A. C H COOH v 54,88%. B. C H COOH v 43,90%.


3 5 2 3

C. C H COOH v 56,10%. D. HCOOH v 45,12%.


2 5

( trch thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B 2010) HD4: [ - RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O, c 1 mol NaOH p th mui thu c tng so vi khi lng axit l 22 g v 1 nguyn t Na thay bng 1 nguyn t H. T khi lng tng tnh c s mol axit - do axit tc vi AgNO3/NH3 to Ag nn l HCOOH td vi t l 1:2] - naxit= (11,5 8,2)/22 =0,15mol - nHCOOH= nAg= 0,1 mol. Vy Y l HCOOH v MX> MY. - Vy nX = 0,15 0,1 =0,05; mX= 8,2 0,1 .46 =3,6g => MX =3,6/0,05 =72. Vy X l C2H3COOH - Thnh phn phn trm khi lng: %mC2H3COOH= 43,9% C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii
Cu 5: Trung ho 3,88 gam hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h bng dung dch NaOH, c cn ton b dung dch sau phn ng thu c 5,2 gam mui khan. Nu t chy hon ton 3,88 gam X th th tch oxi (ktc) cn dng l A. 1,12 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 2,24 lt. Cu 6: Cho 2,7 gam hn hp bt X gm Fe v Zn tc dng vi dung dch CuSO . Sau mt thi gian, thu c dung dch Y v 2,84 gam cht rn Z. Cho ton b Z vo dung dch H SO (long, d), sau khi cc phn ng kt thc th khi lng cht rn gim 0,28 gam v dung dch thu c ch cha mt mui duy nht. Phn trm khi lng ca Fe trong X l A. 41,48%. B. 51,85%. C. 48,15%. D. 58,52%. Cu 7: Cho m gam bt Cu vo 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,2M, sau phn ng thu c 3,88g cht rn X v dung dch Y. Cho 2,925g bt Zn vo dung dch Y sau phn ng thu c 5,265g cht rn Z v dung dch ch cha 1 mui duy nht. Gi tr ca m l: A. 3,17 B. 2,56 C. 1,92 D. 3,2 ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2011)
2 4 4

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com Cu 8: Cho m gam Al vo 500ml dung dch Cu(NO3)2 0,2M, AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c cht rn nng (m+7,71) gam. Gi tr ca m l : A. 5,29 B. 4,02 C. 1,53 D. 1,89 ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2010) Cu 9: Trung ha ht 10,36 gam axit hu c n chc bng dung dch Ba(OH)2 va thu c 19,81 gam mui khan. Xc nh cng thc ca axit? A. CH3COOH B. C2H3COOH C. C3H5COOH D. C2H5COOH ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 3 nm 2011) Cu 10: Cho m gam Mg vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol AgNO3 v 0,25 mol Cu(NO3)2, sau mt thi gian thu c 19,44 gam kt ta v dung dch X cha 2 mui. Tch ly kt ta, thm tip 8,4 gam bt st vo dung dch X, sau khi cc phn ng hon ton thu c 9,36 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: A. 4,8 gam. B. 4,32 gam. C. 4,64gam. D. 5,28 gam. ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 4 nm 2012) Cu 11: Cho 29,8 gam hn hp 2 amin n chc k tip tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl, lm kh dung dch thu c 51,7 gam mui khan. Cng thc phn t 2 amin l A. C2H5N v C3H7N B. CH5N v C2H7N C. C3H9N v C4H11N D. C2H7N v C3H9N ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN- HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 12: Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Zn bng dung dch HCl d. Dung dch thu c sau phn ng tng ln so vi ban u (m 2) gam. Khi lng ( gam) mui clorua to thnh trong dung dch l A. m +73. B. m + 35,5. C. m + 36,5. D. m + 71. ( trch thi th chuyn HSPHN ln 1 nm 2010) Cu 13: Ha tan hon ton 104,25 gam hn hp X gm NaCl v NaI vo nc c dung dch Y. Sc kh Cl2 d vo dung dch Y. Kt thc th nghim, c cn dung dch thu c 58,5 gam mui khan. Khi lng NaCl c trong hn hp X l A. 17,55 gam. B. 58,50 gam C. 29,25 gam. D. 23,40 gam ( trch thi th chuyn HSPHN ln 1 nm 2010) Cu 14: Ngm mt inh st sch trong 200ml dung dch CuSO4. Sau khi phn ng kt thc, ly inh st ra khi dung dch ra sch nh bng nc ct v sy kh ri em cn thy khi lng inh st tng 0,8 gam so vi ban u. Nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 dng l A. 0,0625M. B. 0,05M. C. 0,625M. D. 0,5M. ( trch thi th chuyn HSPHN ln 1 nm 2010) Cu 15: Hn hp X gm 3 amin n chc, no, l ng ng k tip nhau c trn theo th t khi lng mol phn t tng dn vi t l mol tng ng l: 1:10:5. Cho 20g X tc dng vi dd HCl va .C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 31,68g hn hp mui. Cng thc ca 3 amin trn l: A. C4H9NH2, C5H11NH2, C6H13NH2 B. CH3NH2, C2H5NH2, C3H7NH2 C. C2H5NH2, C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2 D. C3H7NH2, C4H9NH2, C5H11NH2 ( trch thi th THPT Ph Dc_TB nm 2010)

TT.3: Phng php Bo ton nguyn t


A/ C s l thuyt - nh lut bo ton nguyn t: Trong cc phn ng ha hc thng thng cc nguyn t lun c bo ton ( tng s mol ca mt nguyn t bt k trc v sau phn ng l lun bng nhau) Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 8

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com - im mu cht ca phng php l phi xc nh c ng cc hp phn c cha nguyn t X trc v sau phn ng, p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t rt ra mi quan h gia cc hp phn trc v sau phn ng => kt lun cn thit B/ V d minh ha Cu 1: Hn hp kh X gm etilen, metan, propin v vinylaxetilen c t khi so vi H2 l 17. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol hn hp X ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d) th khi lng bnh tng thm m gam. Gi tr ca m l A. 7,3. B. 6,6. C. 3,39. D. 5,85. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi B 2011) HD1: [ - CT cc Hircacbon l CH4, C2H4, C3H4, C4H4 vi tng s mol l 0,05 vy nH2O= 0,05. 2=0,1 mol - mhircacbon= mC+mH = 17.2. 0,05 = 1,7g. mC= 1,7 2. 0,1 =1,5g( do khi lng Hir chuyn hon ton vo H2O) - C trong hirocacbon chuyn v hon ton trong CO2 nn nCO2=nC= 1,5/12= 0,125 mol - Khi lng bnh tng m= mCO2+mH2O= 0,125. 44 + 18. 0,1 =7,3 g ] Cu 2: ipeptit mch h X v tripeptit mch h Y u c to nn t mt aminoaxit (no, mch h, trong phn t cha mt nhm -NH v mt nhm -COOH). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y, thu c tng khi lng CO v H O bng 54,9 gam. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X, sn phm thu c cho li t t qua nc vi trong d, to ra m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l A. 120. B. 60. C. 30. D. 45. ( Trch thi tuyn sinh khi B 2010) HD2: [- xt aminoaxit tha mn bi c CT l CnH2n+1NO2 vy ipeptit X c CT l C2nH4nN2O3, Y c CT l C3nH6n-1N3O4 - khi t chy Y: C3nH6n-1N3O4 + O2 3n CO2 + (3n ) H2O + N2 ta c nCO2- nH2O= nY , da vo pt tng khi lng CO2, H2O x s mol CO2, H2O v x CT Y => CT X ] - Gi s mol CO2, H2O ln lt l a,b mol. Ta c: - mCO2+mH2O= 44a +18b = 54,9(g) - nCO2- nH2O= nY a- b= . 0,1 - Vy s mol a= 0,9; b= 0,85 vy CT ca Y l C9H17N3O4 v CT amino axit l C3H7NO2 => CT ca X l C6H12N2O3 - Vy khi t chy 0,2 mol X th s mol CO2 thu c l 1,2 mol v mCaCO3= 120(g) C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 3: Cho 13,74 gam 2,4,6-trinitrophenol vo bnh kn ri nung nng nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c x mol hn hp kh gm: CO , CO, N v H . Gi tr ca x l
2 2 2 2 2 2

