BO TR CNG NGHIP VIT NAM Vinamain.

com ----- - & - -----

GIO TRNH TUABIN THY LC

Thng 11-2010

LI NI U p ng nhu cu hc tp Thu in ca sinh vin khoa Xy dng Thu li - Thu in thuc Trng i hc Bch khoa Nng trong giai on mi, chng ti bin son gio trnh "Turbine thu lc - cc thit b thu lc v Cng trnh trm Thu in" (l gio trnh mn hc Thu in 2). Gio trnh ny c bin son theo ni dung " cng mn hc Thu in" c nh trng ph duyt nm 2005. Gio trnh Thu in 2 gm 17 chng, c trnh by trong hai phn ln: phn I (thit b thu in) v phn II (cng trnh Thu in): Phn I - "Turbine thu lc - cc thit b thu lc" ca trm thu in, gm 8 chng (t chng I n chng VIII). Phn ny dng ging vi 20 tit trn lp, ni dung tm hiu: turbine thu lc, thit b iu tc, cc thit b ph v cc h thng thit b ph thu lc ... v cu to, tnh nng hot ng cng nh la chn, tnh ton xc nh cc thng s c bn v kch thc ca thit b phc v cho thit k trm thu in. Phn II - "Cng trnh trm thu in", gm 9 chng dng ging 40 tit trn lp, thuc hai phn: Phn IIa -"Cc cng trnh thuc tuyn nng lng" vi 7 chng (t chng IX n chng XV), bao gm cc cng trnh thuc tuyn nng lng: ca ly nc, b lng ct, cng trnh dn nc, b p lc, ng ng turbine, bung iu p. Ni dung trnh by v cu to cng nh tnh ton xc nh kch thc cc cng trnh thng qua tnh ton thu lc v tnh ton dng khng n nh ca chng. Phn IIb - "Nh my thu in", gm 2 chng XVI v XVII, ni dung trnh by cc loi nh my thu in v mt s thit b c in ca chng, cch b tr, xc nh kch thc nh my, tnh ton n nh v tnh kt cu cc phn di nc ca nh my. Gio trnh ny cp kh y ni dung chuyn mn ca mn hc Thy in 2, p ng 60 tit ging trn lp v cn c th dng tham kho thm sau ny khi sinh vin ra trng tham gia vo lnh vc thit k cng trnh thu in s gp phi. Trong qu trnh bin son gio trnh, do kh nng c hn do vy khng trnh khi thiu st, mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca ng nghip v bn c sa cha cho tt hn. Thng 5 - 2006 Tc gi

Phn I TURBINE THY LC & CC THIT B THY LC CA TT Turbine thy lc l loi ng c chy bng sc nc, n nhn nng lng dng nc quay v ko r to my pht in quay theo to ra dng in. T hp turbine thy lc v my pht in gi l "T my pht in thy lc". phn ny chng ta ch nghin cu v turbine thy lc, thit b iu tc v gii thiu mt s h thng thit b thy lc c lin quan . Chng I. KHI NIM CHUNG V TURBINE THY LC I. 1. PHN LOI TURBINE THY LC CA TRM THY IN Trong qu trnh u tranh sinh tn v ci to th gii t nhin, loi ngi sm bit s dng cc ng c thy lc: t nhng bnh xe nc dng vo vic ko my xay xt nng sn n pht trin chng ln thnh nhng turbin thu lc hin i ko my pht in sn xut ra in nng ngy nay. s dng mt cch c hiu qu nng lng dng nc c trng bi t hp ct nc v lu lng khc nhau cn phi c nhng loi turbine khc nhau v cu to, kch thc cng nh qu trnh lm vic ca chng. Da vo vic s dng dng nng lng trong c cu bnh xe cng tc (BXCT) ca turbine ngi ta chia turbine thy lc ra lm hai loi: turbine xung kch v turbine phn kch. Trong cc loi li chia ra cc h v cc kiu turbine. Vit phng trnh Becnully cho ca vo (ch s1) ca ra (ch s2) ca bnh xe cng tc turbine, ta c nng lng vit cho mt n v trng lng nc nh sau:
2 1 V12 2 V2 p1 p 2 + H = (Z1 - Z2) + 2g Z1-Z2 : l thnh phn nng lng do chnh lch v tr to ra, gi l v nng; p1 p 2 : l p nng; gp v nng v p nng thnh th nng ( T ).
2 1 V12 2 V2 : l ng nng ( ). 2g T nhng thnh phn nng lng trn ta c nhng loi turbine thu lc sau: * Turbine ch s dng phn ng nng lm quay BXCT gi l loi turbine xung kch. Loi ny cn gi l turbine dng chy khng p v dng chy trong mi trng kh quyn nn chuyn ng ca dng tia trn cnh BXCT l chuyn ng khng p, p sut ca vo v ca ra nh nhau v bng p sut kh tri. Turbine xung kch uc chia ra cc h sau: + H turbine xung kch go (turbine Penton); + H turbine xung kch kiu phun xin; + H turbine xung kch hai ln (turbine Banki).

* Turbine s dng c th nng v ng nng, trong phn th nng l ch yu gi l loi turbine phn kch . Loi ny cn gi l turbine dng chy c p, p lc dng chy ca vo ca BXCT lun ln hn p lc ca ra ca n. Dng chy qua TB l dng lin tc in y nc trong ton b mng cnh. Loi ny c chia ra cc h sau: + H TB xuyn tm hng trc ( gi tt l l turbine tm trc, hay Franxis); + H TB hng trc ( gm turbine cnh qut v turbine cnh quay ); + H TB hng cho; + H TB dng ( gm turbine dng na thng v turbine dng thng ); + H TB thun nghch ( lm vic theo hai ch : my bm v turbine). I . 2. TURBINE XUNG KCH Nh trn ni, turbine xung kch l loi ch s dng phn ng nng ca dng chy. loi turbine ny, dng nc sau khi ra khi vi phun th ton b nng lng dng chy u bin thnh ng nng y bnh xe cng tc. V chy trong mi trng kh quyn nn chuyn ng ca dng tia trn cc cnh bnh xe cng tc (BXCT) l chuyn ng khng p hay cn gi l dng tia t do. Sau y chng ta nghin cu c th cc h ca turbine xung kch: I . 2 .1. Turbine xung kch go ( cn gi l turbine Penton ) Turbine ny do ngi M tn l Penton a ra nm 1880 nn cn gi l turbine Penton. Qu trnh hot ng ca turbine go nh sau (xem hnh 1-1): nc t thng lu theo ng p lc 1 chy qua vi phun 2 ( y lu lng c iu chnh trc khi phng vo cnh BXCT nh van kim 7), ri phng vo cnh dng go 4 ca turbine, lm quay BXCT ko theo trc turbine 5 quay, nc p vo cnh go b bn ra hai pha v c v 6 ca turbine gom li dn v hm x tho v h lu ca nh my.

Hnh 1-1. Turbine xung kch go Sau y chng ta xem xt cu to v tc dng cc b phn chnh ca turbine go (hnh 1-2). Vi phun 1 nhn nc t ng p lc bin ton b nng lng dng nc thnh ng nng trc khi a vo BXCT v iu chnh lu lng vo turbine nh dch

chuyn qua li ca van kim 3 t bn trong (hnh 1-2,a). Turbine go ct nc cao v ng p lc di cn c b phn tch dng 5 hng mt phn hay ton b tia nc khng cho vo BXCT trnh hin tng nc va xy ra qu ln khi ng nhanh van kim ca n. B phn ny ch lm vic khi ct gim ph ti my pht in. Khi ph ti gim, van kim cn phi nhanh chng ng bt m gim lu lng thich hp, tuy nhin nu van ng qu nhanh trong vi phun s xut hin p lc nc va qu ln lm b vi phun. gim tr s p lc nc va, lc ny my iu tc s nhanh chng nhc thit b tch dng 5 ln ngt bt phn lu lng tha ra khi cnh go. Nh vy lu lng vo BXCT vn gim ngay theo yu cu gim ti m van kim ch phi ng t t. S phi hp dch chuyn van kim v thit b tch dng lin hp vi nhau nh c cu lin hp trong my iu tc (xem chng VII -Thit b iu tc ca turbine thu lc).

Hnh 1-2. Cc b phn chnh ca turbine go Bnh xe cng tc ca turbine go ( hnh 1-1 v 1-2b,c ) gm c a 1 trn chu vi a c gn cc cnh dng go 2 (nn gi l go). Ph thuc vo ct nc m s go c t 1460 cnh. BXCT c th l mt khi lin khi cc cnh go v a c c thnh mt khi, v khng phi l khi lin khi cnh go c c ring v c gn ln a bng bu lng hoc hn. Chnh gia cnh go c gn 3 chia go lm hai phn bng nhau chia tia nc tc ng vo go thnh hai phn i v hai hng bn ra hai bn. ui di ca cnh go c khot hm 4 cho tia nc xuyn qua hm ca cnh trc

p thng vo cnh go thng gc (theo chiu quay) lm tng cnh tay n ca mmen quay v trnh mmen ngc ca tia nc vo pha sau go nm pha trc. V turbine c nhim v khng cho nc t bung BXCT bn ra ngoi gian my. V phi c kch thc v hnh dng th no hng nc t go xung hm x m khng ri ngc tr li pha sau go lm cn tr vic quay ca BXCT. iu ny rt quan trng i vi turbine go trc ng c nhiu vi phun. Hm x c nhim v tp trung nc sau khi i khi BXCT li dn v h lu. Mc nc trong hm x phi bo m thp hn cao trnh thp nht ca BXCT mt khong no , thng l bng ng knh D1 v t cao hn mc nc trong hm x. Loi trc ngang thng c cng sut b v c t mt n hai vi phun cho mi BXCT (hnh 1-1,b), s lng bnh xe cng tc trn mt trc thng nh hn ba. Loi trc ng c s vi phun nhiu hn, thng hai n su vi, c b tr u chung quanh BXCT. Hnh 1-3 l biu th turbine go trc ng c su vi phun.

Mt bng

Mt ng

Hnh 1-3. Turbine go trc ng nhiu vi phun Turbine go s dng ng nng quay do vy cn to nn vn tc dng phun ln tng cng sut turbine, mt khc kt cu BXCT rt vng chc do vy turbine ny c s dng vi ct nc cao lu lng nh. Turbine go loi ln c phm vi s dng ct nc t 2002000m hoc hn na, turbine go loi nh th t 40250m. Trc turbine go c th ng (hnh 1-3) hoc ngang. Trm T Bgta Clombia t n ct nc rt cao H = 2000m, cng sut lp my N = 500 MW. Trm Raisec c c ct nc H = 1767m. Nc ta c cc trm H = 500800m nh Vnh Sn v a Nhim, s dng h turbine xung kch go. I. 2. 2. Turbine xung kch hai ln ( turbine Banki ) Turbine xung kch hai ln c phm vi s dng ct nc t 6150m, thng t 1060m. Kt cu ca n rt n gin (hnh1-4), d ch to nn c s dng rng ri cc trm thy in nh c lu lng b, ct nc va, trc thng nm ngang.

Hnh 1-4. Turbine xung kch 2 ln Turbine gm c vi phun tit din hnh ch nht 4 c ni lin vi on ng chuyn tip 8. Vi c c cu iu chnh lu lng gm van phng 3 gn vi trc iu khin 2 c tay quay v lng. Khi v lng quay, trc iu chnh s tnh tin v pha trc hoc pha sau lm cho tit din ra ca vi phun thay i, nn lu lng vo turbine cng c thay i theo. Bnh xe cng tc gm cc cnh cong 7 c gn gia cc a 6, s cnh t 1248. Trc turbine xuyn qua gia bnh xe cng tc gn cht vi cc a bng then. V (bung) 9 dng chn khng cho nc t BXCT bn ra ngoi. Hm x 5 c nhim v dn nc v h lu. Hnh dng BXCT turbine xung kch hai ln gn ging lng sc. Dng nc t vi phun tc dng vo cc cnh pha trn (nhn khong chng 80% nng lng ca dng nc) y BXCT ln th nht, xong li i vo khong trng gia BXCT ri li tc dng ln th hai vo cnh trc khi ra khi bnh xe cng tc (nhn thm 2030% phn nng lng cn li). Cng chnh v th ta gi n l turbine xung kch hai ln. Hiu sut ca loi turbine ny ty thuc vo s cnh ca BXCT v vo khong 8085%. u im c bn ca turbine xung kch hai ln l c th chn ng knh BXCT v s vng quay turbine trong mt phm vi rng m khng ph thuc vo lu lng, bi v lu lng khng ch ph thuc vo ng knh m cn ph thuc vo chiu rng BXCT na. Nh vy c th ch to turbine vi ng knh b c vng quay ln, do vy gim gi thnh ch to turbine v t my thy lc. I. 2. 3 Turbine xung kch phun xin Turbine xung kch phun xin (hnh 1-5) c hnh dng ging turbine go ch khc kt cu BXCT v hng ca tia nc vo BXCT. Tia nc bn vo BXCT khng trc giao vi cnh m lm vi cnh mt gc , nh th c th lm vnh ghp mp ngoi ca BXCT nn n gin ha c cch ghp cnh vo a. Hnh dng cnh loi ny cng d ch to hn. N cho php gia cng hng lot bng cch p. Turbine tia nghing t c s dng rng ri, n ch c s dng TT nh c ct nc vo khong H = 30400m.

Hnh 1-5. Turbine xung kch phun xin I . 3. TURBINE PHN KCH Turbine phn kch l loi s dng phn th nng v mt phn ng nng ca dng nc. Bnh xe cng tc ca n lm vic trong mi trng cht lng lin tc v p lc nc pha trc bnh xe cng tc ln hn pha sau ca n. Khi chy qua rnh to bi b mt cong ca cc cnh, dng nc s thay i hng tc dng ln cnh v lm quay BXCT. Da vo hng ca dng nc ca vo v ca ra BXCT ngi ta chia turbine lm cc h: tm trc, hng trc, cnh cho, turbine dng, thun nghch.

Hnh 1-6. Cc b phn chnh ca turbine phn kch. Xt v mt cu to, bt c h turbine phn kch no cng gm cc b phn chnh sau: bung turbine 1, vng b 2, c cu hng dng 3, BXCT 4, bung BXCT 5, ng x 6, trc v trc 7 v cc thit b ph ca chng (hnh 1-6). Su b phn u hnh thnh b phn qua nc ca turbine, cn trc v trc l b phn kt cu c nhim v tip nhn v truyn m men quay t BXCT n rto ca

my pht in. Trong cc b phn qua nc th BXCT l b phn trc tip bin i thy nng thnh c nng chuyn ng quay. B phn c cu hng nc c tc dng thay i tr s lu lng v hng dng chy trc khi i vo BXCT, cn ng x c dng tho nc t BXCT v h lu. Sau y chng ta ln lt xem xt cc b phn ca turbine phn kch, cc h turbine khc nhau ch yu l bnh xe cng tc cn cc b phn khc nhn chung ging nhau. Vic phn loi TB phn kch da vo hng dng nc i vo v ra khi BXCT. I. 3. 1. Bnh xe cng tc ca turbine tm trc (turbine Franxis ) Turbine tm trc (xem hnh 1-7) l mt trong nhng h TB phn kch c s dng rng ri nht. Cht lng t bung 4 qua cnh hng dng 3 vo ca vo cnh 1 BXCT theo hng xuyn tm ri chuyn chuyn hng 900 v ra khi BXCT vo ng x theo hng dc trc. Do vy gi l turbine tm trc. Turbine ny do k s ngi Php tn l Franxis hon chnh nm 1849 nn cn gi l turbine Franxis.

Hnh 1-7. Bnh xe cng tc ca turbine tm trc BXCT ca turbine tm trc gm c vnh trn 14 v vnh di 13, cc cnh 1 c dng cong khng gian ba chiu gn cht vo hai vnh. S cnh t 12 n 22 cnh, thng l 14 n 18 cnh. Thng BXCT c c lin thnh mt khi, trng hp b iu kin vn chuyn hn ch c th ch to BXCT thnh tng phn, khi lp rp s dng cc bulng ghp vnh trn v ai ghp nng vnh di ca cc phn li hoc hn

ni cc rnh phn chia. i vi turbine nh c th dp cnh, sau nh v chng ri c lin vnh trn v di c BXCT lin khi vng chc. Ty theo ct nc s dng, ng knh ln nht ca vo D1 (ng knh tiu chun) v ng knh ln nht ca ra D2 m ngi ta chia turbine tm trc lm 3 dng: - Dng D1 < D2 gi l turbine t tc cao loi ny dng vi ct nc thp (H< 80m) v cu to ca chng c kh nng chu lc khng cao (hnh 1-7,b); - Dng D 1 > D2 gi l turbine t tc thp (hnh 1-7,c) loi ny c cu to vng chc do vy chng c dng vi ct nc cao, c turbine lm vic vi ct nc 550m; - Dng D1 = D2 gi l turbine t tc trung bnh, n l loi trung gian gia 2 loi trn. Turbine tm trc c phm vi s dng ct nc thng t vi mt n 550m. nc Nga, Trm thy in Cracnoarck s dng loi ny vi cng sut mi turbine l 508MW, ng knh D1 = 7,5m. nc ta, TT sng v Tr An u dng turbine tm trc, TT Ha Bnh dng 8 turbine tm trc, cng sut mi turbine l 240MW, H = 88m. I. 3. 2. Bnh xe cng tc ca turbine hng trc Gi l turbine hng trc v hng chy ca dng nc trong phm vi BXCT theo hng trc quay ca turbine. Trn (hnh 1-8) nc t bung xon chy qua ct vng b 10 vo cnh hng nc 3 i hng v chy vo v ra khi cnh 11 ca BXCT 1 theo chiu dc trc v theo ng x v h lu nh my.

Hnh 1-8. Turbine hng trc. BXCT gm c bu 1 c ni bch vi trc turbine 2, xung quanh bu b tr cc cnh hnh vn v p lc nc tc ng ln cnh lm quay BXCT. Lin kt gia cnh v bu theo kt cu cngxn nn chu p lc thp, s cnh thng t do vy kh nng tho nc ln. Trong h hng trc da vo s lin kt gia cnh v bu ngi ta chia h hng trc ra hai dng: turbine c cnh gn c nh vi bu l turbine cnh qut, cn turbine cnh c th quay quanh trc ca n trn bu l turbine cnh quay.

10

1. Turbine cnh qut BXCT ca turbine cnh qut (hnh 1-9) gm c bu, c gn t 3 n 9 cnh, thng thng l 4 n 8 cnh. Cnh c th ch to lin vi bu to thnh mt khi thng nht hoc ch to ring bit sau gn cht vo bu bng bulng. Khi i qua cc mt cong ca cnh, dng nc buc phi i hng chuyn ng do to ra mt p lc tc

Hnh 1-9. BXCT ca turbine cnh qut dng ln cnh lm quay BXCT. Nhc im ca loi BXCT ny l c ng c tnh cng tc dc, do vy khi lu lng, ct nc hoc cng sut thay i lch vi ch thit k th hiu sut turbine s gim i rt nhanh. i turbine t tc cao ch cn lu lng gim n cn 45% lu lng tnh ton th hiu sut v cng sut c th gim n khng. Do vy nn cho turbine cnh qut m nhn cng sut v ct nc t thay i. Turbine cnh qut c s dng Trm thu in c ct nc H = 1,540m, hin nay thng dng TT nh, tuy rng c turbine dng ny ng knh t n 9 m. 2. Turbine cnh quay ( Kaplan ) Turbine cnh quay (hnh 1-10) l loi ra i sau cnh qut. Nm 1924 gio s ngi Tip tn l Kaplan ci tin thnh cng turbine cnh c nh thnh cnh quay c, nn turbine ny cn c gi l turbine Kaplan. Nh cnh c th quay c xung quanh bu, do vy thch ng c cc ch lm vic khc ch thit k dn n vng lm vic ca turbine vi hiu sut cao c m rng. Do vy TB cnh quay c kh nng lm vic vi cng sut v ct nc thay i nhiu. BXCT ca TB cnh quay gm c: bu, cnh, chp thot nc v b phn quay cnh xung quanh BXCT. Bu phi c hnh cu gim bt khe h gia cnh vi bu khi quay cnh. Chp thot nc c tc dng lm cho nc chy khi BXCT thun dng hn v gim c tc dng mch ng. Khi lm vic, cc cnh BXCT hng trc chu tc dng p lc nc dng s chu lc kiu dm cngxn do khng c vnh di, ti ni tip gip cnh vi bu chu mmen un ln nht. Ngi ta o c p lc nc tc dng ln mt cnh c th t ti 240 tn. Do vy phi s dng ng c tip lc du cao p mi quay c cnh . B phn quay cnh gm trc cnh 6 (hnh 1-10,b), ng c tip lc 4, h thng thanh truyn 7. Tay quay 8 c ni vi trc cnh 6, cn thanh truyn c cht ni lin

11

pttng 5 ca ng c tip lc vi tay quay. Pittng 5 chia xi lanh ca ng c tip lc lm hai ngn: trn v di. Du c p t thit b du p lc qua hai ng dn ng tm lng vo nhau nm bn trong trc t my. Khi du c p vo mt ngn no ca xi lanh cn ngn kia du thng vi l du x th pittng ln thanh truyn 7 s dch ln

Hnh 1-10. Turbine Kaplan hoc xung, do lm xoay cc cnh theo cc gc quay nh nhau. So vi turbine cnh qut th turbine cnh quay c dng vi ct nc thp hn do kh nng chu lc ca n c yu hn. Cng vi turbine tm trc, turbine cnh quay c s dng rt rng ri. Ngy nay th gii c nhng turbine cnh quay cc ln, nh TT Xaratp Nga c ng knh tiu chun D1 = 10,3m, ct nc thit k H = 9,7m, vi cng sut N = 59,3MW, vng quay nh mc n = 50 vng/pht, trng lng 1229tn. Turbine trm T Porto Primavera Brasil c D1 = 8,6m, N = 105MW, ct nc H = 22m.

12

I. 3. 3. Turbine cnh cho

Hnh 1-11. Turbine cnh cho Turbine cnh cho (hnh 1-11) c ra i chm hn cc loi turbine trn, n l loi trung gian gia tm trc v hng trc. N kt hp c cc u im ca hai h turbine trn. Turbine cnh cho c s dng cc TT c ct nc H = 30150m. N thuc loi turbine cnh quay. BXCT gm 10 n 14 cnh c gn vo bu 3 hnh chp nh cc trc cnh 2. Trc cnh lm vi trc turbine mt gc 300,450,600 nn dng chy trong BXCT cho gc vi trc. Cng nh turbine cnh quay, cc cnh BXCT quay c quanh trc ca n, nh c cu quay cnh gm vnh sao 5 v thanh truyn 4 nm trong bu nn hiu sut bnh qun ca n cao hn turbine tm trc hu ht cc ch lm vic. Mt khc s cnh BXCT ca turbine ny nhiu hn so vi turbine cnh quay nn c th lm vic vi ct nc cao hn m vn khng b kh thc. Loi turbine ny c ch to Nga dng cho TT Buctamin c cng sut N = 77MW, ct nc H = 61m, ng knh D1 = 4,35m, n =150 vng/pht. Ngoi ra, TB cnh quay lm vic vi ct nc thp, mun chu c ct nc cao hn th phi tng s lng cnh BXCT ca n ln t 6 n 10 cnh. Nh vy bu BXCT phi c ng knh ln. c th tng s cnh m khng phi tng ng knh th tt hn ht l trn mi trc cnh lp hai cnh kp (hnh1-12). Loi ny c lp t nh my thy in Thc B vi ng knh D1 = 4,5m, H = 32m.

13

Hnh 1-12. Bnh xe cng tc ca turbine cnh kp I. 3. 4. Turbine dng Turbine dng gm hai loi: dng chy thng v na thng. Turbine dng thc cht l turbine cnh quay trc ngang, nn BXCT ca n hon ton ging turbine cnh quay. Loi ny dng vi ct nc rt thp v lu lng rt ln. 1. Turbine dng na thng (hnh 1-13), turbine ny cn gi l turbine Capxun. T my c turbine trc ngang ni lin trc vi trc my pht in t trong bc kn bng kim loi 1 (gi l cp xun) c dng thun dng. Cp xun cha my pht in c th nm trc BXCT hoc nm sau BXCT trong ng ht thng 2. Cc cnh hng dng 3 thuc loi hng tm hoc hnh chp. Stator thuc loi v cng vi cc tr ta s truyn ti trng t my ln mng my. Lin h gia cc thit b t trong cp xun vi gian my bng cc thp 4. Turbine cap xun c hiu sut cao hn so vi turbine phn kch khc n 30% do kh nng tho nc ca n. Turbine cap xun c s dng rng ri Nga, Nht, M... cc sng vng ng bng hoc cc TT thy triu. Trm T Trereparec c cng sut mi turbine N = 20MW, H = 14,9m. Trm thu in c turbine cp xun ln nht l Kiev c N = 320MW.

14

Hnh 1-13. T my cp xun 2. Turbine dng thng turbine dng thng (hnh 1-14), dng nc theo bung turbine hnh tr thng i qua Stator trc 1 vo b phn hng dng 2 v tc ng vo BXCT 3 v h lu theo dng thng. Rtor my pht in 4 c gn vo mt cnh TB, do vy khi BXCT quay

Hnh 1-14. Turbine dng thng

15

th cng chnh l rotor quay. Turbine dng thng c cu to phc tp, c bit l cc vng m chng thm vng quanh m hiu sut khng cao hn turbine hng trc bnh thng my, nn t c s dng. Trm thu in Ortatran Lin X c s dng turbine ny vi cng sut turbine N = 6,3MW, ct nc H = 10,5m. I. 3. 5. Turbine thun nghch Turbine thun nghch c dng trong " t my hai my" cc TT tch nng, c kh nng lm vic hai ch : bm nc v pht in. T my gm c hai my: turbine thun nghch v my in ( "my pht in - ng c in") lm vic 2 ch my pht v ng c. T my loi ny thay cho cc loi t my lm vic cc ch ring bit khng kinh t hoc " t my ba my ". Nguyn l lm vic ca turbine v my bm tri ngc nhau, do vy lm vic mt ch c th phi chnh chiu quay cnh thch hp vi tng ch lm vic. Sau y l mt v d v turbine Capxun thun nghch (hnh 1-15). Turbine ny gm c cc b phn chnh sau: BXCT 1 l TB thun nghch c kh nng thay i gc nghing cnh theo hai ch bm hoc turbine; c cu

Hnh 1-15. Turbine Capxun thun nghch hng dng (CCHD) 2 dng hnh cn thay i ph hp vi ch bm hay turnine; "bng n" (capxun) 4 kn nc, c gn c nh vo btng nh my nh cc ct 3. Bn trong cpxun 4 b tr trc t my trn ta 6 v chn 7 v "my pht - ng c" 8. Ging thng 5 c dng t cp in, ng ng dn du ..v.v...n ng c tr ng ca BXCT v ln xung gian my pha trn. BXCT thun nghch c ng knh 5,35m, bn cnh quay xung quanh bu vi cc gc t -50 n +350 so vi v tr tnh ton. Vi cng sut 10 MW lu lng bm c l 105 m3/s khi H = 6m v 225 m3/s khi H = 1m; lu lng ln nht ch turnie l 230 m3/s . Vng quay n = 97,75 v/p, my pht - ng c ng b, c in p 3,5 kV.

16

Chng II. CC B PHN CHNH CA TURBINE THU LC chng I chng ta nghin cu khi qut v cc loi turbine v tnh nng ng dng ca tng loi turbine. Chng II s nghin cu c th hn v cu to, cng dng ca cc b phn chnh ca turbine v tm hiu cc xc nh kch thc ca chng. Ngoi BXCT, cc b phn chnh ca turbine gm: thit b dn nc (bung turbine), thit b tho nc (ng x), phn tnh (stator), c cu hng dng (CCHD) ..v.v.. . II. 1. VNG B, C CU HNG DNG, TRC CA TB. PHN KCH Nh trn ni, ngoi BXCT, turbine phn kch cn c nhng b phn chnh sau y: vng b ca turbine, c cu hng dng, trc v trc ca turbine II. 1. 1. Vng b (Stator) ca turbine: Vng b ca turbine (hnh 1-6 v 2-1) l phn c nh ca turbine, c tc dng truyn xung mng nh my cc ti trng gm trng lng ton b t my, sn v b my pht in, p lc nc dc trc tc dng ln BXCT v khi b tng ph ln n v.v... Stator bao gm mt s ct chng 2 vi tit din ngang hnh ng dng, lin kt vi vnh trn 1 v di 3. C hai kiu stator : kiu ct ring r v kiu vng (a). Phn ln cc turbine phn kch u s dng kiu vng tng cng, cn kiu ct ring r ch s dng cho bung xon b tng ct thp, chn khng lp trn np turbine. S lng ct stator bng mt na s cnh hng nc.

