Bi tp nhiu cch gii nhm pht

trin t duy cho hc sinh

Dng Xun Thnh
Cng gio dc trc tuyn goedu
gip cho hc sinh pht trin nng lc t duy sng to th phi tp luyn cho hc sinh
hot ng t duy sng to, thng qua hot ng gii bi tp ho hc v lun khuyn khch hc sinh
tm nhiu cch gii cho mt bi tp, chn cch gii hay nht, ngn gn nht. V vy ta cn phi
chn nhiu bi tp m bo yu cu ny.
Bi 1: m gam phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian ta thu c hn hp B
gm st v cc oxit FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 c khi lng 12 gam. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi dung
dch HNO3 thy gii phng ra 2,24 lt kh duy nht NO (ktc). Tnh m.
Li gii
Cch 1:
A + O2: Xy ra cc phn ng
2Fe +

O2 2FeO

3Fe +

2O2 Fe3O4

4Fe

3O2 2Fe2O3

t s mol cc cht trong 12 gam B { FeO: x ; Fe3O4: y ; Fe2O3: z ; Fed : t }

56t + 72x + 232y + 160z = 12 7t + 9x + 29y + 20z =1,5
B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

(I)

3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14H2O

Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3
1
1
2,24
= 0,1
S mol: n NO = t + x + y =
3
3
22,4

3t + x + y = 0,3

T (I), (II) 10x + 30y + 20z + 10t = 1,8

Trong m gam Fe c s mol:

+ 3H2O
(II)

x + 3y + 2z + t = 0,18

n Fe = x + 3y + 2 z + t = 0,18

m = 56.0,18 = 10,08 (gam).

Cch 2:
Theo nh lut BTKL ta c:

m + mO = mB

m O = 12 m n O = 0,0625.(12 m)
Qu trnh nhng e

Qu trnh nhn e

Fe 3e Fe3+
m
56

3.

m
56

0,0625.(12 m)

2e

3.0,1
m
56

+ 2H2O

0,1

E + = 0,3 + 0,125.(12 m)

Bo ton s mol e ta c: E = E + 3.

O2-

0,125.(12 m)

4H+ + NO 3 + 3e NO

E = 3.

m
= 0,3 + 0,125.(12 m)
56

m = 10,08 (gam).
Cch 3:
Theo nh lut BTKL ta c: m B + m HNO3 ( p ) = m Fe ( NO3 )3 + m NO + m H2O
12 + 63.n HNO3 ( p ) = 242.n Fe( NO3 )3 + 30.0,1 + 18.n H2O

Trong : n Fe ( NO3 )3 = n Fe =

m
m
; n HNO3 ( p ) = 3.n Fe( NO3 )3 + n NO = 3. + 0,1
56
56

1
1
m
n H2O = .n HNO3 ( p ) = .(3. + 0,1)
2
2
56

Suy ra:

12 + 63.(3.

m
m
m
1
+ 0,1) = 242.
+ 30.0,1 + 18. (3.
+ 0,1)
2
56
56
56

m = 10,08 (gam).
Cch 4:
Coi Fe3O4 FeO.Fe2O3 B gm {Fe ; FeO ; Fe2O3 }
t s mol cc cht trong 12 gam B { Fed: x ; FeO: y ; Fe2O3: z }
56x + 72y + 160z = 12

7x + 9y + 20z =1,5

(III)

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO +14H2O
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3
S mol:

1
n NO = x + y = 0,1
3

+ 3H2O

3x + y = 0,3

(IV)

T (III), (IV) 10x + 10y + 20z = 1,8 x + y + 2z = 0,18

Trong m gam Fe c s mol:

n Fe = x + y + 2z = 0,18

m = 56.0,18 = 10,08 (gam).