D. 0,45. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi B 2010) Cu 4: Hn hp X gm axit axetic, axit fomic v axit oxalic. Khi cho m gam X tc dng vi NaHCO (d) th thu c 15,68 lt kh CO (ktc). Mt khc, t chy hon ton m gam X cn 8,96 lt kh O (ktc), thu c 35,2 gam CO v y mol H O. Gi tr ca y l
2 2 2 2 3

A. 0,60.

B. 0,36.

C. 0,54.

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com D. 0,6. (trch tuyn sinh khi A nm 2011) Cu 5: t chy hon ton 0,11 gam mt este X (to nn t mt axit cacboxylic n chc v mt ancol n chc) thu c 0,22 gam CO v 0,09 gam H O. S este ng phn ca X l
2 2

A. 0,8.

B. 0,3.

C. 0,2.

D. 2. (trch tuyn sinh khi A nm 2011) Cu 6: Hn hp X gm C H v H c cng s mol. Ly mt lng hn hp X cho qua cht xc tc nung nng, thu c hn hp Y gm C H , C H , C H v H . Sc Y vo dung dch brom (d) th khi lng bnh brom tng 10,8 gam v thot ra 4,48 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi H l 8. Th tch O (ktc) cn t chy hon ton hn hp Y l A. 33,6 lt.
2 2 2 4 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2

A. 5.

B. 4.

C. 6.

D. 44,8 lt. (trch tuyn sinh khi A nm 2011) Cu 7: t chy hon ton x gam hn hp gm hai axit cacboxylic hai chc, mch h v u c mt lin kt i C=C trong phn t, thu c V lt kh CO (ktc) v y mol H O. Biu thc lin h gia cc gi tr x, y v V l
2 2

B. 22,4 lt.

C. 26,88 lt.

D. V= 28/95(x +62y) (trch tuyn sinh khi A nm 2011) Cu 8: t chy hon ton 3,42 gam hn hp gm axit acrylic, vinyl axetat, metyl acrylat v axit oleic, ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH) (d). Sau phn ng thu c 18 gam kt ta v dung dch X. Khi lng X so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH) ban u thay i nh th no?
2 2

A. V=28/95(x- 62y) B. V=28/55(x+30y)

C. 28/55(x- 30y)

A. Gim 7,74 gam.

D. Tng 7,92 gam. (trch tuyn sinh khi A nm 2011) Cu 9: Nung m gam hn hp X gm FeS v FeS trong mt bnh kn cha khng kh (gm 20% th tch O v
2 2 2

B. Gim 7,38 gam.

C. Tng 2,70 gam.

80% th tch N ) n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt cht rn duy nht v hn hp kh Y c thnh phn th tch: 84,8% N , 14% SO , cn li l O . Phn trm khi lng ca FeS trong hn hp X l
2 2 2

D. 42,31%. (trch tuyn sinh khi A nm 2011) Cu 10: Kh 1,6 gam hn hp 2 anehit no bng H2 thu c hn hp 2 ancol. un nng hn hp 2 ancol vi H2SO4 c c hn hp 2 olefin l ng ng lin tip. t chy ht 2 olefin ny c 3,52 gam CO2. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cng thc ca 2 anehit l: A. HCHO v CH3CHO B. CH3CHO v CH2(CHO)2 C. CH3CHO v C2H5CHO D. C2H5CHO v C3H7CHO ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2011) Cu 11: Cho 27,48 gam axit picric vo bnh kn dung tch 20 lt ri nung nng nhit cao phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kh gm CO2, CO, N2 v H2. Gi bnh 12230C th p sut ca bnh l P atm. Gi tr ca P l: A. 7,724 atm B. 6,624 atm C. 8,32 atm D. 5,21 atm ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2011) Cu 12: t chy hon ton 29,16 gam hn hp X gm RCOOH, C2H3COOH, v (COOH)2 thu c m gam H2O v 21,952 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc, 29,16 gam hn hp X phn ng hon ton vi NaHCO3 d thu c 11,2 lt (ktc) kh CO2.Gi tr ca m l A. 10,8 gam B. 9 gam C. 8,1gam D. 12,6 gam ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 2012) Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 10

A. 59,46%.

B. 26,83%.

C. 19,64%.

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com Cu 13: Hn hp kh X gm etilen, metan, propin v vinylaxetilen c t khi so vi H2 l 17. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d) th khi lng dung dch thay i: A. gim 10,4 gam. B. tng 7,8 gam. C. gim 7,8 gam. D. tng 14,6 gam. ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 2012) Cu 14: t chy hon ton hn hp gm FeS2 v Ag2S vi s mol bng nhau thu c 3,696 lt SO2 (ktc) v cht rn B . Cho B tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d, sau phn ng hon ton thy cn li m gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr ca m l: A. 13,64 B. 11,88 C. 17,16 D. 8,91 ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2010) Cu 15: Mt loi phn Supephotphat kp c cha 72,68% mui canxi ihirophotphat cn li gm cc cht khng cha pht pho. dinh dng ca loi phn ln ny l: A. 60,68% B. 37,94% C. 30,34% D. 44,1% ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2012) Cu 16: t chy hon ton 5,4g mt amin X n chc trong lng va khng kh. Dn sn phm kh qua bnh ng nc vi trong d thu c 24g kt ta v c 41,664 lt (ktc) mt cht kh duy nht thot ra. X tc dng vi HNO2 to ra kh N2. X l: A. imetylamin B. anilin C. etylamin D. metylamin (trch thi th i hc ln 3 nm 2011) Cu 17 Hn hp X gm 1 ankan v 1 anken. Cho X tc dng vi 4,704 lt H2 (ktc) cho n phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y gm 2 kh trong c H2 d v 1 hirocacbon. t chy hon ton Y ri cho sn phm vo nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh ng nc vi trong tng 16,2 gam v c 18 gam kt ta to thnh. Cng thc ca 2 hirocacbon l: A. C2H6 v C2H4 B. C2H8 v C3H6 C. C4H10 v C4H8 D. C5H10 v C5H12 (trch thi th i hc ln 3 nm 2011) Cu 18: Ha tan hon ton 19,2 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 trong 50 ml dung dch H2SO4 18M (c, d, un nng), thu c dung dch Y v V lt kh SO2 (ktc v l sn phm kh duy nht). Cho 450 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch Y thu c 21,4 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l: A. 3,36 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 6,72 lt. D. 5,60 lt. (trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 4 nm 2012) Cu 19: t chy 3,2 gam mt este E n chc, mch h c 3,584 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,304 gam H2O. Nu cho 15 gam E tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 14,3 gam cht rn khan. Vy cng thc ca ancol to nn este trn c th l A. CH2=CH-OH B. CH3OH C. CH3CH2OH D. CH2=CH-CH2OH ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN-HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 20: Cho 200 ml dung dch AgNO3 2,5a mol/l tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch Fe(NO3)2 a mol/l. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c 17,28 gam cht rn v dung dch X. Cho dung dch HCl d vo dung dch X thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l A. 34,44 B. 28,7 C. 40,18 D. 43,05 ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN-HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011)
Cu 21: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, a chc, mch h, c cng s nhm -OH)

cn va V lt kh O , thu c 11,2 lt kh CO v 12,6 gam H O (cc th tch kh o ktc). Gi tr ca V l


2 2 2

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com A. 14,56. B. 15,68. C. 11,20. D. 4,48 (trch thi tuyn sinh khi B 2010)

