l ll l

l ll ll ll lu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n t tt t
t tt tt tt th hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i

i ii i
i ii ii ii i h hh h
h hh hh hh h
c cc c
c cc cc cc c n nn n
n nn nn nn n
m mm m
m mm mm mm m 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 00 00 0
0 00 00 00 09 99 9
9 99 99 99 9 & && &
& && && && & 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 01 11 1
1 11 11 11 10 00 0
0 00 00 00 0
C CC C
C CC CC CC Ch hh h
h hh hh hh hu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n

: :: :
: :: :: :: : N NN N
N NN NN NN Nh hh h
h hh hh hh h
n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g s ss s
s ss ss ss sa aa a
a aa aa aa ai ii i
i ii ii ii i l ll l
l ll ll ll l
m mm m
m mm mm mm m g gg g
g gg gg gg g
p pp p
p pp pp pp p p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt tr rr r
r rr rr rr ro oo o
o oo oo oo on nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g g gg g
g gg gg gg gi ii i
i ii ii ii i
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt to oo o
o oo oo oo o
n nn n
n nn nn nn n
V VV V
V VV VV VV V
h hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i
u uu u
u uu uu uu u q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu u
c cc c
c cc cc cc c
a aa a
a aa aa aa a p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h

n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
p pp p
p pp pp pp p q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y

i ii i
i ii ii ii i
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 09798.17.8.85 (gp Thy Qunh)
Bin son v ging dy: Thy Ng Xun Qunh (E_mail: hoahoc.org@gmail.com Website: hoahoc.org)
trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng khng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing
H
N
NH
O O
H
N
HN
O O
Trong i sng hng ngy chng ta thng xuyn dng php quy i tin cho vic thanh ton nh quy
gi tr ca hng ha ra tin tr tin ch khng nh i hng ha thi trung c, i vi nhng ti sn gi tr
ln nh nh, t, th quy ra gi tr vng hoc la thanh ton.
Trong ha hc nhiu trng hp phn ng c nhng trng hp c nhng qu trnh phn ng din ra rt
phc tp nh trong phn ng oxi ha - kh chng hn c nhiu phn ng m tt c cc cht trong cng mt hp
cht, hn hp u ng vai tr l cht oxi ha hoc kh.
V d: V d: V d: V d: hn hp cha FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
hoc hn hp cha Fe, FeS v FeS
2
,
Cho nn i vi nhng bi tp tnh ton dng ny m chng ta dng qu trnh trao i electron th s rt l
phc tp, hay l trong nhng phn ng chy ca polime, hoc nhng phn ng trong dung dch Nu gii theo
cch thng thng th rt mt nhiu thi gian, thm ch cn khng gii c.
V th ny sinh ra vn l phi quy i quy i quy i quy i lm n gin hn, thun li hn. Phng php quy i l mt
phng php bin i ton hc nhm a bi ton ban u l mt hn hp phc tp v dng n gin, qua lm
cho cc php tnh tr nn d dng, thun tin.
Vy vi phng php quy i th vic gii ton tr nn tng i l n gin. Nhng nu chng ta khng
bit cch p dng v hiu r v bn cht ca cc phn ng ha hc xy ra hiu r v bn cht ca cc phn ng ha hc xy ra hiu r v bn cht ca cc phn ng ha hc xy ra hiu r v bn cht ca cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong dung dch th vic p dng phng
php ny s khng trnh khi nhng sai xt.
Nhng sai xt ti gp chnh cc em hc sinh m ti dy, v nay ti xin trao i cng vi cc bn:
Chng ta cng nhau xt v d sau
V d: V d: V d: V d: Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam hn hp X gm: Fe; FeO; Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
trong HCl d, sau phn ng thy to ra
12,7 gam FeCl
2
. Hi s gam FeCl
3
thu c l bao nhiu?
H HH Hng dn: ng dn: ng dn: ng dn:
Vi bi ton ny th chng ta bit rng hn hp X gm: Fe; FeO; Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
c th c nhiu hng quy
i: (Fe v Fe
2
O
3
); (Fe v FeO); (Fe v Fe
3
O
4
); (FeO v Fe
3
O
4
); (FeO v Fe
2
O
3
); (Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
) hoc thm ch l ch
mt cht Fe
x
O
y
.
Nhng trong cc phng php quy i trn th vic hiu sai bn cht ca phn ng s dn ti kt qu
khc nhau.
1) Cch quy i 01 Cch quy i 01 Cch quy i 01 Cch quy i 01: Quy i hn hp X v: FeO v Fe
3
O
4