Cch 5:
V B ch gm cc nguyn t Fe v Oxi.
t s mol cc cht trong B { Fe: x ; O: y }
56x + 16y = 12

(VII)

Qu trnh nhng e

Qu trnh nhn e

Fe 3e Fe3+

3x

2e

O2-

2y

4H+ + NO 3 + 3e NO + 2H2O
3.0,1
E = 3x

0,1

E + = 0,3 + 2 y

Bo ton s mol e ta c: E = E + 3x = 2y + 0,3

(VIII)

T (VII), (VIII) x = 0,18 ; y = 0,12

Trong m gam Fe c: n Fe = x = 0,18 m = 56.0,18 = 10,08 (gam).
Cch 6:
t cng thc chung ca 3 oxit l: Fe n O m
Trong 12 gam B gm { Fed: x ; Fe n O m : y }
56x + (56n + 16m)y = 12 7x + (7n + 2m)y = 1,5

(V)

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe + 4HNO3

Fe(NO3)3 + NO+ 2H2O

3 Fe n O m +(12n-2m)HNO3 3nFe(NO3)3 + (3n-2m)NO+ (6n m)H2O

1
S mol: n NO = x + .(3n 2 m).y = 0,1 3x + (3n 2m)y = 0,3
3

T (V), (VI) 10x + 10ny = 1,8 x+ ny = 0,18

Trong m gam Fe c: n Fe = x + ny = 0,18
m = 56.0,18 = 10,08 (gam).
Cch 7:
Gi s lng Fe tham gia phn ng vi O2 ch to ra Fe2O3.
Theo nh lut BTKL ta c:

m + m O2 = m B

(VI)

12 m
32

m O2 = 12 m n O2 =
T phn ng:

Fe

4.(12 m)
32.3

3O2 2Fe2O3

12 m
32

Cht rn B gm: { Fe ; Fe2O3 }

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

Fe
0,1

0,1

Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3

Bo ton nguyn t:

n Fe ( A ) = n Fe ( B ) + n Fe ( p )

+ 3H2O
m
4.(12 m)
= 0,1 +
56
3.32

m = 10,08 ( gam ).
Cch 8:
Gi s tt c Fe u phn ng vi O2 to ra Fe2O3.
4Fe

3O2 2Fe2O3

Khi lng Fe2O3 ti a l: m Fe2O3 = 160.

Khi lng O2 thiu l: m O2 = (

m
10 m
=
56.2
7

10 m
1 10 m
12) n O2 ( Thiu ) =
.(
12)
7
32 7

Ta phi c s mol e do O2 thiu nhn phi bng s mol e do N+5 nhn to ra NO.

4.

1 10 m
.(
12) = 3.0,1 m = 10,08 ( gam ).
32 7

Bi 2: Cho hn hp A gm 3 oxit st Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO vi s mol bng nhau. Ly m gam

A cho vo ng s chu nhit, nung nng ri cho lung kh CO i qua. Cht rn B cn li trong ng

s sau phn ng c khi lng l 19,20 gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4. Cho B tc dng ht vi dung
dch HNO3, un nng c 2,24 lt kh NO (ktc) duy nht. Tnh m.
Li gii
S mol:

n NO =

2,24
= 0,1 mol.
22,4

Cch 1:
t s mol cc cht trong m gam A { Fe2O3: x ; Fe3O4: x ; FeO: x }
m = 160x + 232x + 72x = 464x
A + CO: Xy ra cc phn ng
3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2
Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2
FeO

+ CO

Fe

+ CO2

t s mol cc cht trong 19,2 gam cht rn B { Fe: y ; FeO: z ; Fe3O4: t }

56y + 72z + 232t = 19,2 7y + 9z + 29t = 2,4

(I)

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO +14H2O
S mol:

n NO = y +

1
1
z + t = 0,1
3
3

T (I), (II) 10y + 10z + 30t = 1,8

3y + z + t = 0,3

y + z +3t = 0,27

Ta c: n Fe ( A ) = n Fe ( B ) 6x = y + z + 3t x = 0,045.
Vy m = 464x = 464.0,045 = 20,88 (gam).
Cch 2:
t s mol cc cht trong m gam A { Fe2O3: x ; Fe3O4: x ; FeO: x }