TT.4: Phng php bo ton electron


A. C s l thuyt Trong phn ng oxi ha kh c e nhng =e nhn ne nhng=ne nhn B. V d minh ha Cu 1: Cho hi nc i qua than nng , thu c 15,68 lt hn hp kh X (ktc) gm CO, CO2 v H2. Cho ton b X tc dng ht vi CuO (d) nung nng, thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Ho tan ton b Y bng dung dch HNO3 (long, d) c 8,96 lt NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Phn trm th tch kh CO trong X l A. 57,15%. B. 14,28%. C. 28,57%. D. 18,42%. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi B 2011)
HD1: [ Pp: T s mol NO s mol nCu= 0,6 mol nCO, H2=nCu=0,6 mol, p dng LBT e cho qu trnh hi nc qua than nng ta x c yc bi ] Gi s mol CO, H2, CO2 trong 15,68 lt hn hp ln lt l x, y, z mol. Ta c nhh= x +y +z= 0,7 mol (I) v nCO, H2= x +y= 0,6 mol (II) p dng LBT e ta c: (CO) mol (CO2) mol (H2O) 2H+ mol + 2e 2y H20 y

C0 C+2 + 2e x x 2x

C0 C+4 + 4e z z 4z

e nhng =e nhn ne nhng=ne nhn


2x +4z = 2y (III)

T (I), (II), (III) ta c x = 0,2; y = 0,4; z = 0,1 %VCO = 28,57%

Cu 2: Trn 0,54g bt Al vi 50g hn hp Fe2O3, CuO, ZnO, MgO, ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm mt thi gian (khng c khng kh), thu c hn hp rn X . Ho tan X trong dd HNO3 d thu c 0,896 lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2 v NO (ktc). T khi hi ca hn hp Y so vi H2 l HD2: [ Pp: nhn thy trong ton b qu trnh Al v Al+3; Fe v Fe+3; Cu v Cu+2; Mg v Mg+2; Zn v Zn+2. V vy xt ton b cho c qu trnh ch c Al nhng e v N+5 nhn e] -Gi s mol ca NO2; NO trong hn hp ln lt l: x, y mol. Ta c: x +y = 0,04 mol (I) - Qu trnh nhng nhn e: Al0 Al+3 + 3e N+5 + 1e N+4 0,02 0,06 mol x x mol N+5 + 3e N+2 3y y mol - p dng LBT e ta c: x +3y =0,06 (II) - T (I)v (II) ta c x =0,03; y = 0,01. Vy Mhh= 42 v dhh/H2 = 21

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 3: Cho m gam hn hp bt X gm ba kim loi Zn, Cr, Sn c s mol bng nhau tc dng ht vi lng d dung dch HCl long, nng thu c dung dch Y v kh H2. C cn dung dch Y thu c 8,98 gam mui khan. Nu cho m gam hn hp X tc dng hon ton vi O2 (d) to hn hp 3 oxit th th tch kh O2 (ktc) phn ng l A. 1,008 lt. B. 0,672 lt. C. 2,016 lt. D. 1,344 lt. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2010) Cu 4: Cho x mol Fe tan hon ton trong dung dch cha y mol H2SO4 (t l x : y = 2 : 5), thu c mt sn phm kh duy nht v dung dch ch cha mui sunfat. S mol electron do lng Fe trn nhng khi b ho tan l A. 2x. B. 3x. C. y. D. 2y. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2010) Cu 5: Ho tan 13,68 gam mui MSO vo nc c dung dch X. in phn X (vi in cc tr, cng dng in khng i) trong thi gian t giy, c y gam kim loi M duy nht catot v 0,035 mol kh anot. Cn nu thi gian in phn l 2t giy th tng s mol kh thu c c hai in cc l 0,1245 mol. Gi tr ca y l A. 3,920. B. 1,680. C. 4,480. D. 4,788. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2011) Cu 6: Chia hn hp X gm K, Al v Fe thnh hai phn bng nhau. - Cho phn 1 vo dung dch KOH (d) thu c 0,784 lt kh H (ktc). - Cho phn 2 vo mt lng d H O, thu c 0,448 lt kh H (ktc) v m gam hn hp kim loi Y. Ho tan hon ton Y vo dung dch HCl (d) thu c 0,56 lt kh H (ktc).
2 2 2 2 4

Khi lng (tnh theo gam) ca K, Al, Fe trong mi phn hn hp X ln lt l: A. 0,39; 0,54; 1,40. B. 0,39; 0,54; 0,56. C. 0,78; 0,54; 1,12.

D. 0,78; 1,08; 0,56.

(trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2011) Cu 7: in phn dung dch gm 7,45 gam KCl v 28,2 gam Cu(NO ) (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) n khi khi lng dung dch gim i 10,75 gam th ngng in phn (gi thit lng nc bay hi khng ng k). Tt c cc cht tan trong dung dch sau in phn l A. KNO v Cu(NO ) B. KNO , KCl v KOH.
3 3 3 2 3 3 2

C. KNO v KOH.

D. KNO , HNO v Cu(NO ) .


3 3 3 2

(trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2011) Cu 8: Cho 7,68 gam Cu vo 200 ml dung dch gm HNO 0,6M v H SO 0,5M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra
3 2 4

hon ton (sn phm kh duy nht l NO), c cn cn thn ton b dung dch sau phn ng th khi lng mui khan thu c l A. 20,16 gam. B. 22,56 gam. C. 19,76 gam. D. 19,20 gam. KNO , HNO v Cu(NO ) .
3 3 3 2

(trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2011) Cu 9: Ho tan hn hp bt gm m gam Cu v 4,64 gam Fe O vo dung dch H SO (long, rt d), sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ch thu c dung dch X. Dung dch X lm mt mu va 100 ml dung dch KMnO 0,1M. Gi tr ca m l Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc
4 3 4 2 4

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com A. 0,64. B. 0,96. C. 1,24. D. 3,2. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi A 2011) Cu 10: Nung 8,42g hn hp X gm Al, Mg, Fe trong oxi sau mt thi gian thu c 11,62g hn hp Y. Ha tan hon ton Y trong dung dch HNO3 d thu c 1,344 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. S mol HNO3 phn ng l: A. 0,56 mol B. 0,64 mol C. 0,48 mol D. 0,72 mol ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 2011) Cu 12: Ha tan a mol Fe trong dung dch H2SO4 thu c 12,32 lt SO2 (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c 75,2 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca a l: A. 0,4 B. 0,6 C. 0,3 D. 0,5 ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 2011) Cu 13: Ho tan hon ton hn hp X (gm x mol Fe, y mol Cu, z mol Fe2O3 v t mol Fe3O4) trong dung dch HCl khng thy kh c kh bay ra khi khi bnh, dung dch thu c ch cha 2 mui. Mi quan h gia s mol cc cht c trong hn hp X l. A. x+ y = 2z +2t B. x +y = z +t C. x+y =2z +3t D. x+y =2z +2t ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2012) Cu 14: Kh hon ton m gam oxit MxOy cn va 10,752 lt H2 (ktc) thu c 20,16g kim loi M. Cho ton b lng kim loi ny tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 8,064 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Cng thc ca MxOy l: A. FeO B. Fe3O4 C. Cr2O3 D. Cu2O ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 2011) Cu 15: Ho tan hon ton m gam Fe trong dung dch HNO3 thy c 0,3 mol kh NO2 sn phm kh duy nht thot ra, nh tip dung dch HCl va vo li thy c 0,02 mol kh NO duy nht bay ra. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c cht rn c khi lng l: A. 24,27 g B. 26,92 g C. 19,5 g D. 29,64 g ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2012) Cu 16: Ha tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,002 mol FeS2 v 0,003 mol FeS vo lng H2SO4 c nng d thu c kh X. Hp th X bng lng va Vml dung dch KMnO4 0,05M. V c gi tr l: A. 228 ml B. 172 ml C. 280ml D. 188 ml ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2010) Cu 17: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 1,344 lt kh NO sn phm kh duy nht ( ktc) v dung dch X. Dung dch X c th ho tan c ti a 11,2 gam Fe. S mol ca HNO3 c trong dung dch ban u l: A. 0,94 mol. B. 0,64 mol. C. 0,86 mol. D. 0,78 mol. ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2012) Cu 18: Ha tan 14g hn hp Cu, Fe3O4 vo dung dch HCl d, sau phn ng cn d 2,16g hn hp cht rn v dung dch X. Cho X tc dng vi AgNO3 d thu c bao nhiu gam kt ta: A. 45,92 B. 12,96 C. 58,88 D. 47,4 ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2012) Cu 12: Cho hn hp gm m gam bt Cu v 27,84 gam Fe3O4 vo dung dch H2SO4 long d thy tan hon ton thu c dung dch X. oxi ha ht Fe2+ trong dung dch X cn dng 90 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,5M. Gi tr ca m l: Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 14