Ta c:

2
3 4 2 3
2
2
x
x
y y y
FeO FeCl
Fe O FeCl FeCl

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca FeO v Fe
3
O
4
=> ta c: 72x + 232y = 11,2 gam (*)
Mt khc ta c:
2
= 0,1 mol (2*)
FeCl
n x y = +
T (*) v (2*) =>
3
0, 075
2.0, 025.(56 35, 5.3) 8,125
0, 025
gam
FeCl
x mol
m
y mol
=
= + =

2) Cch quy i 02 Cch quy i 02 Cch quy i 02 Cch quy i 02 : Quy i hn hp X v : FeO v Fe
2
O
3

Ta c

2
2 3 3
2
2
x
x
y y
FeO FeCl
Fe O FeCl

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca FeO v Fe
2
O
3
=> ta c 72x + 160y = 11,2 gam (*)
Mt khc
2
= 0,1 mol (2*)
FeCl
n x =
T (*) v (2*) => y = 0,025 mol =>
3
2.0, 025.(56 35, 5.3) 8,125 gam
FeCl
m = + =
3) Cch quy i 03 Cch quy i 03 Cch quy i 03 Cch quy i 03: Quy i hn hp X v: Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3

Ta c


3 4 2 3
2
2 3 3
2
2
2
x x x
y y
Fe O FeCl FeCl
Fe O FeCl
+

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
=> ta c 232x + 160y = 11,2 gam (*)
Mt khc
2
= 0,1 mol (2*)
FeCl
n x =
l ll l
l ll ll ll lu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n t tt t
t tt tt tt th hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i

i ii i
i ii ii ii i h hh h
h hh hh hh h
c cc c
c cc cc cc c n nn n
n nn nn nn n
m mm m
m mm mm mm m 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 00 00 0
0 00 00 00 09 99 9
9 99 99 99 9 & && &
& && && && & 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 01 11 1
1 11 11 11 10 00 0
0 00 00 00 0
C CC C
C CC CC CC Ch hh h
h hh hh hh hu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n

: :: :
: :: :: :: : N NN N
N NN NN NN Nh hh h
h hh hh hh h
n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g s ss s
s ss ss ss sa aa a
a aa aa aa ai ii i
i ii ii ii i l ll l
l ll ll ll l
m mm m
m mm mm mm m g gg g
g gg gg gg g
p pp p
p pp pp pp p p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt tr rr r
r rr rr rr ro oo o
o oo oo oo on nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g g gg g
g gg gg gg gi ii i
i ii ii ii i
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt to oo o
o oo oo oo o
n nn n
n nn nn nn n
V VV V
V VV VV VV V
h hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i
u uu u
u uu uu uu u q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu u
c cc c
c cc cc cc c
a aa a
a aa aa aa a p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h

n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
p pp p
p pp pp pp p q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y

i ii i
i ii ii ii i
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 09798.17.8.85 (gp Thy Qunh)
Bin son v ging dy: Thy Ng Xun Qunh (E_mail: hoahoc.org@gmail.com Website: hoahoc.org)
trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng khng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing
H
N
NH
O O
H
N
HN
O O
T (*) v (2*) => y = -0,075 mol =>
3
2 2 = 0,1.2 + 2.(-0,075) = 0,05mol
FeCl
n x y = + =>
3
8,125 gam
FeCl
m =
4) Cch quy i 04 Cch quy i 04 Cch quy i 04 Cch quy i 04 : Quy i v Fe
x
O
y

Fe
x
O
y
=> (3x-2y)FeCl
2
+ (2y-2x)FeCl
3

Ta c
2
0,1 mol
FeCl
n = =>
6 7
0,1 0,1 6
(56 16 ) 11, 2
3 2 3 2 7
x y
Fe O
x
n mol x y Fe O
x y x y y
= + = => =


