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T bo nhin liu

Methanol fuel cell. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered bi-cubic structure in the center of the image

Construction of a low temperature T bo nhin liu mng in phn trao i proton qua mng lc polymer: Bipolar plate as electrode with in-milled gas channel structure, fabricated from conductive plastics (enhanced with carbon nanotubes for more conductivity); Porous carbon papers; reactive layer, usually on the polymer membrane applied; polymer membrane. Cc t bo nhin liu (ting Anh: fuel cell) bin i nng lng ha hc ca nhin liu th d nh l hir trc tip thnh nng lng in. Khng ging nh pin hoc c quy, t bo nhin liu khng b mt in v cng khng c kh nng tch in. T bo nhin liu hot ng lin tc khi nhin liu (hir) v cht xi ha (xy) c a t ngoi vo. [sa] Lch s Nm 1839 nh khoa hc t nhin ngi x Wales Sir William Robert Grove ch to ra m hnh thc nghim u tin ca t bo nhin liu, bao gm hai in cc platin c bao trm bi hai ng hnh tr bng thy tinh, mt ng cha hir v ng kia cha xy. Hai in cc c nhng trong axt sulfuric long l cht in phn to thnh dng in mt chiu. V vic ch to cc h thng t bo nhin liu qu phc tp v gi thnh t, cng ngh ny dng li y cho n thp nin 1950. Thi gian ny ngnh du hnh v tr v k thut qun s cn dng mt ngun nng lng nh gn v c nng sut cao. Cc tu du hnh v tr v tu ngm cn dng nng lng in khng thng qua ng c t trong. NASA quyt nh dng cch sn xut in trc tip bng phng php ha hc thng qua t bo nhin liu trong cc chng trnh du hnh v tr Gemini v Apollo. Cc t bo nhin liu s dng trong chng trnh Gemini c NASA pht trin vo nm 1965. Vi cng sut khong 1 kW cc t bo nhin liu ny cung cp ng thi in v nc

ung cho cc phi hnh gia v tr. Cc t bo nhin liu ca chng trnh Gemini ch di 60 cm v c ng knh l 20 cm. Cng vic nghin cu v cng ngh t bo nhin liu khng phi b ngng n thp nin 50 ca th k 20 m n vn c tip tc pht trin hon thin. Nh ch to c cc mng (membrane) c hiu qu cao v cc vt liu c kh nng chng n mn ha hc tt hn v cng nh vo cng cuc tm kim mt ngun nng lng thn thin mi trng cho tng lai t bo nhin liu c pht trin mnh vo u thp nin 1990. Thng qua vic s dng t bo nhin liu dnh cho cc mc ch dn s tr thnh hin thc. Ngy nay kh nng s dng tri di t vn hnh t, si nh qua cc nh my pht in c cng sut hng 100 kW cho n nhng ng dng b nh nh trong in thoi di ng hoc my vi tnh xch tay. Cu to

Condensation of water produced by a PEMFC on the air channel wall. The gold wire around the cell ensures the collection of electric current. [1] Mt t bo nhin liu c cu to n gin bao gm ba lp nm trn nhau. Lp th nht l in cc nhin liu (cc dng), lp th hai l cht in phn dn ion v lp th ba l in cc kh xy (cc m). Hai in cc c lm bng cht dn in (kim loi, than ch, ...). Cht in phn c dng l nhiu cht khc nhau ty thuc vo loi ca t bo nhin liu, c loi th rn, c loi th lng v c cu

trc mng. V mt t bo ring l ch to c mt in th rt thp cho nn ty theo in th cn dng nhiu t bo ring l c ni k tip vo nhau, tc l chng ln nhau. Ngi ta thng gi mt lp chng ln nhau nh vy l stack. Ngoi ra, h thng y cn c cc thit b ph tr nh my nn, my bm, cung cp cc kh u vo, my trao i nhit, h thng kim tra cc yu cu, s chc chn ca s vn hnh my, h thng d tr v iu ch nhin liu. Nguyn l hot ng V phng din ha hc t bo nhin liu l phn ng ngc li ca s in phn. Trong qu trnh in phn nc b tch ra thnh kh hir v kh xy nh vo nng lng in. T bo nng lng ly chnh hai cht ny bin i chng thnh nc. Qua , trn l thuyt, chnh phn nng lng in a vo s c gii phng nhng tht ra v nhng tht thot qua cc qu trnh ha hc v vt l nng lng thu c t hn. Cc loi t bo nhin liu u cng chung mt nguyn tc c m t da vo t bo nhin liu PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane - t bo nhin liu mng trao i bng proton) nh sau: b mt cc dng kh hir b xy ha bng ha in:

Cc in t c gii phng i t cc dng qua mch in bn ngoi v cc m. Cc proton H+ di chuyn trong cht in phn xuyn qua mng c kh nng ch cho proton i qua v cc m kt hp vi kh xy c sn trong khng kh (nng 21%) v cc in t to thnh nc:

Tng cng:

Phn loi Cc h thng t bo nhin liu c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau ty theo cch nhn:

Phn loi theo nhit hot ng Phn theo loi cc cht tham gia phn ng Phn loi theo in cc Phn theo loi cc cht in phn l cch phn loi thng dng ngy nay

Lit k di y l 6 loi t bo nhin liu khc nhau:

AFC (Alkaline fuel cell - t bo nhin liu kim) PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell - trao i ht nhn qua mng lc)

PAFC (Phosphoric acid fuel cell - t bo nhin liu axit phosphoric) MCFC (Molten carbonate fuel cell - t bo nhin liu carbonat nng chy) SOFC (Solid oxide fuel cell - t bo nhin liu oxit rn) DMFC (Direct methanol fuel cell - t bo nhin liu methanol trc tip)

Trong cc loi trn th PEMFC c nhiu trin vng dng trong cc loi xe c. SOFC v APU cng u c kh nng trong ng dng trn t. PEMFC, MCFD v SOFC cng c trong tng lai trong ng dng trn cc trm pht in. PAFC l cng ngh mi c nghin cu tuy nhin vn cn nhiu vn k thut. DMFC

c th to bc t ph trong lnh vc thit b di dng. AFC c c th c ng dng trong ngnh hng khng v tr. Nhit vn hnh ca nhng loi t bo nhin liu khc nhau (nm trong khong t 60 ti 1000 C). S khc nhau cn nm cu trc in cc, s tinh khit ca hydro anode (DMFC dng methanol). ng dng

Xe Toyota Fine N s dng pin nhin liu. T bo nhin liu c s dng u tin trong nhng lnh vc m ph tn khng ng vai tr quan trng. T bo nhin liu nh v hiu qu hn c quy ng thi ng tin cy v t n o hn ng c Diesel. Nhng iu ny gii thch ti sao gii qun s v ngnh du hnh v tr quan tm n cng ngh ny rt sm. Mt s tu thuyn trn bin cng dng t bo nhin liu. ng c thc y cho cc ng dng dn s xut pht t nhn thc tr lng du m trn Tri t l c hn nhng vn mong mun tip tc kinh doanh xe thi k sau du m vn ang mang v nhiu li nhun. T 20 nm nay nhiu hng sn xut xe (DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Honda, Opel) nghin cu v xe c nhin liu l hir, s dng t bo nhin liu chuyn ha

nng lng v dng ng c in vn hnh. K thut ny c pht trin cho xe but, xe du lch, xe ti nh. Hamburg (c) v Stuttgart (c) ngi ta ang th nghim chy xe but s dng nhin liu hydro trn cc tuyn ng xe but bnh thng. T nm 2003 hai hng ng tu ca c cung cp loi tu ngm vn hnh bng in c cung cp t my pht in Diesel hoc t mt h thng t bo nhin liu hir. Cc t bo nhin liu s dng kh t ang chun b y li cc thit b kt hp pht in v si (combined heat and power plant). h thng ny kh t c bin i thnh hir a vo t bo nhin liu. Mt s vt dng cm tay nh in thoi di ng, my vi tnh xch tay, my quay phim, vt liu cm tri hay qun s cng ang tin ti ng dng loi ngun cung cp nng lng ny.

Xe bus dng pin nhin liu Xe my Yamaha

Xe t GM HydroGen

Tu ngm

Tu Hydrogen Challenger

u im v nhc im u im Trong cc u im ca t bo nhin liu so vi cc h thng chuyn i cnh tranh khc phi k n hiu qu cao khng ph thuc vo ln ca h thng. Chng cung cp nng sut nng lng in tng t 40% n 70% in, ngoi ra c th hn 85% khi tn dng c in v nhit. Ngoi ra vic vn hnh t bo nhin liu khng pht sinh ting n v sn phm ca phn ng ch l nc v dioxit ccbon (nu s dng cc nhin liu ha thch). T bo nhin liu gim s ph thuc vo du m, gim lng dioxit ccbon, mt trong cc kh gy ra hiu ng nh knh, cc oxit ca lu hunh v nit l cc kh gy nhim mi trng ang l vn ln cho x hi. Cc t bo nhin liu khng cn ng c quay hay cc b phn c hc chuyn ng, do tng tui th v tin cy. Nhit d vn hnh khc nhau ca t bo nhin liu cho php dng cng vi turbine hay nhng p dng hi nc nng. Nhc im Gi c ca pin nhin liu qu cao cho vic cnh tranh nh trong cc b phn ca pin nh cht xc tc (bch kim), mng trao i, in cc. Pin nhin liu c th tch cng knh, nht l khi ngi ta mun nhp vo bn trong xe c. Cc pin nhin liu cn c tui th ti thiu 40.000h trong cc ng dng trong cc cng trnh v trm pht in. y l mt ngng khng d g vt qua vi cng ngh hin hnh.