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com A. 3,36 gam. B. 5,12 gam. C. 2,56 gam. D. 3,20gam. ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 4 nm 2012)

Cu 13: Cho kh CO i qua ng s ng 37,12 gam Fe3O4 nung nng thu c hn hp rn X. Kh i ra khi ng s c hp th ht vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thu c 43,34 gam kt ta. Ha tan ht lng hn hp X trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng, d thy bay ra V lt SO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l: A. 4,48B. 3,584 C. 3,36 D. 6,72 ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 4 nm 2012) Cu 14: Cho m gam Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch cha y mol CuSO4 v z mol H2SO4 long, sau phn ng hon ton thu c kh H2, m gam Cu v dung dch ch cha mt cht tan duy nht. Mi quan h gia y v z l A. y = 7z. B. y = 5z. C. y = z. D. y = 3z. ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN- HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 15: Cho 3,2 gam Cu tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,8M v H2SO4 0,2M, sn phm kh duy nht l kh NO. S gam mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng l: A. 8,84 B. 5,64 C. 7,90 D. 10,08 ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN- HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 16: Cho hn hp gm 3,36 gam Mg v 0,4 gam MgO tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 0,448 lt kh N2 l sn phm kh duy nht (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 23 gam cht rn khan. S mol HNO3 phn ng l: A. 0,32 mol B. 0,28 mol C. 0,34 mol D. 0,36 mol ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN- HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 17: in phn 2 lt dung dch cha hn hp gm NaCl v CuSO4 vi in cc tr, c mng ngn n khi H2O bt u in phn c hai cc th dng li. Ti catt thu 1,28 gam kim loi ng thi ti ant thu 0,336 lt kh ( ktc). Coi th tch dung dch khng i th pH ca dung dch sau in phn l: A. 3 B. 12 C. 13 D. 2 ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN- HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 18: Ha tan hon ton 6,44 gam hn hp bt X gm FexOy v Cu bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng (d). Sau phn ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch cha 16,6 gam hn hp mui sunfat. Cng thc ca oxit st l: A. FeO B. Fe3O4 C. FeO hoc Fe3O4. D. Fe2O3 ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN- HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 19: Hon tan 0,1 mol FeS2 trong 1 lt dung dch HNO3 1,2M, sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c dung dch X. Tnh khi lng Cu ti a c th tan trong X, bit sn phm kh HNO3 trong cc qu trnh trn l NO duy nht. A. 12,8 gam B. 25,6 gam C. 22,4 gam D. 19,2 gam ( trch thi th chuyn KHTN- HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 20: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200ml dung dch HNO3 long, un nng v khuy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi. Khi lng mui trong Y v nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 l A. 65,34 gam; 2,7M. B. 65,34 gam; 3,2M. C. 48,6 gam; 2,7M. D. 48,6 gam; 3,2M. ( trch thi th chuyn HSPHN ln 1 nm 2010)

TT.5: Phng php bo ton in tch


Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 15

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com A/ C s l thuyt Nguyn t, phn t lun trung ha v in Trong nguyn t: s p = s e Trong dung dch: s mol in tch ion dng = s mol in tch ion m Khi lng mui trong dd= tng khi lng cc ion to mui B/ V d minh ha: Cu 1: Dung dch X gm 0,1 mol H+, z mol Al3+, t mol NO3- v 0,02 mol SO42- . Cho 120 ml dung dch Y gm KOH 1,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo X, sau khi cc phn ng kt thc, thu c 3,732 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca z, t ln lt l A. 0,020 v 0,012. B. 0,012 v 0,096. C. 0,020 v 0,120. D. 0,120 v 0,020 ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi B nm 2011) HD1: [pp: p dng LBT in tch s mol in tch ion dng = s mol in tch ion m ta c 1 pt ca z v t, khi lng kt ta gm c BaSO4 0,012 mol v cn li l Al(OH)3. T ta x c gi tr ca z] - p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c pt: 0,1. 1 +3z = t +0,02 .2 t 3z = 0,06 (I) - nBa2+= 0,012 mol, nSO4= 0,02 mol nBaSO4= 0,012 mol mt khc mBaSO4 + mAl(OH)3= 3,732 (g) nAl(OH)3= 0,012 mol - nOH-= 1,2 . 0,12 + 2. 0,1. 0,12 =0,168 mol; nH+= 0,1 mol. Vy s mol OH- p vi Al3+ l 0,068 mol nAl3+= z = nAl(OH)3 + 1/4 .(0,068 3nAl(OH)3) = 0,02 mol (II) - T (I) v (II) ta c z = 0,02 v t = 0,12 Cu 2: Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na+; 0,02 mol SO42- v x mol OH- . Dung dch Y c cha ClO4- , NO3- v y mol H+; tng s mol ClO4- , NO3- l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100 ml dung dch Z. Dung dch Z c pH (b qua s in li ca H2O) l A. 2. B. 13. C. 1. D. 12. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi A nm 2010) HD2: [ BTT tm c s mol OH- v H+, x pH ] - xt dd X: nOH-= 0,07 0,02 .2 =0,03 mol - xt dd Y: nH+= nClO4-+ nNO3-= 0,04 mol - vy khi trn dd X vi Y th trong dd c 0,01 mol H+ [H+]= 0,1 vy pH =1 C. Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 3: Trn dung dch cha Ba2+; Na+: 0,04 mol; OH-: 0,2 mol; vi dung dch cha K+; HCO3-: 0,06 mol; CO32-: 0,05 mol thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: A. 15,76 gam B. 13,97 gam C. 19,7 gam D. 21,67 gam ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 3 nm 2011) 2+ Cu 4: Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO3 ; 0,1 mol Na ; 0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl-. Cho 270 ml dd Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s nc bay hi khng ng k) tng khi lng dd X v dd Ba(OH)2 sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l: A. 4,215 gam B. 5,296 gam C. 6,761 gam D. 7,015 gam Cu 5: Ha tam hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v x mol Cu2S vo dd HNO3 va , thu c dd X ch cha 2 mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v to kh NO duy nht. Gi tr ca x l: A. 0,03 B. 0,045 C. 0,06 D. 0,09 Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 16

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com Cu 6: Mt dd cha 0,02 mol Cu2+ ; 0,03 mol K+; x mol Cl- v y mol SO42-. Tng khi lng cc mui c tan trong dd l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l A. 0,03 v 0,02 B. 0,05 v 0,01 C. 0,01 v 0,03 D. 0,02 v 0,05 Cu 7: Ha tan hon ton 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA vo nc c 100ml dd X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl- c trong dd X ngi ta cho ton b lng dd X trn tc dng va vi dd AgNO3. Kt thc th nghim thu c dd Y v 17,22 gam kt ta. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dd Y l: A. 4,86 gam B. 5,4 gam C. 7,53 gam D. 9,12 gam