Vy : Fe
6
O
7
=> 4FeCl
2
+ 2FeCl
3

Ta c
2
0,1 mol
FeCl
n = =>
2
0,05mol
FeCl
n = =>
3
8,125 gam
FeCl
m =
5) Cch quy i 05 Cch quy i 05 Cch quy i 05 Cch quy i 05: Quy i hn hp X v: Fe v Fe
2
O
3

2
2 3 3
2
2
x
x
y y
Fe FeCl
Fe O FeCl

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Fe
2
O
3
=> ta c 56x + 160y = 11,2 gam
Ta c
2
0,1 mol
FeCl
n x = = => y = 0,035 mol => =>
3
2.0, 035.162, 5 11, 375 8,125 gam gam
FeCl
m = =
6) Cch q Cch q Cch q Cch quy i uy i uy i uy i 06 06 06 06 : Quy i hn hp X v : Fe v Fe
3
O
4

2
3 4 2 3
2
2
x
x
y y y
Fe FeCl
Fe O FeCl FeCl

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Fe
3
O
4
=> 56x + 232y = 11,2 gam (*)
Mt khc
2
0,1 mol (2*)
FeCl
n x y = + =
T (*) v (2*) =>
3
3
7
44
2. .(56 35, 5.3) 10, 341 8,125
7 220
220
gam
FeCl
x mol
m
y mol

= + =

Ti sao hai ph Ti sao hai ph Ti sao hai ph Ti sao hai ph ng n quy i v ng n quy i v ng n quy i v ng n quy i v : Fe v Fe : Fe v Fe : Fe v Fe : Fe v Fe
2 22 2
O OO O
3 33 3
v Fe v Fe v Fe v Fe v Fe v Fe v Fe v Fe
3 33 3
O OO O
4 44 4
li c kt qu sai nh li c kt qu sai nh li c kt qu sai nh li c kt qu sai nh vy vy vy vy ? ?? ?
Liu chng ta c sai lm no trong qu trnh gii vi hai cch quy i ny hay khng?
Ta hy ch v v tr ca cc cp oxi ha kh :
2 3
2
2
2
........ ........
Fe H Fe
Fe H Fe
+ + +
+

Ta cn c vo ngha ca dy in ha, cp cht no cng xa nhau th kh nng xy ra phn ng s
mnh
Vy th khi gia hai phn ng :
2
2
2 Fe H Fe H
+ +
+ + v
3 2
2 3 Fe Fe Fe
+ +
+ th phn ng no s xy
ra u tin?
Tt nhin l phn ng:
3 2
2 3 Fe Fe Fe
+ +
+ s phi xy ra u tin ri.
Khi bi ton trn vi hai tr Khi bi ton trn vi hai tr Khi bi ton trn vi hai tr Khi bi ton trn vi hai tr ng hp quy i trn ta s tnh ton nh ng hp quy i trn ta s tnh ton nh ng hp quy i trn ta s tnh ton nh ng hp quy i trn ta s tnh ton nh sau: sau: sau: sau:
7) 5) Cch quy i 05 Cch quy i 05 Cch quy i 05 Cch quy i 05:
Quy i hn hp X v: Fe v Fe
2
O
3

3
2 3
2
3 2
2 0,1
2
2 3
HCl
y
y
y x
Fe O Fe
Fe Fe Fe
+
+ +

+

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Fe
2
O
3

=> ta c 56x + 160y = 11,2 gam
Ta c
2
0,1 mol
FeCl
n = => x =
3
0,1
mol => y =
120
7
mol
=>
3
0,1
2 .162, 5 8,125
120 3
7
-2 gam
FeCl
m
| |
= =
|
\

8) 6) Cch quy i 06 Cch quy i 06 Cch quy i 06 Cch quy i 06 :
Quy i hn hp X v : Fe v Fe
3
O
4



3 4 2 3
2
3 2
2 3
2
2 3
y y y
y x x
Fe O FeCl FeCl
Fe Fe Fe
+ +
+
+

Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Fe
3
O
4

=> ta c 56x + 232y = 11,2 gam (*)
Ta c
2
0,1 mol
FeCl
n = => 3x + y = 0,1 mol (2*)
T (*) v (2*) =>
0, 01875
0, 04375
x mol
y mol
=