Hnh 2-1. Vng b v CCHD ca turbine xc nh kch thc bung xon cn phi bit hnh dng v cc kch thc ca vng b v cnh hng dng.Hnh 2-1,b v bng (2-1) xc nh kch thc vng b (stator)

17

ca turbine. Trong bng: Da, Db l ng knh ngoi v trong ca vng b, b0 l chiu cao cnh hng dng (bng 6-5 v 6-6 chng VI), Z0 l s lng cnh hng dng. Bng 2-1. Bng kch thc vng b ( n v cm) D1 180 200 225 250 280 320 360 400 450 500 550 600 D0 220 240 275 290 325 375 420 465 525 580 640 700 Z0 cn h 16 16 16 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Cho bung xon b tng ct thp Db Da D4 R h1 h2 Cho bung xon kim loi Db Da D4 R H 260 285 320 330 372 426 480 532 600 660 730 800 305 335 375 390 438 500 555 615 695 765 845 925 330 360 400 415 463 535 590 650 735 805 885 965 20 20 20 25 25 30 35 35 40 40 50 50 21 23 23 25 25 32 35 41 41 46 46 50

340 382 437 485 542 610 675 745 875

390 438 500 500 620 700 777 855 935

400 448 510 570 630 710 780 805 945

28 30 30 35 35 40 40 50 50

32 35 40 40 45 45 50 50 55

23 25 30 30 35 45 40 40 45

II. 1. 2. C cu hng dng (CCHD): Nc ln lt t bung turbine 1 chy vng qua cc ct stator 2, chy qua khe h gia cc cnh hng dng 3, y lu lng c iu chnh do thay i khe h gia cc cnh trc khi vo BXCT 4 (hnh 1-6 v 2-2,a).C cu ny c tc dng sau: - Hnh thnh hng dng chy nht nh trc BXCT; - iu chnh lu lng nc vo turbine, do thay i cng sut ca turbine. B phn CCHD gm c hai thnh phn chnh: cc cnh hng dng hnh lu tuyn v c cu quay cnh. Mi cnh hng nc c thn 3 v trc cnh 5. u trn trc cnh c lng vo cc l khot np TB, cn u di th c lp vo vnh di, nh cc cnh c th quay c quanh trc ca n thay i m a0 ca CCHD. Khi cnh hng nc ng hon ton a0 = 0, gim r nc cn c m chng r bng cao su. B phn quay cnh hng dng gm c cc chi tit: np turbine 6 cha trc trn ca cnh, vng di cha trc di ca cnh, cc cnh hng 3 v c cu tay quay 7. m a0 dc thay i nh nhau cho cc cnh nh vng iu chnh 8 ca CCHD. Nh chuyn ng tnh tin hai cn 10 ca hai ng c tip lc 9 ca my iu tc m vng iu chnh 8 xoay, ko theo CCHD xoay dn vo BXCT lu lng yu cu. Hnh 2-2,b l s n gin ca CCHD dng cho TB nh trc ng bung h. Nc t bung h qua khe h gia cc cnh 2 vo BXCT 11. iu chnh m a0 theo yu cu nh trc diu khin 5 t my iu tc quay ko tay quay 6 v thanh ko 7 lm quay vng iu chnh 8 tc thay i trc 4 lm cnh hng 2 xoay quanh trc 10 ca n.

18

Hnh 2-2. B phn xoay CCHD II. 1. 3. trc v trc turbine: Trc turbine c dng truyn m men xon t BXCT n rtor my pht in Trc turbine trc ng bn trong rng lp cc ng dn du (i vi cnh quay), dn kh xung BXCT ph chn khng cho turbine tm trc v ng dy in ..v.v... trc nh hng nh tim trc, c bi trn bng du hoc bng nc. Loi bi trn bng nc thng c lp trn np turbine. Loi bi trn bng du khong th tm bc ca trc lm bng hp kim babt. Hnh 2-3 l th xc nh ng knh trc turbine. ng knh trc ph thuc vo mmen xon ca dng chy Mkp = 97400.N/n ( kGcm). Trong N (kW) v n (vng/pht). C Mkp tra ra ng kch trc turbine DB (mm).

Hnh 2-3. Biu quan h ng knh trc v cng sut turbine.

19

II. 2. THIT B DN NC CA TURBINE Thit b dn nc (bung turbine) l phn ni cng trnh dn nc ca trm thy in vi turbine v hnh thnh lng chy vng ti ca vo CCHD. Bung turbine cn bo m nhng yu cu chnh sau: - Dn nc u n ln chu vi cc cnh hng dng to nn dng chy i xng vi trc quay ca turbine. - Tn tht thy lc trong bung v c bit l trong CCHD nh nht. - D ni tip vi ng dn ca trm thy in. - Bung c kch thc gim nh v kt cu n gin. - Thun tin cho vic b tr turbine v thit b ph ca n trong gian my ca TT. - p lc tc dng ln BXCT u nhau trnh mn khng u trc. Da vo ct nc v cng sut ca TT m bung turbine c cc kiu: bung h, bung hnh ng v bung xon c. II. 2. 1 Loi bung h ca turbine Bung h l loi n gin nht thng dng cho ct nc H = 56 m v ng knh D1 < 1,2 m , gii hn ct nc ln nht l 10 m v ng knh D1 = 1,6m. S d c gii hn s dng trn v khi ct nc v ng knh ln th kch thc ca bung rt ln, trc turbine di v p lc nc trn thnh bung s ln. V vy loi bung ny ch

Hnh 2-4. Bung turbine h . dng cho turbine nh. Bung h c th lm bng g, gch hoc xy hay bng btng Bung h c th trc ng hoc trc ngang v h ch nht hoc h xon. Bung h ch nht d to nn dng xoy cc gc lm tng tn tht ct nc. khc phc nhc im ny nn dng bung h xon. Hnh 2-4 th hin hnh thc cc loi bung h. Chiu di v chiu rng ca bung ly theo kinh nghim A = B = (3- 4).D1 , nhng

20

ti thiu ca np TB so vi mc nc nh nht trong bung: hmin (0,9 -1)D1. II. 2. 2. Bung hnh ng Loi ny thng dng vi ct nc H = 67m n 2530 m. Bung ny c lm bng kim loi cha cc b phn ca turbine (hnh 2-5): chp nn hng dng 4 dn nc vo thun dng, cc cnh hng dng 1, BXCT t pha trong CCHD. Hnh dng ca bung ging mt ni xpde, na trc 5 ni vi ng p lc 7, na sau 2 cha cm BXCT v ni vi on khuu cong 8 ca ng x 12. Trc turbine 11 trc 10 a ra ngoi bung v t nm ngang. Loi ny dng vi turbine tm trc trc ngang, loi turbine nh. ng knh ln nht ca bung ly theo ng knh tiu chu ca BXCT D1, khong (2,8 -3,5)D1 , chiu di bung khong (2,5 - 3)D1.

Hnh 2-5.Bung turbine hnh ng II. 2. 3. Bung xon c Bung xon (hnh 2-6) l loi c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Loi bung ny bo m dn nc vo TB vi kch thc mt bng ca turbine nh v m bo ch thy lc tt nht.Ph thuc vo ct nc bung xon c th lm bng b tng hoc kim loi. Bung btng ct thp c dng vi ct nc H 40 m, mt ct a gic. Khi H > 40 m thng dng bung xon kim loi hoc b tng ct thp tit din trn. Phn loi bung xon ty thuc vo gc bao max max ca bung xon , y l gc c tnh t tit din ca ra (r = 0) n tit din ca vo ca bung xon (v = max). Khi max = 34503600 th gi l gc bao hon ton (hnh 2-7,a), cn max < 3450 gi l bung xon khng hon ton ( hnh 2-6,c ).

21

Kt qu th nghim m hnh cho thy, tn tht nng lng trong turbine, vng b v CCHD ( khi chiu rng gian my cho ) ph thuc vo quan h gia tit din ca vo bung xon chn gc bao. Khi tit din ca vo chn, nu tng gc bao, mt mt s lm cho dng chy phn b u chu vi CCHD, bo m c dng chy i xng trong turbine, nhng li lm tng vn tc dng nc trong phn xon v hnh thnh dng chy xoy, kt qu lm tng tn tht nng lng trong CCHD. Qua th nghim m hnh BXCT chn vi cc loi bung xon khc nhau ngi ta la chn loi bung xon li nht . Kinh nghim cho thy, chiu rng gian my l nh nht khi bung xon c gc bao max = 180 0 .V vy i vi TT c ct nc thp ( kiu lng sng ) gim thnh xy dng TT nn chn gc bao 18001920. i vi TT c ct nc trung bnh v cao do lu lng tng i nh, nnc th chn gc bao ln hn: t max = 27003450 . Vi trm thu in ng dn v sau p chn bung xon gc bao ln s tin cho vic ni tip gia ng ng p lc vi bung xon.

Hnh 2-6. Bung xon Khi ct nc H 80 m v gc bao max = 27003450 c th s dng bung xon tit din trn hoc ch T. Bung xon kim loi thng c gc bao max = 3450. Hnh dng tit din vo bung xon: i vi turbine dc trc ct nc thp v va thng dng bung xon c tit din ch T hoc hnh thang, cn i vi TT ct nc cao 5080 m th tit din l hnh trn hoc ellipse. Hnh dng tit din bung xon cn ph thuc vo iu kin c th xy dng nh my ca TT. Trong iu kin gc bao nh nhau, bung c tit din hnh thang bo m kch thc mt bng ca gian t my nh nht, cn tit din trn s ln nht v t s chiu cao trn chiu rng b/a ca tit din cng ln th mt bng gian my cng nh.

22

T l gia chiu cao v chiu rng ca tit din hnh ch T (hnh 2-7) nn chn theo cu to ca bung xon, c th chn kiu trn bng, kiu pht trin ln trn so vi trc ca CCHD kiu pht trin xung di hoc kiu sn bng. Cc tr s m v n ch yu la theo yu cu b tr phn di nc ca nh my, n khng nh hng my n iu kin thy lc. Khi n = 0 (tc trn bng) hoc m > n th c th gim th tch khi b tng phn di nc ca nh my v d b tr ng c tip lc v c th rt ngn khong cch gia cc trc t my. Tit din ch T pht trin ln trn so vi trc CCHN ch nn dng khi pha di bung xon c b tr ng hm x nc ca TT x l kt hp v nu ng c tip lc t ngay trn np turbin m khng b tr hm turbine. Cc gc v khng nn qu nh, v nu ly qu nh th iu kin thy lc trong bung s km v kh b tr ng c tip lc, nu qu ln th tng khong cch trc t my. Kin ngh dng nh sau: = 20350 v thng ly 300. Ni chung, khi m n th = 20350 cn khi m > n th = 10200; khi n = 0, = 10150. Cc gi tr khc kin ngh chn nh sau: khi m = 0 hoc n = 0, b/a = 1,51,85. Khi m v n 0 th b / a khng qu 22,2. Theo quan im thy lc th tit din ch T i xng hoc gn i xng c tt hn cht t.

Hnh 2-7. Cc tit din ch T ca bung xon b tng. Bung xon lm nhim v dn nc vo BXCT v hnh thnh c tnh ca dng chy trc mp vo CCHD. thit k bung xon ngi ta gi thit: - Dng chy trong bung xon l dng chy dng, i xng qua trc quay v l dng i th; lu lng qua tit din bt k Q i ly theo gc i l: Q i = Q tt ; 360 0 - Dng chy c coi l tng hp ca dng chy thng v dng xoy, c trng bi lu lng Q v lu s = 2 RV, gi thit khi thay i ch lm vic th Q v thay

23

i sao cho cc ng dng trong bung xon khng i. Thnh phn vn tc hng Q tt tm Cr phn b u theo chu tuyn trc mp vo cnh hng dng: Cr = ; D a b0 (trong : Qtt l lu lng ca turbine, Da l ng knh ngoi ca cnh hng dng, b0 l chiu cao cnh hng dng). Vic tnh ton kch thc bung xon tin hnh trn c s turbine c chn, tm ra kch thc mt ct v quan h gia chng v gc. Hin nay c nhng phng php tnh ton sau: * Phng php mmen tc vng l hng s Vu.r = K; Phng php ny dng chy i xng qua trc, dng c th v b qua tn tht dng chy. N c p dng i vi bung xon c gc bao max = 180 360 0 , v nu gc nh hn th iu kin dng chy s khng cn i xng qua trc. Phng php ny kh chnh xc v thun v ton hc nn c p dng rng ri; * Phng php tc vng l hng s Vu = K; Phng php ny gi thit tc vng bnh qun cc mt ct ngang bung xon u nh nhau. N cha lp lun khi thnh lp v n c nhng thiu st sau: + Dng chy tnh ton theo phng php ny khng hon ton ph hp thc t; + Gc bao cng ln th cng khng ph hp. Tuy nhin qua nghin cu thy i vi gc bao khng iu kin xon th phng php ny ph hp hn phng php Vu.r = K. V vy phng php ny dng tt cho TT c ct nc thp, bung xon b tng gc bao nh v giai on thit k s b. * Phng php tc vng gim dn t ca vo Vu n ca ra t (0,60,8)Vu; Phng php ny c nhc im l tnh i xng ca dng chy b ph hoi, nhng gim nh kch thc bung xon. V vy n ch dng vi turbine ct nc thp qu ln. Sau y chng ta nghin cu cch tnh bung xon theo hai phng php u. 1. Tnh ton thu lc mt ct bung xon theo phng php Vu.r = K Bc ny c thc hin sau khi chn gc bao max v hnh thc bung xon. Da vo nguyn tc nu ta i thnh lp cng thc chung: Gi Q tt l lu lng ln nht qua mi turbine; V tb l tc trung bnh trong mt ct bung xon, xc nh theo:
V tb = k H ( H = 2m th k = 1; H = 300m th k = 0,5) hoc theo th (hnh 2-9,a). Vi yu cu lu lng phn b u chu vi c cu hng dng, v vy nu gi i l gc i , din tch mt no ng vi tit din cn tm th lu lng qua n l Q i = Q tt 360 0 Q tt . i Q ct tng ng l F i = i = ; tng t vi max ta c: V tb 360 . V tb Q tt . max . F max = 360 V tb Nu ct mt di bt k c b rng dr, chiu ng b th din tch phn t dF = b.dr, vy:

24

Ri

Qi =

dQ = V u. b. dr ; v
ra
ra

Ri

Vu.r = K nn Vu = K/r, vy ta c: ( 2-1 )

Qi =

ra Ri K

b dr = K

Ri

Q b dr = tt i 360 ra r

Hnh 2.8. S lp cng thc tnh ton bung xon. Sau y ta p dng nhng cng thc trn tnh ton c th cho hai loi bung xon: mt ct trn ( hoc ellipsse) v bung xon mt ct a gic. a. Tnh ton bung xon mt ct trn (hoc ellipsse): Ni dung ca vic tnh ton bung xon l v ra c ng bao xon v xc nh mt ct ngang ca bung xon (hnh 2-9,b), ngha l phi xc nh ra c quan h gia gc i , bn knh Ri v din tch mt ct ngang tng ng Fi. T (2-1) t S i =
Ri b ra r

dr , vy Qi = K.Si v K = Qi/Si, v K = hng s nn K =

Q tt . max

Q max S max

, V u . . 360 Coi l tit din trn nn i2 = ( bi/2 )2 + ( ri - a)2, rt ra bi v thay vo Si ta c Si v thay vo (3-1) ta c gc : 720 . K. i = r a r a ( r a 2) = c r a r a ( r a 2 ) Q tt Trong cng thc c = ( 720.K.) / Qtt = hng s. Gii phng trnh i ta c c :

Gi bn knh mt ct ca vo (ng vi max ) l max =

] [

(2-2) c c T (2-2) nu bit c m nh ra i ta s tm ra i . Da vo iu kin bin ca vo, c:

i =

2 ra

25

= hng s (2-3) r a r a 2 max c hng s c ta nh ra cc gc i v lp bng tnh ( bng 2-2 ) sau: Bng 2-2. Bng tnh ton xc nh kch thc bung xon trn ( hoc ellipsse)

c=

max

r a max

i c

2 ra i c

2 ra i c

2 i

R i = 2 i r a

Cc bc tnh ton lp bng 2-2 nh sau: - Chn gc bao max nh trnh by trn; - T bng 3 tra ra kch thc ng knh trong v ngoi ca vng b CCHD; - Xc nh mt ct bung xon ca vo Fmax nh ra max tnh ra hng s c theo (2-3) - nh ra cc gc i t 0 n max v tng ng tnh ra i theo (2-2) v xc nh Ri. T quan h i ~ Ri v ra ng xon v t quan h i ~ Ri v mt ct ngang tng ng xem (hnh 2-9,b).

Hnh 2-9. Tnh ton bung xon mt ct trn hoc ellipse. b. Tnh ton bung xon mt ct a gic T lu lng ln nht ca vo bung xon Qmax v kinh nghim chn c chi tit kch thc ( m, n, bo , t s b/a, cc gc , ) tnh ra din tch mt ct ca vo Fmax v da vo tc trung bnh Vu nh ra mt ct ln nht. Cc mt ct khc coi nh xp chng t ln trn cc ng AC v EH ng vi cc Ri khc nhau t Rmax n ra

26

(hnh 2-10). AC v EH c th quan nim theo ng thng hoc ng cong bc hai hoc ba.Thc t quan nim ng cong hp l hn. Sau y l cch tin hnh tnh ton:

Hnh 2-9a

Hnh 2-10. S tnh bung xon a gic.

Ri b T Qi = K.Si ta cn tm S i = dr . Ta c th dng phng php gii ra r xc nh Si l din tch ca b/r v r. Do vy trc tin ta cn phi v cc ng quan h r ~ b/r ( l cc ng mnab ca mt c ca vo, ng miniab ca mt ct th i, ..v.v... ) da theo tnh ton bng tnh 2-3. Cch tnh ton nh sau: - ng vi mt ct ca vo ABCHDE ta nh cc ri ( t Rv n rb ) v tng ng o c bi ri tnh ra bi/ri, dng ct r ~ b/r v ra cc ng mnab (hnh 2-10);

27

- ng vi mt ct khc ta cng lm tng t v dng ct r ~ b/r v cc ng khc. o din tch gii hn gia cc ng va v v trc r ta s c c Si tng ng. Vi Smax ta tnh ra c hng s K = Qmax/Smax v tnh ra i theo cng thc: S i = max . i (2-4) S max Bng 2-3. Bng tnh ton bung xon a gic Mt ct ABCHDE r b b/r r b b/r r b b/r Rv bv R4 bi bi/ri R4 ... ...... ra b0 ra b0 rb b0 rb b0

R3

M. ct A'B'CHD'E'

Mt ct ......

tin tnh ton xc nh cc mt ct bt k no ta tin hnh v th quan h ~ r, Q ~ r v V ~ r . Cch v cc ng ny nh sau: - Vi mi r ta c S v da vo (3-4) ta tnh c v v c quan h ~ r. - Vi mi c r v tnh ra Q = Qtt. / 360 v v c quan h r ~ Q. - Vi tng r c Q v o c din tch F, tnh ra c V = Q/F v v c r ~ V. T cc ng ny ta d dng tra v v ng xon v mt ct bung xon. 2. Tnh ton bung xon theo phng php Vtb = K Trong tnh ton bung xon theo quy lut Vu.r = K cho ta vn tc trung bnh ti cc tit din s khc nhau, iu ny dn n tn tht thu lc dc chiu di bung xon khc nhau nh vy tr s ct nc khc nhau, gy nn ti trng ln BXCT khng u lm mn trc v gy rung ng my. Ct nc cng thp th cng nh hng xu ny cng ln, do vy A.A Berrni a ra phng php tnh ny. Phng php s dng c p dng vi H < 40 m. Phng php Vtb = K coi tc dng nc qua cc mt ct bung xon khng i v bng Vtb c th ly theo biu (hnh 2-9,a). a. Tnh ton vi bung xon mt ct trn ( hoc ellipsse) Ni dung v cc bc tnh ton: - Chn gc bao ca bung xon, thng vi mt ct trn v ellipsse ly ln; - S b xc nh cc kch thc vng b v CCHD, c th ly theo cc bng 2-1 v cc bng 6-5, 6-6 chng VI. - Lp bng tnh cc quan h ~ ~ R ( bng 2-4 ):

28

Bng 2-4. Bng tnh ton bung xon mt ct trn theo V = hng s Mt ct 1 Ca ra . . Ca vo

2 0 max

3 0 max

a = ra + 4 ra ra + max

R = 2 + ra 5 ra R = 2max + ra

Ni dung v cc bc tnh ton: Ct 1: ghi tn mt ct tng ng vi gc , t mt ct ca ra n mt ct ca vo; Ct 2: nh gc , ly t mt ct ca ra = 0 n mt ct ca vo max, ly cch nhau gi cc mt ct chng 450; Ct 3: Bn knh mt ct trn ( hoc bn knh nh ca ellipsse ) tnh theo cng thc: Q tt max max = (2-5) 360 V u

i =

360 V u . max

Q tt i . max

= max .

max

(2-6)

Hnh 2-11. Tnh ton bung xon mt ct trn (ellipsse) v a gic. Ct 4: Tnh a i = i r a Ct 5: Tnh ra bn knh R i = 2 i r a T s liu hai ct 2 v 5 v c ng xon. T s liu ct 4 v 5 v c kch thc cc mt ct ngang ca tng tit din (hnh 2-11,a).

29

b. Tnh ton bung xon a gic Vic tnh ton bung xon mt ct a gic theo phng php Vtb = K tin hnh cc bc (xem hnh 2-11,b) di y: - Chn gc bao max v hnh thc mt ct nh trnh by cc phn trc; - Tra cc bng 2-1, 6-5 v 6-6 xc nh cc kch thc b0, Da, Db; Q tt . max , - Da vo Qtt v Vtb tra ra tit din mt ct ca vo bung TB: F max = 360 . V tb c Fmax da knh nghim chn cc kch thc: b/a, , sao cho din tch mt ct ca vo ng bng din tch Fmax; - Lp bng tnh ton (bng 2-5) xc nh quan h R ~ F ~ : Ct 1: t tn cho cc mt ct bung xon: t mt ct ca vo n mt ct ca ra; Ct 2: Chn quy lut thay i ng t ca cc mt ct l ng thng hoc parboll, nh cc bn knh R t bn knh ca vo Rmax n bn knh ca ra rb; Ct 3: o din tch mt ct Fi tng ng vi Ri ( phn gch cho ) v ghi vo ct 3; Bng 2-5. Bng tnh bung xon a gic theo V = hng s Tn mt ct 1 Ca vo . . Ca ra
Q tt . max

Ri 2
R max

Fi 3
F max

i max

. .
rb

. . 0

. . 0

Ct 4: T cng thc tnh din tch mt ct c vo F max v mt ct th i Fi :

F max = Fi = 360 .V tb Q tt . i

lp t l Fi/Fmax ta c i = max F i = f ( R i) (2-7), 360 . V tb F max l quan h ng thng, do vy c Fi tnh ra tng ng i , ghi vo ct 4. tin s dng ta da vo bng 7 v ra cc ng quan h F ~ ~ R (hnh 211,b) v da vo quan h ~ R v ng xon ca bung, da vo quan h F ~ ~ R v mt ct ngang ca bung xon.

30

II. 3. THIT B THO NC CA TURBINE THU LC Thit b tho nc (ng x hay cn gi l ng ht) l b phn khng th thiu turbine phn kch. N c nhim v tho nc t BXCT xung h lu vi tn tht nng lng nh nht. Ngoi ra ng x trong turbine phn kch c nhng tc dng sau y: - S dng thm phn ln ng nng cn li ca dng chy sau khi ra khi BXCT; - Tn dng thm ct nc tnh Hs (gi l chn khng tnh) tnh t mt ct ca ra BXCT n mc nc h lu hm x nc. xc nh gi tr v ngha ca ng x ta vit phng trnh nng lng cho 3 trng hp: khng c ng x, ng x tr trn v ng x hnh nn ct (hnh 2-12) ri so snh .

Hnh 2-12. Cc s tnh ton so snh vai tr ng x. Vit phng trnh Becnuly cho trng hp a) khng c ng x cho hai mt ct mt thong 1-1 v mt ct ca ra BXCT 3-3, ly mc nc knh tho 0-0 lm chun nu b qua tn tht ct nc trong bung h v v p lc mt thong 1-1 v 3-3 u bng p sut kh tri p1 = p3 = pat , vn tc nc chy trn mt thong 1-1 coi nh bng khng V1= 0, vy ct nc c th s dng c l Ha: 2 2 p3 3 V 3 p1 3 V3 Z3 ) = Zo Z3 Ha = E1 E3 = Zo ( 2g 2g Vit phng trnh Becnuli cho trng hp c) c ng ht cho hai mt ct 1-1 v mt ct ca ra ng x 5-5, c tnh n tn tht ct nc h3-5 ca ng x, ta c ct nc m turbine c th s dng c l Hc: 2 2 p1 pat Z5 5 V5 5 V5 = h 35 h Z Hc = E1 E5 = Zo Z o 35 5 2g Ly Hc tr cho Ha ta c c ct nc tng thm H do c lp thm ng x so vi trng hp khng lp ng x: 2 V2 3 V3 5 5 (2-8) H = H c H a = Z 3 h 35 2g Trong ch s 3 tng ng vi ca vo ng x (hay ly gn ng l ca ra BXCT), ch s 5 tng ng ca ra ca ng x. T cng thc H ta thy: nng lng thu hi do ng x gm: thnh th nht l thm ct nc tnh Z3 k hiu l Hs gi l chn khng tnh , thnh phn th hai bao gm hai phn cn li, gi l chn khng

31

ng. Thnh phn th nht c lin quan n thit k cng trnh, c th l vic chn cao trnh t turbine, thnh phn th hai gn lin vi cu to ca ng x. Hiu sut ng x c biu th qua hiu qu thu hi ng nng ca ra BXCT sau:
2 2 3 V3 5 V5

ox =

2g
2 3 V3

h 35

<1

2g T cng thc trn ta thy khi ng nng ca ra BXCT l bit , mun hiu sut ng x tng th phi tm cch tng chn khng ng bng nhng kh nng : - Gim vn tc ca ra ng x V5 ngha l tit din ca ra D5 phi ln hn tit din ca vo D3. Nu tit din ca vo bng hoc ln ca ra th dn ti hiu sut m. - Gim tn tht thy lc h3-5 trong ng x. Hai kh nng trn c lin quan trc tip ln nhau, m rng tit din ca ra cng ln vi mong mun thu hi ng nng cng nhiu th li lm tng tn tht thy lc trong ng x v ngc li. Do vy cn la chn hp l v tit din v chiu di, gc cn ca ng x, ng thi xt n iu kin kt cu, khi lng phn di nc ..v..v. Trong thc t pht sinh nhng loi ng x khc nhau (hnh 2-13) :

Hnh 2-13. Cc loi ng x - ng x trc thng: ng x hnh nn ct (hnh 1 trong hnh 2-13) v ng x trc thng c tit din thay i ( hnh 12 va13 trong hnh 2-13); - ng x loe: ng x loe thng ( hnh 2 ), ng x loe kn ( hnh 3 trong hnh 2-13); - ng x loe li gia ( hnh 4 trong hnh 2-13); - ng x cong ( hnh 5,6,7 trong hnh 2-13); - ng x khuu dng cho turbine nh trc ngang (hnh 8,9,10,11 trong hnh 2-13).

32

Sau y chng ta xem xt mt s loi ng x thng gp hn c trong thc t. II. 3. 1. ng x hnh nn ct Xt v mt thy lc ng x hnh nn ct l loi ng x tt hn c so vi cc loi ng x k trn v n cng l loi c cu to n gin. Tuy nhin n ch c dng trong turbine phn kch trc ng c nh v trung bnh v turbine dng. N thuc loi ng m rng dng chp ct vi gc loe (hnh 2-14,a). Loi ng ny c tn tht thy lc nh nht nn hiu sut cao, c th t ti 85%. Tn tht thy lc ty thuc vo gc loe v t s gia chiu di L v ng knh ca vo D3 ca ng x. Th nghim m hnh cho kt qu rng gc loe = (1014)0 v L/D3 = (34) th hiu sut ng x t t 6085%. Vic gi gc loe trong phm vi c li nhng li ko di L gim V5 s tng khi xy lp phn di nc ca nh my. Do vy vic chn kch thc ng x cn phi xem xt c v mt hiu sut ln khi lng o v xy lp phn di nc ca nh my. Vic quyt nh kch thc knh x h lu cn cn phi m bo kch thc d thot nc t ng x v h lu. Cc kch thc sau y (hnh 2-14,c) ti thiu phi bng: h = yD5; b = xD5 ; c = 0,85b trnh khng kh chui vo ng lm mt tc dng ht ca ng x, cn bo m mp di ng ht ngp su cch mt nc h lu trong hm x t nht t 0,30,5 m. gim chiu su o phn di nc, ngi ta ci tin ng x nn ct bng vic to phn

Hnh 2-14. ng x hnh nn ct. loa kn on di ca ng x (hnh 2-14,b). Tuy nhin loi ny do m rng ca ra t ngt nn hiu sut thp hn v phc tp hn nn t s dng. II. 3. 2. ng x hnh cong: ng x hnh cong (hnh 2-15) gm ba on: on nn ct A ng, on khuu cong phc tp B v on m rng nm ngang C. on nn ct : qu trnh bin i ng nng dng nc thnh p nng ch yu xy ra on ny ca ng x. o vic chn chnh xc kch thc on nn ny c ngha rt ln i vi c tnh nng lng ca TB nht l i vi TB c t tc ln. Cng

33

nh ng x nn ct, tn tht nng lng trong on ng ny ph thuc vo gc loe v cao tng i h / D3 v m rng ca on ng ny. on cong: l on ni tip gia on nn ct v on m rng nm ngang c cu to v kch thc bin i phc tp: tit din vo ca on khuu c dng hnh trn, sau bin i dn sang tit din hnh ch nht ti ca ra ca n vi gc quay 900. Tr s tn tht nng lng trong khuu khng ln hn so vi tn tht trong nn ct v trong on nm ngang. Tn tht y ph thuc vo s phn b dng chy tit din vo ca khuu v hnh dng ca n. Lc li tm sinh ra khi dng nc chy vng trong on khuu s gy nn s tch dng v tng thm tn tht. Bn knh chuyn ng xoay ca dng nc cng ln th lc li tm v grain p lc trong dng chy cng nh. Yu t th hai nh hng n tn tht nng lng trong on khuu l t s gia din tch ca ra v din tch ca vo ca on ny v s thay i din tch tit din men theo chiu di ca n. Lin x c ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu thc nghim vi 3 dng khuu khc nhau sau y: khuu c din tch tit din ngang tng dn; khuu c din tch tit din khng i v khuu c din tch tit din tng dn ri n on nm ngang gn tip gip vi on m rng nm ngang th gim dn. Kt qu cho thy loi khuu sau cng tt hn hai loi trn.