TT.6: Phng php trung bnh


A. C s l thuyt Nguyn tc: i vi mt hn hp cht bt k ta lun c th biu din chng qua mt i lng tng ng, thay th cho hn hp l i lng trung bnh ( khi lng mol trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh, s lin kt pi trung bnh,....) B. V d minh ha Cu 1: Cho 1,9 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc dng ht vi dd HCl d sinh ra 0,448 lt kh(ktc). Kim loi M l A. Li B. Na C. K D. Rb HD1: - gi CT ca 2 mui ln lt l M2CO3 v MHCO3 - Ta c n(M2CO3; MHCO3= nCO2= 0,02 mol. VyMHCO3 < Mtb=1,9/0,02= 95 < M2CO3 17,5 < M <34 M= 23, vy M l Na Cu 2: Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hm hp gm Fe; Cu ( t l mol 1:1) bng HNO3 thu c V lt kh hn hp X ktc gm NO v NO2 v dd Y cha 2 mui v axit d. T khi ca Y so vi H2 l 19. Gi tr ca V l A. 6,72 lit B. 4,48 lit C. 5,6 lit D. 3,36 lt HD2: T t l s mol v khi lng hn hp ta x c s mol: nFe = nCu= 0,1 mol. - Do dd cha 2 mui v axit d nn 2 mui l Fe3+ v Cu2+. Vy s mol e nhng l 0,1 . (2 +3) = 0.5 mol - Gi s mol NO; NO2 trong hn hp X ln lt l a, b mol. Ta c - p dng nh lut bo ton e ta c pt 3a +b= 0,5(I) - Mtb= (30a +46b)/(a+b)= 19 . 2= 38 8a 8b = 0(II) - T (I) v (II) ta c a = b = 0,1. Vy V = 4,48 lt C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 3: Cho 1,7 gam hn hp gm Zn v kim loi X thuc nhm IIA tc dng vi dd HCl d sinh ra 0,672 lt H2(ktc). Mt khc khi cho 1,9 gam X tc dng vi dd H2SO4 long d th th tch kh H2 sinh ra cha n 1.12 lit(ktc). Kim loi X l: A. Ba B. Ca C. Mg D. Fe Cu 4: A l hn hp gm ru etylic v 2 axit hu c n chc lin tip trong dy ng ng. Chia A lm 2 phn bng nhau: P1: cho tc dng vi Na d c 3,92 l H2 (kc) P2: t chy hon ton cn 25,2 l O2 (kc). Sn phm chy ln lt dn qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 c v bnh 2 ng Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 17

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 17,1 g cn bnh 2 xut hin 177,3 g kt ta. - Tm CTPT ,CTCT cc axit - Tnh % theo khi lng mi cht trong A Cu 5: Hn hp A gm 2 este l ng phn ca nhau v u c to thnh t axit v ru n chc . Cho 2,2 g hh A bay hi 136,5 0 C; 1 atm th thu c 840 ml hi este. Mt khc em thu phn hon ton 26,4 g hh A bng 100ml NaOH 20% (d = 1,2 g/ml) ri em c cn thu c 33,8 g cht rn khan. Xc ng CTCT v khi lng mi este trong hn hp A Cu 6: A l hn hp gm 2 hidrocacbon th kh X,Y. Ly 0,06 mol A chia lm 2 phn bng nhau: P1:cho qua bnh ng dd Br2 d th thy khi lng bnh tng ln m1(g) v c 6,4 g Br2 tham gia phn ng ( khng c kh thot ra khi bnh Br2) P2: t chy thu c m2 (g) H2O v c 0.08 mol CO2 to thnh. - Xc nh CTPT,CTCT ca X,Y - Tnh m2,m2 v % th tch ca X,Y trong hn hp A Cu 7: Ho tan 4,6 g hh kim loi gm Ba v 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip vo nc c A v 1,12 l kh H2(kc). Nu cho dd A vi 18 ml dd K2CO3 0,5 M th c mt c kh nng kt ta vi dd Na2SO4. Nu cho dd A tc dng vi 21 ml dd K2CO3 0,5 M th c mt dd vn c kh nng to kt ta vi dd CaCl2. Xc nh 2 kim loi kim. Cu 8: Cho 2,72 g hh gm 3 kim loi A,B,C tc dng vi halogen X thu c hn hp 3 mui c khi lng l 8,04 g. Ho tan mui ny vo nc xong cho phn ng vi dd AgNO3 thu c 21,525 g kt ta. a) Xc nh halogen X b) Cho t l nguyn t khi ca A,B,C ln lt l 3:5:7 v t l s mol ln lt l 1:2:3. Xc nh 3 kim loi Cu 9: Ho tan ht 11,2 g hh X gm 2 kim loi M (ho tr x) v M (ho tr y) trong dung dch HCl v sau c cn thu c 39,6 g hh 2 mui. a) Tnh th tch kh sinh ra ktc b) Cho 22,4 g hh X ni trn tc dng vi 500 ml dd HCl ni trn thy thot ra 16,8 lit H2 (kc). em c cn dd c cht rn Y. Tnh khi lng Y v CM ca dd HCl c) Hai kim loi M,M c cng ho tr v c t l s mol l 7:1; M > M. Xc nh 2 kim loi . Bit x,y 2 Cu 10: Cho hn hp Na v mt kim loi kim X khc nng 6,2 g tc dng vi 104 g nc thu c 110 g dd (d = 1,1 g/ml) a) Xc nh X bit MX < 40 b) Tnh nng mol ca dd thu c v th tch dd HCl 1M cn thit trung ho dd trn.

TT.7: Phng php quy i hn hp


A. C s l thuyt 1. Nguyn tc chung Qui i l 1 pp bin i ton hc nhm a mt hn hp phc tp v dng n gin hn thun tin cho vic tnh tonLBTKL; bo ton s oxi ha Khi p dng pp qui i phi tun th 2. Cc hng qui i ( quy i nhiu cht thnh hn hp 2 hoc 1 cht; qui i v cc nguyn t thnh phn) Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 18

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com B. V d minh ha Cu 1: Nung 2,23 gam hn hp X gm cc kim loi Fe, Al, Zn, Mg trong oxi, sau mt thi gian thu c 2,71 gam hn hp Y. Ho tan hon ton Y vo dung dch HNO (d), thu c 0,672 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). S mol HNO phn ng l
3 3

D. 0,18. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi B nm 2010) HD1: [ pp: - khi lng hn hp tng chnh bng khi lng oxi trong cc oxit - sd CT nHNO3= 4nNO + 2nO ] - qui i hn hp thnh Fe2O3; Al2O3; ZnO; MgO; Fe; Al; Zn; Mg th ta thy cc oxit p vi HNO3 khng th hin tnh oxi ha v vy nHNO3= 2nO( 1 nguyn t oxi thay bng 2 NO3-); cc kim loi p oxi ha kh v vy nHNO3= nNO+nNO3-(trong mui)= 4nNO - vy nHNO3= 4nNO + 2nO = 4. 0,03 + 2.(2,71 2,23)/ 16 =0,18 mol Cu 2: Ho tan hon ton 2,44 gam hn hp bt X gm Fe O v Cu bng dung dch H SO c nng (d). Sau phn ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch cha 6,6 gam hn hp mui sunfat. Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l A. 39,34%. B. 65,57%
2 x y 2 4

A. 0,12.

B. 0,14.

C. 0,16.

C. 26,23%. D. 13,11%. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi B nm 2010) HD2: [ pp: Qui i hn hp v cc nguyn t Fe; Cu; O. Ta lp cc pt i s lin quan khi lng hn hp, bo ton e v pt khi lng mui v t i x yc bi ] - qui i hn hp v Fe, Cu, O vi s mol tng ng l a, b, c - mhh= 56a +64b +16c = 2,44 (g) (I); nSO2=0,0225 mol - p dng LBT e ta c: Fe0 Fe+3 + 3e O0 + 2e O-2 a 3a mol c 2c mol 0 +2 +6 +4 Cu Cu + 2e S + 2e S b 2b mol 0,0225 0,045 mol ta c 3a + 2b = 2c +0,045 3a +2b 2c =0,045 (II) - p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cho Fe( a mol) v Cu(b mol) ta c nFe2(SO4)3= a/2 mol v nCuSO4= b mol mmui= 400. a/2 + 160 . b = 6,6 (g) 200a + 160b = 6,6 (III) - T (I);(II);(III) ta c a = 0,025; b=0,01 ; c= 0,025 - Vy %mCu = 26,23% Cu 3: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,18 mol FeS2 v a mol Cu2S bng dung dch HNO3 va thu c dung dch X ch cha mui sunfat v V lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca V l: A. 44,8 lt B. 22,4 lt C. 26,88 lt D. 33,6 lt ( thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 3 nm 2011) HD3: [ qui i hn hp v Fe; Cu; S v p dng LBTNT x gi tr ca a v sau p dng LBT e x V] - p dng LBTNT ta c nFe = 0,18 mol; nCu= 2a mol; nS = a + 0,18 .2= (a +0,36) mol - Do dd ch cha cc mui sunfat nn cc mui l 0,09 mol Fe2(SO4)3 v 2a mol CuSO4 (bo ton nguyn t Cu v Fe) Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 19