(II)

 m = 160x + 232x + 72x = 464x

Theo nh lut BTKL ta c:

m A + m CO ( p ) = m B + m CO 2

464x + 28n CO ( p ) = 19,2 + 44 n CO ( p ) n CO ( p ) = 29x 1,2

Qu trnh nhng e
Fe2+ 1e Fe3+
x

Qu trnh nhn e
4H+ + NO 3 + 3e NO + 2H2O

3.0,1 0,1

3Fe8/3+ - 1e = Fe3+
3x

C2+

2e = C4+

(29x-1,2) 2(29x-1,2)
E- = x + x + 2(29x-1,2)

E+ = 0,3

Bo ton s mol e ta c E - = E+ x + x + 2(29x 1,2) = 0,3 x = 0,045

m = 464x = 464.0,045 = 20,88 (gam).
Cch 3:
t s mol cc cht trong m gam A {Fe2O3: x ; Fe3O4: x ; FeO: x }
Theo nh lut BTKL ta c: m B + m HNO3 ( p ) = m Fe( NO3 )3 + m NO + m H2O
19,2 + 63.n HNO3 ( p ) = 242.n Fe( NO3 )3 + 30.0,1 + 18.n H2O
Trong : n Fe ( NO3 )3 = n Fe ( A ) = 6 x
n HNO3 ( p ) = 3.n Fe ( NO3 )3 + n NO = 3.6 x + 0,1
n H 2O =

Suy ra:

1
1
.n HNO3 ( p ) = .(3.6 x + 0,1)
2
2

1
19,2 + 63.(18x + 0,1) = 242.6x + 30.0,1 + 18. (18x + 0,1)
2

x = 0,045 m = 464.x = 44.0,045 = 20,88 (gam).

Cch 4:
t s mol cc cht trong m gam A { Fe2O3: x ; Fe3O4: x ; FeO: x }
Coi FeO.Fe2O3 Fe3O4 A ch c Fe3O4: 2x m = 2.232x = 464x
t s mol cc cht trong 19,2 gam cht rn B { Fe: y ; FeO: z ; Fe3O4: t }
56y + 72z + 232t = 19,2

7y + 9z + 29t = 2,4

(III)

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO +14H2O
S mol:

n NO = y +

1
1
z + t = 0,1
3
3

3y + z + t = 0,3

T (III), (IV) 10y + 10z + 30t = 1,8

(IV)

y + z +3t = 0,27

Ta c: n Fe ( A ) = n Fe ( B ) 6x = y + z + 3t x = 0,045.
Vy m = 464x = 464.0,045 = 20,88 (gam).
Cch 5:
t s mol cc cht trong m gam A {Fe2O3: x ; Fe3O4: x ; FeO: x }
m = 160x + 232x + 72x = 464x
Coi Fe3O4 FeO.Fe2O3 B gm { Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 }
t s mol cc cht trong 19,2 gam cht rn B { Fe: y ; FeO: z ; Fe2O3: t }
56y + 72z + 160t = 19,2 7y + 9z + 20t = 2,4
B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3

+ 3H2O

(V)

S mol:

n NO = y +

1
z = 0,1 3y + z = 0,3
3

(VI)

T (V), (VI) 10y + 10z + 20t = 1,8 y + z +2t = 0,27

Ta c: n Fe ( A ) = n Fe ( B ) 6x = y + z + 2t x = 0,045.
Vy m = 464x = 464.0,045 = 20,88 (gam).
Cch 6:
t s mol cc cht trong m gam A {Fe2O3: x ; Fe3O4: x ; FeO: x }
m = 160x + 232x + 72x = 464x
t cng thc chung ca 2 oxit trong B l FenOm
Trong 19,2 gam B gm { Fed: y ; FenOm: z }
56y + (56n + 16m)z = 12 7y + (7n + 2m)z = 1,5

(VII)

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

3FenOm +(12n-2m)HNO3 3nFe(NO3)3 + (3n-2m)NO+ (6n m)H2O

S mol: nNO = y +
T (VII), (VIII)

1
(3n-2m)z = 0,1
3

3y + (3n-2m)z = 0,3

(VIII)

10y + 10nz = 1,8 y+ nz = 0,18

Ta c: n Fe ( A ) = n Fe ( B ) 6x = y + nz

x = 0,045.