Hnh 2-15. ng x hnh cong. on m rng nm ngang: on ny, ng x vn cn tip tc bin i ng nng thnh p nng, nhng tc dng phc hi nng lng y nh hn on nn ct. Tit din ngang ca on m rng c dng hnh ch nht. S m rng dng chy on ny c thc hin nh bin php nng cao dn trn ca n theo gc nghing t 10 130 cn chiu rng B5 khng thay i. i vi ng ht dng cong, trong thit k s b da vo h s t tc v kiu turbine ta c th tra ra loi ng x (bng 2-6, hnh 2-15)

34

Bng 2-6. Kch thc chnh ca ng x cong ( n v ghi: m ) Kiu 4A 4C 4E 4H 4H1 20 D1 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 Kch thc tnh vi ng knh BXCT D1 = 1m h 1,915 2,30 2,50 2,50 2,7 2,3 L 3,50 4,50 4,50 4,50 4,50 3,50 B5 2,20 2,38 2,50 2,74 2,74 2,17 D4 1,10 1,17 1,23 1,352 1,352 1,04 h4 1,10 1,17 1,23 1,352 1,352 1,04 h0 0,55 0,584 0,617 0,67 0,67 0,51 L1 1,417 1,50 1,59 1,75 1,75 1,41 h5 1,00 1,20 1,20 1,31 1,31 0,937 S dng (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (g)

Ghi ch: - Bng 2-6 ghi kch thc ca ng x c ng knh BXCT D1 = 1m, kch thc ng x ca turbine c ng knh D1 1m s bng kch thc trong bng nhn vi D1; - Phm vi s dng ng vi k hiu trong bng 2-6: (a): cho cc kiu turbine: CQ30, CQ40, (CQ577, CQ587 h c c t tc thp); (b): cho cc kiu turbine: CQ20, CQ30, (CQ577, CQ510 h c c t tc trung bnh); (c): cho cc kiu turbine: CQ10, CQ15, (TT82, TT638 h c nu h = 2,3D1 v CQ510, CQ592 h c c t tc trung bnh v cao); (d): cho cc kiu turbine: TT15, TT75, TT115, TT170, (TT638, TT82, TT211, TT123 h c c t tc trung bnh v cao); (e): cho cc kiu turbine: CQ10, (CQ510 h c c t tc cao); (g): cho cc kiu turbine: cho cc kiu turbine: TT230, TT300, TT400, TT500, (TT533, TT246 h c c t tc thp). II. 4. 3. ng x khuu Turbine nh trc ngang thng dng ng x khuu cong. Dng nc sau khi ra khi BXCT c phng song song vi trc TB v i vo phn trn ca khuu. Sau dng nc li i vo phn di ca khuu cong 1 v b i hng t ngang sang on cn thng ng 2 hoc xin gc vi phng thng ng ( hnh 2-139,11 v 2-16): ng x khuu cong (hnh 2-17) gm on khuu cong 2 ni vi bung hnh ng 1 v on hnh nn ct thng ng 5. Do i hng dng chy gn 90 khi qua n, v trng hp nu c trc xuyn qua khuu th dng chy cn b khuy ... do vy loi ny tn tht thu lc ln dn n hiu sut ng x gim thp xung cn 40 - 45%.V vy loi ng x khuu dng cho t my trc ngang thu in nh. i vi turbine nh nn cut trc ng v ng ht trc ngang da vo ti liu ch to cho sn trong khi turbine, do vy c th tra theo turbine c th.

35

Hnh 2-16. ng x khuu.

36

Chng III. HIN TNG KH THC TRONG TURBINE THY LC III.1. HIN TNG KH THC V TC HI CA N Kh thc l mt hin tng vt l phc tp trong dng chy khi qua turbine. Kh thc ph hoi b mt cc cnh BXCT v cc b phn qua nc khc ca TB. Khi xy ra kh thc s c ting ng, cc b phn TB s b rung ng mnh, hiu sut, kh nng thot nc v cng sut ca TB s b gim t ngt. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh xut hin kh thc l mch ng mnh ca p ng lc nhng v tr dng chy ti nhng vng c chn khng xut hin. Nu trong mt khu vc no ca dng chy, p lc lc gim xung n p lc ha hi (phh) th ti nc s bc hi v hnh thnh cc bt kh, trong cha y khng kh v hi nc. Cc bt b cun vo vng c p lc cao hn p lc ha hi, hi nc b ngng t t ngt vi th tch b hn rt nhiu ln so vi th tch ca bt kh. V vy cc phn t nc xung quanh lp tc trn vo lp ch trng vi vn tc cc ln. Ti trung tm ca cc bt kh, cc phn t gp nhau v t ngt dng li, lm p lc t bin tng ln n hng trm, hng nghn t mt phe. Sau , v va chm mnh trung tm cc bt kh, cc phn t li bn tr ra lm cho p lc trung tm bt kh c li gim xung. Nh vy, p lc ti im li b giao ng theo thi gian v b cng hng v khi p lc c th t n mt tr s rt ln: 1500 t mt phe. Nu cc bt kh xut hin gn b mt kim loi v b tng tip xc vi dng nc th s lm ph hoi cc b mt nh b cc vin n sc nhn bn vo. Nu cc bt kh khng b ph v cc b mt ca phn dn dng th do c chn ng mnh, v nc s chuyn cc chn ng n cc b mt ca phn dn dng cng s b ph hai. Ngoi ra khi c kh thc cn thy xut hin hin tng in phn do chnh lch nhit v cc phn ng ha hc lm cho kim loi nhanh chng b oxy ha,bi xy c rt nhiu trong cc bt kh. Trong turbine phn kch ti mp ra v bn di mt cnhTB, ti bung BXCT ca TB cnh quay, vnh BXCT turbine tm trc l ni c vn tc ln v p lc b nn thng xy ra kh thc v b kh thc ph hoi. TB xung kch go, kh thc thng xy ra vi phun, ni c vn tc ln v p lc b. III. 2. NHNG BIN PHP PHNG CHNG KH THC Kh thc xut hin cng vi vic tng vn tc ca dng chy, u tin ch chim mt vng nh, sau pht trin thnh vng ln hn. Trong turbine khng cho php kh thc pht trin nhanh, bi l khi hiu sut turbine gim nhanh chng, t my b rung ng mnh c th b cng hng lm ph hoi, cc chi tit ca turbine vng xy ra kh thc s b ph hoi. Cho nn t khu thit k n vic la chn turbine, b tr lp t v cui cng l vn hnh turbine cn xem xt k vn ny: - Trong vic thit k turbine: Cc chi tit lm vic vng d xy ra kh thc nn lm bng kim loi c tnh chng kh thc cao. V d thp khng r c hm lng crm chm t 1214%. Ngoi ra, b mt cc chi tit cn ch to nhn hn ch bt s xut hin ca kh thc. Mt khc, tng c tnh tt v chng kh thc th phi tng s lng cnh hay tng t s gia b di v bc ca cnh, ngha l tng din tch mt cnh. - V mt thit k cng trnh: Chn loi BXCT cng nh chn chiu cao ht nc Hs phi m bo turbine vn hnh khng xy ra kh thc trong mi ch lm vic. Tuy

37

nhin trong thc t yu cu turbine lm vic hon ton khng c kh thc thng khng kinh t v phi t turbine su nn lm tng khi lng phn di nc ca nh my kh nhiu. V vy nh my ch to turbine thng cho thm mt chiu dy kim loi d tr cho nhng b phn dn dng ca turbine c th b ph hoi do kh thc gy ra. Nhng b phn c th thay th bng cch hn ti ch m khng tho turbine sa cha th mi cho php b ph hoi do kh thc. - V mt vn hnh: nu pht hin kh thc nh gim hiu sut t ngt, t my b rung ng mnh th cn tm bin php khc phc. Mt trong nhng bin php c hiu qu l m van ph chn khng a khng kh c p lc bng hoc cao hn p lc khng kh bn ngoi vo vng ngay di BXCT cng gn trc turbine cng tt. Mt bin php khc khc phc kh thc l lm tng tn tht thy lc ng x. Bin php ny tuy c lm gim hiu sut turbine tuy vy nhng li tng an ton ca turbine. Tm li khc phc hin tng kh thc phi c s phi hp tt c cc bin php trong ch to turbine, trong thit k la chn v trong vn hnh turbine. III. 3. IU KIN XY RA KH THC V H S KH THC thit lp phng trnh biu th iu kin xy ra kh thc trong vng BXCT ca turbine ta gi thit c mt ct x - x (hnh 3-1) no , gn mp ra 2 - 2, c xy ra p sut thp. Xt mt dng nguyn t qua turbinr v vit phng trnh Becnulli cho hai mt ct x - x v 2 - 2: 2 p px W2 W2 U2 x Ux = Z2 + 2 + 2 2 + h x 2 Zx + + 2g 2g 2g 2g Vit phng trnh Becnulli cho mt ct 2-2 v 5-5: 2 p2 C2 p5 C2 2 = Z2 + + +h Z2 + + 2g 2g 2 5 p p ch rng 5 Z 5 = a = B (p sut kh tri). Trong ba cng thc trn: hX-2 v h2-5 l tn tht ct nc tng ng x - x n 2 - 2 v 2 - 2 n 5 - 5. Ly phng trnh th hai tr phng trnh th nht
Hnh 3-1. ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 V2 pa p x 2 V 2 W2 + U2 + W2 U2 = Zx + h x 5 , (3-1) 2g Trong cng thc (3-1) gi: Z x l " chn khng tnh " hay " cao ht nc" v k hiu l HS = Z x ; phn trong hai du ngoc l " chn khng ng". Gi h s kh thc l t s gia chn khng ng v ct nc H, vy: 2 2 2 2 2 V2 2 V 2 W2 + U2 + W2 U2 h x 5 (3-2) = H 2g Thay (3-2) vo (3-1) v ta c: p x pa = H s H v iu kin khng pht sinh kh thc ti x - x l:

38

nc = 0 thay vo cng thc trn ta c iu kin cao ht nc HS khng sinh kh thc l: HS 10,33 - 0,33 - H = 10 - H = [ HS] (3-3) p dng cho thc t: khi cao trnh t turbine l > 0 th gim p sut tng ng s l , mt khc tng tnh an ton ta nhn thm vo H mt lng ( +)H, ta 900 c: HS [ HS] = 10 - ( +)H (3-4) 900 hoc: HS [ HS] = 10 - k H (3-5) 900 tra theo biu (hnh 3-2); H s k ly k = 1,05 - 1,1.

p p p = a H s H p hh ; rt ra a H s hh = H a H s H hh ; 0 0 T iu kin chun nhit bnh thng (15 - 30 ) th p sut ho hi khong (0,180,43m ct nc), ly p hh = 0,33m, p sut kh tri l Ha = 10,33m ct nc, mc

px

Hnh 3-2. Quan h = f(H). III. 4. XC NH CAO TRNH T TURBINE trn trnh by nguyn nhn v iu kin xy ra hin tng kh thc. Mt trong nhng iu kin khng pht sinh kh thc trong turbine l cao trnh t turbine phi m bo HS [ HS]. Tuy nhin vic chn im x l im gi thit c p lc nh nht thng khng th xc nh chnh xc c, nn thng quy nh v tr ca n l ni c th xy ra p sut nh nht v ti c tnh n mt i lng d tr an ton khng xy ra xm thc ch thit k. i vi mi loi turbine th chiu cao ht nc quy c HS cng khc nhau (hnh 3-3) nh sau: - Turbine hng trc v hng cho trc ng th HS ly t tm trc cnh n mc nc h lu (hnh 3-3,c), cn cao trnh t turbine lm ly cao trnh qua gia CCHD; - Turbine tm trc trc ng th HS ly t mp di cnh hng dng n mc nc h lu (hnh 3-3,a), cn cao trnh t turbine lm ly cao trnh qua gia CCHD; - Turbine trc ngang, HS l khong cch t im cao nht ca ng ht ti mc nc h lu (hnh 3-3,b), cn cao trnh t turbine lm ly cao trnh qua tim trc turbine.

39

Hnh 3-3. Quy nh chiu cao ht nc v cao trnh t turbine. Cao trnh t turbine (lm) c quy nh nh trn, c lin quan n cao ht nc; khng pht sinh kh thc th cao ht nc HS phi ly nh hn cao ht cho php [ HS] theo cng thc (3-4) hoc (3-5). Nh vy cao trnh lm t cng su cng an ton v kh thc, tuy nhin khi lng phn di nc ca nh my s cng ln. V vy chn lm sao cho va an ton v kh thc va m bo khi lng cng trnh. Cao trnh lp turbine c tnh cho cc loi turbine nh sau: - i vi turbine tm trc trc ng (hnh 3-3,a): bo (3-6) lm = Z hl + H s + 2 - i vi turbine hng trc trc ng (hnh 3-3,c): (3-7) lm = Z hl + H s + x D1 Vi x = 0,410,46 - i vi turbine trc ngang (hnh 3-3,b): D lm = Z hl + H s 1 (3-8) 2 Trong cc cng thc trn, khi ct nc H v lu lng Q pht in thay i th mc nc h lu Zhl v cao ht nc HS cng thay i. Trong thc t da vo iu kin thit k chn cao trnh t my: Dng ct nc thit k (HTK) tnh ra [HS], thng dng lu lng ca mt turbine tnh mc nc h lu Zhl, cao trnh thc qu b, sai s khng cht l cao trnh t turbine ta cha bit, tuy vy do t s 900 ng k do vy c th ly ng chng cao trnh d nh t turbine (thng c th ly bng cao trnh mc nc thp h lu). tnh cao trnh t my ng hn, c th cho cc H, Q thay i ri tnh ra cc tr s lm , sau v ng tn sut lm ~ p%, da vo tn sut thit k ca trm tra ra c lm ri phn tch chn kt qu tho ng.

40

Chng IV. NGUYN L CNG TC V LUT TNG T CA TURBINE TH LC

IV. 1. DNG CHY TRONG TURBINE THU LC xt qu trnh bin i nng lng trong BXCT ca turbine thu lc trc ht ta tm hiu dng chy trong . Qu trnh chuyn ng ca dng chy trong BXCT rt phc tp, cc phn t cht lng va chy men theo b mt cnh dng cong khng gian li va chy vng quanh trc quay ca turbine, l chuyn ng khng gian ba chiu. S thay i lu tc c hng ln tr s s lm thay i cc thng s ca turbine nh lu lng, vng quay, hiu sut ...v.v.. ca turbine. Tt c cc phn t cht lng trong vng BXCT u tun theo hai chuyn ng: chuyn ng tng i theo bin dng cnh v chuyn ng theo vn tc quay ca bnh xe. Nh vy chuyn ng tuyt i ca phn t cht lng l tng vect vn tc ca hai

chuyn ng (hnh 4-1). Gi U l vn tc theo, W l vn tc tng i, th vn tc tuyt i V s c xc nh theo cng thc: V = U + W . Ba vect ny to thnh tam gic khp kn gi l "tam gic tc ". Tam gic tc ca vo (im 1) v tam gic

Hnh 4-1. S dng chy trong BXCT ca cc turbine. tc ca ra (im 2) ca bnh xe cng tc c trnh by trn (hnh 4-1,b, d). Cc gc to thnh tam gic tc tng ng ni trn gm: l gc to thnh bi vn tc tuyt i V vi vn tc theo U , cn l gc to thnh bi vn tc tng i W vi vn tc theo U .Cc gc 1, 2 tu thuc vo cu to v hnh dng cnh. Dng nc trong cc khe gia cc cnh ca turbine tm trc (hnh 4-1,a) chy dc theo thnh cnh, do vect vn tc tng i ca dng nc s hng theo trc cc khe ny. Nu chiu cao cc khe khng i th vn tc tng i W s t l nghch vi chiu rng ca khe. V trong turbine tm trc khong khng gian gia CCHD v BXCT b nn ni chung c th cho vn tc tuyt i ca ra CCHD bng vn tc tuyt

41

i ca vo BXCT (V0 = V1), nu vn tc tng i mp vo W1 trng vi tip tuyn ca mp vo BXCT th dng chy s rt thun khi chy ln bao prfin cnh v l "chy vo khng va" ca vo. V vy trong vn hnh c gng bo m iu kin ny. Trong turbine hng trc (hnh 4-1,c), ngoi nhng iu rt ra c turbine tm trc, cn c nhng c im sau: - Chuyn ng dng chy trong BXCT c hng song song vi trc quay; - B phn CCHD nm cch xa BXCT, nn khong khng gian gia chng tng i ln do vy vect vn tc tuyt i mp ra cnh hng dng V0 khng th bng vn tc tuyt i ti mp vo bnh xe cng tc V1 c. Do vy iu kin "chy vo khng va" khng bo m i vi turbine cnh qut khi lm vic khc vi ch thit k, turbine cnh quay do cnh xoay c do khc phc c c im ny. ca ra ca BXCT cn lm sao cho dng chy t ca ra vo ng x cn c gn gim tn tht xoy n mc thp nht tng hiu sut ca turbine.
IV. 2. PHNG TRNH C BN CA TURBINE

Phng trnh c bn ca turbine thu lc xc lp quan h gia mmen lc tc dng ca dng nc vo BXCT v cc thnh phn vn tc ca vo v ca ra ca n. Nh trn thy dng nc chy trong BXCT l dng khng gian ba chiu phc tp, do vy n gin khi lp phng trnh ny, ta xt mt dng nguyn t ca dng chy trong turbine ch lm vic n nh. T suy ra chung cho ton dng chy trong phm vi BXCT vi cc gi thit sau: - BXCT c s lng cnh nhiu v hn, cnh cc mng. Nh vy khe h gia cc cnh k tip nhau s rt hp, lc qu o chuyn ng tng i ca cht lng trng vi tuyn AB ca cnh (hnh 4-1,e); - Dng chy trong turbine l dng n nh. Nh vy th ng dng s trng vi qu o chuyn ng ca cht lng. Gi thit ny cho php ta tm c v tr v hnh dng ca ng dng trong turbine; - Dng chy qua turbine l dng l tng, do vy khng tnh n tn tht thu lc. Xt chuyn ng ca dng nguyn t tch ra t dng chy trong BXCT. Ly h trc to (r, u, z) theo phng hng tm, hng vng v hng ng, phn tch vn tc tuyt i V theo h trc trn ta c c thnh phn vn tc tng ng VR, VU v VZ, trong ch c thnh phn vn tc vng c kh nng gy mmen quay, cn hai thnh phn vn tc kia khng gy mmen quay vi trc Z.Do vy ta ch s dng vn tc vng thit lp mmen quay cho BXCT, v ta c th chuyn nghin cu bi ton khng gian v bi ton phng bng cch chiu vn tc tuyt i V ra cc thnh phn U v W trn cc mt phng tng ng ti cc im dng nguyn t (hnh 4-1,e). Khi chy men theo b mt cnh, vn tc dng chy khng ngng i c hng v tr s, v vy cc ht cht lng chu tc dng ca cnh BXCT. Theo nh lut ba ca Niu tn th cc ht cht lng cng c tc dng tr li cnh mt lc cng tr s nhng c chiu ngc li, chnh lc to nn mmen xon ln trc turbine. p dng lut bin thin mmen ng lng lp quan h trn. Theo lut ny, o hm mmen ng lng vi thi gian ca c h bng mmen ca tt c cc ngoi lc tc dng vo c h . Nu xt dng nguyn t di chuyn t ca vo 1 n ca ra 2 sau thi gian dt th: dL 1 (4-1) = ( L 2 L1 ) = M c dt dt trong : L1 , L2 l mmen ng lng tng ng ca dng nc u v cu dt; Mc l mmen cc ngoi lc tc dng ln dng nguyn t ang xt.

42

Ti ca vo 1 cch trc turbine bn knh r1 dng nguyn t c vn tc tuyt i V1 v cc thnh phn vn tc theo U1, vn tc tng i W1, ti ca ra 2 cch trc turbine bn knh r 2 c vn tc tuyt i V2 v cc thnh phn vn tc tng ng l U2 v W2. Gi lu lng nc qua 1 hoc 2 trong n v thi gian l q, b qua tn tht dung tch khi chuyn t 1 n 2 th khi lng nc ti hai im u l m = . q . dt Tng ng ta c mmen ng lng ti ca vo v ca ra BXCT l: L1 = m . V 1 . r1 .cos 1 = . q . dt. V1 . r1 .cos 1 L 2 = m . V 2 . r 2 .cos 2 = . q . dt. V 2 . r 2 .cos 2 Thay gi tr L1 v L2 vo (4-1) ta c: dL = q ( r 2 V 2 cos 2 r1 V 1 cos 1 = M c (*) Trong cng thc (*), Mc l mmen ca cnh turbine tc dng ln cht im nc, vy nu gi Mn l mmen ca cht im nc tc dng ln cnh turbine th Mn = - Mc, vy (**) q ( r1 V 1 cos 1 r 2 V 2 cos 2 = M n Phng trnh (**) lp cho mt dng nguyn t chy trong BXCT, m rng cho ton dng chy trong ton BXCT ta thay Q = q v M = M n v nhn hai v ca (**) vi vn tc gc ta c: Q ( V 1 . r1 . .cos 1 V 2 . r 2 . .cos 2 ) = M . ; Mt khc, ta bit r1 . = U1 ; r 2 . = U 2 ; v M. = N = g . Q . H . T rt ra:
1 (4-2) ( V1 U1 cos 1 V 2 U 2 cos 2 ) g Phng trnh (4-2) va lp trn cho turbine c s cnh v hn, cnh v cng mng v cht lng l tng. Thc t turbine c s cnh hu hn, c b dy v cht lng thc, do vy c tn tht thu lc trong BXCT v ct nc thc t Hth ch cn bng H, vi l hiu sut thu lc (Hth = H - H = H). Vy (4-2) vit li l: 1 H = ( V1 U1 cos 1 V 2 U 2 cos 2 ) . T y rt ra phng trnh c bn g dng khc, dng cho turbine thc t: 1 ( V1 U1 cos 1 V 2 U 2 cos 2 ) = (4-3) gH H =

Phng trnh (4-3) do vin s Eule lp ra nm 1754, c gi l phng trnh c bn ca turbine. Phng trnh ny vit chung cho c turbine phn kch v xung kch. - nng cao hiu sut ca turbine ngoi vic c gng m bo vn hnh turbine iu kin "chy vo khng va" (nh trnh by IV-1), theo phng trnh (4-3) th hiu sut ln nht ca BXCT c c khi V2U2cos2 = 0. V ct nc ang xt khng i, vn tc V2, U2 khng th bng khng do vy ch c th cos2 = 0 hay 2 = 900. Nh vy iu kin chy ra li nht l vc t vn tc V2 thng gc vi vc t vn tc U2, tc l iu kin chy ra thng gc hay iu kin "php tuyn ca ra". Tuy nhin qua nhiu th nghim chng t rng thc t nn chn 2 < 900 mt t tch s V2U2cos2 = 0,2gH th hiu sut turbine cao hn, v khi 2 < 900 th dng chy sau khi ra khi BXCT c xoy mt t to iu kin chy trong BXCT v trong ng x tt hn. - Ap dng phng trnh (4-3) vit cho turbine xung kch go (hnh 4-1,d): Nc t vi phun bn vo cnh go theo cc tia trn, sau khi ra khi vi phun, ton b nng lng dng tia tr tn tht u bin thnh ng nng vi vn tc V 0 = 2gH , khi n go, tia nc c tch ra hai phn bng nhau v chy vo hai na go dng

43

cong ellipsse, dng nc ri khi cnh go vi vn tc tuyt i V 2 rt nh, cn vn tc theo W 2 gn nh ngc chiu vi V 2 . Nu b qua tn tht ma st gia nc v go th W1 = W 2 . im vo (1) v im ra (2) cch trc mt khong gn nh nhau, do vy m U1 = U 2 = U . Da vo tam gic tc ca vo v ca, thnh trong (4-3) s l: (*) V 1 U1 cos 1 = V1 U ; V 2 cos 2 = U 2 + W 2 cos 2 = U + W cos 2 = U + ( V1 U ) cos 2 (**) Thay (*) v (**) vo (4-3) ta c phng trnh c bn (4-4) ca turbine xung kch go: 1 (4-4) U ( V1 U ) ( 1 cos 2 ) = gH T phng trnh (4-4 thy rng tng hiu sut turbine go, khi H bit th: Tch U(V1 - U) phi ln nht, do vy ta o hm tch ny theo U v cho bng 0, ta c: U = 0,5 V1, ngha l tc vng phi bng mt na tc tuyt i ca dng phun. Nhng iu ny khng t c v c tn tht, thc t U = (0,43 - 0,47) V1. Tch (1- cos 2 ) ln nht, mun vy gc 2 = 180 0 . Nhng v nu 2 = 180 0 th phng ca W 2 trng vi phng U 2 , nh vy dng nc cnh sau s p ngc pha sau cnh trc lm gim mmen quay ca BXCT, do vy ly 2 = 176 0 177 0 .
IV. 3. LUT TNG T CA TURBINE V CC I LNG QUY DN CA TURBINE

Cng tc thc nghim m hnh v hin trng c tc dng b sung tin cy cho kt qu nghin cu thit k turbine cng nh cc thit b, cng trnh khc. Nh thc nghim khc phc bt nhng khim khuyt do cha lng trc hoc do cha th cp c ht nhng yu t thc t. Vi yu cu , ngi ta thu nh kch thc turbine cn ch to thnh turbine tng t, gi l turbine m hnh. Tin hnh th nghim m hnh v v ra cc ng c tnh turbine, t thng qua cc quan h tng t vi turbine m hnh phc v cho vic nghin cu, thit k, ch to turbine mi. m bo tin cy gia kt qu nghin cu trn m hnh p dng cho turbine thc t cn phi c nhng iu kin v cc tiu chun tng t. IV. 3. 1. Cc iu kin tng t Hai turbine hoc my thu lc c gi l tng t khi chng tho mn ba iu kin tng t l: tng t v hnh hc, tng t v ng hc v tng t v ng lc hc 1. iu kin tng t v hnh hc Nu ta k hiu nhng thng s ca turbine m hnh bng cch ghi vo thm ch s (M), cn thng s ca turbine thc cn ch to bng ch s (T) th iu kin tng t v hnh hc l cc kch thc hnh hc tng ng gia chng phi theo mt t l: D1M D 2M b 0 M (4-5) = = = = const D1T D 2T b 0T Tp hp cc turbine ng dng v hnh hc c gi l cc turbine cng kiu.
2. iu kin tng t v ng hc iu kin hai turbine tng t v ng hc l s phn b vn tc ti cc im tng ng trn dng chy ca hai turbine cng kiu phi tng t, ngha l t l gia cc vn tc tng ng phi bng nhau, tam gic tc phi ng dng:

44

V M UM WM (4-6) = = VT UT WT v cc gc kp gia cc thnh phn vn tc tng ng phi bng nhau.