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com - Bo ton nguyn t S ta c S(trong mui)= (a + 0,36) 2a + 0,09 .3 =a + 0,36 a = 0,09 mol. Vy nFe= 0,18; nCu= 2a = 0,18; nS= a +0,36 = 0,45 mol - p dng LBT e: Fe0 Fe+3 + 3e 0,18 0,54 mol 0 +2 Cu Cu + 2e ne nhng = 0,54 +0,36 + 2,7 = 3,6 mol nNO= 1,2 mol 0,18 0,36 mol V = 26,88 lt 0 +6 S S + 6e 0,45 2,7 mol Cu 4: Nhit phn 50,56 gam KMnO4 sau mt thi gian thu c 46,72 gam cht rn. Cho ton b lng kh sinh ra phn ng ht vi hn hp X gm Mg, Fe thu c hn hp Y nng 13,04 gam. Ha tan hon ton hn hp Y trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d thu c 1,344 lt SO2 (ktc). % khi lng Mg trong X l: A. 52,17% B. 39,13% C. 28,15% D. 46,15% ( thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 3 nm 2011) HD4: [ sau khi nhit phn KmnO4 ta c mO2= mcr gim. T => mhh kl= mY mO2. SD pp qui i v bo ton e gii bi ton] - Ta c mO2 = 50,56 46,72 =3,84 (g) nO= 3,84/ 16 = 0,24 mol - Gi s mol mi kim loi Mg; Fe trong hn hp ln lt l x, y mol. Ta c mhh = 24x + 56y = 13,04 3,84 =9,2 (g) (I); nSO2 = 0,06 mol - p dng LBT e ta c: Mg0 Mg+2 + 2e O0 + 2e O-2 x 2x mol 0,24 0,48 mol 0 +3 +6 Fe Fe + 3e S + 2e S+4 y 3y mol 0,12 0,06 mol Vy ta c pt: 2x +3y = 0,48 + 0,12 = 0,6 (II) - T (I); (II) ta c x =0,15 ; y = 0,1 %mMg= 39,13% C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 5: Nung nng 12,6 gam Fe ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c m gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Hn hp ny phn ng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng (d), thu c 4,2 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Tnh m? S: 15 gam. Cu 6: Nung nng m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau phn ng thu c 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Ha tan ht X trong dung dch HNO3 long thu c 5,6 lt hn hp kh Y gm NO v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 l 19. Tnh m v th tch HNO3 1M dng? Cu 7: Ly m gam st em t trong oxi khng kh ta c hn hp rn X (gm 4 cht rn) cn nng 12 gam, hn hp rn X em ho trong HNO3 d nhn c 2,24 lt kh NO (ktc). Vy m c gi tr l: A. 8,96 g B. 9,82 g C. 10,08 g D. 11,20 g Cu 8: Ly p gam Fe em t trong oxi ta c 7,52 gam hn hp X gm 3 oxit. Hn hp X em ho tan trong H2SO4 m c d c 0,672 lt SO2 (ktc). Vy p c gi tr l: A. 4,8 g B. 5,6 g C. 7,2 g D. 8,6 g Cu 9: m gam phoi Fe ngoi khng kh sau 1 thi gian thu c 12g cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3. Ha tan ht X trong dd H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,24 lit kh SO2 (kc). Gi tr ca m l A. 9,52 B. 9,62 C. 9,42 D. 9,72 Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 20

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com Cu 10: Cho 11,2g Fe tc dng vi oxi c m gam hn hp X gm cc oxit. Ha tan ht X vo dd HNO3 d thu c 896 ml NO (kc, sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l A. 29,6 B. 47,8 C. 15,04 D. 25,84 Cu 11: m gam bt Fe ngoi khng kh mt thi gian thu c 11,8g hn hp gm Fe v cc oxit st. Ha tan hon ton hn hp bng dd HNO3 long thu c 2,24 lit kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l A. 9,94 B. 10,04 C. 15,12 D. 20,16

TT.8: Phng php chia hn hp thnh cc phn khng u nhau


A/ C s l thuyt V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp l khng i nn nu coi phn ny c khi lng gp k ln phn kia th s mol cc cht tng ng cng gp k ln, t tm mi lin h gia cc phn hoc t n k gii bi ton B/ V d minh ha Cu 1: Hn hp bt X gm Cu, Zn. t chy hon ton m gam X trong oxi (d), thu c 40,3 gam hn hp gm CuO v ZnO. Mt khc, nu cho 0,25 mol X phn ng vi mt lng d dung dch KOH long nng, th thu c 3,36 lt kh H (ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l
2

A. 19,81%.

D. 59,44%. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi B nm 2010) HD1: - Ta c nZn= nH2= 0,15 mol nCu(0,25 mol hh)= 0,1 mol. Vy nZn : nCu = 3:2 - Gi s mol Zn; Cu trong m (g) X ln lt l 3x; 2x mol. ta c mZnO + mCuO = 81. 3x + 80 . 2x = 40,3 (g) [ BTNT Zn; Cu ] x =0,1 mol nCu= 2x = 0,2 mol. - %mCu = 39,63% Cu 2: Hn hp X gm Cu, Fe, Mg. Nu cho 10,88 gam X tc dng vi clo d th sau phn ng thu c 28,275g hn hp mui khan. Mt khc 0,44 mol X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d th thu c 5,376 lt H2 (ktc). % khi lng ca Cu trong X l: A. 67,92% B. 58,182% C. 37,23% D. 43,52% ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 3 nm 2011) HD2: - Gi s mol Cu; Fe; Mg trong 0,44 mol hn hp X ln lt l x, y, z mol. Ta c: x + y + z = 0,44 (I) - khi cho X p vi HCl ch c Fe; Mg p. Ta c nH2= y + z = 0,24 mol (II) - gi mhh1/ mhh2= k. Ta c s mol Cu; Fe; Mg tng ng trong phn 1 l kx; ky; kz. Ta c pt: mhh= k(64x + 56y + 24z) = 10,88 (III) mCuCl2 + mFeCl3 + mMgCl2 = k( 135x + 162,5y + 95z) = 28,275 (g) (IV) - Ly (IV) : (III) - 31,32x +16,967y + 32,63z = 0 (V) - T (I); (II); (V) ta c x=0,2 ; y = 0,1 ; z = 0,15 %mCu= 58,182% C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 3: Hn hp X gm Al, FexOy. Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm hon ton m gam hn hp X trong iu kin khng c khng kh thu c hn hp Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn. Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 21

B. 29,72%.

C. 39,63%.

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com Phn 1 cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 1,008 lt H2 (ktc) v cn li 5,04g cht rn khng tan. Phn 2 c khi lng 29,79gam, cho tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long d thu c 8,064 lt NO (ktc, l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m v cng thc ca oxit st l: A. 39,72 gam v FeO B. 39,72 gam v Fe3O4 C. 38,91 gam v FeO D. 36,48 gam v Fe3O4 ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 3 nm 2011) Cu 4. Hn hp X gm 2 anehit no c s mol bng nhau. Cho 12,75g X vo bnh kn th tch V = 4,2 lt, cho X bay hi 136,5oC th p sut trong bnh l p = 2atm.Cho 10,2g X tc dng vi dd AgNO3/NH3 va to ra 64,8g Ag v 2 axit hu c. Cng thc ca 2 anehit l: A. CH3 - CHO v CHO -CHO B. CH3 - CHO v H - CHO C. H - CHO v HOC - CH2 - CHO D. C A, B, C u ng Cu 5: t chy hon ton 11(g) hh X cha axetilen; propilen v metan thu c 12,6 g nc. Mt kkhacs 5,6 lt hn hp trn p va vi dd cha 50(g) Br2. Bit cc th tch kh o ktc. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch hn hp ban u l: A. 50%; 20%; 30% B. 50%; 25%; 25% C. 60%; 20%; 20% D. 80%; 10%; 10% Cu 6: Hn hp A gm CH4, C2H4, C3H4. Nu cho 13,4 gam hn hp X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d th thu c 14,7gam kt ta. Nu cho 16,8 lt hn hp X (ktc) tc dng vi dung dch brom th thy c 108gam brom phn ng. % th tch CH4 trong hn hp X l: A. 30% B. 25% C. 35% D. 40% ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2011)