( )
3
2 2 .162, 5 8,125 gam
FeCl
m y x = =
l ll l
l ll ll ll lu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n t tt t
t tt tt tt th hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i

i ii i
i ii ii ii i h hh h
h hh hh hh h
c cc c
c cc cc cc c n nn n
n nn nn nn n
m mm m
m mm mm mm m 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 00 00 0
0 00 00 00 09 99 9
9 99 99 99 9 & && &
& && && && & 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 01 11 1
1 11 11 11 10 00 0
0 00 00 00 0
C CC C
C CC CC CC Ch hh h
h hh hh hh hu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n

: :: :
: :: :: :: : N NN N
N NN NN NN Nh hh h
h hh hh hh h
n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g s ss s
s ss ss ss sa aa a
a aa aa aa ai ii i
i ii ii ii i l ll l
l ll ll ll l
m mm m
m mm mm mm m g gg g
g gg gg gg g
p pp p
p pp pp pp p p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt tr rr r
r rr rr rr ro oo o
o oo oo oo on nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g g gg g
g gg gg gg gi ii i
i ii ii ii i
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt to oo o
o oo oo oo o
n nn n
n nn nn nn n
V VV V
V VV VV VV V
h hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i
u uu u
u uu uu uu u q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu u
c cc c
c cc cc cc c
a aa a
a aa aa aa a p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h

n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
p pp p
p pp pp pp p q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y

i ii i
i ii ii ii i
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 09798.17.8.85 (gp Thy Qunh)
Bin son v ging dy: Thy Ng Xun Qunh (E_mail: hoahoc.org@gmail.com Website: hoahoc.org)
trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng khng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing
H
N
NH
O O
H
N
HN
O O
Ngoi ra chng ta cn c th quy i v hn hp ch cha Fe v O. Ngoi ra chng ta cn c th quy i v hn hp ch cha Fe v O. Ngoi ra chng ta cn c th quy i v hn hp ch cha Fe v O. Ngoi ra chng ta cn c th quy i v hn hp ch cha Fe v O.
Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca Fe v O => 56x + 16y = 11,2 (*)
Khi thu c FeCl
2
v FeCl
3
th:



2
0,1 0,1 0,1
2
3
2
0,1 3( 0,1) 0,1
2
2
3
(1)
(3)
(2) b b
a a a
Fe e Fe
O e O
Fe e Fe
+

+


+


Ta c
2
0,1 mol
FeCl
n = => ( ) ( )
/ (1) / (1)
/ (1) / (2)
0, 2 0,1 0,1 3 0,1 v n n
Fe Fe
e Fe Fe e
n mol mol a mol n a mol = = = =
Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c : 0,2 + 3.(a 0,1) = 2b <=> 3a 2b = 0,1 (2*)
T (*) v (2*) = ta c a = 0,15 mol v b = 0,175 mol =>
3
0,15 0,1= 0,05mol
FeCl
n = =>
3
8,125 gam
FeCl
m =
--------- --------- --------- --------- & & & & --------- --------- --------- ---------
Ring vi trng hp quy i thnh Fe v FeO th vic cho hai cht ny tc dng vi HCl khng th to ra
FeCl
3
. V khi th bi ton sai hon ton v bn cht ha hc.
Nhng theo cc bn th liu rng c th lm c bi ny hay khng?
Chng ta c th a ra la chn cht c kh nng bin thnh Fe
3+
c khng? Nu chng ta xc nh c
cht c kh nng to ra Fe
3+
th bi ton c th gii c?
Cc bn hy cng suy ngh ?
V d: V d: V d: V d: Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam hn hp X gm: Fe; FeO; Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
trong HCl d, sau phn ng thy to ra
12,7 gam FeCl
2
. Hi s gam FeCl
3
thu c l bao nhiu?
Vi cch quy i hn hp X v Fe v FeO [???] Vi cch quy i hn hp X v Fe v FeO [???] Vi cch quy i hn hp X v Fe v FeO [???] Vi cch quy i hn hp X v Fe v FeO [???]

V nhm khc su hn na v vn hiu bn cht ca cc phn ng xy ra v nhm nhn mnh c
hiu qu ca phng php quy i. Ti xin a ra mt v d nh sau:
V d: V d: V d: V d: Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan va ht vo trong 700ml dung dch HCl 1M, thu
c 3,36 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta v em nung
ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr m.