3. iu kin tng t v ng lc hc iu kin hai turbine tng t v ng lc hc l cc lc ( trng lc, lc nht, lc qun tnh ...) tc dng ln cc phn t tng ng ca dng chy phi t l. Trong l V. l thuyt tng t ngi ta thng dng cc chun s: Ry nn (Re = ), Frt (Fr = p V2 V ), Struchan (Sh = ) v le (Eu = ) lm cc iu kin tng t. g. l n. l . V 2 iu kin tng t ng lc hc l: ReM = ReT, FrM = FrT, ShM = ShT, EuM = EuT, trong yu cu ti thiu c coi la ng dng ng lc hc l hai chun s: ReM = ReT, FrM = FrT (4-7)

Hai turbine nu c chun s Re bng nhau s m bo tmng t v lc nht v lc qun tnh, nu chun s Fr bng nhau s m bo tng t v trng lc v lc qun tnh, chun s Sh bng nhau s bo m tng t v lc qun tnh, cn chun Eu l kt qu ca hai dng chy m bo tng t v Re, Fr. Trong thc t th nghim my thu lc cho thy khng th no m bo c iu kin tng t ng lc hc c, v rng cc turbine khc nhau v kch thc s kh m bo t l nhm do trnh gia cng ... V vy ngi ta c xu hng ch m bo theo ng mt trong hai chun s Raynon hoc Frt, vic chn chun no tu thuc lc no c tc dng ch yu m quyt nh, v d dng chy c p trong ng v trong turbine phn kch th tnh nht c tnh quyt nh do vy cn phi m bo chun s Re.
IV. 3. 2. Cc quan h ca hai turbine tng t

thnh lp cc cng thc tng t i vi cc turbine tng t, trc tin ta xc nh quan h tng quan gia cc vn tc dng chy theo cc gc 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 v ct nc ca turbine ti ca vo v ca ra BXCT. Gi thit rng dng chy ra khi BXCT theo hng php tuyn, ngha l phng trnh c bn c dng tl gH = U1 V 1 cos 1 . Mt khc theo tam gic tc v lng gic ta c: W1 U1 V1 = = sin 1 sin ( 1 1 ) sin 1

U1 sin 1 U1 sin 1 do vy: V1 = v: W1 = ; do vy ta c: sin ( 1 1 ) sin ( 1 1 )

tl gH = U1 V 1 cos 1 =

2 U1 sin 1 cos 1 sin ( 1 1 )

T y rt ra:

U1 =

sin ( 1 1 ) 2 cos 1 sin 1

2g tl H = K u

2g tl H

(4-8)

tng t ta cng rt ra c cc tc sau:

45

V1 =
W1 =

sin 1 2 cos 1 sin ( 1 1 )

2g tl H = K v

2g tl H

(4-9)

sin 2 1 sin ( 1 1 ) 2 sin 1 cos 1 sin 2 ( 1 1 )

2g tl H = K W

2g tl H , (4-10)

Cc h s K u , K v , K w ph thuc vo gc ca tam gic tc v t s D2 / D1. Nu hai turbine tng t th cc h s ny khng thay i ( iu kin tng t v hnh hc v ng lc hc). Vy ta ta c th suy ra cc cng thc biu th quan h ca cc thng s chnh ca turbine m hnh v turbine thc cn ch to Chng ta cng nhn thy i vi turbine cng kiu lm vic vi ch cng gc th 1 v 1 ca vo bng nhau. Do vy cc h s tc ca vo s bng nhau v vn tc tng ng bng nhau. 1. Quan h v vng quay Vn tc vng cu hai turbine m hnh v thc c xc nh t cng thc (4-8): D1M . n M U M = K uM 2g H M tlM = 60 D1T . n T . U T = K uT 2g H T tlT = 60 ch lm vic cng gc th K uM = K uT , v vy nu lp t s cho hai vn
n M D1T H M tlM (4-11) = nT D1M H T tlT 2. Quan h v lu lng Lu lng nc chy qua BXCT t l vi tit din t (F) ca BXCT v vn tc tng i (W) v c k n hiu sut dung tch (q). Vy vit cng thc tnh lu lng cho hai turbine m hnh v turbine thc s l: qM . Q M = F M . W1M = F M . K WM . 2g. H M . tlM

tc trn ta c:

qT . Q T = F T . W1T = F T . K WT 2g. H T . tlT i vi turbine cng kiu th t s tit din F t l vi bnh phng ng knh, ngha D2 F l 1M = 1M , lp t s lu lng ta c: 2 F1T D1 T
2 H M qT tlM Q M D1M = (4-12) 2 QT D1 H T qM T tkT 3. Quan h v cng sut Cng sut ca turbine m hnh v thc c tnh nh sau: N M = 9,81 Q M H M M lp t s gia hai cng sut v thay t s lu lng N T = 9,81 Q T H T T theo cng thc (4-12) ta c quan h v cng sut: 2 N M D1M H M H M M qM tlM (4-13) = 2 H NT D1 T T H T T qT tlT

46

Cc cng thc (4-11) n (4-13) ch quan h gia cc thng s cng tc i vi ch tng t ( ch ng gc) gi l nhng cng thc tng t ca turbine thu lc. Qua th nghim m hnh cc thng s turbine m hnh bit, dng cc cng thc tng t trn tnh ra cc thng s tng ng ca turbine thc m ta cn tm. Trong thc t tnh ton thit k ta chn turbine bc ban u thng tnh gn ng, b qua s sai khc nhau v hiu sut gia turbine m hnh v turbine thc v t l kch thc vi ng knh D1 . Ta c cc quan h gn ng ln th nht sau: n M D1T H M (4-14) = n T D1M H T
QM QT =
2 D1M 2 D1 T

HM HT HM HT

(4-15) (4-16)

2 H N M D1M M = 2 NT D1T H T

IV. 3. 3. Cc i lng quy dn Trong thit k turbine cc thng s ca turbine (H, Q, n, N) khng th c trng cho cc turbine cng loi tng t nhau. c trng cho cng mt loi turbine ngi ta a ra cc i lng mang tnh c l gi l i lng quy dn ( hay i lng dn xut). Cc i lng quy dn ca turbine l: vng quay, lu lng v cng sut ca mt turbine c ng knh tiu chun D1 = 1m, lm vic vi ct nc H = 1m. c cc i lng quy dn, ta th nghim vi turbine m hnh c ng knh tu ( thng l D M nh hn 1m), vi ct nc lm vic no H M v o ra cc cc vng quay n M , lu lng Q M ... Dng cc cng thc tng t trn tnh i ra cc i lng quy dn t cc s liu th nghim: Gi turbine m hnh l turbine c ng knh D M = 1m, ct nc H M = 1m
' , Q = Q ' , v b cc ch s (T) trong cc cng thc (4-14, theo nh ngha th n M = n1 M 1 4-15, 4-16) ca cc i lng ch turbine thc, vy cc cng thc quy dn l: ' = n D1 (4-17) n1 H ' Q1 =

Q
2 D1

(4-18)

' = 9,81 Q ' H H D 2 (4-19) N1 1 1 Nh vy cc turbine tng t nhau th c cng mt i lng quy dn. Trong thit k turbine, nu chn c mt m hnh no c ng knh D1M = 1m , ' , Q ' , N ' th ta c th xc nh cc thng s ca H M = 1m v cc i lng quy dn n1 1 1 turbine cn thit k theo cc cng thc sau: ' 2 Q = Q1 H D1

' n1 H n= D1
' D2H N = N1 1 ' 2 H = 9,81 Q1 D1 H

(4-20)
H

47

IV. 3. 4. S vng quay c trng ( h s t tc) biu th mt cch tng hp cc c tnh thu lc ca turbine theo s vng quay, kh nng tho nc, ng ti so snh cc h turbine vi cc kiu BXCT khc nhau, trong ngnh ch to my thu lc thng s dng i lng vt l gi l vng quay c trng hay h s t tc, k hiu nS. V thc cht h s t tc l s vng quay trong mt pht ca mt turbine c kch thc sao cho khi lm vic vi ct nc 1m c th pht ra cng sut bng mt m lc (hoc 736 W). thnh lp cng thc tnh vng quay c trng, ta s dng cc cng thc tng t (4-16) v (4-14). Nu gi turbine m hnh c n M = n S , H M = 1m , N M = 1 mlc, v c cc i lng D M ... Cc i lng ca turbine thc trong cc cng thc b ch s (T). T cng thc (4-16)vit li theo quy c trn ta c: 2 H 2 1 1 D1M 1 N M D1M M HM , thay v ta c ; = 1 m = 1 = = H N M M 2H H 2H H N D1 N D1

rt ra:

D1 = D1M

N H H

(*)

T cng thc (4-14) vit li theo quy c ta c: D1 1 nS n M D1T H M = , thay n M = n S v H M = 1m , ta c: = n n T D1M H T D1M H ra:

, rt

nS = n
nS = n

D1 D1M
N

thay (*) vo ta c:

(4-21) H4 H Trong cng thc (4-21): n (v/ph), H (m), N (mlc), nS (v/ph). Nu thay th n N nguyn ca N l (kW) th n S = 1167 , (v/ph) (4-22) , H4 H Ta cn c th tnh h s t tc theo cc thng s quy dn v tng t; dng cng thc (4-22), vi n tnh theo cng thc (4-20), ta c: ' H n1 ' 2 ' Q' (4-23) , 9,81 Q1 n S = 1167 D1 H H = 3,65 n1 1 4 H H D1 Q'1 tnh theo m3/s. S vng quay c trng nS(hay h s t tc) l h s tng hp v n cha ng cc thng s chnh ca turbine (H, Q, N, n) v n c thnh lp t cc i lng ca turbine m hnh theo cc cng thc ng dng, n khng i i vi mt kiu turbine, nhng n khng phi l vng quay thc ca turbine. Mi kiu turbine do phm vi lm vic ca ct p v cng sut khc nhau th nS cng khc. Turbine hng trc c H thp, N ln mc du s vng quay thc t nh nhng lu lng ln nn nS cng ln ( nS = 500950 v/ph); turbine go lm vic vi H cao, N tng i nh, Q nh nn h s t tc cng nh (nS = 570 v/ph) ... Cc turbine tng t th c chung mt vng quay c trng khng ph thuc vo ng knh v cc thng s H, Q, N. V vy ngi ta cn dng t tc nS vic trong vic 48

phn loi turbine. Lu l rng khi ch lm vic ca turbine thay i, ng vi mi tr s ct nc cho trc th h s t tc cng thay i, bi vy so snh cc turbine theo kiu t tc ch c th tin hnh trong iu kin chng lm vic cng mt ch . Thng h s t tc c tnh ng vi turbine c cng sut nh mc, ct nc tnh ton v s vng quay ng b. T cc cng thc t tc trn ta thy: nu hai turbine c cng ng knh BXCT D1 v cng ct nc H th turbine no c t tc ln hn s cho cng sut v vng quay ln hn. Do vy nu dng turbine c t tc ln ng vi cng sut cho trc s cho php gim D1 v s vng quay ln. Do xu th pht trin ca ngnh ch to turbine l tm cch tng t tc ca turbine gim nh kch thc turbine v kch thc my pht.
IV. 3. 4. Tnh ton hiu sut turbine thc t turbine m hnh

Trong thc t tuy hai turbine tng t cng lm vic ch tng t nhng hiu sut ca chng vn khc nhau. ph thuc vo ct nc v ng knh BXCT. S d c s khc nhau ny v trong cng thc chng ta tnh gn ng b qua cc t s hiu sut, do vy b qua s khc nhau v tn tht gia hai turbine tng t do tnh phc tp v cng cha c cch tnh chnh xc cc tn tht ny. Trong thc t xc nh hiu sut ca turbine thc thng phi dng n cc cng thc kinh nghim v cng ch mi da vo ch lm vic ti u ca turbine m hnh . Cng thc kinh nghim xc nh hiu sut ton phn ca turbine thc nh sau : Khi ct nc H 150 m: D max T = 1 ( 1 max M ) 5 1M (4-24) D1T Khi ct nc H > 150 m: D H max T = 1 ( 1 max M ) 5 1M 20 M (4-25) D1T HT i vi turbine khi th nghim m hnh ta xc nh c hiu sut thu lc vi mi tr s ct nc th c th xc nh hiu sut turbine thc tng ng theo cng thc sau: R iT = 1 ( 1 iM ) + ( 1 ) 6 eM (4-26) R eT Trong (4-26) l s phn trm hiu sut, n ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca turbine, kh tnh ra c, ngi ta chn gn ng theo iu kin lm vic ti u ca turbine l R eM D1M H M = 0,5 v dng chung cho mi ch lm vic. Cn = . R eT D1T H T Trong tnh ton hiu chnh hiu sut turbine thc t m hnh ngi ta thng s dng cc cng thc (4-24) v (4-25) tnh, vi chnh xc gn ng cho php.

49

Chng V. TH NGHIM M HNH V C TNH TURBINE

V. 1. M HNH VT L V H THNG TH NGHIM Hin nay nhng phng php tnh ton l thuyt vn cha xc nh hnh dng tt nht ca cc b phn qua nc ca turbine (BXCT, CCHD, vng b, bung turbine, ng x ....) phn ln cc ch lm vic. c bit kh, hoc khng th, xc nh c cc tnh cht nng lng v kh thc cu turbine ch lm vic khc vi ch thit k nu ch da vo l thuyt. V vy, thit k cc turbine hin i thng ngi ta a ra mt s phng n phn qua nc v tnh ton chng theo cc cng thc l thuyt. Theo kt qu tnh ton, ch to ra cc m hnh ca phn qua nc ca turbine ri em th nghim phng th nghim, t kt qu th nghim v thng qua lut tng t tnh ton chnh l thnh cc ng c tnh m hnh, t xy dng thnh cc ng c tnh khc ca turbine thc t. Vic th nghim cng c th tin hnh trc tip qua nhng turbine ang hot ng cc TT nhng tn km v khng iu kin bng trong phng th nghim. Vic th nghim tin hnh trong mi trng nc do vy ch yu cn m bo ba iu kin tng t v chun s Raynon. xc nh cc c tnh nng lng v kh thc ca turbine, cn xy dng nhng h thng th nghim. H thng th nghim bao gm nhng b phn chnh sau: - Hai b cha nc c dung tch ln ng vai tr b nc thng v h lu; - Turbine m hnh, thng c ng knh BXCT D1M thng 250 v 460 mm; - My bm bm nc t b h lu ln b thng lu lu thng nc gia cc b v to ct nc cho turbine m hnh; - Thay th my pht in l mt thit b o cng sut trn trc turbine m hnh; - Cc thit b o cc thng s cn thit nh Q, H, n, ... Thng c hai loi h thng th nghim: h thng h v h thng kn. V. 1. 1. H thng th nghim h Hnh (5-1,a) trnh by s h thng th nghim h. c im ca n l c mt thong hai b nc thng v h lu, mt thong chu p sut kh tri. Ct nc ca m hnh l hiu chnh lch mc nc ca hai b, v vy ct nc to c l nh. M hnh h ch c th th nghim nng lng m khng th th nghim kh thc. Theo s th nghim ny, khi lm vic nc t b thng lu 2 chy qua ng p lc vo turbine 4 tho qua ng x xung b h lu 7, y lu lng Q c o bng p trn thnh mng tam gic vung 8. Nc qua p trn xung b di v c bm ln b 2 nh my bm 1 v qu trnh li tun hon. Khi lm th nghim, tin hnh o cc i lng chnh nh: lu lng Q, ct nc H, s vng quay n, mmen xon M, cn dng nhng thit b v c cu sau: Lu lng Q chy qua turbine c xc nh theo chiu cao lp nc trn nh p trn h (m), bit h c th xc nh lu lng theo cng thc kinh nghim sau: Q = 1,343 h 2,47 (l/s) chnh xc hn c th o Q bng phng php th tch, tc l dng thng ong.

50

o ct nc H bng ng o p ni ring b thng lu v b h lu khi mc nc hai b n nh, hoc o theo hiu s v tr phao ca mc nc hai b. o s vng quay n (v/ph) trc turbine bng vng quay k kiu ly tm hoc dng my m vng quay bng in. o mmen xon trn trc turbine bng b hm kiu ma st (hnh 5-1,b). Mmen xon c tnh theo cng thc: M = P.l, t M c th tnh ra cng sut hu ch Nh = M.

Hnh 5-1. S h thng th nghim h. Ni dung th nghim xc nh c tnh nng lng ca turbine trn cc bng th gm: Th nghim vi mt s m cnh hng dng a0 v gc t cnh . - Vi mi m cnh hng dng khng i a0 = const, v gc t cnh khng i (i vi turbine cnh quay) = const, ta iu chnh van kho trn ng ng p lc ca turbine. ng vi mi m van kho ta o c thng s: ct nc H, s vng quay n, lu lng Q, cng sut hu ch Nh ca turbine. Tin hnh thay i m van kho theo th t t ln n nh (khong chng 6 - 8 m) v o cc i lng H, n, Q, Nh tng ng vi tng m kho. - Sau khi c cc gi tr H, n, Q, Nh ca cc im ng vi mi m kho, tnh hiu sut v xy dng cc ng cong quan h gia tng cp thng s vi nhau. T cc ng c tnh quan h xy dng c tnh tng hp ca m hnh. V. 1. 2. H thng th nghim kn c im ca h thng th nghim kn l b thng v h lu ng kn khng thng vi kh tri v ct nc th nghim do my bm to ra. Hnh (5-2) l mt s ca h thng th nghim kn. H thng gm ngun to p bm 1, van kho 12, nc vo bnh cao p 13, trn ng p lc t thit b o lu lng 11, nc vo bnh n nh vn tc 8, 9 trc khi vo turbine 4, ri theo ng x xung b kn h lu 2, tr v my bm 1, v qu trnh lp li. Thit b o cc thng s gm c: o vng quay 5, o cng sut 6, cc p k 14, 15 o ct nc .H thng kn ngoi vic tin hnh th nghim nng lng cn c kh nng th nghim v kh thc . Do vy trong h thng ny c trang b thm bm chn khng 3 ht khng kh pha trn mt nc bnh 2.

51

H thng kn c u im l c kh nng th nghim kh thc, kch thc nh, tuy nhin h thng ny c kt cu phc tp, thit b o cng phc tp hn h thng h.

Hnh 5-2. S h thng th nghim tirbine kn Vic th nghim nng lng tin hnh vi cc m a0 = const v cc gc t ca cnh BXCT = const (i turbine cnh quay) c tin hnh theo trnh t v ni dung tng t tin hnh i vi h thng h. y ch trnh by cch th nghim kh thc. Ni dung ca th nghim kh thc trn h thng th nghim kn nhm v c quan h gia hiu sut v h s kh thc ng vi cc m a0 (v ) hng s. Kt qu o c quan h = f() tnh ton v v c cc ng ng h s kh thc trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca turbine. Phng php th nghim kh thc c tin hnh trn h thng kn. Sau khi tin hnh th nghim c tnh nng lng th c th nh ra cc ch cn thit phi tin hnh xc nh c tnh kh thc ti cc ch , c th l xc nh h s kh thc ca cc ch . V d cn xc nh h s ch A no ( c a0, , HA, QA, nA, NA) ta iu chnh kho 12 trn ng p lc c c cc thng s HA, QA, nA, NA . Sau , cho bm chn khng 3 lm vic , o p sut trong b h lu 2 c gi tr p sut chn khng P2 no b 2. H s kh thc tnh c theo cng thc: P2 P bh Hs (5-1) = HA HA HA Trong (5-1): Pbh l p sut ho hi ng vi nhit nc th nghim; HS - chiu cao ht ca turbine th nghim. Tng ng vi trng thi A ta cng tnh c A theo cng thc chung:

52

N h 102. M. = 100% .Q . H N

(5-2)

trong cng thc (5-1): M = P.l (kGm); = 1000 kG/m3, Q (m3/s), H (m ct nc). Nh vy ng vi mi gi tr ca p sut chn khng P2 do my bm chn khng to ra v nhit ca nc, ta c c mt tr s tnh theo cng thc (5-1) v theo cng thc (5-2). Gi nguyn ch A, thay i chn khng P2 bng cch thay i ch lm vic ca my bm chn khng 3, ta c mt lot cc cp quan h gia v . lp quan h = f() ng vi a0. Hin tng kh thc s xy ra khi lu lng, ct nc v p sut gim mnh, ko theo s rung ng my v ting n. Trn thit b o ta c th xc nh c cc gi tr ny. Cn c vo th (hnh 5-2,b) xc nh h s kh thc ti hn KP (im k) ch A. Thay i ch khc, theo cc quy trnh trn lp li. Th nghim kh thc i hi mt nhiu cng sc v kinh nghim mi bo m chnh xc.
V. 2. NG C TNH CA TURBINE ng biu th quan h gia cc thng s ca turbine gi l ng c tnh ca turbine. C hai loi ng c tnh: c tnh n v c tinh tng hp. Cc ng c tnh n biu th quan h gia cc cp hai thng s mt; cc ng c tnh tng hp biu th quan h gia nhiu thng s ca turbine. V. 2. 1. ng c tnh n T kt qu th nghim, sau khi xc nh c c thng s cc ch khc nhau ta c th thit lp quan h gia cc cp thng s, cn cc thng s khc l hng s. C ba loi ng c tnh n: c tnh cng tc, c tnh vng quay, c tnh ct nc. 1. ng c tnh cng tc Cc ng c tnh cng tc nu biu th cc quan h: , Q, a0 = f(N), hoc cc quan h N, , a0 = f(Q), hoc quan h Q, , N = f(a0), trong iu kin: n = const v ct nc H = const (hnh 5-3). Cc quan h ny biu th cc thng s dng khng th nguyn tnh theo phn trm. Qua cc ng trn cho php ta c nhng nhn xt cn thit i vi turbine: - Trn ng c tnh cng tc cng sut (hnh a): khi = 0 v N = 0 th Q v a0 vn khc khng, v rng mun pht ra c mt cng sut hu ch no th cn phi c mt lu lng khng ti tng ng vi m nh nht no khc phc cc tn tht nht nh trong turbine. Mt khc ta thy hiu sut ln nht khng ng vi cng sut ln nht, m ng vi mt gi tr cng sut nh hn cng sut ln nht. - Trn hai ng c tnh lu lng v m (hnh b,c) ta thy hiu sut v cng sut hu ch bng khng ng vi Q v a0 lun nh hn 100%. Trong cc ng c tnh cng tc ngi ta hay dng dng ring biu th quan h

53

Hnh 5-3. Cc ng c tnh cng tc cu turbine gia hiu sut v cng sut ca cc loi turbine khc nhau ( hnh 5-4), nhm so snh c tnh hiu sut gia cc turbine. Qua ng ny ta c nhn xt:

Hnh 5-4. ng c tnh cng tc ca cc loi turbine - Turbine go c hiu sut max nh nht, nhng ng c tnh thoi nn c vng lm vic vi hiu sut cao c ni rng; - Hiu sut max cu turbine tm trc v turbine cnh qut ln nht trong cc loi turbine. Tuy vy nhng ng ny ca turbine tm trc tng i dc nn vng lm vic c hiu sut cao b gim, cn ng ca turbine cnh qut th rt dc nn vng lm vic vi hiu sut cao b thu hp nhiu; - Turbine cnh quay c ng c tnh cng tc thoi hiu sut cao ln, do vy c vng lm vic vi hiu sut cao m rng hn c. S d c c tnh u vit ny l nh cnh xoay c a trng thi lm vic v gn trng thi thit k. 2. ng c tnh vng quay ng c tnh vng quay biu th cc thng s Q, N, theo vng quay n khi ng knh D1, H, a0 khng i (hnh 5-5,a). T ng ny ta thy hiu sut cao khng trng vi N v Q ln nht. Khi n tng th cc thng s s thay i.

54

l/s

Hnh 5-5. Cc ng c tnh vng quay v c tnh ct nc.

3. ng c tnh ct nc ng c tnh ny biu th quan h gia cc thong s Q, N, ca turbine theo ct nc H. Ct nc ca turbine lun thay i trong qu trnh vn hnh. Trn th ta thy: ng vi = 0 v N = 0 th cn c ct p no c trng cho tn tht thu lc ch khng ti. Nhn chung khi H tng th cng sut turbine tng, nhng hiu sut cao nht li t c mt gi tr ct nc no ng vi m a0 khc nhau. Cn lu lng Q th tng cng vi H tng (hnh 5-5,b). V. 2. 2. ng c tnh tng hp Cc ng c tnh n nghin cu trn ch mi biu th c quan h gia tng cp thng s trong khi nhng thng s coi nh khng thay i, iu ny khc vi thc t vn hnh ca turbine l cc thng s ng thi tham gia vn hnh v thay i. V vy cn c ng c tnh biu th cc thng cng tham gia vn hnh. ng c tnh nh vy gi l ng c tnh tng hp. C hai loi ng c tnh tng hp l: ng c tnh tng hp chnh v ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh. 1. ng c tnh tng hp chnh ng c tnh tng hp chnh c lp ra t th nghim m hnh ca mt turbine mu i din cho mt kiu turbine, t kt qu th nghim m hnh , s dng cc cng thc tng t v quy dn tnh ton v ra cho mt turbine c ng knh D1 = 1m, lm vic vi ct nc H = 1m. Do vy ng ny dng cho mi turbine c kch thc khc nhau nhng cng mt kiu .ng c tnh tng hp ch yu biu din cc

55

thng s turbine thng qua hai bin l vng quay quy dn n1 v lu lng quy dn Q1, n gm cc h ng sau (hnh 5-6):

Hnh 5-6. Cc ng c tnh tng hp chnh - H cc ng ng hiu sut = f (n1, Q1) ; - H cc ng ng m cnh hng dng a0 = f (n1, Q1) ; - H cc ng ng h s kh thc = f (n1, Q1) ; - ng hn ch 5% cng sut (ch c turbine tm trc v cnh qut, hnh 5-6,a) ; - H cc ng ng gc t cnh = f (n1, Q1) dng i vi turbine cnh quay (xem hnh 5-6,c). - T ng c tnh ca TB go (hnh 5-6,b), ta thy cc ng ng m a0 c thay th bi cc ng ng hnh trnh van kim trong vi phun s = f (n1, Q1) . Cc ng ng hiu sut ca turbine cnh qut rt dc, ngha l vng lm vic vi hiu sut cao rt hp. Ngc li, turbine cnh quay v turbine go th cc ng ng hiu sut thoi, do vy vng lm vic vi hiu sut cao ca nhng loi turbine ny

56

c m rng. T thy rng khng nn cho turbine cnh qut m nhn phn ph ti thay i nhiu, v vi ch lm vic turbine cnh qut lm vic vi hiu sut thp. Cc ng ng h s kh thc ca turbine cnh quay c tr s ln hn nhiu so vi turbine tm trc, do vy vn kh thc trong vn hnh i vi turbine cnh quay l vn cn c bit ch khi chn ng knh D1 cng nh khi vn hnh.. Trong hai loi turbine tm trc v cnh qut c thm ng hn ch 5% cng sut, nu vn hnh vt qu gii hn ny hiu sut turbine s gim thp rt nhiu. Do vy trong vic chn thng s turbine ny cn ch m bo yu cu . ng c tnh tng hp chnh l c tnh m hnh ca mt kiu turbine, n nh gi kh nng lm vic v cht lng ca turbine m hnh. N l ti liu gc chn ch lm vic ch turbine thc 2. ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh l ng c tnh ca ca mt turbine c th c ng knh D1 v vng quay n bit. ng c tnh ny c xy dng trong h trc to ct nc H v cng sut N, n biu din cc ng sau (hnh 5-7,a): - H cc ng ng hiu sut = f (N, H); - H cc ng ng cao ht nc Hs = f (N, H); - H cc ng hn ch cng sut turbine v my pht . Trn ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ta thy: im A l giao ca hai ng hn ch

Hnh 5-7. ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh. cng sut ca turbine v my pht, im ny tng ng vi ct nc Htk. Ta thy rng khi ct nc nh hn ct nc thit k Htk th khng th pht ra c cng sut nh mc (th hin cng sut chu cn do thiu ct nc), ch c lm vic vi ct nc H Htk th mi c th pht c cng sut nh mc. ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh

57

gip ch ngi vn hnh xc nh cc ch lm vic ca turbine, xc nh cc thng s ti cc ch lm vic, cho php xc nh kh nng pht ra cng sut turbine. ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh cn biu th dng to H ~ Q (hnh 5-7,b) . V. 2. 3. ng c tnh ca nhm t my Trong thc t vn hnh TT khng ch c mt turbine lm vic m c nhiu t my (turbine + my pht) cng lm vic, do vy phi xy dng ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh cho nhiu t my. Khi cc ng ng hiu sut phi t hp cc ng hiu sut turbine, hiu sut my pht c cc ng ng hiu sut ca mt t my. Sau xy dng ng ng hiu sut ca nhm t my. Di y l v d v ng c tnh cng tc ( = f(N) ca ba t my (hnh 5-8,a) v ng tng hp vn hnh ca trm c 3 t my (hnh 5-8,b). 1. ng c tnh cng tc ca nhm t my ng c tnh cng tc ca 1 t my biu th quan h gia hiu sut v cng sut ca t my 1m = f (N) (ng I). v ng quan h 2m = f (N) ca hai t my ging nhau ta nh ra cc tung cn honh N xc nh bng cch ly honh mt t my nhn vi 2 ( ng II).Vi 3 t my ging nhau nhn honh mt my vi 3 (ng III). Vi nhm n t my ta cng v theo cch trn. Hnh 5-8,a l l ng c tnh cng tc ca nhm c ba t my ging nhau: - Khi ph ti yu cu N N1 th cho chy mt t my; - Khi ph ti yu cu N1 < N N2 t my 1 v 2 cng lm vic song song l ti u; - Khi ph ti yu cu N > N2 th c ba t my cng lm vic th ti u. V vy ng c tnh cng tc ca nhm t my l ng bao trn 0-1-2-3-4. T ng c tnh nhm t my ta cng nhn ra rng cng m nhn ph ti thay i nh nhau, nu ch lp mt t my cho trm th tuy hiu sut max ca n cao hn cc max tng my cng nhn ti, tuy vy vng lm vic c hiu sut cao ca mt my hp hn, cn vng lm vic ca nhiu t my s cao hn. iu ny rt c ngha i vi trm m nhn phn ph ti thay i nhiu. 2. ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ca nhm t my ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ca nhm t my ging nhau c xy dng trn c s ca ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ca mt t my bng cch cho trc mt s gi tr ct nc H s c c tng ng cc gi tri hiu sut v cng sut N ca mt t my. Nhn cc gi tr , N vi 2, 3, 4, ... t my. Ni cc im c cng hiu sut khi TT lm vic vi 1, 2, 3, 4, ... t my ring li vi nhau bng cc ng cong trn, ta s c ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ca nhm t my (hnh 5-8,b). i vi trm c cc turbine khc nhau th ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh l tp hp cc ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ca ring tng t my hay ca tng nhm t my ging nhau lm vic cc khu vc khc nhau.