TT. 9: Phng php kho st s mol CO2 v H2O


A/ C s l thuyt 1. Cc hp cht hu c khi t chy thng cho sn phm l CO2 v H2O. Da vo t l CO2; H2O ta x dy ng ng, CTPT hoc tnh ton mt s i lng lin quan 2. Mt s trng hp thng gp: Khi t chy ankan c nCO2 > nH2O v nCO2 nH2O = nankan (ancol no cng tng t v c nancol= nCO2 nH2O= nO(trong ancol)) Khi t chy anken c nCO2= nH2O (axit, anhit no; n cng tng t) Khi t chy ankin; ankadien c nCO2 < nH2O v nhc = nH2O nCO2 Vi hp cht bt k CT CnH2n+2-2k Oa lun c nhc= (nCO2 nH2O)/ ( k- 1) trong k l s lk pi Ngoi ra cn mt s lin h i vi cc hp cht amin; amino axit ( cp phn bo ton nguyn t) B. V d minh ha Cu 1: Hn hp M gm mt anehit v mt ankin (c cng s nguyn t cacbon). t chy hon ton x mol hn hp M, thu c 3x mol CO2 v 1,8x mol H2O. Phn trm s mol ca anehit trong hn hp M l A. 30%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 20%. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi B nm 2011) HD1: [ p dng CT nhh= (nCO2 nH2O)/ (k 1) vi k l s lk pi trung bnh ta x c k. T s mol CO2 v s mol hh ta x c s nguyn t C v x c CT hp cht v i x yc bi ton] - Ta c nhh= (nCO2 nH2O)/ (k 1) x =( 3x 1,8x)/ (k 1) k = 2,2 m trong ankin th s lk pi l 2 nn trong hc anhit s lk pi phi ln hn hoc bng 3 Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 22

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com - Mt khc s ng t C = nCO2: nhh= 3 nn s lk pi trong anhit khng vt qu 3. Vy s lk pi trong anhit l 3. Ta c CT anhit l C3H2O ( khng th l an 2 chc v nu l 2 chc th s lk pi l 2 khng tha mn); CT ankin l C3H4. - Gi s mol C3H4 v C3H2O trong 1 mol hh ln lt l a; b mol. Ta c +) a + b = 1 (I) +) s lk pi trung bnh k = (2a + 3b)/(a + b)= 2,2 2a + 3b = 2,2 (II) - T (I) v (II) ta c a = 0,8 ; b = 0,2. Vy %VC3H2O= 20% Cu 2: Hn hp X gm vinyl axetat, metyl axetat v etyl fomat. t chy hon ton 3,08 gam X, thu c 2,16 gam H2O. Phn trm s mol ca vinyl axetat trong X l A. 75%. B. 72,08%. C. 27,92%. D. 25%. (trch thi tuyn sinh khi B nm 2011) HD2: [ - Nhn thy s nguyn t H ca cc cht trong hn hp X u bng 6 vy nn ta d dng tim c s mol ca hh X thng qua s mol nc. Mt khc nO( trong X)= 2nX. Vy ta x c mC( trong X) v x c nCO2. Ta thy khi t chy hh X do metyl axetat v etyl fomat l este no n nn c nCO2 = nH2O cn vinyl axetat th c nCO2 nH2O = nvinyl axetat; vy ta x c yc bi ton] - Ta c nH2O = 0,12 mol nhh= 0,12 .2/6 = 0,04 mol (bo ton nguyn t H) nO( trong hh X)= 2nX= 0,08 mol - Ta c mX= mC + mH + mO 3,08 = mC +0,12 .2 + 0,08 . 16 mC =1,56 (g) nCO2 = nC = 0,13 mol (bo ton nguyn t C) - Vy nvinyl axetat = nCO2 nH2O = 0,01 mol %VCH3COOC2H3= 0,01/0,04 . 100% = 25% Cu 3: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng, thu c 3,808 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l A. 5,42. B. 4,72. C. 7,42. D. 5,72. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi A nm 2010) HD3: [ X nCO2 ; nH2O v x dy ng ng ca ancol v x yc bi ton. Vi ancol no n ta lun c nO( trong ancol) = nancol = nH2O nCO2 ] - Ta c nCO2 = 0,17 mol; nH2O = 0,3 mol. Do nH2O > nCO2 nn ancol l ancol no n. Vy ta c nO( trong ancol) = nancol = nH2O nCO2 = 0,13 mol - p dng LBTNT ta c mancol = mC +mH + mO(trong ancol) = 0,17. 12 + 0,3 .2 + 0,13 . 16 = 4,72 (g) Cu 4: Hn hp M gm ancol no, n chc X v axit cacboxylic n chc Y, u mch h v c cng s nguyn t C, tng s mol ca hai cht l 0,5 mol (s mol ca Y ln hn s mol ca X). Nu t chy hon ton M th thu c 33,6 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 25,2 gam H2O. Mt khc, nu un nng M vi H2SO4 c thc hin phn ng este ho (hiu sut l 80%) th s gam este thu c l A. 22,80. B. 18,24. C. 27,36. D. 34,20. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi A nm 2010) HD4: [ x s mol CO2; H2O v x dng CT ca hp cht sau bin lun tm CT v yc bi ton] - Ta c nCO2 = 1,5 mol; nH2O = 1,4 mol. Vy s nguyn t C trong ancol; axit = nCO2/nhh= 3. Vy CT ca ancol no n l C3H8O; CT ca axit hu c n c dng C3HyO2; s nguyn t H trung bnh = 2nH2O/nhh = 5,6 y < 5,6 (*) do s nguyn t H trong ancol ln hn 5,6 - Gi s mol ca ancol v axit ln lt l a; b mol. + Ta c nhh = a + b = 0,5 mol (I) + nH2O = 4a + by/2 = 1,4 (II) - T (I) v (II) ta c pt (4 y/2)b = 0,6. Mt khc do s mol ca axit ln hn ancol nn ta c b > 0,25 vy y > 3,2(**). T (*) v (**) ta c y =4 do y chn. Thay y = 4 vo (II) ta c pt 4a + 2b = 1,4 (III) - T (I) v (III) ta c a = 0,2 v b = 0,3 - P este ha: C3H7OH + C2H3COOH C2H3COOC3H7 + H2O Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 23