Vy m = 464.0,045 = 20,88 (gam).

Bi 3: Nung m gam Fe trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c 104,800 gam hn hp
rn A gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO3 d, thu c dung
dch B v 12,096 lt hn hp kh X gm NO v NO2 (ktc) c t khi so vi heli l 10,167. Tnh m.
Li gii

S mol: nX =

12,096
= 0,54 mol.
22,4

C d X / He = 10,167 M = 10,167.4 = 40,668.

n NO
46 40,668 1
=
= n NO = 0,18 ; n NO2 = 0,36
n NO2 40,668 30 2

Cch 1:
2Fe + O2 2FeO

T cc phn ng:
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

Trong 104,8 gam A gm { Fe: x ; FeO: y ; Fe2O3: z ; Fe3O4: t}

56x + 72y + 160z + 232t = 12 7x + 9y + 20z + 29t =13,1

(I)

A + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

Fe

+ 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3 9Fe(NO3)3 + NO +14H2O
Fe3O4 + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3

+ 3H2O

Bo ton s mol e ta c: 3x + y + t = 3.0,18 + 1.0,36 = 0,9

T (I), (II) 10x + 10y + 20z + 30t = 14 x + y + 2z +3t = 1,4
Trong m gam Fe c s mol:

n Fe = x + y + 2z + 3t = 1,4

m = 56.1,4 = 78,4 (gam).

Cch 2:

(II)

Theo nh lut BTKL ta c: m A + m HNO3 ( p ) = m Fe( NO3 )3 + m X + m H 2O

104,8 + 63.n HNO3 ( p ) = 242.n Fe ( NO3 )3 + 40,668.0,54 + 18.n H 2O
Trong : n Fe ( NO3 )3 = n Fe =

m
56

n HNO3 ( p ) = 3.n Fe ( NO3 )3 + n NO + n NO2 = 3.

m
+ 0,54
56

1
1
m
n H2O = .n HNO3 ( p ) = .(3. + 0,54)
2
2
56

104,8 + 63.(3.

1
m
m
m
+ 0,54) = 242.
+ 40,668.0,54 + 18. (3.
+ 0,54)
56
56
56
2

m = 78,4 (gam).
Cch 3:
Theo nh lut BTKL ta c:
m + m O = m A m O = 104,8 - m n O = 6,55 0,0625m

Qu trnh nhng e
Fe 3e Fe3+
m
m
3.
56
56

Qu trnh nhn e
O

2e

O2-

(6,55 - 0,0625m) 2(6,55 - 0,0625m)

4H+ + NO 3 + 3e NO + 2H2O
3.0,18 0,18
2H+ + NO 3 + 1e NO2 + H2O
1.0,36 0,36

E- = 3.

m
56

Bo ton s mol e: E - = E+ 3.

E+ = 0,9 + 13,1 0,125m

m
= 0,9 + 1,31 0,125m m = 78,4g.
56

Cch 4:
Coi Fe3O4 FeO.Fe2O3 A gm {Fe ; FeO ; Fe2O3 }.
t s mol cc cht trong 104,8 gam A {Fed: x ; FeO: y ; Fe2O3: z }
56x + 72y + 160z = 104,8 7x + 9y + 20z =13,1

(V)

A + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

Fe

+ 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O

FeO + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O
Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3

+ 3H2O

Bo ton s mol e ta c:
3x + y = 3.0,18 + 1.0,36
T (V), (VI) 10x + 10y + 20z = 14

3x + y = 0,9

(VI)

x+ y + 2z = 1,4

Trong m gam Fe c: n Fe = x + y + 2z = 1,4 m = 56.1,4 = 78,4 (gam).