58

Hnh 5-8. ng c tnh ca nhm t my.

V. 3. XY DNG NG C TNH TNG HP VN HNH Phn V. 2. chng ta bit mt s ng c tnh ca turbine. Trong ng c tnh tng hp chnh l ng gc ca mt kiu turbine, n c v ra t th nghim m hnh, do cc c quan thit k v ch to turbine thc hin v cung cp. i vi lnh vc la chn v s dng turbine cn i su hn v hiu qu ca tnh ton nng lng c lin quan n turbine c chn, do vy chng ta cn bit cch xy dng ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ca mt turbine c th. S liu bit trc gm: Ct nc lm vic t Hmin n Hmax, ct nc thit k HTK ca turbine thc; Cng sut nh mc ca turbine v ca my pht in; ng knh tiu chun ca turbine thc D1; Vng quay ng b ca t my n ca turbine thc; ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca turbine m hnh c ng nh D1M. Sau y l ni dung v cc bc tnh ton v xy dng ng c tnh vn hnh: 1. Xy dng cc ng ng hiu sut = f (N, H) ng knh turbine thc v m hnh khc nhau do vy hiu sut, vng quay, lu lng ca chng s khc nhau. Do vy trc khi tnh ton v ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh ta phi tin hnh tnh ton hiu chnh cc i lng ny: - Hiu chnh hiu sut ca turbine thc theo hiu sut turbine m hnh: T = M + (5-3)

59

Khi ch lm vic ca turbine thay i th hiu sut cng thay i, rt kh tm ra c chnh lch hiu sut gia hai turbine ng vi tng ch lm vic. Do vy ngi ta da vo ch lm vic ti u ca hai turbine tnh ra = T max - M max v dng chung cho mi ch lm vic. Trong T max , M max xc nh theo cc cng thc cho (4-24) hoc (4-25) chng IV. Nu < 3% th khng cn hiu chnh hiu sut. i vi turbine cnh quay, chnh hiu sut ng vi cc gc t cnh , cng hiu chnh theo ch lm vic ti u ca hai turbine. - Hiu chnh vng quay quy dn n'1, cng da vo ch lm vic ti u hiu max ' = n ' + n ' ; nu ' = n' 1 ) v n1 chnh cho mi ch lm vic: n1 10M ( 1M 1 M max gia s n'1 3% th cng khng cn hiu chnh vng quay quy dn. Sau khi hiu chnh ta lp bng tnh quan h = f (N, H) cho cc loi turbine vi mt s ct nc: bng tnh 5-1, bng 5-2 nh sau: Bng 5-1. Tnh cho turbine Tm trc v Cnh qut. Hmin ' = ( n D ): H n1 1 min ' ' ' n1M = n1 n1
' 2 3/ 2 N = 9,81 Q1 D1 H min

Hiu chnh

Htk ' = ( n D ): H n1 1 tk ' ' ' n1M = n1 n1

' 2 3/ 2 N = 9,81 Q1 D1 H tk

Hmax ' = ( n D ): H n1 1 max ' ' ' n1M = n1 n1

' 2 3/ 2 N = 9,81 Q1 D1 H max

M 1

Q'1 3

N 4

Q'1 5

N 6

Q'1 7

N 8

Ct 1: tra trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh; Ct 2: Ly ct 1 cng vi ; Ct 3, 5, 7: k ng ngang n'1M trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh, gp cc ng ng hiu sut M tng ng s tra ra Q'1; Ct 4, 6, 8: Tnh ra theo cng thc tng ng vi tng ct nc. Bng 5-2. Tnh cho turbine Cnh quay. Hmin ' = ( n D ): H n1 1 min ' ' ' n1M = n1 n1
' 2 3/ 2 N = 9,81 Q1 D1 H min

Htk ' = ( n D ): H n1 1 tk ' ' ' n1M = n1 n1

' 2 3/ 2 N = 9,81 Q1 D1 H tk

Hmax ' = ( n D ): H n1 1 max ' ' ' n1M = n1 n1

' 2 3/ 2 N = 9,81 Q1 D1 H max

M 3

Q'1 5

N 6

M 7

Q'1 9

N 10

M 11

12

Q'1 13

N 14

60

Ct 1: Tra trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh; Ct 2: tnh nh trnh by nhng ly giao im vi cc gc , mi gc c hiu chnh ring; Ct 3,7,11: k ng ngang n'1M trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh, gp cc ng ng gc t ni suy ra hiu sut mu; Ct 4, 8, 12: ly ct M cng vi ct 2; Ct 5, 9, 13: ng vi M dng tm Q'1; Ct 6, 10, 14: Tnh theo cng thc ghi trn vi ct nc tng ng T cc s liu tnh cc bng trn (cc ct 2 ~ 4, ct 2 ~ 6 v 2 ~ 8 ca bng 5-1 cho turbine Tm trc v Cnh qut; cc ct 4 ~ 6, 8 ~ 10, 12 ~ 14 i vi turbine Cnh quay) v ra cc ng c tnh cng tc = f (N), vi mi ct nc s c mt ng (hnh 5-9,a). - Lp h to H ~ N (hnh 5-9,b) cng t l honh N, t bn di h ~ N; +Trn trc H ca h trc H ~ N k cc ng nm ngang Hmim, H tk, Hmax; + Trn trc nh ra cc gi tr v k dng ngang, ct cc ng ~ N mi ct nc c hai im v d 1~1' hay 2~ 2'; 3~3' dng xung gp cc ng ct nc tng ng (hnh 5-8,b); + Ni cc im cng hiu sut ( c hai nhnh) li ta c ng ng hiu sut. Vi nhiu tr s cho trc ta s v ra nhiu ng ng hiu sut = f (N, H)
2. Xy dng ng hn ch cng sut

ng hn ch cng sut trong ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh c hai nhnh do turbine v my pht hp thnh, chng ct nhau ti tung ct nc thit k Htk (im A) trn hnh (5-9,c). ng hn ch cng sut my pht l ng thng ng c N TB N lm = honh l N mp = . ng hn ch cng sut turbine c th l cong mp so may hoc gn ng l thng. Cch xy dng ng hn ch cng sut turbine nh sau: Xy dng nhnh hn ch cng sut cho turbine Tm trc v Cnh qut da vo ng hn ch 5% cng sut trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca kiu turbine mu (hnh 5-9,d). bit im A ( N mp , H tk ) , cn xc nh thm im B ( N B , H min ) ri ni hai im A v B li theo ng thng l ' = n D1 , k ng thng nm ngang n gp ng hn ch c. T n1 H min
' cng sut 5% v tra c Q1 v ni suy c hiu sut mu M tng ng, tnh ra hiu sut turbine thc = M + v xc nh ra cng sut turbine ti im B theo cng thc bit. C NB, Hmin xc nh c im B.

61

Hnh 5-9. V cc ng ng hiu sut v ng hn ch cng sut. * Xy dng nhnh hn ch cng sut cho turbine Cnh quay phc tp hn v c hai cch tnh. y trnh by cch tnh ca nh my ch to turbine ngh, cho rng: Khi ct nc H > Htk th cng sut turbine b hn ch bi gc t cnh max; Khi ct nc H Htk th cng sut turbine b hn ch bi m a0max . Ta bit nhnh hn ch cng sut turbine dc xy dng t ct nc H Htk , do vy ta tnh v nhnh hn ch cng sut turbine theo m a0 nh sau: - im A l giao ca ng hn ch cng sut my pht v Htk xc nh d dng trn h to H ~ N (hnh 5-10,a). i to im A sang to n'1 ~ Q'1 trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca turbine m hnh (im A') bng cng thc quy dn: NA ' = n D1 v Q ' = suy ra Q'1A' n1tk 1A 2 H3/ 2 9,81 A D1 H tk tk t im A' (Q'1A', n'1tk ) ln hnh (9-10,b) v ni suy c a0max . - Tnh ton xc nh im B ng vi ct nc Hmin v NB, lm cc bc sau: + V ni suy ng ng m a0max (hnh 5-10,b), ng ny ct ng ngang n'1M ng vi ct nc Hmin ti im B' v ni suy ra B'M v Q'1, tnh ra B ' 2 . H 3 / 2 . Nh vy xc nh c im B; + Tnh ra N B = 9,81. B . Q1B . D1 min + Ni im A vi B ta c nhnh hn ch cng sut turbine phn H H

62

Hnh 5-10. Xy dng ng ph tr.

3. Xy dng cc ng ng cao ht Hs xy dng ng ng cao ht HS = f (N, H), ta cn v cc ng ph tr ca cc ct nc trn to N ~ Q1' (hnh 5-10,c) da trn kt qu tnh ton bng 5-1 , hoc bng 5-2 trn. Sau lp bng tnh (5-3) tnh di y: - Lp bng 5-3 vi cc ct nc cho trc (t nht ba ct nc Hmin, Htk, Hmaxs); - Trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh (hnh 5-10,d) ng vi tng ct nc ta c n'1M, k ng ngang n'1M , ng ny gp cc ng ng h s kh thc ti cc im, ti ta ni suy ra M, tnh ra , ng thi cng tra c Q'1 tng ng. C Q'1 tra ra cng sut N tng ng vi ct nc trn (hnh 5-10,c). Ghi s liu trn vo cc ct t 1 - 4 v tnh cc ct 5, 6 v HS = 10 - /900 - kH; - T bng 5-3 v ng ph tr HS ~ N, mi ct nc c mt ng (hnh 5-10,e); - Gi thit cc tr s cao ht HS v k cc ng ngang gp cc ng H , ta c cc N tng ng v xc nh im c cp to N, H. Vi nhiu im ta s v c cc ng ng HS= f (N, H) trn ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh.

63

Bng 5-3. Bng tnh xy dng ng ng cao ht Hmin Htk Hmax ' ' ' = ( n D ): H n1 = ( n D1): H min n1 = ( n D1): H tk n1 1 max ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' n1M = n1 n1 n1M = n1 n1 n1M = n1 n1 k = 1,05 - 1,10 k = 1,05 - 1,10 k = 1,05 - 1,10 Q'1 N HS kH 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... ...

T kt qu ca cc tnh ton nh trnh by trn v ln cng to N ~ H ta xy dng c ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh cho mt turbine c th (hnh 5-7,a).

64

Chng VI.

CHN KIU LOI V CC THNG S CA TURBINE THU LC

La chn t my thu lc (turbine, my pht in) l phn vic tin hnh khi tnh ra cc thng s Thu nng (Nlm, cc ct nc). La chn turbine ng, hp l chng nhng v mt kinh t c li m cn to iu kin tt cho t my c ch tiu vn hnh cao, an ton. Sau y l nhng ni dung c bn trong vic chn turbine thu lc.
VI. 1. VN CHUN HO TURBINE V PHM VI S DNG CT NC CA CC LOI TURBINE VI. 1. 1. Vn tiu chun ho turbine khai thc sng sui phc v cho vic pht in mt cch ch ng v c hiu qu, ngoi vic lp quy hoch Thu nng c d kin xy dng trm thu in, vic tin hnh ch to thit b p ng nhu cu khai thc thu in l vic phi tin hnh ng b. V ngun thu nng c tnh a dng; cc v tr xy dng trm thu in c ct nc, lu lng v cng sut khng ging nhau, do vy i hi cn c nhng kiu, nhng h loi turbine khc nhau. Nu thit k v ch to thit b n chic cho tng trm s dn ti gi thnh cao, thi gian ch to lu ... gim nh cng vic ny, cc n v thit k ch to turbine tnh ton, th nghim v a ra nhng ti liu thng nht v cc kiu turbine c quy cch v tiu chun ho. l danh mc turbine (cn gi l gam turbine). Da vo nhng s liu quy chun ny, nh thit k ch to turbine s thit k ch to ra nhng turbine mi; ngi chn turbine s la chn c turbine m h cn vi thng s thch hp. Ngnh ch to turbine ca ta hin cn cha th c iu kin lp ra danh mc turbine cho mnh, chng ta ang dng turbine ca nc ngoi, phn ln l turbine Lin x c v Trung quc, m ch yu da vo danh mc turbine ca Lin x. Danh mc turbine c lp cc dng: - Bng tra phm vi s dng v cc s liu tnh ton c bn ca BXCT, lp c cho turbine phn kch (bng 6-1); - Biu phm vi s dng ca cc kiu turbine (hnh 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4 cho turbine phn kch v cc biu 6-5, 6-6 cho turbine xung kch). Trn biu phm vi s dng ca mi kiu BXCT l mt hnh bnh hnh gii hn bi ct nc Hmin, Hmax v cng sut gii hn Nmax, Nmin. Gii hn cng sut ca mt kiu BXCT c xc nh bi ng knh BXCT D1max v D1min thch hp. Dng cc biu ny chn kiu BXCT thch hp vi ct nc v cng sut cho. Ngy nay i vi turbine va v ln thng da vo tnh nng kh thc cho php theo quan im kinh t v bn c hc ca cnh BXCT chn phm vi s dng ca BXCT turbine. i km mi kiu BXCT cn c biu ring ca n (hnh 6- ) c th tra ra ng knh D1, vng quay n v chiu cao ht hS ( cao = 0 ) ca turbine kiu .

65

Bng 6-1. Phm vi s dng v cc thng s ca turbine phn kch Vng quay qdn Loi turbine n'1 n'1 tnh ton ti u Lu lng qdn Q'1min 2010 1850 1710 1430 1240 1100 1040 940 1370 1250 1030 650 420 280 200 150 1100 900 850 725 600 500 Q'1max 2250 2130 2040 1940 1700 1400 1240 1150 1400 1370 1250 1030 650 420 280 200 13500 1100 1000 750 750 600 H s m hnh

Phm vi ct nc Hmin- Hmax Turbine hng trc cnh quay 3 10 CQ10/592 165 5 15 CQ15/510 150 10 20 CQ20/661 138 15 30 CQ30/587 125 20 - 40 CQ40 115 30 - 50 CQ50/642 110 40 - 60 CQ60/642 106 45 - 70 CQ70/5A 103 Turbine tm trc 30 - 40 TT45/123 75 40 - 75 TT75/128 73 70 - 115 TT115/697 68 110 - 170 TT170/741 67 160 - 230 TT230 62 220 - 310 TT310 60 290 - 400 TT400 58 380 - 500 TT500 57 Turbine hng cho cnh iu chnh 30 - 40 HC60 -1 120 40 - 60 HC60-1 100 60 - 90 HC45-1 90 90 - 120 HC45-2 85 120 - 160 HC30-1 80 160 - 200 HC30-2 75

vi Q'1min
1,14 0,84 0,68 0,505 0,4 0,325 0,27 0,23 0,23 0,16 0,097 0,06 0,047 0,04 0,035 0,03

vi Q'1max
1,4 1,0 0,835 0,745 0,68 0,505 0,40 0,36 0,27 0,243 0,168 0,10 0,065 0,048 0,042 0,036

180 160 152 140 130 120 112 107 78 74 72 69 67 65 62 60 120 110 95 90 85 80

0,2 0,16 0,14 0,1 0,07

Danh mc turbine phn kch trc ng c ln ca Lin x dng c hin nay gm c 8 n 9 kiu BXCT turbine cnh quay v 8 kiu BXCT turbine tm trc. Cc thng s thu lc v thng s kt cu ca cc kiu u c ghi trong danh mc turbine (bng 6-1) trn. c trng cu turbine turbine c k hiu bi cc ch v s sp xp theo th t nht nh, gi l nhn hiu turbine. Cch k hiu ca Lin x nh sau: - Hai ch u biu th h turbine (PO - tm trc; p - cnh qut; - cnh quay ... ) - Phn s vit tip theo: t s l ct nc ln nht (Hmax) / mu s l s hiu ca kiu turbine m hnh (turbine c khng ghi phn s m ch ghi s hiu ca kiu TB m hnh) - Hai ch tip theo l: phng thc lp trc ( B - trc ng, - trc ngang) v loi bung turbine ( M - bung xon kim loi, - bung xon b tng, - bung hnh ng, O - bung h); - Phn con s cui cng biu th ng knh tiu chun D1 (cm) ca BXCT.

66

V d 1: Cch ghi nhn hiu turbine loi mi: 30/587 - B - 500 l turbine cnh quay, ct nc ln nht Hmax = 30m, s hiu BXCT m hnh l 587, lp trc ng, bung xon bng b tng, c ng knh tiu chun BXCT D1 = 500 cm. ( c trng hp nhn khng ghi loi bung turbine th nhn hiu ghi l 30/587 - B - 500 ); V d 2: Cch ghi nhn hiu ca ca turbine loi c: PO123 - M 100 (loi c khng ghi ct nc ln nht). y l nhn hiu turbine tm trc, s hiu BXCT m hnh l 123, lp trc ngang, bung xon bng kim loi, ng knh BXCT D1 = 100 cm. Nhn hiu turbine go c k hiu gm hai phn: - Phn u ghi theo th t sau: ch h turbine go (KB), phng thc lp trc (B trc ng, - trc ngang), ng knh BXCT (cm), s lng BXCT lp trn mt trc; - Phn th hai sau du gch ngang ghi theo th t: ng knh tia dng nc (mm), s vi phun lp trn BXCT. V d: KB 125 x 1 - 140 x 2, c ngha l: turbine go trc ngang, ng knh tiu chun BXCT D1 = 125 cm, ch c mt BXCT, ng knh tia dng l 140mm, c hai vi phun trn mt BXCT. Ghi nhn hiu ca cc nc tng t nhng khc ch ci, tng ng sau: H lai turbine K hiu bng ting Vit nam Lin X T.Quc Nc khc H turbine: ZD Pr Turbine Cnh qut CC p Cnh quay CQ ZZ K Tm trc TT PO HL F Cho trc CT Go G KB QJ P Tia nghing N H T XK hai ln X2 B Cch lp trc: Trc ng D B L V W H Trc ngang N Kiu bung turbine: Bung h H O M ng T Z Xon kim loi K M J Xon b tng B H Ghi ch: K hiu ting Vit nh trn l mi d kin, cha chnh thc.

67

Hnh 6-1. Biu phm vi s dng ca turbine phn kch ln.

Hnh 6-2. Min s dng cc turbine phn kch

68

Hnh 6-3. Min s dng cc kt cu ca turbine phn kch

Hnh 6-4. Biu tng hp h loi turbine trung bnh v nh

69

Hnh 6-5. Biu tng hp h loi turbine xung kch va v nh

Hnh 6-6. Biu h loi ring ca turbine xung kch hai ln

70

VI. 1. 2. Phm vi s dng ct nc ca cc loi turbine Ngy nay vic s dng turbine ln v trung bnh, mt cch gn ng thng da vo tnh nng kh thc (xc nh ct nc ln nht ca mi kiu turbine theo iu kin gn ng: H = (10 - HS) / ) v bn c hc ca thit b qua nc turbine. Ngi ta chn turbine da vo phm vi s dng ct nc nh sau: - Turbine hng trc thng c dng vi ct nc H = 1,52 n 80 m, ring turbine hng trc cnh kp H = 30100 mt; - Turbine tm trc : H = 30550 m , ph bin H = 30350 m; - Turbine cnh cho : H = 30150 m; - Turbine go: H = 2002000 m; Ngy nay, phm vi s dng ct nc c m rng l nh nhng thnh tu t c trong lnh vc ch to turbine: Trc kia turbine hng trc, m c bit l turbine cnh quay thng c s dng vi ct nc H =1550m; vi ct nc ny kch thc v trng lng my ln, gi thnh tng. Vic tng ct nc s dng ca turbine cnh quay ln H = 5080 m nhm mc ch tng hiu sut bnh qun ca t my trong trng hp ph ti v ct nc thay i nhiu. Ct nc H = 315 m c thay th bng vic s dng turbine capxun c t tc cao v r hn. Nhc im ca turbine hng trc trc ng l c c tnh kh thc km hn turbune tm trc, do vy turbine cnh quay cng b hn ch khng nn lm vic ct nc cao. Kinh nghim thy rng khi chiu cao ht HS khng nh hn - 6 n 8 m th h cnh quay c li v kinh t. H turbine cnh cho quay ra i nhm kt hp nhng u im ca h cnh quay nh hiu sut bnh qun tng i cao khi ct nc v ph ti giao ng ln v c im ca turbine tm trc l c c tnh kh thc v su lp turbine tng i nho. Hin nay phm vi s dng ca turbine cnh cho c nng ln H = 50200 m. Turbine tm trc ngy nay c ct nc s dng m rng ln H = 30700 m, c th thay th phm vi ct nc H = 300700 m m turbine go thng m nhn. Trong phm vi ny nn dng turbine go ch khi ph ti thay i nhiu, nc c nhiu tp cht v iu kin xy dng khng cho php t turbine su qu ln. cc iu kin kin khc nn s dng turbine tm trc v n c hiu sut ln hn ca turbine go t 2 n 3%. Ring i vi turbine nh, do iu kin xy dng cng nh kh nng ch to m pm vi s dng ct nc cng c khc, v nh turbine go c th s dng vi ct nc chng H = 100m; turbine tm trc c th s dng ct nc H = 380 m; turbine cnh qut H = 216m ... VI. 2. NHNG VN CHUNG KHI CHN TURBINE i vi ngi thit k trm thu in, vic chn thit b c in ni chung v chn turbine ni ring, l da vo cc ti liu turbine do nh my ch to cung cp chn turrbine thch hp vi cc thng s thc t ca trm. Trong trng hp khng c turbine thch hp th c th tnh ton ra cc thng s c bn turbine ca trm t

71

hng nh ch to turbine thit k v ch to turbine mong mun. Trong phn ny ch cp n cch chn turbine sn xut hoc thit k c trong h loi turbine. VI. 2. 1. Ti liu gc chn turbine Khi la chn turbine cn bit cc s liu gc sau: - Cc ct nc ca trm: ln nht Hmax, nh nht Hmin, ct nc thit k Htk; - Cng sut lp my ca trm hoc cng sut ca t my; - Cao trnh mc nc thng, h lu nh my ng vi cc ct nc; - Mc nc h lu ng vi cc lu lng tho qua nh my. Cc ti liu ny do c quan kho st thit k thu in cung cp. Cng vi nhng ti liu trn chn turbine cn phi c nhng ti liu v turbine sau: - Bng tng hp h loi hoc biu tng hp h loi turbine; - ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca kiu turbine; - H s kh thc cu turbine cc ch lm vic ca kiu turbine; - ng c tnh quay lng ... . VI. 2. 2. Ni dung v vn chung khi chn turbine 1. Ni dung chn turbine Ni dung chn turbine theo yu cu thit k trm bao gm nhng vic sau: a. Xc nh s lng t my; b. Chn h, kiu turbine v kiu t my; c. Xc nh ng knh tiu chun BXCT D1; d. Xc nh s vng quay ng b ca turbine; e. Tnh cao ht cho php [HS] v cao trnh t turbine 2. Nhng vn chung khi chn turbine Kt qu la chn turbine v cc thng s ca turbine phi da trn c s tnh ton so snh kinh t nng lng v tnh kh thi ca cc phng n s t my v phi xt n hiu sut ca turbine cc ch lm vic, xt ti iu kin kh thc ca turbine... Sau y chng ta xt v nhng vn chung khi chn turbine: a. V mt s lng t my: Khi cng sut lp my xc nh th s lng t my s quyt nh cng sut nh mc ca turbine v cc thng s ca n. S lng t my t th cng sut nh mc turbine ln, dn n cp in s km an ton khi mt t my b s c ngng hot ng, tuy sc sut xy ra s c t hn khi nhiu t my. Mt khc, s my t th tuy hiu sut ln nht ca t my ln nhng hiu sut trung bnh ca nh my s thp hn so vi nhiu t my, nhc im ny c khc phc nu dng turbine c ng c tnh thoi nh turbine cnh quay hay turbine go. Theo nh my ch to turbine ln nht Lin x c - Nh my kim kh Lningrat th khng cho php turbine lm vic vi ph ti nh hn 40% cng sut nh mc trong thi gian di. i vi trm c cng sut lp my ln th khi s t my t cn dn n kch thc turbine qu ln c kh khn cho vn ch to cng nh kh nng vn chuyn my, trng hp ny phi tng s lng t my, v d Trm T Bratsc (Lin x) phi lp 22 t my. Tuy c nhng nhc im trn nhng khi s t my t li gim tng khi lng nh my nn tin u t xy dng

72

v chi ph vn hnh gim nhiu so vi nhiu t my. Do vy ngy nay ngi ta c xu th tng cng sut nh mc ca turbine, tc l gim s t my c li v mt kinh t. b. V mt hiu sut: i vi loi turbine phn kch th hiu sut ln nht ca ca cc h turbine c t tc khc nhau hu nh ging nhau, nhng ng c tnh cng tc ca chng khc nhau. V mt nng lng nn chn nhng turbine c hiu sut trung bnh ln nht trong qu trnh vn hnh, tc l chn kiu turbine c ng c tnh cng tc thoi nht hoc phi tng s lng t my. c. V mt kch thc v s vng quay t my: Nn chn turbine c s vng quay quy dn n'1 v lu lng quy dn Q'1 ln, tc l turbine c t tc cao, do vy vng quay n ln kch thc turbine s nh v kch thc my pht cng nh, lm gim kch thc nh my. Trong hai turbine c cng t tc nhng c n'1 v Q'1 khc nhau th nn ly turbine c Q'1 ln hn v n cho php gim ng knh BXCT m s vng quay khng gim khi vn gi nguyn N v H. d. V mt kh thc: Turbine c t tc cao s c h s kh thc ln nn m bo khng xy ra kh thc trong qu trnh lm vic vi cc ct nc khau nhau phi to ra chiu cao ht nh. V vy turbine c t tc cao (nh hng trc) b iu kin kh thc hn ch s dng. Nhng vn nu trn trong thc t vn dng cng c nhng mu thun m chng ta cn phi phn tch la chn cho ph hp. V d khi so snh hai turbine cng h nhng khc t tc. Turbine c t tc cao s cho ta kch thc t my v kch thc nh my b, li v mt khi lng cng trnh, nhng do t tc cao nn chiu cao ht b, thm ch m nn phi h thp mng nh my nh vy vn xy dng cng trnh li tng. V vy vic chn s t my v cc thng s c bn ca turbine phi da trn c s tnh ton v so snh kinh t nng lng quyt nh. u tin s b a ra mt s phng n s t my, sau tnh ton so snh chnh xc dn cc phng n v kiu, ng knh BXCT, s vng quay, chiu cao ht v..v.. Thng thng i vi thu in ln theo cc giai on: giai on du - tnh s b, giai on hai - so snh cc phng n mt cch chnh xc, sau chn ly mt phng n tt nht. i vi thu in nh ch cn mt giai on tnh ton da trn cc bng h loi hoc theo cc biu sn phm c v thng s t my ly t 2 n 4. Sau y s trnh by cc ni dung cc phng php la chn turbine c dng trong trong thit k nh my thu in v la chn cc thit b c bn ca chng.
VI. 3. LA CHN TURBINE PHN KCH

Chn turbine phn kch thng c nhng cch: Chn theo quy cch sn phm; Chn theo bng, biu h loi hoc theo ng c tnh tng hp chnh; Chn theo to lgarit... Sau y trnh by la chn theo hai phng php u. VI. 3. 1. Chn theo quy cch sn phm Da trn nhng turbine ch to v s dng trong thc t ngi ta lp ra nhng bng hoc biu sn phm. Phng php ny n gin d s dng v mua sm

73

nhanh, m bo quy cch chung. chn h turbine ta phi bit cng sut mt turbine v phm vi lm vic ca cc ct nc t Hmin n Hmax hoc Htk: N lm (6-1) Cng sut mt turbuine: N tb = Z mf Trong Z - s t my; Nlm - cng sut lp my; mf - hiu sut my pht. chn turbine loi nh c th s dng cc bng tra hoc dng biu sn phm. Kt qu ca vic tra cu ta c ngay c h loi v cc thng s c bn ca turbine (D1 , n):
1. Chn theo bng tra:

Mi bng tra lp cho mt kiu turbine v kiu t my. Khi c ct nc thit k, cng sut turbine, lu lng turbine ta d trn bng tm ra thng s turbine cn tm v tng ng s tra c kch thc cc b phn chnh ca turbine cn chn. Ni dung bng tra biu th theo dng sau, ly v d bng sau y lp cho kiu turbine tm trc,s hiu13, t my trc ngang bung kim loi. Bng 6-2. V d: Bng tra Turbine tm trc PO13-M D1 (cm) H (m) 20 .. 25 ... 55 ... 35 N 47 153 Q 0,23 0,34 n 830 1231 42 N 49.5 69 225 Q 0,3 0,33 0,49 n 623 696 1033 50 N 70,5 99 322 Q 0,42 0,47 0,7 n 525 587 871

2. Chn theo biu sn phm Hnh 6-7 l biu sn phm ca turbine phn kch loi nh dc lp vi cng sut N 4 000 kW v ct nc H = 285m do Lin x c thit lp. Trong biu cho cc phn s: mu s ch vng quay n (v/ph) ca turbine, cn t s l h loi v kiu t my (ghi bng bn cnh). V d: mun chn mt turbine c cng sut Ntb = 350 kW, 22 ct nc thit k Htk = 70 m, ta dng trn biu v chn c im c phn s ; 1000 vy ta chn c turbine PO13 - M50, l turbine tm trc (PO), kiu hay s hiu ca BXCT l 13, t my trc ngang bung xon kim loi (M), ng knh tiu chun ca BXCT D1 = 50 cm, vng quay n = 1000 v/ph.