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com 0,2 mol 0,3 mol - Vy meste = 0,2 . 114 . 0,8 = 18,24 (g) C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 5: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Cng thc phn t ca X l A. C2H6. B. C3H6. C. C3H8. D. C3H4. ( trch thi tuyn sinh khi A nm 2010) Cu 6: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm: CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 thu c 6,16 gam CO2 v 4,14 gam H2O. S mol C2H4 trong hn hp trn l: A. 0,02 mol B. 0,01 mol C. 0,08 mol D. 0,09 mol Cu 7: t chy hon ton 1 anhit X c nCO2 - nH2O = nX. Cho 11,52 gam X phn ng vi lng d AgNO3 trong NH3 c 69,12 gam Ag. Cng thc ca X l: A. CH2(CHO)2 . B. CH2=CH-CHO. C. CH3CHO. D. HCHO ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2012) Cu 8: t chy hon ton m gam cht bo X (cha triglixerit ca axit stearic,axit panmitic v cc axit bo t do ). Sau phn ng thu c 13,44 lt CO2 (ktc) v 10,44 gam nc. X phng ho m gam X (H=90%) th thu c khi lng glixerol l: A. 2,484 gam B. 0,828 gam C. 1,656 gam D. 0,92 gam ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2012) Cu 9: Hn hp X gm: HCHO, CH3COOH, HCOOCH3 v CH3CH(OH)COOH. t chy hon ton hn hp X cn V lt O2 (ktc) sau phn ng thu c CO2 v H2O. Hp th ht sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d thu c 50 gam kt ta. Vy gi tr ca V tng ng l: A. 7,84 lt B. 8,40 lt C. 11,2 lt D. 16,8 lt ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2012) Cu 10: Hn hp X c C2H5OH, C2H5COOH, CH3CHO (trong C2H5OH chim 50% theo s mol). t chy m gam hn hp X thu c 2,88 gam H2O v 2,912 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc 9 gam hn hp X thc hin phn ng trng bc thy c p gam Ag kt ta. Gi tr ca p l A. 12,96. B. 4,32. C. 8,64. D. 5,4. ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2012) Cu 11: t chy hon ton 18 gam mt este X n chc thu c 20,16 lt CO2 (ktc) v 12,96 gam nc. Mt khc nu cho 21g X tc dng vi 200ml dung dch KOH 1,2M sau c cn dung dch thu c 34,44 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc phn ca axit to ra X l : A. C5H6O3. B. C5H8O3. C. C5H10O3 D. C5H10O2 (trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 3 nm 2011) Cu 12: t chy hon ton 4,872 gam mt hirocacbon X, dn sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong. Sau phn ng thu c 27,93 gam kt ta v thy khi lng dung dch gim 5,586 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l A. CH4 B. C4H8 C. C4H10 D. C3H6 ( trch thi th chuyn HKHTN-HQGHN ln 2 nm 2011) Cu 13: Thc hin phn ng crackinh butan thu c mt hn hp X gm cc ankan v cc anken. Cho ton b hn hp X vo dung dch Br2 d thy c kh thot ra bng 60% th tch X v khi lng dung dch Br2 tng 5,6 Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc 0,2 mol

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V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com gam v c 25,6 gam brom tham gia phn ng. t chy hon ton kh bay ra thu c a mol CO2 v b mol H2O. Vy a v b c gi tr l: A. a = 0,9 mol v b = 1,5 mol B. a = 0,56 mol v b = 0,8 mol C. a = 1,2 mol v b = 1,6 mol D. a = 1,2 mol v b = 2,0 mol ( trch thi HSG tnh Thi Bnh nm 2011) Cu 14: Khi nung butan vi xc tc thch hp thu c hn hp T gm CH4, C3H6, C2H4, C2H6, C4H8, H2 v C4H10 d. t chy hon ton hn hp T thu c 8,96 lt CO2 (o ktc) v 9,0 gam H2O. Mt khc, hn hp T lm mt mu va ht 12 gam Br2 trong dung dch nc brom. Hiu sut phn ng nung butan l A. 45%. B. 75%. C. 50%. D. 65%. ( trch thi HSG tnh Thi Bnh nm 2011)

TT. 10: Phng php gii cc bi ton ha cracking v cng hir


A/ C s l thuyt: Trong cc bi ton cracking hay cng hp hir th khi lng trc v sau phn ng khng thay i nn ta c th rt ra c cc mi quan h lin quan v s mol hn hp v khi lng trung bnh hn hp C th c trnh by nh sau: - Gi cc i lng M1; M2 ln lt l khi lng mol trung bnh hn hp trc v sau phn ng; n1, n2 ln lt l s mol ca hn hp trc v sau phn ng - Ta c: n1 = m1/M1 n2 = m2/M2 m m1 = m2 ( khi lng hn hp trc v sau phn ng bng nhau) nn ta c n1/n2 = M2/M1

Trong bi ton cracking ta c n2 > n1 v nhh anken = n2 n1= nankan(phn ng cracking; nankan ban u = nankan(sau p) Trong bi ton cng hp H2 ta lun c n1 > n2 v nH2(phn ng) = n1 n2 B. V d minh ha Cu 1: Thc hin phn ng crackinh butan thu c mt hn hp X gm cc ankan v cc anken. Cho ton b hn hp X vo dung dch Br2 d thy c kh thot ra bng 60% th tch X v khi lng dung dch Br2 tng 5,6 gam v c 25,6 gam brom tham gia phn ng. t chy hon ton kh bay ra thu c a mol CO2 v b mol H2O. Vy a v b c gi tr l: A. a = 0,9 mol v b = 1,5 mol B. a = 0,56 mol v b = 0,8 mol C. a = 1,2 mol v b = 1,6 mol D. a = 1,2 mol v b = 2,0 mol HD1: - Khi cho hh X vo dd Br2 kh thot ra chim 60% nn nanken = nBr2= 0,16 mol chim 40%. Vy: nC4H10(ban u)= nankan(sau p) = 1,5 . 0,16 = 0,24 mol. - Khi t chy 0,24 mol hn hp ankan c a mol CO2; b mol H2O nn ta c: nH2O nCO2 = b a = 0,24 (I) - Mt khc mhh ankan = mC4H10(ban u) mhh anken = 0,24 . 58 5,6 = mC + mH 12a + 2b = 8,32(g) (II) - T (I) v (II) ta c a = 0,56 ; b = 0,8 Cu 2: Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Nung X vi Ni sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Hiu sut phn ng hiro ha l: A. 50% B. 20% C. 40% D. 25% HD2: [ s dng CT: n1/n2 = M2/M1 v x lin h nH2(p) = n1 n2 v x hiu sut bi ton] - Gi s ly 1 mol hh X thc hin phn ng n1 = 1 Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc Page 25

V Thanh Tng_LTH_T: 098.555.6536_E-mail svtn.tb@gmail.com - Ta c: n1/n2 = M2/M1 = 5/3,75 = 4/3 n2 = 0,75 mol nH2(p)= n1 n2 = 0,25 mol - T n1 = 1 v M1= 3,75 . 4 =15 ta c nH2 =0,5; nC2H4= 0,5 p cng hp va . Vy H%= 50% C/ Bi tp hc sinh t gii Cu 3: Hn hp X gm mt hirocacbon th kh v H2 (t khi hi ca X so vi H2 bng 4,8). Cho X i qua Ni un nng n phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y (t khi hi ca Y so vi CH4 bng 1). CTPT ca hirocacbon l A. C3H6 B. C2H2 C. C3H4 D. C2H4 Cu 4. Khi Crckinh V lt butan c hn hp A ch gm cc anken v ankan. T khi hi ca hn hp A so vi H2 bng 21,75. Hiu sut ca phn ng Crckinh butan l bao nhiu? A. 33,33% B. 66,67% C. 46,67% D. 50.33% Cu 5: Hn hp kh X c th tch 4,48 lt (o ktc) gm H2 v vinylaxetilen c t l mol tng ng l 3:1. Cho hn hp X qua xc tc Ni nung nng thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi H2 bng 14,5. Cho ton b hn hp Y trn t t qua dung dch nc brom d (phn ng hon ton) th khi lng brom phn ng l A. 32,0 gam. B. 3,2 gam. C. 8,0 gam. D. 16,0 gam. Cu 6: Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Nung X vi Ni sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Hiu sut phn ng hiro ha l: A. 50% B. 20% C. 40% D. 25% Cu 7: Hn hp kh X gm mt hirocacbon A v H2. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 6,7. un X vi bt Ni nung nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp Y gm ankan v H2 d. T khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 16,75. Cng thc phn t ca A l: A. C2H2 B. C2H4 C. C3H4 D. C3H6 (trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 1 nm 2011) Cu 8: Hn hp kh X gm 0,1mol vinylaxetilen v 0,4 mol H2. Nung nng hn hp X (c xc tc Ni) mt thi gian, thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi hiro bng 10. Nu dn hn hp Y qua dung dch Brom th khi lng Brom tham gia phn ng l: A. 0 gam (khng phn ng) B. 8 gam C. 16 gam D. 24 gam ( trch thi th chuyn Nguyn Hu ln 2 nm 2010)

Tip sc ma thi tuyn sinh 2013. Chuyn pp gii ha hc

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