Vy l cng vi dng ton l cho hn hp st v cc oxit tc dng vi dung dch HCl d th ta cng s c mt
bi ton khc. Nhng c th ni y l bi ton s c tc dng nhn mnh c vic hiu r bn cht ca cc phn
ng ha hc xy ra.
Vi bi ton ny ti mong rng cc em hc sinh cng nh cc bn ng nghip cn phi ch tm hiu k
v bn cht ca mt bi ton ri hy a ra phng php gii cho ph hp.
Trnh tnh trng hiu sai bn cht ri dn ti a ra kt qu sai.
Vi hc sinh hc lp 12 th sau khi hc xong dy in ha ca kim loi th ta c c v tr ca cc cp oxi
ha kh ca st:
2 3
2
2
2 Fe H Fe
Fe H Fe
+ + +
+

Th trong bi ton ny s cn phi lu im g khi p dng cc phng php gii :
Chng ta bit rng phn ng gia oxit vi axit s xy ra u tin khi cho hn hp trn vo dung dch
axit HCl, sau theo dy in ha ca kim loi th s c phn ng gia Fe
3+
vi Fe ri mi n phn ng ca Fe tc
dng vi HCl.
Nu chng ta khng lm r c iu ny th vic gii ton v p dng cc phng php gii s sai lm.
V ti xin ly v d trn chng minh.
Tr Tr Tr Tr c tin c tin c tin c tin ti xin ti xin ti xin ti xin a ra cch lm a ra cch lm a ra cch lm a ra cch lm ca bi ton ca bi ton ca bi ton ca bi ton theo h theo h theo h theo h ng ca ph ng ca ph ng ca ph ng ca phng php quy i i vi v d trn ng php quy i i vi v d trn ng php quy i i vi v d trn ng php quy i i vi v d trn
a) a) a) a) H HH H ng quy i 01 ng quy i 01 ng quy i 01 ng quy i 01 : :: :
Ta quy i hn hp X v : Fe v Fe
2
O
3
vi s mol ln lt l a v b mol => 56a + 160b = 20 gam (*)
Ta c cc phng trnh phn ng :
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl => 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
b mol b mol
Sau , do v tr ca cp oxi ha kh :
2 3
2
2
2 Fe H Fe
Fe H Fe
+ + +
+

Nn s c phn ng : 2FeCl
3
+ Fe => 3FeCl
2

b mol b mol
l ll l
l ll ll ll lu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n t tt t
t tt tt tt th hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i

i ii i
i ii ii ii i h hh h
h hh hh hh h
c cc c
c cc cc cc c n nn n
n nn nn nn n
m mm m
m mm mm mm m 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 00 00 0
0 00 00 00 09 99 9
9 99 99 99 9 & && &
& && && && & 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 01 11 1
1 11 11 11 10 00 0
0 00 00 00 0
C CC C
C CC CC CC Ch hh h
h hh hh hh hu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n

: :: :
: :: :: :: : N NN N
N NN NN NN Nh hh h
h hh hh hh h
n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g s ss s
s ss ss ss sa aa a
a aa aa aa ai ii i
i ii ii ii i l ll l
l ll ll ll l
m mm m
m mm mm mm m g gg g
g gg gg gg g
p pp p
p pp pp pp p p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt tr rr r
r rr rr rr ro oo o
o oo oo oo on nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g g gg g
g gg gg gg gi ii i
i ii ii ii i
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt to oo o
o oo oo oo o
n nn n
n nn nn nn n
V VV V
V VV VV VV V
h hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i
u uu u
u uu uu uu u q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu u
c cc c
c cc cc cc c
a aa a
a aa aa aa a p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h

n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
p pp p
p pp pp pp p q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y