74

Hnh 6-7. Biu sn phm ca turbine phn kch nh.

VI. 3. 2. Chn turbine theo bng, biu h loi v ng c tnh tng hp Theo phng php ny, trc tin ta da vo cc bng h loi (bng 6-1) hoc cc biu tng hp h loi (hnh 6-1, 6-2, 6-4) hoc ng c tnh tng hp chnh. T ct nc thit k Htk v cng sut turbine Ntb ta tra ra c h v kiu turbine. Nu tra bng hoc biu m im tra c khng phi ch chn c mt m

75

mt s kiu BXCT th phi thng qua tnh ton so snh kinh t nng lng chn mt. Trong giai on tnh ton s b c th da trn so snh kch thc, s vng quay, cao ht ca turbine chn. Sau y trnh by cc cch chn ca phng php ny: 1. Phng php tnh ton chn cc thng s turbine Sau khi chn c kiu turbine, tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca turbine l ng knh D1, vng quay n, cao ht [HS] v vng quay lng nl, lc dc trc. a. Chn ng knh tiu chun BXCT tnh theo cng thc quy dn sau: N tb (6-2) D1 = ' /2 H3 9,81 Q1 tk Trong cng thc: N (kW), H (m), Q (m3/s), D (m); cn hiu sut turbine ly s b sau: Turbine tm trc trung bnh v ln ly = 0,88 - 0,9; turbine cnh quay ly 0,860,88; lu lng quy dn Q'1 ly gi tr Q'1max (i vi turbine tm trc, v tng kh nng thot nc v hiu sut trung bnh cao) hoc ly Q'1min (i vi turbine cnh quay, v mun gim h s kh thc) trong bng tra (6-1), hoc tra t ng c tnh tng hp trc tip c M, Q'1M ri tnh ra v Q'1. ng knh tnh c t (6-2) cn phi ly trn theo ng knh tiu chun. C th tham kho D1, D0 (ng knh trc cc cnh hng dng), Z0 (s cnh hng dng) ca turbine h loi c theo bng (6-3) sau y: Bng 6-3. Kch thc tnh bng mm D1 300 350 420 460 500 590 710 800 840 1000 D0 420 490 570 620 670 770 920 1030 1050 1200 Z0 10 10 10 12 12 12 14 14 14 16 D1 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3300 D0 1450 1700 1900 2150 2350 2650 2900 3200 3500 3850 Z0 16 16 16 16 16 16 24 24 24 24 D1 3700 4100 4500 5000 5500 6000 6600 7200 8000 9000 D0 4300 4700 5250 5800 6400 7000 7700 8400 9300 10500 Z0 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 30 30 30

b. Vng quay ca turbine: Khi chn ng knh tiu chun BXCT ta tnh ra vng quay ca turbine theo cng thc quy dn sau: ' n1 H bq (6-3) n= D1 Trong cng thc: Hbq l ct nc bnh qun (m), n'1 l vng quay quy dn ti u ca turbine, c th ly bng (6-1) hoc ly trn ng c tnh tng hp chnh vi n'10. T kt qu tnh ton n theo (6-3) ta ly chun theo vng quay ng b ca my pht in theo bng vng quay ng b cho bng (6-4) sau y:

76

Bng 6-4. S vng quay ng b ng vi tn s f = 50 Hz 2p 6 8 10 12 14 16 (18) 20 22 24 (26) n 1000 750 600 500 428 375 333,3 300 272,6 (250) 230,7 2p 28 (30) 32 36 (38) 40 44 46 48 (50) 52 n 214 (200) 181,3 166,7 (157,8) 150 136,3 130,4 125 (120) 115,4 2p 56 60 64 68 72 (74) (76) 80 (84) 88 92 n 107,1 100 93,7 88,2 83,3 (81) (78,9) 75 (74,4) 68,2 65,2 2p 96 100 104 108 112 116 120 128 136 144 150 n 62,5 60 57,8 55,6 53,5 51,7 50 46,8 44,2 41,7 40

Ghi ch: Khng nn dng cc tr s trong du ngoc v l do cng ngh ch to my pht. Sau khi chn c D1 v n ta cn kim tra xem vi cc thng s ny turbine lm vic vi cc ch ct nc v lu lng tng ng c m bo hiu sut lm vic cho php hay khng. kim tra vng hiu sut ta cn s dng ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca h turbine (xem phn sau), nu m bo v hiu sut ta tip tc tnh ton v xc nh mt s thng s khc. Trong trng hp kiu turbine no c biu ring i km (v d hnh 6-8 cho biu ring ca kiu turbine cnh quay 587-Bb) vic chn D1 v n n gin nh sau: T Htk v Ntb tra c hai thng s D1 v n ngay. V d c Htk = 14 m, v cng sut turbine Ntb = 1250kW ta tra ra c mt im nm hnh bnh hnh c ghi s 375, tc l n = 375 v/ph, t im ko song song vi hai cnh nghing ca hnh bnh hnh ta s c ng knh D1 = 140 cm. Bn tri biu ring c biu tra cao ht ca turbine hS = f(H) lp cao trnh t nh my = 0. i vi turbine cnh quay biu c hai ng hS = f(H), tra hS ta phi ni suy, vi turbine tm trc th ch c mt ng. p dng biu cao ht ny tra nh sau: cng v d trn vi ct nc thit k Htk = 14 m tra ni suy c cao ht hS = + 1,5, tnh ra [HS] = hS - /900 vi ni t turbine c cao trnh 0.

77

Hnh 6-8. a) Biu ring ca turbine 587-Bb b) Quan h = f(H). c. La chn cao ht cho php: cao ht thay i theo giao ng mc nc, theo ct nc v cng sut lm vic ca turbine, do vy cn tnh vi nhiu t hp lm vic xc nh v chn ra cao ht cho php [HS]. T chn c cao trnh t turbine trnh kh thc. cao ht c th tnh theo cc cng thc sau y: (6-4) k H = h s H s = 10 900 900
(6-5) ( + ) H = h s 900 900 Trong : - h s kh thc, cho trong bng (6-1) hoc tra trn ng c tnh tng hp - Cao trnh t nh my so vi mc nc bin; - hiu chnh h s kh thc (tra quan h = f(H) trn hnh 6-8,b); H - Ct nc lm vic ca turbine ch cho; k = 1,05 - 1,1 hS - cao ht ng vi mc nc bin ( tra cc biu ring). H s = 10

2. Kim tra hiu sut turbine khi chn D1 v n Nh trn ni, sau khi tnh v chn ng knh tiu chun D1 v vng quay ng b n ca turbine cn phi kim tra vi cc thng s ny c m bo turbine lm vic vi hiu sut trong phm vi cho php hay khng. Da vo D1 v n chn, giao ng ct nc t Hmin n Hmax , ta tnh cc vng quay quy dn n'1 v cc lu lng quy dn Q'1 tng ng vi cc ct nc v cng sut v em chng t ln ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca kiu turbine bit kim tra (hnh 6-9). n D1 N tb ' ' Vi ct nc: Hmax c: n1H v Q1H max = max = 2 H 3/ 2 9,81. . D1 H max max

78

H tk n D1 ' Hmin c: n1H min = H min Hnh 6-9: a) kim tra vng lm vic ca turbine tm trc; b) l kim turbine cnh quay.

' = Htk c: n1Htk

n D1

' Q1Htk =

N tk 2 H 3/ 2 9,81. . D1 tk

Hnh 6-9. Kim tra vng lm vic ca turbine tm trc v cnh quay.
VI. 3. 3. Cc kch thc khc ca BXCT turbine phn kch Khi chn c ng knh tiu chun D1 ta c th s b xc nh thm nhng kch thc khc khi cha c kch thc c th phc v cho giai on thit k s b.

79

Hnh 6-10,a trnh by kch thc theo bin dng mt ct kinh tuyn ca turbine tm trc (TT) ca hai dng BXCT t tc thp v t tc cao, trong cc kch thc biu th theo h s vi ng knh tiu chun D1 ca BXCT, tu theo kiu turbine. Bin dng ca mt ct kinh tuyn thng chn theo m hnh c t tc gn vi t tc nS ca turbine cn thit k. Bng 6-5 sau y l ca mt s turbine tm trc d c s dng c hiu sut cao LX c. C th thay i bin dng ny i cht cho ph hp vi yu cu thit k. V d c th tng t s gia chiu cao CCHD b0 so vi gi tr cho trong bng 6-5, nh vy tng cht lng chng xm thc ca BXCT. i vi BXCT c nS ln v trung bnh c th ly b0/D1 = 0,35 - 0,2; cn i vi nS nh ly b0/D1 = 0,16 - 0,08.

Hnh 6-10. Kch thc cm BXCT turbine TT v CQ Hnh 6-10,b trnh by kch thc bin dng phn dn dng theo m hnh turbine tiu chun ho ly theo t l vi D1 ca turbine cnh quay (CQ) v c dn ra theo bng 6-6. Cc bin dng cho trong bng 6-6 ph thuc vo ct nc H ca turbine. Trong khong H = 1,5 - 80m c 9 bin dng cnh khc nhau. T s b0/D1 v dbt/D1 dc trng cho kh nng thot nc ca turbine. Khi H nh, Q ln th dng knh bu cn nh v b0 phi tng tng kh nng thot Q. Bng 6-5. Kch thc kinh nghim v s liu ly vi turbine tm trc Hmax- Hmin 30-45 40-75 70-115 110-170 180-230 220-310 300-400 380-500 kiu turbine TT45/123 TT75/728 TT115/697 TT170/741 TT230 TT310 TT400 TT500 b0/D1 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,16 0,12 0,10 0,08 n1' 75 73 68 67 62 60 58 57 n'1tt 78 74 72 69 67 65 62 60 Q'1max 1400 1370 1250 1030 650 420 280 200 Q'1min 1350 1250 1030 680 420 280 200 150

80

Bng 6-6. Bng kch thc kinh nghim cho turbine cnh quay. H tb CQ10 CQ15 CQ20 CQ30 CQ40 CQ50 CQ60 CQ70 CQ80 H,m 3-10 5-15 10-20 15-30 20-40 30-50 40-60 45-70 50-80 b0/D1 0,45 0,45 0,4 0,4 0,375 0,375 0,35 0,35 0,35 dbt/D1 0,33 0,35 0,37 0,41 0,43 0,48 0,52 0,57 0,60 dU/D1 0,29 0,3 0,325 0,36 0,375 0,415 0,474 0,522 0,537 R0/D1 0,354 0,346 0,337 0,32 0,315 0,293 0,246 0,229 0,221 h2/D1 0,318 0,338 0,357 0,396 0,416 0,457 0,523 0,573 0,613 h3/D1 0,089 0,091 0,093 0,097 0,1 0,102 0,107 0,116 0,123 R1/D1 0,323 0,345 0,366 0,407 0,428 0,468 0,567 0,604 0,642 k/D1 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,045 0,05 0,05 d/D1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,09 0,1 0,1

Ngoi kch thc, trng lng s b ca BXCT cng c th xc nh s b da vo s liu thng k do nh my kim kh Leningrat cung cp ph thuc D1 (hnh 6-11) :

Hnh 6-11. Trng lng BXCT turbine (tn) ph thuc vo D1(m). a) Tm trc; b) Cnh quay: 1- khi s cnh Z = 7; 2- khi Z = 6; 3- khi Z = 4
VI. 4. LA CHN CC THNG S C BN CA TURBINE XUNG KCH Trong s cc turbine xung kch th turbine go c s dng rng ri v vi cng sut t nh n ln. Turbine xung kch hai ln dng vi cng sut nho. VI. 4. 1. Chn thng s c bn ca turbine go Khi tin hnh chn turbine go cn ln lt xc nh cc vn sau y: s kt cu turbine, s vng quay, s lng vi phun (Z0), ng knh BXCT (D1), ng knh vi phun (d0) ... (hnh 6-12). Cng nh turbine phn kch, chn cc thng s c bn ca turbine go phi da trn c s so snh kinh t nhiu phng n khc nhau. Trong giai on thit k s b, c kch thc turbine phc v cho vic xc nh kch thc nh my chng ta s b tnh ton chn cc kch thc chnh nh sau:

81

ng knh tia nc tho lu lng ln nht ca turbine Qmax phn cho s Q max 4 Q max = 0 ,545 vi phun Z0 l: d o = (6-6) Z o 2 gH Zo H trong Q (m3/s), H v d0 (m), h s lu lng qua vi phun = 0,97. S lng vi phun ta ly vi cc phng n khc nhau tnh ton so snh kinh t ri chn. i vi turbine go nh trc ngang ( NTB 20 MW ) c th chn s b theo kinh nghim Z0 = 1 hoc 2, rt t khi Z0 = 3; cn turbine go trc ng Z0 = 2 - 6, cng sut cng ln th s vi phun cng nhiu. S lng vi phun cng tng v t s D1/d0 cng b th vng quay ca BXCT cng ln cng gim c kch thc turbine v gi thnh my pht in. Sau y gii thiu mt s cng thc xc nh s b kch thc BXCTturbine go: Chiu rng cnh go B = (2,8 - 4,0) d0; Chiu di cnh go: L = (0,7 - 0,9) B: Chiu rng ming khot hm ui cnh go: b = 1,2d0 + 5 (mm); ng knh tiu chun ca BXCT D1 c chn theo t s D1/d0 = 10 -18 hoc H , H ly t mc thng lu n trung tm ming vi phun. ta c th ly D1 = 37,2 n n - s vng quay ca turbine; ng knh vng trn i qua mp hm: D = D1 + 2,33d0; ng knh vng trn ngoi cng ca BXCT: D0 = D1 + d0; ng knh ming vi phun d = (1,2 - 1,25) d0 ; D1 S lng cnh go trn BXCT: Z = (5 5,7) ; do Khong cch t ming vi phun n cnh cnh go vung gc vi tia dng nc A = (5,8 - 7,3) d0. Cu to v kch thc vi phun v thit b tch dng ly theo kinh nghim (hnh 6-12,b). Vic t BXCT turbine go phi cao hn mc nc b x v thng ly cao hn mc nc cao nht b x khong cch bng ng knh D1. Kch thc khc i vi turbine go nh ch to trong nc xem (hnh 6-12,c) .

82

Hnh 6-12. Kch thc BXCT turbine go

VI. 4. 2. Xc nh kch thc c bn ca turbine XK 2 ln Turbine xung kch hai ln l loi c s dng nhiu trong thy in nh vi ct nc a dng l t 10 n 60 mt, tuy nhin ti liu tra cu turbine ny cng cha c rng ri, do vy giai on s b ta cng cn phi tnh ton xc nh s b kch thc ca chng phc v cho vic thit k nh my.

83

Kch thc c bn ca turbine xung kch hai ln l vi phun v BXCT. Hnh dng, kch thc v s lng cnh ca BXCT c nh hng quyt nh n vng quay hiu sut v trng lng ca turbine. Kinh nghim cho thy: khi Z = 12 cnh th = 0,6 khi Z = 20 th = 0,81 v khi Z = 48 cnh th = 0,87.S lng cnh nhiu th hiu sut turbine cng cao v cng n nh, nhng s cnh nhiu th cu to BXCT cng phc tp, v vy s cnh thng ly Z = 24 cho hiu sut trung bnh = 0,82.

Hnh 6-13. S xc nh kch thc turbine xung kch 2ln ng knh vng trn i qua mp ngoi ca BXCT c coi l ng knh ca BXCT ca turbine XK hai ln v c tnh theo cng thc sau: H (6-7) D1 = 42 n Trong : H - ct nc thit k (m) cn n - s vng quay turbine (v/ph). ng knh vng trn mp trong cnh tnh theo: D2 = (0,63 - 0,68). D1 . Chiu di BXCT, tc l chiu di cnh: L = (0,5 - 2,5).D1. Vi phun c tit din ch nht: chiu rng l, chiu cao h ly nh sau: chiu rng l = 0,8B dng nc phun c sut chiu di cnh, cn chiu cao ng vi m li nht l h = 0,1D1 v ng vi m ln nht hmax = 0,125.D1. 84

Cnh turbine c dng hnh lng mng, c th c cu to theo hai hnh thc: - Un cong mt bn knh = 0,163D1 hoc: - Un cong theo hai bn knh: bn knh cong r v bn knh cong R: ly cc bn knh cong nh sau: r = 0,078.D1 v R = 0,236.D1. Hin nay turbine xung kch hai ln cng c ci tin nhiu. Hinh (6-12,b) l d kin v kch thc turbine xung kch hai ln c hai ca vo gim kch thc v s dng c vi c ct nc t 5 n 100 mt, lu lng t 0,04 n 6 m3/s v cng sut N t 5 n 600 kW phc v thu in nh c xut.

85

Chng VII. THIT B IU TC CA TURBINE TH. LC

VII. 1. NHIM V CA IU TC TURBINE Trm thy in l mt x nghip sn xut v cung cp in nng, m nhu cu in nng lun thay i trong phm vi rt rng. Nu khng c bin php iu chnh cng sut do t my pht ra ph hp vi yu cu ca li in th s dn n s thay i tn s li in qu gii hn cho php. Quy trnh k thut vn hnh quy nh tn s khng i, sai lch tm thi ca tn s in xoay chiu vi gi tr nh mc 50 Hz p khng qu 0,2%. Tn s ph thuc vo s vng quay ca rto my pht: f = n. 60 Trong s i cc p l khng i i vi my pht c, nh vy tn s ch cn ph thuc vo vng quay n ca rto my pht in. Mt khc theo c hc, phng trnh c bn c trng cho s chuyn ng ca rto t my : d (7-1) J = Mq Mc dt Trong : J l mmen qun tnh ca rto t my thy lc; - tc gc ca rto t my = n / 30; Mq - Mmen lc chuyn ng rto t my; Mc - Mmen cn chuyn ng rto t my; t - Thi gian. T phng trnh trn ta thy mun gi cho vng quay t my n khng i, cng d tc l gi cho tc gc l hng s ( = const) th = 0, th cn duy tr s cn bng dt gia mmen lc chuyn ng v mmen lc cn chuyn ng, tc l M = Mc . Mmen cn ph thuc vo ph ti my pht in Nmp cn mmen chuyn ng M quyt nh bi cng sut ca turbine Nt, gia chng c quan h sau: N QH (7-2) Mq = t = T (7-2) ta thy, s cn bng gia M v Mc ch c th thc hin c khi cng sut my pht lun bng cng sut turbine mi thi im, tc Nt = Nmp Nu ph ti my pht in thay i m cng sut turbine vn khng i s dn n s thay i vng quay t my. Cng t cng thc trn, c th thay i cng sut turbine bng cch thay i lu lng vo turbine Q, thay i ct nc H hoc thay i hiu sut ca turbine. Tuy nhin, vic thay i ct nc v hiu sut ca turbine l iu khng thc t, do ch cn vic thay i lu lng Q ca turbine l thc hin c.V vy, iu chnh cng sut turbine thu lc thc cht l iu chnh lu lng bng cch xoay c cu hng dng (CCHD). i vi turbine cnh quay, ngoi vic iu chnh CCHD cn iu chnh c gc dt ca cnh turbine mt cch lin hp. i vi turbine go th iu chnh lu lng l iu chnh van kim v iu chnh thit b tch dng mt cch lin hp. Loi iu chnh i vi turbine cnh quay v turbine go l iu chnh kp . Cn iu chnh ch lm quay CCHD gi l iu chnh n (i vi turbine cnh qut v tm trc). T nhng din gii trn ta rt ra nhim v ca thit b iu tc t ma thu lc l cn c vo s thay i ph ti bn ngoi tin hnh iu chnh lu lng ca turbine cho cng sut t my pht ra cn bng vi yu cu ph ti v gi vng quay t my khng i. Sau y chng ln lt nghin cu cc loi thit b iu chnh turbine (iu tc).

86

VII. 2. CC LOI THIT B IU TC TH CNG Trong cc trm thy in nh v mini do iu kin kinh t, iu kin ch to hn ch a phng cng nh yu cu v in khng cao, ngi ta c th dng nhng thit b iu tc n gin. Vic iu chnh cng sut do ngi cng nhn vn hnh trc tip tc ng vo CCHD, hay ch iu chnh van kim thay i cng sut cho ph hp vi giao ng ph ti gi l iu tc th cng (hay iu tc tay). Tt nhin phn ng ca con ngi lm nhim v iu chnh khng th kp thi so vi s thay i ca ph ti, do vy cht lng in thp, ngy nay hu nh khng dng ngay c i vi turbine nh. 1. iu tc kiu van mt cnh

Hnh 7-1. Mt s loi iu tc th cng. a) iu tc mt cnh; b) iu tc loi c cu hng dng bng tay. Hnh (7-1,a) l loi iu tc n gin dng cho turbine bung xon kim loi. Bnh xe cng tc c t trong bung xon kim loi, bung ny ni vi ng p lc. pha trc BXCT c t mt cnh van, cnh van ny c th quay quanh mt trc ca n, mt u trc xuyn qua thnh bung ra ngoi ni vi c cu iu khin quay tay. Nh van m ta c th iu chnh lu lng cho hp vi yu cu ph ti. 2. iu tc kiu c cu hng nc iu chnh tay Ta gp loi iu tc ny hnh 2-2,b chng II. Khi trc 5 quay s ko n quay 6 v tc ng thanh ko 7 lm xoay vng iu chnh 8. Vng 8 quay s ko tay quay 4 dch chuyn lm cnh hng dng 2 quay quanh trc 10 ca n lm thay i m a0 gia hai cnh hng dng. Vi cc m khc nhau s cho lu lng qua turbine thay i. My iu tc tay lm quay trc iu chnh 5 thng qua vic quay v lng ca tr iu khin (hnh 7-1,b) bng quay tay. Ngoi nhng loi iu tc th cng trnh by trn, xa kia ngi ta cn dng c nhng thit b n gin hn nh loi iu tc kiu thng chp: l c cu thay i m din tch ca nc vo BXCT bng cch nng hoc h chic thng y ca vo turbine tng hoc gim lu lng.

87

VII. 3. THIT B IU TC T NG H thng iu tc t ng ca turbine l tng hp cc c cu thit b c nhim v cm ng s thay i tc quay ca my v thay i v tr tng ng ca cc c cu iu chnh. N gm c cc c cu c bn sau y: - C cu cm ng (CCC): cm nhn s sai lch tc quay ca t my so vi tc quay nh mc v cn c vo tc ng n c cu iu chnh. - C cu iu chnh (CCC): trc tip thay i mmen chuyn ng ca turbine. - C cu chp hnh (khuch i): thc hin s lin h cn thit gia CCC v CCC, chuyn di CCC n v tr tng ng khi c tn hiu ca c cu cm ng. C cu thuc loi ny l: ng c tip lc, ngn ko phn phi iu chnh n. - C cu n nh: c tc dng lm tng tnh n nh v cht lng ca qu trnh iu chnh (v d c cu cn bng ..) - C cu ph tr: lm cc ng tc ph nh thay i chnh nh my iu tc, hn ch m CCHD, thay i khng cn bng cn d, ..v.v... Nhng im khc bit gia iu chnh turbine thy lc v iu chnh cc loi ng c khc l ch l CCC ca turbine i hi phi c lc chuyn di ln dch chuyn CCHD, lc ny n hng ngn tn i vi turbine c ln. V vy CCC cn phi c thm nhng b phn khuch i thy lc gia CCC v CCC. i vi turbine cnh quay v turbine go cn phi tin hnh iu chnh kp (iu chnh CCHD v iu chnh gc t cnh turbine cnh quay, hoc iu chnh van kim v iu chnh thit b tch dng turbine go), do vy h thng iu chnh cng tr nn phc tp hn. Xt v nguyn l tc dng ta chia ra hai loi: my iu tc trc tip v gin tip. Chng ta cn nghin cu s nguyn l ca chng sau y: VII. 3. 1. S nguyn l my iu tc tc ng trc tip Hnh (7-2,a) trnh by s nguyn l ca my iu tc tc dng trc tip. Cu to ca my iu tc loi ny gm c con lc li tm 4, tay n HZS v van iu chnh lu lng 3. Con lc ly tm 4 quay c nh ng c in 2 c lin h bng c hay in vi trc turbine. u bn tri ca tay n HZS c ni vi con lc nh hp trc H cn bn phi ca n c ni vi van iu tit 3 ti im S. Khi ct ph ti, v m a0 ca cnh hng nc cha thay i nn s vng quay ca turbine cng nh s vng quay ca qu lc ly tm tng ln, qu lc vng ra xa, ko hp trc H ln trn, lc tay n

Hnh 7-2. S iu tc trc tip v gin tip khng c c cu phc hi. HZS s quay xung quanh im ta Z theo chiu kim ng h v y van 3 xung thp gim bt lu lng Q qua turbine cng sut turbine cn bng bng vi cng sut

88

my pht in. Khi tng ti th qu trnh ny cng xy ra nh th, nhng chiu chuyn ng ca cc b phn k trn ngc li. ng nt t trn hnh tng ng vi v tr tay n HZS cui thi im iu chnh. T hnh v ny ta thy my iu tc tc ng trc tip c cu to rt n gin. Nhng nhc im c bn ca n l sai s v vng quay turbine rt ln khi ph ti tng t 0 n ph ti ton phn. ng thi lc ng m cc b phn iu chnh do qu lc to ra rt nh khng ng m cc b phn iu chnh ca turbine d l turbine nh. V vy nguyn l ny rt t c s dng trong thy in. VII. 3. 2. Cc s nguyn l iu tc n gin tip S nguyn l iu tc gin tip khc vi s nguyn l iu tc trc tip ch: con lc ly tm khng trc tip tc ng vo b phn iu chnh m gia qu lc v b phn iu chnh c lp thm ng c tip lc (CTL) cng vi van phn phi (hoc ngn trt). iu cho php dng qu lc c khi lng nh vi nhy kh cao chuyn di kim trt lp trong ngn trt . Theo nguyn l lm vic ca b phn n nh ta chia loi gan tip ra nhng loi sau: 1. My iu tc tc ng gin tip khng c c cu phn hi Hnh 7-2,b l loi iu tc ny. Trong s ny a thm vo hai b phn khuch i l van phn phi 3 (cn gi l ngn trt) v ng c tip lc 5. Con lc ly tm lin h vi ngn trt 3 qua tay n 2 . Cht lng c p (du p lc) c dn vo ngn trt 3 iu khin hng v tr s dch chuyn ca pitng ca CTL 5. Lc tc ng ca CTL ph thuc vo kch thc v p sut ca du p lc . Cu to CTL gm mt pitng chuyn ng trong mt xi lanh v pitng ny c ni vi vnh iu chnh ca CCHD qua thanh ko y. Ngn trt thng vi hai pha ca CTL nh hai ng du t hai u ca xi lanh. Cu to ngn trt gm c v hnh lng tr v mt chic kim trt trong . Trn thnh v c khot nm l nh (ca s); ca s gia c thng vi du c p ly t thit b du p lc ti van trt qua ca ny: hai ca lm vic ( v tr cn bng th hai ca ny c ng kn bi phn li trn v di ca van kim) thng vi ngn tng ng ca CTL qua hai ng dn du, hai ca x du trn v di cng thng vi thng du x. Nh vy, khi chuyn di khi v tr cn bng th du c p s t ca s gia i vo mt ngn no ca CTL, cn du c p trong ngn khc ca CTL s theo ca s lm vic v l x tr v thng x, hai pha ca CTL c chnh p lc lm chuyn ng b phn iu chnh ca turbine. Qu trnh iu chnh tc quay ca turbine theo s ny s khng n nh bi v pitng ca CTL khng th ng im mt v tr cn bng no c (do kim van trt khng kp tr v v tr ban u). Hin tng giao ng m cnh hng nc, cng sut, cng bt ngun t y. khc phc nhc im trn ta s dng nhng s iu chnh khc s ni sau y. 2. My iu tc tc ng gin tip c c cu phn hi cng Trong s ny (hnh 7-3,a), ngoi b phn CTL v van trt k trn cn c thm b phn phn hi kiu n by HZS, n c tc dng a kim trt kp tr v v tr trung gian. T s nguyn l ta thy, lc u v tr 1 v sau khi pitng CTL chuyn v pha ng b phn iu chnh th h thng phn hi cng kiu n s y im Z cng im S ( ni vi kim ngn trt) ln trn v tr 2, kt qu l kim trt s tr v v tr trung gian. Khc vi s khng c c cu phn hi, y khi qu trnh iu chnh kt thc th CTL s dng li ti v tr cn bng mi v s vng quay ca turbine cng s