Cht t hydro kh bo qun v vn chuyn. Vn mi trng tht s thn thin vi mi trng v kh hu, mt mt cc t bo nhin liu ch c php thi ra cc kh nh knh v cc cht c hi khc cng t cng tt, mt khc qu trnh khai thc cht t cng khng c php thi ra cc cht kh . Vn chnh l ch ny v kh hir khng c trong t nhin m phi dng nng lng sn xut ra. Nc hoc cc hp cht hydrocacbon nh kh t nhin, du m hoc mthanol c xem l ngun sn xut kh hir. Vic tch nc qua in phn v nguyn tc l ph hp vi mi trng sinh thi nu nh nng lng cn dng cng c sn xut t cc ngun nng lng ti sinh nh nc, Mt Tri hoc gi ch khng phi t cc phng php sn xut in thng thng. Trong nhiu loi t bo nng lng ngy nay tht ra khng phi kh hir tinh khit c dng lm kh t m li l mt cht t ha thch nh kh t nhin, xng hay methanol. Cc loi t bo nhin liu ny c s dng nhiu nht l trong cng nghip t to iu kin thun li hn cho vic chuyn i t cc ng c thng thng sang cc loi ng c thay th khc. Trong cc kiu ng c hn hp ny kh t nhin c chuyn ha bng nhit lng thnh oxit cacbon v hir. Hir c dng trong t bo nhin liu lm cht t v c tiu th hon ton nhng kh oxit cacbon vn cn li, phn ng vi nc to thnh ioxit cacbon, mt kh nh knh tc hi n kh hu. Theo mt nghin cu ca Hi v mi trng v bo v t nhin c (Bund fr Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland BUND) cc t dng t bo nhin liu tuy thi kh ra ti ch rt t hn so vi cc ng c thng dng nhng vic sn xut ra hir t nhng ngun nng lng ha thch li to ra cc kh thi nn nu tng

cng li, lng cc kh to ra hiu ng nh knh c thi ra tng ln rt nhiu. Vic thi kh ch di chuyn t t v ni sn xut ra hir. Thay v hir, nu s dng cc ngun nng lng ha thch khc nh methanol th tc ng n kh hu vn nh cc ng c Otto. Nhng t ra th cc hp cht ca lu hunh v cc cht c hi n sc khe thi ra t t t bo nhin liu gim i rt nhiu. Tm li bn nghin cu ny cho rng xe t bo nhin liu tht s l mt la chn cho tng lai nhng ch khi hir c sn xut ti sinh khi lng ln dng v c th tch tr c. Mc d vy, theo quan im ca cc chuyn gia, xe t bo nhin liu vn hnh bng cc cht t ha thch vn c ngha: Chng gip cng ngh ny c ph bin, pht trin v chp nhn tt hn v nh th v lu di dn ng cho cc xe tht s khng pht sinh ra kh thi. Kh t nhin c xem l cht t thch hp nht cho cc thit b s dng t bo nhin liu trong cc nh my pht in v cho cc thit b nh hn dng cho nh . Kt qu bn nghin cu so snh ca BUND cho thy y kh hir sn xut ti sinh vn l phng cch ph hp vi sinh thi nht, nhng mc d vy cc thit b t bo nhin liu vn hnh bng kh t nhin thi ra lng oxit nit t i gp ba ln v thi ra cc hp cht ca lu hunh cng t i nhiu. Nu s dng trong cc nh my pht in cc chuyn gia d tnh vic pht thi cc kh nh knh c th gim n khong 4% cho n nm 2010. Thm na, vic sn xut in v nhit si m c phn tn tip tc, cc thit b nh dng cho nh c thc hin d dng hn v c hiu qu nhiu hn so vi cc cng ngh thng thng rt nhiu. Tng kt li cc chuyn gia cng khng nh phn ny l cng ngh t bo nhin liu vn thn thin vi mi trng hn cc phng php sn xut in thng dng rt nhiu

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