i ii i
i ii ii ii i
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 09798.17.8.85 (gp Thy Qunh)
Bin son v ging dy: Thy Ng Xun Qunh (E_mail: hoahoc.org@gmail.com Website: hoahoc.org)
trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng khng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing
H
N
NH
O O
H
N
HN
O O
Sau khi ht FeCl
3
th s c tip phn ng ca: Fe + 2HCl => FeCl
2
+ H
2
mol
a - b mol a - b mol
Theo bi ta c: a b = 0,15 mol (2*)
T (*) v (2*) => a = 11/54 v b = 29/540 mol
Vy tng s mol ca nguyn t Fe l: a + 2b = 14/45 mol =>
2 3
24, 89 gam
Fe O
m =
b) b) b) b) H HH H ng quy ng quy ng quy ng quy i 02: i 02: i 02: i 02:
Ta quy i hn hp v Fe v O vi s mol ln lt l a v b mol => 56a + 16b = 20 gam (*)
Trong phn ng ca hn hp X vi dung dch HCl th sau cng ch thu c Fe
2+
nn ta c:

2
2
2
2
2
0,3
0,15
2
2
2 2 0, 3
2 2
(2*)
o
b b
a a
O e O
Fe e Fe
a b
H e H

+
+
+

= +
+

T (*) v (2*) => a = 14/45 v b = 29/180 =>
2 3
24, 89 gam
Fe O
m =
l hai kt qu c c khi tin hnh theo phng php quy i phn t v quy i nguyn t.
Qua chng ta c th thy c hiu qu ca phng php quy i khi p dng vo vic gii ton.
Cn vi cc hng v cch quy i khc nh: (Fe, FeO), (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
), th n s khin cho bi ton l phi thc t
do khng c kh nng to ra kh H
2
.
Vy vic hiu bn cht ha hc xy ra trong mt bi ton l rt quan trng, n s quyt nh xem chng ta
gii bi ton ng hay sai.
Cn nu ta xt bi ton theo phng php tng gim khi lng th nh th no?
Ta c s ha bi ton:
0
2
3 4
2 3
d
kk
dung dich D Kt ta m gam rn
HCl
NaOH t
Fe
H
FeO
Fe O
Fe O
+
+

)

Ta c Fe + 2HCl => FeCl
2
+ H
2

H HCl
n mol n mol = =
2
p
0,15 0,3 s mol HCl phn ng vi oxit l: 0,4mol

Vy khi O Cl

2 thay bng
2 vy khi s mol ca O trong oxit l: 0,2 mol => m
Fe
= 20 0,2.16 = 16,8 gam
=> n
Fe
= 0,3 mol => Vy khi lng ca Fe
2
O
3
l: 0,15.160 = 24 gam.
Qua y ta nhn thy rng c hai kt qu khc nhau? Vy cch no l cch sai? V sai im no?
Ta phn tch chi tit bi ton the Ta phn tch chi tit bi ton the Ta phn tch chi tit bi ton the Ta phn tch chi tit bi ton theo tng ph o tng ph o tng ph o tng ph ng trnh: ng trnh: ng trnh: ng trnh:
Khi cho hn hp X gm: Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch axit HCl th s c cc phn ng sau:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl => 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl => 2FeCl
3
+ FeCl
2
+ 4H
2
O FeO + 2HCl => FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
Sau , do v tr ca cp oxi ha kh :
2 3
2
2
2 Fe H Fe
Fe H Fe
+ + +
+

Vy khi s c phn ng gia : 2FeCl
3
+ Fe => 3FeCl
2
sau mi c phn ng Fe + 2HCl => FeCl
2
+ H
2