89

a). iu tc c c cu phn hi cng b). iu tc c c cu phn hi mm Hnh 7-3. S iu tc gin tip c c cu phn hi. n nh v tr tng ng vi v tr mi ca hp trc H . Hnh trn tng ng vi trng hp gim ti, trng hp ny vng quay mi ln hn vng quay nh mc ca t my. Trng tng ti, cc qu lc cp li, kim trt b y ln trn v du c p s i vo ngn bn tri ca CTL, cn ngn phi ca n thng vi ng du x lm cho pitng CTL chuyn dch sang bn phi m to b phn iu chnh. Nh vy c cu phc hi cng a kim van tr v v tr trung gian. Qu trnh iu chnh kt thc th s vng quay ca turbine s nh hn s vng quay nh mc v im H thp hn v tr ban u. 3. My iu tc tc ng gin tip c c cu phn hi mm Trong s iu tc loi ny (hnh 7-3,b trn), im Z ca n HZS c ni vi pitng ca CTL qua b phn c bit l b phn hon xung 1, nh m im H c th tr v v tr ban u v ng im v tr trong sut c thi gian lm vic n nh ca turbine . Trong b phn phn hi mm, im Z ca n 2 lin h vi l xo 3 v im Z s v tr ban u nu l xo ny trng thi t do. B phn hon xung gm mt ng xi lanh (c cha y du) v pitng, trn pitng ny c khot mt l nh khi pitng ca b phn hon xung tr v v tr trung gian th du c th chy chm t mt ngn ny vo ngn khc ca xi lanh qua l nh . Ta nghin cu cch chuyn vn ca b phn hon xung. Trong trng hp gim ti, s vng quay tng v ng c tip lc chuyn ng v pha ng b phn iu hnh. Lc u v du cha kp chy t ngn di ln ngn trn ca xi lanh ca b phn hon xung, do tc dng tit lu ln c xi lanh ln pitng cng im Z u dch chuyn ln trn kp thi a kim trt (im S) tr v v tr ban u v l xo b nn li. Cho n thi im ny th qu trnh iu chnh ging nh s my iu tc tc ng gin tip vi c cu phn hi cng. Sau do tc dng n hi ca l xo 3, l xo gin ra v y im Z xung di, n 2 quay xung quanh im H theo chiu kim ng h v pitng ca CTL li tip tc chuyn ng v pha ng. S vng quay lin tc gim dn cho ti khi im H tr v v tr ban u th qu trnh iu chnh kt thc. S vng quay sau cng s bng s vng quay ban u. l c im chnh ca loi iu tc ny. Thi gian cn cho im Z chuyn ng di tc dng ca l xo nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo sc cn thy lc l tit lu cng tc l ph thuc vo m ca l tit lu trong bnh hon xung. VII. 3. 3. Cc s nguyn l my iu tc kp tc ng gin tip Khc vi turbine cnh qut v tm trc ct nc thp ch c mt b phn iu chnh lu lng (iu chnh c cu hng nc) nh m t trn, turbine tm trc ct nc cao c van tho khng v turbine cnh quay, turbine go tin hnh iu chnh

90

kp. Trong turbine cnh quay ngi ta tin hnh iu chnh CCHD ng thi iu chnh gc t cnh quanh bu BXCT nhm m rng vng lm vic c hiu sut cao, cn trong turbine go v turbine tm trc c van tho khng th mc ch ca vic iu chnh kp gia van kim v thit b tch dng hoc gia CCHD v van tho khng, nhm mc ch gim p lc nc va ng ng c p dn nc vo turbine. V vy, thit b iu chnh ca n gm hai b phn m trong qu trnh lm vic c lin quan cht ch vi nhau theo mt quan h rng but nht nh nh c cu lin hp gm c cam v con ln. Sau y chng ta xem xt s iu tc kp ca turbine: 1. S iu tc kp ca turbine cnh quay Hnh 7-4,a xt trng hp ph ti gim ta thy: khi CTL ca CCHD dch sang tri ng bt m a0, v pitng ca CTL ny c lin h vi n 8 nn nm 6 ca c cu lin hp s dch chuyn sang bn phi y rng rc ca n 5 ln trn lm cho kim van trt 4 ca BXCT dch xung m ca du lm cho du c p i vo ngn trn ca CTL 8 ca BXCT v y pitng ca n ln quay cnh turbine v pha ng. Khi b phn lin h ngc (thanh 7) ca CTL s bo m s lin h n tr

Hnh 7-4. Cc s iu tc kp ca turbine cnh quay v go gia v tr nm lin hp v quay BXCT. Trong cc c cu hin nay thng dng cam thay cho nm lin hp. Trng hp tng ti s dch chuyn ca cc c cu iu chnh s c hng ngc li. 2. S iu tc kp ca TB go Trn hnh 7-4,b ta thy: khi phu ti gim, CTL 2 ca ca thit b tch dng 9 tc ng nhanh ct mt phn hay ton b tia nc khng cho tc dng vo BXCT, ng thi khi pitng ca CTL ny chuyn dch v pha ng s y nm lin hp 3 chuyn ng sang phi, rng rc cng n 4 i ln, do y kim 5 ca van trt i xung m cc ca s, a du c p v ngn bn tri ca CTL 7. Kt qu l van kim 8 s t t ng li nh van tit lu 6 lp ng du i vo ngn bn tri CTL 7. Khi tng ti th thit b tch dng 9 di xa dng tia nn n khng c tc dng iu chnh lu lng tia. VII. 3. 4. Mt s c cu iu khin ca my iu tc Vic vn hnh song song cc t my pht in trong h thng in i hi phi c thm nhng c cu iu khin nh: c cu khng cn bng cn d, c cu bin i s vng quay, c cu hn ch m cnh hng dng .v..v.. Chng ta s ln lt tm hiu tc dng v cch chuyn vn ca mi c cu . 1. C cu khng cn bng cn d t my vn hnh n nh trong h thng in th ng c tnh tnh ca h thng iu chnh (ng quan h n = f (N) hoc = f (N)) phi c mt khng cn bng nht nh. khng cn bng c xc nh theo cng thc:

91

n max n min n max n min =2 n0 n max + n min Trong : nmax - vng quay t my khi lm vic khng ti; nmin - vng quay t my khi lm vic y ti; n0 - vng quay nh mc ca t my. Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu khng cn bng cn d (xem hnh 7-5,a) : Ti im O ca thanh n ni lin qu lc 1 v ngn trt 2, ngoi c cu phn hi mm 4 cn chu tc dng ca c cu khng cn bng cn d gm thanh 5 v con trt 6. C cu ny lm nhim v phc hi cng. Thay i v tr con trt 6 ta c cc tr s khng cn bng khc nhau. Khi = 0 th ng dc tnh ca h tng iu chnh s nm ngang, khi 0 th ng c tnh iu chnh l ng nghing (xem hnh 7-5,b). =

Hnh 7-5 S nguyn l mt s c cu thao tc trong my iu tc.

2. C cu bin i s vng quay: ha ng b t my vo li in cn phi iu chnh s vng quay ca t my sao cho tn s ca my pht in ng bng tn s ca li in. Mun vy trong my iu tc phi c c cu thay i s vng quay (b phn 7,8). Khi vn v lng 8, im C s thay i v tr, ng c tnh tnh ca h thng iu chnh c tnh tin ln xung (xem s trn hnh 7-5). Khi t my lm vic c lp, c cu iu chnh s vng quay c dng thay i s vng quay nh mc ca t my. Khi t my lm vic song song th c cu ny dng thay i ph ti do t my m nhn (nhc hoc h ng c tnh iu chnh 1 ng vi khi tng hoc gim ph ti mt lng N, v d trn hnh 7-5,c khi tng ti ta phi nhc ng 1 ln ng 2 gi vng quay hng s. 3. C cu hn ch m CCHD: C cu ny dng hn ch cng sut ca turbine trong gii hn cho php ( v d khi h cha thiu nc hoc m a0 khng c vt qu ng d tr cng sut 5% ) th phi s dng c cu ny. Trn hnh (7-5,a) c cu l n d-e-f v c cu quay 9

92

 iu chnh v tr ng ca im hn ch m d. Khi tng ti, pittng 3 ca ng c tip lc dch v pha m (pha phi) s ko im e h xung li im d xung hn ch khng cho CCHD m qu m quy nh. 4. Cc c cu khc: Ngoi ra trong my iu tc cn c cc ng h kim tra, theo di s lm vic ca h thng iu chnh nh l ng h o s vng quay ca turbine, o p lc du, kim ch m b phn b phn iu chnh ca turbine, kim ch mc du trong thit b du p lc..v..v.. Trn y trnh by nguyn tc ca mt s loi iu tc theo nguyn l iu tc in - thy lc. Ngy nay th gii bt u dng loi iu tc in t - thy lc. Trong , cc c cu chp hnh v CCC ging nhau, ch khc l c cu cm v mt s b phn c gii khc c thay bng cc phn t in hoc vi mch in t thu nhn, x l v pht tn hiu iu khin n cc c cu chp hnh v CCC. Sau y l v d v mt s iu tc in t - thu lc DIGI PID (hnh 7-6) chng ta tham kho thm:

Hnh 7-6. V d v s iu tc in t - thu lc. Cc b phn ca b iu tc s DIGI PID trong c: cc mch in t c b tr trong mt t, y l b no tp trung cc d kin v x l cc lnh iu khin; Cc c cu o pht tn hiu n b iu tc; cc c cu chp hnh nhm thi hnh cc lnh do b

93

iu tc pht ra. Chc nng ca PID: Thao tc (P): m bo mt t l gia gi tr iu chnh v sai s t (v d sai lch v tn s ... ); thao tc (I): do iu tc ny c gi tr t khng i, c sai s thng xuyn ph thuc vo cng sut t my, do vy lm thiu chnh xc v iu tn. Thao tc I nhm kh sai s trong thao tc bnh thng; thao tc (D) khc phc s lch pha do thao tc I, tng cng tnh n nh cho h thng. Nguyn hot ng ca s hnh 7-6 nh sau: Lc n nh, Mq = Mc, cc ca du u ng. Gi s ph ti thay i b iu tc s so snh cc tr s t ca tn s, cng sut tin hnh x l cc d kin v pht lnh n b dn ng (Actuator). Lnh ny gy ra mt in p v a ti cun dy , tu thuc in p t vo cun dy m trc van T ca b dn ng s chuyn ng ln hoc xung, iu khin cc ca du ca Actuator. Gi s trc T chuyn ng ln, lc ny du c p t ca vo A s ra ca B (du ra ca B gi l du iu chnh) v vo ca du D ca van trung gian (van ph) y pittng ca van ny ln trn v du iu khin ra khi E vo K ca van phn phi. Pittng ca van phn phi c y ln lm m ca du H, a du vo pha trn ca CTL y pittng ca CTL i xung, iu chnh CCHD ca turbine v v m ph hp vi yu cu ph ti. Qu trnh iu chnh ny li c b phn cm bin van phn phi v CTL bo v b iu tc. B iu tc li so snh x l v to tn hiu v b dn ng ... v qu trnh li tip din ... Khi trc T i xung. Lc ny du t B thng vi C x v nhnh x du. p lc B gim, du t D chy ra khi D, lm gim p lc trong khoang du ca D, nn pittng ph h xung, du t E trn vo van ph v cng tho du t K v E. Do vy pittng ca van phn phi h xung, du p lc thot qua I vo bn di ca CTL, tc ng vo vng iu chnh ca CCHD, a m cnh hng dng v m ph hp vi yu cu ph ti. Qu trnh iu chnh li c bo v b iu tc ... Trn y l mt v d v loi iu tc mi, sinh vin c th tm hiu thm.
VII. 3. 4.Thit b du p lc ca my iu tc Thit b du p lc c nhim v cung cp du c p cho thit b iu tc, ngoi ra n cn cung cp du c p cho dng c tip lc (CTL) ca cc van a, van cu..v..v.. trn ng ng p lc. Thit b du p lc gm c: kt du p lc, thng cha du, t my bm du ... Hnh (7-7) trang sau l mt v d v cu to ca thit b ny. Kt du p lc l b phn quan trng nht ca thit b du; trong du chm t 30 - 40 % th tch, phn cn li l kh nn. Nh tnh n hi ca khng kh nn sng p lc sinh ra khi thao tc h thng iu chnh c gim xung rt nhiu. S lng v p lc du trong kt du cn m bo cho s hot ng ca tt c cc c cu iu chnh v iu khin tt c cc ch lm vic c th ca t my. V vy kt du c th xem l ngun tr nng, nn gim bt cng sut ca bm du so vi loi my iu tc dng bm du trc tip. Trong qu trnh iu chnh turbine, du v kh nn trong kt b hao ht v r r qua cc khe h, t my bm du c nhim b sung du t ng (thng dng rle phao ng ng c in ca my bm) vo kt du. Cn kh nn do my nn kh chung ca nh my cung cp .Ap lc du thng t 20 - 40 at ty thuc loi my iu tc. Bm 12, kiu bnh rng kha hoc vt, c ko bi ng c 9 s bm du t thng cha qua b phn lc 4, van li g 11, van 23 a vo kt du 18. T kt du, du theo ng ng dn n h thng iu chnh. Khi p p lc du trong kt du vt qu gii hn trn ca bnh thng khong 2 - 3 at van li g 10 s t ng m, cn van 11 v tr ng a du t bm qua van du 10 tr v thng cha du v rle p lc s

94

iu khin t ng dng bm li. Khi p lc trong kt du gim xung thp hn gii hn di bnh thng khoang t 1,5 - 2 at van 10 t ng ng li, bm du c rle

Hnh 7-7. S kt cu ca thit b du p lc p lc iu khin s t ng lm vic bm du t thng cha ln kt du. Nu bm du 10 b hng v p lc trong kt du li vt qu tr s cho php, van an ton 13 m gim p lc trong kt du n bng gii hn trn, trnh c s c kt du. Ti b phn lc du cn lp hai rle p lc. Rle 20 dng khi ng bm du d tr khi p p lc trong kt du h thp cn 80 % so vi p lc bnh thng. Rle 21 dng dng t my v pht tn hiu khi p sut trong kt du tip tc gim xung qu thp, nhm ngn nga tnh trng my iu tc khng iu khin ni b phn iu chnh lu lng. Phao 8 dng o mc du, p k 10 v 17 o p lc trong kt du. Khng kh nn t my nn qua van 25 v van li g 19 vo kt du. Bm nn 22 t ng b sung kh nn.Thit b du thng trang b mi t my mt, nhng cng c th dng chung cho vi t my hoc chung cho ton trm.
VII. 4. LA CHN THIT B IU TC Vic la chn thit b iu tc bao gm chn: ng c tip lc, t iu tc v chn thit b du p lc. Thit b iu tc nh th ba b phn trn c t trn b trong mt t iu tc chung, cn thit b iu tc trung bnh v ln th ba b phn trn tch ring v phi chn ring tng b phn v b tr tch ring. Ngi ta phn loi iu tc ln hay nh da vo nng lc cng tc A tnh theo: N (7-3) A 0,85 = k 2 / 3 H Trong : A - nng lc cng tc ca thit b iu tc (kGm); k = 1,4 - h s an ton; N - cng sut ca turbine (kW); H - ct nc lm vic ca turbine (m). - Khi nng lc cng tc A < 3000 kGm th thit b iu tc thuc loi nh; - Khi nng lc cng tc A 3000 kGm th thit b iu tc thuc loi ln.

95

VII. 4. 1. Chn thit b iu tc loi nh Thit b iu tc nh bao gm mt t cha y cc c cu iu tc, t ny c t cnh vng iu chnh CCHD (hnh 7-8) l mt v d b tr t iu tc 1 i vi t my trc ngang), trc CTL trc tip iu chnh vng iu chnh 2 ca CCHD.

Hnh 7-8. B tr t iu tc K - 350 ca t my trc ngang. Ti liu tra cu thit b iu tc nh do Lin x ch to c nhng nhn hiu sau: - Loi mi: PC - 250, PC - 600, PC - 1500 v PC - 3000, dng cho iu tc n ln kp; (k hiu PC l thit b iu tc, cc con s sau du ngang l nng lc cng tc tnh bng kGm, v d PC- 600 l thit b iu tc c nng lc cng tc A = 600 kGm); - Loi c: -75, -150 l loi iu tc khng c kt du p lc, con s l nng lc cng tc A (kGm); loi K -350, K -500, K -1.000, K -1.500, K -3.000, K l iu tc in - thu lc c kt du p lc, con s sau gch ngang l nng lc cng tc A (kGm). Cc loi iu tc c hin ang ngng sn xut. chn thit b iu tc loi nh trc tin dng cng thc (7-3) tnh ra nng lc cng tc yu cu, sau tu loi iu tc n hay iu tc kp v cn c vo nhn hiu thit b iu tc trn chn. Cn chn thit b iu tc c nng lc cng tc ln hn nng lc yu cu v ly nng lc cng tc gn nht. VII. 4. 2. Chn thit b iu tc trung bnh v ln Loi iu tc c A > 3.000 kGm thuc loi iu tc ln. Loi ny phi chn ring cc c cu: CTL, t iu tc, thit b du p lc theo tnh ton sau: 1. Chn cc ng c tip lc (CTL) CTL c ba loi: loi quay c cu hng dng (CCHD) hay van kim v loi quay cnh turbine ( turbine cnh quay hay thit b tch dng turbine go). CTL quay CCHD c th l c cu dch chuyn lui - ti thng (a) mt CTL; hoc hai CTL (b,c); c th l ng c chuyn ng vng (d) xem (hnh 7-9). Cc ng c tip lc thng t trc tip trn np turbine hoc t phn ging ngay trn np turbine.

96

Hnh 7-9. Cc kiu ng c tip lc ca CCHD. Khi quay cc cnh hng dng, CTL phi to c mmen ko thng mmen thu lc tc dng ln cc cnh hng dng, mmen do ma st trong trc cnh ..v.v... p lc lm vic ln nht ca du c p thng l t 25 n 40 t mt phe. a- Tnh ton thng s ca CTL cnh hng dng: - ng knh trong ca xi lanh CTL cnh hng dng dhd vi p lc bo du nh nht s l: (7-4) d hd = D1 H D1 max Trong cng thc l h s ph thuc s cnh hng dng Z0 16 24 32 S cnh hng dng Z0: 0,03 0,028 : 0,034 H s Sau khi tnh ra ng knh theo cng thc (7-4) ta ly trn theo ng knh tiu chun l: 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 900, 1000 mm. - Nng lc cng tc ca CTL cnh hng dng (kGm): 2 (7-5) A hd = k hd H max b o D1 3 Trong cng thc: (kG/m ) - trng lng ring ca nc; Hmax , b0 l ct nc lm vic ln nht (m) v cao cnh hng dng (m); khd l h s kinh nghim; ly bng (0,03 - 0,04) i vi turbine tm trc; v ly bng (0,045 - 0,05) i vi turbine cnh quay. b- Tnh ton thng s ca CTL ca BXCT cnh quay: - ng knh trong ca ng c tip lc BXCT ca turbine cnh quay: (7-6) d bx = ( 0,71 0,75) b bc = (0,78 0,82) d bt Trong cng thc: dbc, dbt ng knh bu BXCT turbine tit din cu v tr. - Nng lc cng tc ca CTL ca BXCT cnh quay: 3 d3 ) (7-7) A bx = k bx H max b o ( D1 b Trong cng thc: kbx h s kinh nghim, ly bng (0,05 - 0,06); db (m) l ng knh bu BXCT. 97

c- Nng lc cng tc ca CTL ca vi phun v c cu tch dng turbine go: d3 o H max (7-8) A g = Zo do + 6000 Trong cng thc: Z0 l s vi phun; d0 (m) l ng knh tia nc ra khi vi phun. d- Dung tch xi lanh ca cc DCTL ( ca CCHD, BXCT v ca vi phun): A (7-9) V= p Trong cng thc: V (m3); A (kGm); p (kG/cm2) l p sut trong kt du p lc. 2. Chn t iu tc (TT) T iu tc (hay cn gi l my iu tc) chng thng c kch thc tiu chun ho. Cc kch thc ny ph thuc vo kch thc van phn phi chnh. ng knh van phn phi chnh thng ly bng ng knh ng dn du t van n CTL. Gi QV (m3/s) l lu lng du qua van phn phi chnh, Vhd (m3) l th tch du ca cc CTL cnh hng dng v TS (s) l thi gian ng/m ca ng c tip lc. Vy: V Q v = hd (7-10) TS TS c xc nh theo tnh ton m bo iu chnh t my, thng ly t 3-8 s Ta c ng knh ng dn du ( hay ng knh van phn phi chnh) l: 4Qv (7-11) do = V Trong cng thc: V l tc du chy trong ng, thng ly V = (4 - 8) m/s; d0 l ng knh van phn phi chnh (m). Sau khi tnh d0 theo (7-11) ta quy v ng knh tiu chun ca van phn phi chnh l: 100, 150, 200, 250 mm v thin v s ln gn nht. Ngoi ra ta c th tra ng knh van phn phi chnh theo th (hnh 7-9,a). T d0 tra ra nhn t iu tc.

98

Hnh 7-10. Biu chn ng knh van phn phi chnh. Di y l nhn hiu cc loi t iu tc ln do Lin x c sn xut: - Cc loi t iu tc n (dng cho turbine tm trc v cnh qut) gm c: PO40, P-100, P-150, (P-200, P-250); v P-100, P-150, (P-200, P-250); - Cc loi t iu tc kp (dng cho turbine cnh quay v go) gm c: PK-100, PK-150, PKO-200, PKO-250, PKM-100, PKM-150, (PKM-200, PKM-250); v cc loi: PK-100, PK-150, (PK-200, PK-250). Hai loi PK v PKO hin khng sn xut na. K hiu cc ch ci P v P l iutc n; cn PK, PKO, PKM, PK l iu tc kp. Phn s i sau biu th ng knh van phn phi chnh tnh bng mm. Da vo cng thc (7-11) xc nh ng knh van phn phi chnh, quy chun ri cn c vo chc nng iu tc n hay kp cn c vo k hiu nu trn chn ra t iu tc thch hp. T iu tc loi ln c kch thc ngoi gn nh nhau, khi cha c thit b c th c th ly tm kch thc nh sau: Cao x Di x Rng = 1900 x 800 x 800 mm, xem v d (hnh 7-10,b trn). 3. Chn thit b du p lc Thit b du p lc c chn da vo dung tch v p lc du ca kt du p lc (KDAL). Dung tch ca n phi ng CCHD trong iu kin bt li khi p sut trong KDAL thapa hn p sut nh mc (25 hoc 40 at) t (35 n 40%) ng thi d b sung lng r r. Thit b du p lc c tnh theo dung tch cn thit V ca KDAL nh sau: V = (18 20) V hd + ( 4 5) V bx ( cho turbine cnh quay); V = (18 20) V hd + (9 10) V xb (cho turbine tm trc c van x khng) (cho turbine tm trc). V = (18 20) V hd Trong cng thc, cc dung tch Vhd , Vbx v Vxb c tnh theo cng thc (7-9). Sau khi tnh ra V, ta tra ra c loi thit b du p lc nh bng (7-1) hnh (7-11) sau:

Bng 7-1. Kch thc thit b du p lc. Kiu thit b du a.lc MHY 0,6/1-40-1,8-2 MHY 1/1-40-2,5-2 MHY 1,6/1-40-2,5-2 MHY 2,5/1-40-4-2 MHY 4/1-40-4-2 MHY 6,3/1-40-8-2 MHY 8/1-40-8-2 MHY 10/1-40-12,5-2 MHY12,5/1-40-12,5-2 MHY 16/1-40-16,2-2
Cc kch thc chnh (cm) v trng lng G (tn) Kt du p lc Thng du D H1 h1 G H L B A 70 170 70 160 160 96 198 35 1,5 99 160 180 125 104 280 38 1,7 109 177 197 125 115 303 43 2,2 121 201 241 142 145,2 307 47 3,7 121 201 241 142 166,5 365 58 4,6 136 272 272 160 186 367 57 5,5 136 272 272 160 206,4 385 73 7,0 168 302 302 180 228 397 80 9,0 168 302 302 180 228 494 84 11,0 210 382 302 180

G 2,8 4,09 6,1 6,9 11,2 12,3 15,0 17,0 20,1

99

MHY 16/2-40-20-3 MHY 20/2-40-20-3 MHY 25/2-40-32-3 MHY 30/2-40-32-3 MHY 36/2-40-32-3 MHY 4/2-63-4-2 MHY 6,3/2-63-10-2 MHY 12,5/2-63-12,5-2 MHY 20/2-63-22-3 MHY 25/2-63-22-3

186 206,4 228 248 248 -

370 387 400 411 477 -

61 72 80 91 92 -

11,4 13,6 17,8 21,2 -

210 210 262 262 262 121 121 168 210 210

382 382 450 450 450 201 201 302 382 382

302 302 324 324 324 241 241 302 302 302

180 180 200 200 200 142 142 180 180 180

22,1 25,3 33,0 36,0 39,9 6,5 12 20 38 39

Gii thch k hiu: V d MHY 25/2-40-32-3 l thit b du p lc (MHY) c V = 25 m3 c 2 kt du, p sut nh mc p = 40 kG/cm2, dung tch thng du Vt = 32 m3, c 3 my bm du. Ngoi bng trn cn c th tra theo cc ti liu chuyn ngnh khc.

Hnh 7-11. S kch thc thit b du p lc chn theo bng (7-1) (a, b, c l mt ng, mt ct ngang, mt bng)

100

Chng VIII. MT S THIT B THY LC KHC CA TT

VIII. 1. CA VAN TRN NG NG P LC Trong trm thy in c nhiu loi ca van, y chng ta ch dng li xem xt cc loi ca van t trn ng dn p lc c lin quan trc tip n turbine. Van ny c t ngay trc ca vo bung turbine v nm trong nh my thy in. N lm nhim v ngn dng nc vo turbine khi a turbine vo sa cha hoc s c hay dng my bnh thng, nn cn gi l van sa cha - s c , van t trc ca vo bung turbine nn cn gi la "van trc turbine". Hai loi ca van c a dng hn c i vi thu in va v ln l: van a v van cu. VIII. 1. 1. Van a Loi van ny c ng knh 0,5 - 8,25 m v c dng cho ct nc t 25 n 810 m, thng dng nht vi ct nc H = 200 - 300 m. Hnh (8-1) l mt v d v loi ca van ny (dng TT mang tn i hi ln th 22 ng cng sn Lin X, c ng knh 5,3 m, chu ct nc 62 m). Ca van gm mt thn thp hnh tr 1, a quay

101

Hnh 8-1. Kt cu ca van a. 2 trc ngang, ng vng 3 v kt cu ta 4. a quay thng c dng khc nhau (loi a phng hnh b, hoc a khng gian hnh c).Ph thuc vo ng knh ca van m thn v a lm bng thp tm hoc thp c. Vic quay a c tin hnh nh hai ng c tip lc 5, cn ca mi CTL ny c gn bn l cu vi thanh ko 6 ni vi trc van. Vic m van (quay a) phn ln thc hin khi cn bng p lc nc trc v sau cnh van trc khi m van gim lc quay,v vy trn van a t thm ng dn vng3 C th tra van a do nc Nga sn xut bng 8-1 v hnh (8-3,a) sau y. Bng 8-1. Kch thc c bn ca van a do Nga sn xut. M hiu 130-35 130-120 160-55 160-95 160-120 220-65 220-75 240-60 260-120 Kch thc (mm) v trng lng van G (tn) D D1 H H1 H2 L 130 1470 700 1200 2040 2260 130 1535 650 2260 1800 2250 160 1760 910 1370 2755 2615 160 1820 800 2325 1800 2815 160 1820 800 2540 1920 2815 220 2390 1000 2895 1900 4020 220 2420 1000 2975 1795 3660 240 2600 1100 3105 2555 4135 260 2800 1200 3300 3050 4170 102 L2 1150 1200 1340 1425 1600 1800 1800 2065 2300 B 700 900 1000 900 900 1100 1100 1200 1200 B1 384 318 318 318 318 318 318 366 600 G 4,4 12,2 17,1 33

320-80 600-120 120-25 160-115 360-46 550-75 260-15 -400-230 -450-125 -760-75

320 600 120 160 360 550 260 400 450 760

3450 6380 -

1400 2800 800 1555 3000 1500 2700 2700 4250

3500 3600 -

2870 5380 1920 3565 -

5370 8380 2270 2815 4860 7800 4340 7400 6935 1050 0

2500 4410 1200 1425 3300 3675 1950 3300 3360 4850

1500 2200 500 900 1000 1800 1400 1750 1400 1800

567 1060 -

20,5 13,5 2,7 5,7 18,2 82 25 140 105 195

VIII. 1. 2. Van cu Van cu c kt cu rt vng chc v t tin hn van a, v vy n c s dng vi TT ct nc cao (t 200 - 1800 m), ng knh c th t n 4,2 m. Hnh (8-2) l mt v d v loi ca van ny (ng knh van 1,7m, H = 297m). Van gm: thn hnh cu 1, bn trong t phn cnh van quay 2 l khi tr c a hnh cu 3 v cc vng chng r 4 v 5. trng thi van m hon ton, ttn tht ct nc bng khng v dng chy chy qua tr vi kch thc trong bng ng knh ng p lc. Khi ng van rto quay 900. Di p lc nc thng lu, nc nc chy vo ngn p lc 6 ca a chng r, qua khe h gia thn v rto vo rnh 7, a cu c chuyn dch trong tr v b p cht vo thn van, ng l ng v pha h lu. m van, nc t ngn p lc ca ca a chng r chy vo phn tho cn ca ng, nh vy b phn lm kn nc ca van khng b p na.Trc quay ca rto van cu khuyn nn t nm ngang. Nhc im chnh ca van cu l kch thc v trng lng ln, gi thnh t.