Cch 5:
t cng thc chung ca 2 kh l NO n
C M X = 14 + 16n = 40,668

n = 1,66675

Theo nh lut BTKL ta c:

m + m O = m A m O = 104,8 - m n O = 6,55 0,0625m

A+ HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
(5-2n) Fe

+ (18-6n)HNO3 (5-2n Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO n + (9-3n)H2O

(5-2n) FeO + (16-6n)HNO3 (5-2n)Fe(NO3)3 + NO n + (8-3n)H2O

(5-2n) Fe3O4 + (46-18n)HNO3 3(5-2n)Fe(NO3)3 + NO n + (23-9n)H2O

Fe2O3

6HNO3

2Fe(NO3)3

Qu trnh nhng e

3H2O

Qu trnh nhn e

Fe 3e Fe3+

m
m
3.
56
56

(6,55 - 0,0625m)

O2-

2e

2(6,55 - 0,0625m)

(6-2n)H+ + NO 3 + (5-2n) e NOn + (3-n)H2O

(5 - 2n).0,54
E- = 3.

m
56

0,54

E+ = 2(6,55 0,0625m) + (5 2n).0,54

Bo ton s mol e ta c: E - = E+ 3.

m
= 2(6,55 0,0625m) + (5-2n).0,54
56

Thay n = 1,6667 m = 78,4g.

Cch 6:
V B ch gm cc nguyn t Fe v Oxi.
t s mol cc cht trong B { Fe: x ; O: y }
56x + 16y = 104,8
Qu trnh nhng e

(IX)
Qu trnh nhn e

Fe 3e Fe3+

3x

2e O22y

4H+ + NO 3 + 3e NO + 2H2O
3.0,18 0,18
2H+ + NO 3 + 1e NO2 + H2O
1.0,36 0,36
E- = 3x

E+ = 2y + 0,36 + 3.0,18

Bo ton s mol e ta c E - = E+ 3x = 2y + 0,36 + 0,18.3

(X)

T (IX), (X) x = 1,4 ; y = 1,65

Trong m gam Fe c: n Fe = x = 1,4 m = 56.1,4 = 78,4 (gam).
Cch 7:
t cng thc chung ca 3 oxit l: Fe n O m
A + O2: Xy ra phn ng
2nFe + mO2 2 Fe n O m
Trong 12 gam B gm { Fed: x ; Fe n O m : y }
56x + (56n + 16m)y = 104,8 7x + (7n + 2m)y = 13,1

(III)

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

Fe

+ 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

3 Fe n O m + (12n-2m)HNO3 3nFe(NO3)3 + (3n-2m)NO + (6n m)H2O

Fe n O m + (6n-2m)HNO3 nFe(NO3)3 + (3n-2m)NO2+ (3n m)H2O

Bo ton s mol e ta c:
3x + (3n-2m)y = 3.0,18 + 1.0,36 3x + (3n-2m)y = 0,9
T (III), (IV) 10x + 10ny = 14 x+ ny = 1,4
Trong m gam Fe c: n Fe = x + ny = 1,4 m = 56.1,4 = 78,4 (gam).
Cch 8:
Gii s lng Fe tham gia phn ng vi O2 ch to ra Fe2O3.
Theo nh lut BTKL ta c:

m + m O2 = m B

m O2 = 104,8 m n O2 =

104,8 m
32

T phn ng:
4Fe

3O2 2Fe2O3

(IV)

4.(104,8 m)
32.3

104,8 m
32

Cht rn B gm: { Fe ; Fe2O3 }

B + HNO3: Xy ra cc phn ng
Fe

+ 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

0,18
Fe

0,18
+ 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O

0,12

0,36

Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3)3

+ 3H2O

Bo ton nguyn t: n Fe ( A ) = n Fe ( B ) + n Fe ( p )

m
4.(104,8 m)
= 0,18 + 0,12 +
m = 78,4 ( gam ).
56
3.32

Cch 9:
Gi s ton b Fe u phn ng vi O2 to ra Fe2O3.
4Fe

3O2 2Fe2O3

Khi lng Fe2O3 ti a l: m Fe2O3 = 160.

S mol O2 thiu l: n O2 =

m
10m
=
56.2
7

1 10m
.(
104,8)
32 7

Ta phi c s mol e do O2 thiu nhn phi bng s mol e do N+5 nhn to ra NO, NO2.

4.

1 10m
.(
104,8) = 3.0,18 + 1.0,36 m = 78,4 ( gam ).
32 7