Khi ta b qua phn ng gia FeCl
3
vi Fe th khi ta s c c 2 O
2-
s b thay th bi 2Cl
-
.
M qun i lng Fe tham gia phn ng vi mui FeCl
3
khi kt qu ca bi ton s sai lch i mt lng
do thiu lng Fe tham gia phn ng ny. V bi ton ny c kh nhiu tc gi gii v cho rng cch trn l
ng. H cho rng:
Trong v d ny do sau phn ng st kh Trong v d ny do sau phn ng st kh Trong v d ny do sau phn ng st kh Trong v d ny do sau phn ng st khng thay i s oxi ha hon ton thnh s oxi ha cao nht m n li ng thay i s oxi ha hon ton thnh s oxi ha cao nht m n li ng thay i s oxi ha hon ton thnh s oxi ha cao nht m n li ng thay i s oxi ha hon ton thnh s oxi ha cao nht m n li
bao gm st c s oxi ha l (+2) v (+3). Nn chng ta s khng th no kt hp bao gm st c s oxi ha l (+2) v (+3). Nn chng ta s khng th no kt hp bao gm st c s oxi ha l (+2) v (+3). Nn chng ta s khng th no kt hp bao gm st c s oxi ha l (+2) v (+3). Nn chng ta s khng th no kt hp c ph c ph c ph c ph ng php bo ton ng php bo ton ng php bo ton ng php bo ton
electron vi ph electron vi ph electron vi ph electron vi ph ng php quy i gii ng php quy i gii ng php quy i gii ng php quy i gii.
Vy ra cn ch rng Vy ra cn ch rng Vy ra cn ch rng Vy ra cn ch rng : Khng phi : Khng phi : Khng phi : Khng phi bt c bi ton no lin quan ti cc oxit st cng c th gii bng ph bt c bi ton no lin quan ti cc oxit st cng c th gii bng ph bt c bi ton no lin quan ti cc oxit st cng c th gii bng ph bt c bi ton no lin quan ti cc oxit st cng c th gii bng ph ng ng ng ng
php quy i kt hp vi ph php quy i kt hp vi ph php quy i kt hp vi ph php quy i kt hp vi ph ng php bo ton electron. ng php bo ton electron. ng php bo ton electron. ng php bo ton electron.
Chng ta ch c th p dng ph Chng ta ch c th p dng ph Chng ta ch c th p dng ph Chng ta ch c th p dng ph ng php quy i ng php quy i ng php quy i ng php quy i c khi m st thay i nn trng thi 1 s oxi ha. c khi m st thay i nn trng thi 1 s oxi ha. c khi m st thay i nn trng thi 1 s oxi ha. c khi m st thay i nn trng thi 1 s oxi ha.
Vi bi ton ny Vi bi ton ny Vi bi ton ny Vi bi ton ny chng ta cng vn s dng ph chng ta cng vn s dng ph chng ta cng vn s dng ph chng ta cng vn s dng ph ng php quy i nh ng php quy i nh ng php quy i nh ng php quy i nh ng kt hp vi ph ng kt hp vi ph ng kt hp vi ph ng kt hp vi ph ng php bo ton khi ng php bo ton khi ng php bo ton khi ng php bo ton khi
l ll l ng, bo ton ng, bo ton ng, bo ton ng, bo ton nguyn t v bo ton in tch nguyn t v bo ton in tch nguyn t v bo ton in tch nguyn t v bo ton in tch
Nh vy l h sai lm v cha hiu r bn cht ca cc qu trnh phn ng xy ra trong dung dch.
-------------------- & --------------------
l ll l
l ll ll ll lu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n t tt t
t tt tt tt th hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i

i ii i
i ii ii ii i h hh h
h hh hh hh h
c cc c
c cc cc cc c n nn n
n nn nn nn n
m mm m
m mm mm mm m 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 00 00 0
0 00 00 00 09 99 9
9 99 99 99 9 & && &
& && && && & 2 22 2
2 22 22 22 20 00 0
0 00 00 00 01 11 1
1 11 11 11 10 00 0
0 00 00 00 0
C CC C
C CC CC CC Ch hh h
h hh hh hh hu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y
n nn n
n nn nn nn n

: :: :
: :: :: :: : N NN N
N NN NN NN Nh hh h
h hh hh hh h
n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g s ss s
s ss ss ss sa aa a
a aa aa aa ai ii i
i ii ii ii i l ll l
l ll ll ll l
m mm m
m mm mm mm m g gg g
g gg gg gg g
p pp p
p pp pp pp p p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt tr rr r
r rr rr rr ro oo o
o oo oo oo on nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g g gg g
g gg gg gg gi ii i
i ii ii ii i
i ii i
i ii ii ii i t tt t
t tt tt tt to oo o
o oo oo oo o
n nn n
n nn nn nn n
V VV V
V VV VV VV V
h hh h
h hh hh hh hi ii i
i ii ii ii i
u uu u
u uu uu uu u q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu u
c cc c
c cc cc cc c
a aa a
a aa aa aa a p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h

n nn n
n nn nn nn ng gg g
g gg gg gg g p pp p
p pp pp pp ph hh h
h hh hh hh h
p pp p
p pp pp pp p q qq q
q qq qq qq qu uu u
u uu uu uu uy yy y
y yy yy yy y

i ii i
i ii ii ii i
tm hiu v ng k hc, hy gi in ti s 09798.17.8.85 (gp Thy Qunh)
Bin son v ging dy: Thy Ng Xun Qunh (E_mail: hoahoc.org@gmail.com Website: hoahoc.org)
trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng k trn ng thnh cng khng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing hng c bc chn ca k li bing
H
N
NH
O O
H
N
HN
O O
V t hai kt qu trn, chng ta c th d dng tnh c s mol ca axit tham gia phn ng: 2b + 0,15.2 =
28/45 mol < 0,7 mol
Vy khi ta khng th ni c : va ht vo trong 700ml dung dch HCl 1M va ht vo trong 700ml dung dch HCl 1M va ht vo trong 700ml dung dch HCl 1M va ht vo trong 700ml dung dch HCl 1M v d kin ny khng cn
dng ti trong vic gii ton.
Vy bi ton trn vit ng li s c dng:
Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan trong 700ml dung dch HCl 1M, thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(
ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta v em nung ngoi khng kh
n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr m.
Khi th vi bi ny chng ta s p dng phng php bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t v bo
ton in tch gii khi m chng ta tm c lng Fe hoc lng FeCl
3
tham gia phn ng vi nhau.
V cng t bi ton trn, chng ta c th bin i thnh nhiu bi ton khc tng ng:

Bi 1: Bi 1: Bi 1: Bi 1: Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan trong 700ml dung dch HCl 1M, thu c V lt H
2

( ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta v em nung ngoi khng kh
n khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr V.
Hng dn: Hng dn: Hng dn: Hng dn:
Ta c
2 3
0,15 0, 3 0, 2
Fe O Fe O
n mol n mol n mol = = =
Ta quy i hn hp X v hn hp ch cha Fe v O. khi ta c cc qu trnh cho v nhn electron.

2
2
0, 2 2.0,2
0,3 2.0,3
2
2
2
2
2.0, 3 2.0, 2 2
2 2
x=0,1 mol =>V=2,24 lit
o
x
x
O e O
Fe e Fe
x
H e H

+
+
+

= +
+

Vy khi ta s d dng tnh c s mol axit phn ng: 0,6 mol => axit cn d sau phn ng.
Bi Bi Bi Bi 2 22 2: : : : Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan va trong V ml dung dch HCl 1M, thu c
3,36 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta v em nung ngoi
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr V.
p s: V = 622 ml
Bi 3: Bi 3: Bi 3: Bi 3: Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan va trong 800 ml dung dch HCl a M, thu
c 3,36 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta v em nung
ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr a.
p s: a = 0,75M
Bi 4: Bi 4: Bi 4: Bi 4: Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan va trong V ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M, thu c
3,36 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta v em nung ngoi
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr V.
p s: V = 300 ml
Bi 5: Bi 5: Bi 5: Bi 5: Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan trong 300 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M, thu c 3,36
lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d, lc kt ta v em nung ngoi
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr m.
p s: 93,9 gam
Bi Bi Bi Bi 6 66 6: :: : Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
ha tan trong 200 ml hn hp Y gm: H
2
SO
4
1M v HCl
0,2M, thu c 3,36 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d, lc kt ta
v em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Xc nh gi tr m.
p s: 70,6 gam

Ngoi ra cc bn c th pht trin thm thnh nhiu dng bi ton khc da trn c s ca bi ton gc. Ngoi ra cc bn c th pht trin thm thnh nhiu dng bi ton khc da trn c s ca bi ton gc. Ngoi ra cc bn c th pht trin thm thnh nhiu dng bi ton khc da trn c s ca bi ton gc. Ngoi ra cc bn c th pht trin thm thnh nhiu dng bi ton khc da trn c s ca bi ton gc.

Bi vit ny c ti vit trong thi gian ngn, ngay sau khi pht hin nhng sai lm ca cc em hc sinh
v ca mt s bn ng nghip. Nn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu xt.
Rt mong ghi nhn c nhng kin ng gp v bi vit ny.