103

Hnh 8-3. Kch thc c bn ca van a v van cu. C th tra cc thng s c bn ca ca van cu do Nga sn xut theo bng (8-2) trang sau y v hnh (8-3,b trn ) .

104

Bng (8-2). Kch thc c bn ca van cu, do Nga sn xut M hiu 130-950 180-375 300-550 420-400 Kch thc cm D D1 D3 130 278 168 180 270 210 300 522 349 420 775 470 H1 223 313 417 H2 250 266 488 634 H3 130 95 199 205 L 120 200 324 400 L1 161 210 350 450 L2 161 210 350 450 L4 255 307 480 600 B 245 270 414 560 B2 142 141 107 92

Bng (8-2, tip) Cc thng s ca van cu M hiu 130-950 180-375 260-280 300-550 420-400 .knh (mm) 1300 1800 2600 3000 4200 H (m) 950 375 280 550 400 Q (m3/s) 41,5 71 90 150 CTL (ng c tip lc) D2,mm s ci 400 2 500 2 600 2 600 2 1100 2 Thi gian M 60 120 120 120 120 ng 60 120 120 120 120 (s) G (tn) 43 64 128 270 570

Ghi ch: K hiu ca m hiu: con s trc du gch ngang l ng knh trong ca van (D), con s sau du gch ngang l ct nc (H). V d: 180-950, ngha l van c ng knh trong D = 180 cm, dng vi ct nc H = 950 m.
VIII. 2. CC H THNG THIT B PH THY LC CA TT bo m ch vn hnh bnh thng ca TT, ngoi cc thit b ng lc cn phi c cc h thng ph tr v c v in. Cc h thng ph thy lc gm c: h thng du, h thng kh nn, h thng cp nc k thut, h thng tho nc, h th cu ha ..v..v.. Phn h thng thit b ph phn in s trnh by sau, phn cng trnh. VIII. 2. 1. Cc h thng thit b du Do tnh cht ca du chia lm hai loi h thng: du cch nhit v du bi trn Du cch nhit dng cch in v lm mt cho my bin p, ng ct cc thit b in . Du bi trn lm trn cc trc my, dng truyn nng lng cho h thng iu chnh t my v bi trn cc thit b..v..v.. Dung tch du ca h thng du bi trn thng chm 30% ton b dung tch du vn hnh. Dung tch du cch nhit cho my bin p thng c 1000 kW cn 0,54 tn i vi my bin p loi ln, v 0,6 n 1,3 tn i vi MBA loi va. Hai h thng du ny phi tch ring do tnh cht du khc nhau. Hnh (8-3,a) l s h thng du ca trm ln: Thng du 14 cha du ca h thng kim tra ch tiu ha l c rt t xi tc du . Thng du 8 cha du vn hnh xc nh s gi lm vic. Thng du 9 cha du sch sau khi lm sch v ti sinh qua thit b x l du 11,12,13.Thng du bn 15 cha du bn t cc thit b v S (8-3,b) l h thng cp du vn hnh v du bi trn cc trc ca turbine cnh quay. Du my bin p phi cha thng ring. Khng c ln cc loi du. Trong cc h thng cp du phi qua thit b lc loi tr hp cht v nc. cc trm thy in ln c thit b ti sinh du ch yu hi phc tnh cht c l v ha ca du nh nht, a xc, s tn ti lu hunh. i vi trm T nh v va thng

105

khng c thit b ti sinh du. Tt c cc thit b ca h thng thit b du thng b tr tng di ca sn lp rp, c h thng phng ha v chng nng. Nu xy b ngoi tri th phi t cch xa nh my 20 m v c thit b c bit bo v.

Hnh 8-4. S nguyn l ca h thng du trong nh my T loi ln. a) S chung. b) Phn h thng cp du iu tc v bi trn trc. 1- ng x du. 2ng dn du. 3- thng du b sung. 4- trc chu lc. 5- nh hng. 6- CTL bnh cng tc. 7- kt du.8- thng du vn hnh. 9- thng du sch. 10- my bm. 11lc du. 12- tb ti sinh du. 13- my phn li du. 14- thng du mi. 15- thng du x. 16- xitec du. 17- van. 18- ng ni. 19- phng du ti sinh. 20- ng dn du bi trn. 21- ng dn du bin th.
VIII. 2. 2. H thng cp nc k thut H thng cp nc k thut dng cp nc lm mt: my pht, my bin p, trc v trc nh hng ca my pht, lm mt my nn kh..v..v.. Trong lng nc lm mt my pht chim khoang 60 - 65 % ton b lng nc ca h thng, lng nc lm mt trc chim t 10 - 20 %, lng nc lm mt my bin p chim 15% .Ngun cp nc k thut c quan h n ct nc ca TT, thng c th p dng cc hnh thc sau: 1. H thng cp nc bng my bm: S dng loi h thng ny khi ct nc ca trm H < (12 - 15) m, p lc ny khng p lc cung cp nc cho cc thit b. Do vy phi dng bm to p lc. Khi ct nc ca trm H > 60 m, lc ny p lc li vt qu gii hn, do vy hoc l dng my bm vi p lc cho php hoc dng t chy nhng phi dng thit b gim

106

p trc khi a nc n thit b dng. Nc c ly t h lu nh my (sau ng x) hoc t ging. 2. H thng cp nc t chy H thng cp nc loi ny kinh t nht, tuy nhin ct nc phi m bo p lc nm trong gii hn thch hp. Thng ly nc t chy t ng p lc ngay trong nh my hoc ly t bung xon. H thng cp nc t chy thch hp vi ct nc ln hn (12 - 15) mt v nh hn (40 - 50) mt. 3. H thng cp nc hn hp Khi ct nc ca TT thay i nhiu th nn p dng h thng cp nc hn hp. Trong h thng ny, khi ct nc nm trong gii hn thch hp th ly nc t chy t ng p lc hoc t bung xon theo nguyn tc t chy, khi ct nc nm ngoi gii hn th dng bm ly nc. H thng ny kh linh hot. Hnh (8-5) l s cp nc k thut cho t my v my bin p.

Hnh 8-5. S cp nc k thut ca t my v my bin p 1- thit b dn nc. 2- my bm. 3- thit b lc nc. 4- h ng ng dn nc. 5my bin p 6- ng xon rut g lm mt my bin p. 7- trc my pht . 8- thit b lm mt my pht. 9- vng dn nc lm mt my pht. 10- vng tho nc thilm mt my pht. 11- thng chu lc my pht. 12- ng xon lm mt chu lc. 13- ng thi nc. 14 trc turbine. 15- van. 16- ch ni ng. Trong h thng cp nc k thut, lu tc ln nht khng c vt qu 10m/s, thng nm trong gii hn 1,5 - 7 m/s. VIII. 2. 3. H thng kh nn H thng kh nn trong trm thy in dng cp kh nn: cho kt du p lc my iu tc, dng nn nc b ng b bung turbine, dng dp tt h quang my ct in, thi rc li chn rc v dng cho my cng c .v..v.. H thng ny gm c my 107

nn kh, cc thng ng kh nn, cc ng ng dn kh nn n ni dng ... Hnh (8-6) l mt s v d v h thng kh nn ca trm thy in:

Hnh 8-6. S h thng kh nn ca trm thy in. K-1-my nn kh thp p. K-2- My nn kh cao p. P-1, P-2, P-3-cc thng cha kh nn thp p 1- kt du p lc my iu tc. 2- h thng hm my pht. 3- ng ni vo gian lp rp. 4- ng ni vo xng c kh. 5- ng ni vo bung turbine. 6- ng ni vo gian my. 7- ng ng chnh cung cp kh nn vo bung BXCT. 8- ng ng chnh cp kh nn cho nhu cu k thut. 9-ng dn kh nn vo kt du p lc. 10- thit b t ng. 11- van. 12- kch hm rto my pht.13-p k. H thng ny gm: cc my nn kh K-1, K-2, cc thng cha kh nn P-1, P-2, P-3, cc ng ng dn kh chnh 8, 9, cc ng dn kh n h dng 2 - 7. H thng iu tc ca t my ln yu cu p sut khng kh n 40 at, cc h cn li n 6 - 7 at. My nen thng c t khi sn lp rp, i vi TT ln chng c a ra ngoi nh my. Cc ng ng chnh dn kh nn c b tr chy dc nh my, theo khng gian cc tng. La chn tit din ng dn kh da vo tc kh trong ng t 25 - 30 m/s i vi ng dn , v t 10 - 20 m/s i vi ng x. Kh nen c thi ra thng a ra khi nh my. VIII. 2. 4. H thng tho nc ca t my Khi cn kim tra v sa cha bung xon, ng x cn phi tho cn nc trong . nhng trm thy in ln, lng nc ny ln ti t 8 n 10.000 m3 hoc hn . V vy cn phi c h thng tho nc, h thng ny thng c hnh lang tp trung nc v my bm tiu nc v h lu nh my. Hnh lang tp trung nc t pha trc on cong ca ng x v chy dc theo cc t my nhn nc t bung xon v ng x tho vo, y hnh lang phi thp hn y ng x .

108

Hnh 8-7. Cc s h thng tho nc t my. I- H thng tho bng cc my bm ring ; II- Tho bng bm li tm; III- Tho bng bm di ng.IV- Tho bng hnh lang tp trung nc v c trm bm chung; V- Tho bng thit b gp chung v b phn cha chung. 1- h nhn nc c li chn. 2- ng hm dn nc ( thit b gp chung ). 3- bm ly tm. 4- bm chn khng. 5- tho nc v h lu. 6- khi sn lp rp. 7- trn nc t bung xon. 8- van. 9- hnh lang t van. 10- hnh lang tp trung nc. 11- b cha nc. 12- bm ging ng. Khi cao ht dng v bung xon cao hn mc nc h lu th dng phng php tho t chy, cn li th dng bm tho nc v h lu. Hnh (8-7) l mt s s tho nc ca TT c cng sut v s t my khc nhau. S I, mi my t mt my bm vi mc ch tng hiu sut bm v yu cu thi gian bm nc khng qu 2 - 4 gi. i vi t my ln, thi gian bm c th tng t 8 - 16 gi hoc hn. S I c th p dng TT c cng sut t my khng ln v s t my t. S II, thng p dng vi TT c cng sut va vi turbine tm trc ng knh khng ln. Tt c my bm t khi di sn lp rp, thi gian bm tho nc thng t 2 - 4 gi. S III, dng my bm di ng, c th p dng cc TT c s t my t v ng knh bnh xe cng tc nh. S IV v V dng cho cc trm thy in c cng sut ln v s t my nhiu. Trm bm trung tm t di sn lp rp. Nc c dn n trm bm trung tm 109

nh hnh lang tp trung nc (s IV), hoc trong s V nh ng hm gp nc chnh n b vi ng knh n 2 m. Cc hnh lang v ng hm gp nc cho php tng thi gian bm trc tip, v vy cng tc sa cha c th tin hnh ngay sau khi tho nc t bung xon v ng ht vo . iu cho php gim nng sut my bm. Dung tch b 11 cng ln cn phi c bm trc ng. S IV thng c dng vi TT xy trn nn mm. S V c c p dng vi TT xy trn nn . Tc nc trong ng v = 2 3 m/s, trong ng ng x v = 0,5 1,0 m/s . VIII. 2. 5. H thng cu ha trong nh my Cu ha gian my chnh: C th dng bnh dp ha cht t trn ct bn gc nh my hoc dng vi rng dp la. Nu ct nc H 30 m, dng phng php t chy. Nu khng ct nc phi dng my bm. Nc dng cho cu ha khng cho php dng chung vi h thng cp nc k thut. Mi h thng cu ha phi c hai ngun nc m bo an ton khi c ha hon. Vi rng thng c b tr cch sn 1,35 m. Cu ha gian x l du: Do du b kh hanh d to nn tnh in v gy chy, do vy t ca ra ca ng dn v c 100 m phi ni t. My ct du khi ct c hi du pht ra, v vy khng c bt dim hoc em n du ti gn. Cu ha my pht: Trong vn hnh thng xy ra ngn mch gia cc cun dy stator hoc u hn cun dy b chy. Cun dy stator nm trong v kn nn cc bin php khc khng dp tt la c nn phi c h thng ring. Quan nim cho rng nc lm hng cch in cng khng ng v khng nghim trng. C th sy kh v dy cch in bng nha ng chng thm tt. Thng trn v di cun stator t hai vng ng dp la, trn cc vng c cc hng l. Ap lc nc khng thp hn 2 - 2,5 at. Yu cu dp tt chy my pht sau 5 n 10 pht. Ngoi cc h thng thit b ph thy lc s lc nu trn, trong trm thy in cn c nhng h thng thit b ph v thit b khc nh : cc thit b nng h, cc thit b o, kim tra..v..v.. v cc h thng thit b phn in ..v..v... s c cp phn Cng trnh trm thu in.

110

Phn II.a CC CNG TRNH TRN TUYN NNG LNG CA TRM T

Chng IX. KHI QUT V THNH PHN V B TR TT

IX. 1. CC THNH PHN CU TRM THU IN Trm thu in l t hp cc cng trnh thu cng c xy dng ln t mc ch s dng tng hp ngun nc vo vic pht in, ti, cp nc, ci thin iu kin vn ti thu, chng l, nui trng thu sn ... Nu cng trnh ly nhim v pht in lm chnh th cng trnh c gi l Trm thu in. Trong thnh phn cng trnh c cc cng trnh chnh v cc cng trnh ph. 1. Cc cng trnh chnh: Cc cng trnh dng nc v tho nc nh: p dng, p trn, ging tho l ... Cc cng trnh ny nhm to nn ct nc pht in, phn phi li lng nc theo yu cu v m bo tho lng nc tha v h lu khi l v, tho cc vt ni v rc ri. Cc cng trnh nng lng, nhm sn xut v phn phi nng lng p ng yu cu dng in. Thnh phn ca n gm: cng trnh nhn nc, ng dn nc t thng lu vo turbine, tho nc v h lu, nh my thu in (cha turbine, my pht in, my bin p, cc thit b ph c kh v trang thit b nng h, vn chuyn, cc thit b iu khin, cc thit b phn phi in ... Cc cng trnh vn chuyn tu thuyn dng thng thng tu thuyn gia thng v h lu p. Cc cng trnh ny gm c: u thuyn, thit b nng tu thuyn ... Cng trnh nui trng thu sn gm ng chuyn v nui thu sn, ng chuyn thu sn v ni chng sinh sn ... Cng trnh ti tiu nhm m bo cung cp lng nc cn thit nh: ly nc, b lng ct, trm bm ... Cng trnh giao thng vn ti ni b cng trnh hoc giao thng quc gia, nh: cu, ng b, ng st, ng cp ... 2. Cc cng trnh phc v: Nhm m bo vn hnh bnh thng cng trnh v m bo nhu cu cuc sng v lm vic ca nhn vin vn hnh v gia nh h. Bao gm: nh , nh vn ho, nh hnh chnh, ng x, cng trnh cp nc, ... 3. Cc cng trnh tm thi: Cc cng trnh ny nhm phc v cng trnh trong giai on thi cng. Nn c gn tn dng lm cng trnh chnh sau khi thi cng m bo kinh t. Chia hai loi: Cc cng trnh dn dng : nhm dn nc sng khng qua vng h mng bo m h mng hoc khu xy dng c kh ro, m bo cng vic thi cng, nh: quay, tuy nen, knh dn... Cc phn xng sn xut: nhm phc v cho thi cng nh: nh my b tng, xng gia cng ct thp, gia cng g, nh kho, ng ...

111

IX. 2. CC S B TR TT KIU P Trm thu in kiu p chia ra hai loi: TT lng sng v TT p p, tnh nng v kh nng chu p lc ca n khc nhau do vy thnh phn v cch b tr ca chng cng c khc nhau. Sau y chng ta nghin cu khi qut v chng. IX. 2. 1. Trm thu in lng sng

Hnh 9-1. Cc phng n b tr trm T lng sng.

1- lng sng; 2- p dng; 3- nh my; 4-p trn; 5- knh tho; 6- u tu; 7- trm phn phi cao p OPY; 8- c o; 9- cng trnh tho l trong n/my.

c im ca TT lng sng (cn gi l TT chn dng hay TT ngang p) l nh my trc tip chu p lc nc thu tnh nh mt on p. Do vy loi ny c s dng vi ct nc thp, thng khng qu 40 mt. Ngoi nh my thng thng c chc nng b tr trang thit b pht in thu lc, cn c loi nh my kiu kt hp vi chc nng kt hp tho l nh p trn, chnh vy c th khng cn xy p trn trong thnh phn u mi ca trm. TT Vnga, mang tn i hi ln th 22 ng cng sn Lin x, thuc loi ny (hnh 9-1,b). 112

TT lng sng c xy dng trn nhng dng sng nhiu nc, vn tho lu lng thi cng thng ln, dn n c nhng phng n b tr in hnh sau: - B tr cc cng trnh b tng chnh (nh my, p trn, u tu) bn b (s I, hnh 9-1,a), c th b tr cng trnh b tng mt bn b hoc c hai bn b sng. B tr nh vy s gim c chiu cao v chiu di quy h mng, thm ch khng cn quy khi b khng ngp nc. Vo giai on thi cng sau, khi chn dng s dn dng qua cc cng trnh btng hon thnh. Nhc im ca cch b tr bn b l khi lng o t v h mng qu ln. - B tr cc cng trnh b tng trn bi bi ca sng (s II): Trong giai on thi cng h mng cn phi p cc quy ngang v dc. Vic dn dng, k c tho l qua lng sng thin nhin. Uu im ca s b tr ny so vi s I l khi lng t phi o t hn , nhng li phi xy quay cao hn.Vic b tr tp trung cc cng trnh b tng to kh nng b tr hp l trm btng, y nhanh tc thi cng v gim gi thnh xy dng. - B tr cng trnh b tng chnh gia lng sng (s III, hnh 9-1,a). Cch b tr ny ng dng kh chiu di tuyn p hp v b sng dc. Cc cng trnh btng chnh chim gn ht chiu rng lng sng, do vy khng th ng thi tin hnh xy dng chng mt giai on m phi hai, thm ch ba giai on. Trng hp ny cn p quy cao c kh nng tho lu lng l qua lng sng thu hp, do vy gp rt nhiu kh khn. - B tr hn hp l cch b tr cc cng trnh btng chnh b (hoc bi bi) v c lng sng (s IV, hnh 9-1,a), theo cch ny nh my xy mt phn lng sng chnh, p trn chn lng sng nhnh, cn u tu hai bung t c o ca sng. Cch b tr ny kh cho cng tc thi cng nn cng hn ch s dng. Ngoi ra nu b tr u tu gia p trn v nh my th c th trng hp no gy kh cho vic thng thng ca tu thuyn qua u, c bit khi tho l qua p. Vic b tr trm phn phi in cao p (OPY) cn bo m kh nng truyn ti in t nh my n trm OPY l gn nht v c th t trm OPY b no sao cho tuyn ng dy ti m bo yu cu k thut. C th t hai - ba trm OPY trn cc b sng bng phng. Chn s b tr no phi ly yu cu khi lng cng tc xy dng v gi thnh cng trnh u mi l nh nht.
IX. 2. 1. Trm thu in sau p c im ca trm thu in kiu p p l nh my khng trc tip chu p lc thu tnh, p lc ny do p chu c, do vy nh my nh nhng hn, khng phi tng chiu cao nh my. Trm thu in loi ny c th dng vi ct nc t thp n cao, t 30 - 40m n 200 - 300 mt v hn. Thnh phn v b tr cc cng trnh trn tuyn u mi cng tng t nh i vi kiu TT lng sng. i vi TT loi ny th kiu p

113

Hnh 9-2. Mi quan h gia nh my v loi p i vi TT p p.

a- i vi p btng; b- i vi p vt liu a phng.

v chiu cao c nh hng ln n vic b tr cng trnh u mi. Sau y ta xt mt s s b tr tng ng (hnh 9-2,a,b) vi hai loi p b tng trng lc v p lm bng vt liu a phng (nh p t, ). 1. Trm thu in vi p dng btng trng lc: Hnh (9-2,a) nu ba phng n b tr nh my v p btng trng lc. - Nh my b tr sau p (s I): v tr nh my nm sau p, gia nh my v p c b tr khp bin dng. ng ng p lc dn nc n turbine c t trong thn p btng, c th t ng tuyn h lu p hoc tuyn nm phn di ca p. - Nh my c th t bn trong thn p (hnh 9-2, s II, III). Vic b tr ny ch hp l vi t hp nht nh gia chiu cao p v kch thc t my thu lc. Vic 114

t nh my trong thn p lm gim thiu khi lng btng, tuy nhin lm phc tp thm trng thi kt cu. p trn c th b tr pha trn nh my, nh vy rt ngn c tuyn cng trnh btng v dn n gim gi thnh xy dng trm thu in. Ngy nay turbine Cap xun trc ngang c c tnh nng lng cao c s dng cho loi ny. 2. Trm thu in vi p dng lm bng vt liu a phng: Hnh (9-2,b) trnh by mt s s b tr nh my trong TT vi loi p ny: - Nh my t sau p (s I): y l s ph bin nht. Ca ly nc t pha trc p, dng thp. ng ng p lc t di p, trn nn t nguyn dng; nu dng ng thp th phi c hnh lang btng ct thp bao quanh ng, thng thng dng ng btng ct thp dn nc vo turbine. - Nh my t trong khi btng (s II) trong thn p t, thp ly nc t bn b, ng tho khng p t turbine c dng x nc trong giai on thi cng. - Nh my kt hp x nc tha, t trong thp btng ct thp tr (s III), t mi thng ca p. Ca ly nc vo turbine t trong tr btng, ng x nc t turbine lm chung vi ng tho btng ct thp ca trn, t bn di p, ng ny cn c s dng dn dng trong giai on thi cng. Hnh (9-3) m t mt v d b tr cc thnh phn ca trm thu in Acuan (Aicp) c cng sut lp my N = 1600 MW. Nh my sau p v ni, ca ly nc trc p, ng ng p lc o ngm trong ni, trm OPY t trn phn ni.

Hnh 9-3. Trm thu in Acuan (Aicp) trn sng Nin, N = 1600 MW.
IX. 3. CC S B TR TT KIU NG DN Trm thu in ng c s dng vi bin giao ng ct nc rt rng: t vi mt n 1700 - 2000 mt. Ln nht l TT Raisec (c) H = 1767m v TT Bgta (Clombia) vi H = 2000 m, N = 500 MW. Trm thu in ng dn c nhiu hng mc cng trnh cc kiu v cng dng khc nhau, v c bit khi tuyn ng dn ko di. Trm thu in ng dn (s khai thc TT p - ng dn cng vy), da vo iu kin a hnh v cng dng ca cc thnh phn cng trnh c th phn ra cc cm cng trnh chnh sau y: Cm cng trnh u mi: nhm dng nc trong sng v hng dng chy vo ng dn, lm sch nc khi rc ri, bn ct v vt ni. Cc hng mc ca cm u mi ny gm c: p, cng trnh tho nc tha, ca ly nc, b lng ct, cng trnh tho ct, tho vt ni.

115

Cng trnh ng dn: lm nhim v a nc n nt trm vi tn tht ct nc v tn tht dung tch l nh nht. ng dn c th l ng dn c p (tunel, ng ng) hoc ng dn khng p (knh, tunel, mng). Trn tuyn ng dn khng p cn cc h thng rnh thot nc ma, cc cng lun, cu mng, mng trn ngang, cc tng chn t bo v ng dn ..v.v... Cng trnh nt trm: ni ng dn vi ng ng p lc a nc vo turbine, nh cha thit b sn xut v phn phi in nng. Cm ny gm c: b p lc, b iu tit ngy, ng ng p lc, bung iu p (nu c), nh my T, trm my bin p v trm phn phi in, ng tho nc t nh my v h lu.
IX. 3. 1. Cc s b tr TT ng dn khng p

Hnh 9-4. Cc s TT ng dn khng p. Trn on sng sui (hnh 9-4) c th c nhng phng n khai thc sau y: Phng n I: s dng on sng ngn. Cng trnh gm c p thp dng nc v a nc v knh dn, knh dn chy dc theo phng ngang vi dc nh hn dc lng sng. cui knh knh dn c m rng v o su xung to thnh b p lc trc nh my thu in. Phng n II: S dng c nng lng ln hn phng n I. ng knh dn c t hoc l dc theo phng ngang (phng n 2a) vi chiu di knh ln, hoc l tuyn ca n chy khc tuyn 2a. Cn tnh ton kinh t - nng lng chn phng n. C th kinh t hn nu ta chn phng n o ng dn tunnel khng p (phng n 2 ) dn nc n on cui knh v b p lc. Vic x nc tha ca phng n 2 bng trn bn, tho xung knh tho nhanh. Gii php kt cu c th khc nhau. Phng n III: Phng n ny s dng chnh lng sng ln hn na thu c cng sut v in lng cao hn hai phng n trn. Phng n 3a l ko di on knh ca phng n 2a, ri xy b p lc v t ng p lc a nc vo turbine Phng n ny c xy bung iu p gim p lc nc va. Phng n khc l o tunel khng p thay cho ng knh dn (phng n 3 ). 116

IX. 3. 2. Cc s b tr TT ng dn c p

Hnh 9-5. Cc s TT ng dn c p. Cc s phng n in hnh i vi TT ng dn c p (hnh 9-5) sau: Phng n 1a v 2a, ng dn p lc lm bng cc ng dn, t dc theo hng ngang, cui ng dn b tr thp iu p. Phng n 1, 2 v phng n 3 th ng dn dng hnh thc tunel p lc, bung iu p l loi ging o trong cng. Phng n 3 v 4 th nh my t ngm di t. Tho nc t nh my ra sng bng tunel khng p. Ca ly nc trong phng n 4 gn nh my nn khng cn bung iu p.

117

IX. 3. 3. Cc s b tr TT ng dn ngm

Hnh 9-6. Cc s b tr trm thu in ngm.

a- Ging v - tunel vn chuyn. 1- ng dn, cp; 2- cu thang; 3- thang my; 4- nng vt nng; 5- thot khng kh; 6- cp ng lc hoc thanh ci; 7- dn nc thm; 8- tunel vn chuyn; 9- cp khng kh t nhin.

Vic xy dng cng trnh thu in di lng t c nhiu u im so vi TT trn mt t l: c th chn nhiu s b tr trm, chiu di ng dn nc c th rt ngn nht, do vy gim c gi thnh xy dng v gim tn tht ct nc. Gim nh kt cu ng ng p lc, nh my v cc kt cu khc nh li dng kh nng chu lc ca khi . Vic thi cng cng trnh ngm khng ph thuc vo thi tit. Gim chi ph khai thc v sa cha TT. Ngy nay k thut thi cng ng hm hu nh c gii ho, kt cu cng trnh hon thin nn gi thnh TT ngm nhiu cng trnh r hn 118

trm l thin. Vic b tr TT ngm c xc nh da trn c s v tr ca nh my. Theo du hiu ny c th chia ra ba s sau: Nh my u tuyn (s I), nh my gia (II) v nh my cui tuyn (s III). - S b tr u tuyn (I hnh 9-6): nh my b tr gn ca ly nc, ng dn p lc c dng ging ng, him khi ging nghing. Do chiu di ng dn p lc ngn nn nhiu trng hp khng cn lm thp iu p. Chiu di ng tho nc t turbine ra sng di, c th khng p hoc c p. Nu khng p th r hn c p. Tuy nhin nu ng tho di m, mc nc h lu ln th phi dng ng tho c p v phi xy dng bung iu p h lu st ca ra ca ng x turbine. nhn vin vn hnh ra vo nh my cn trang b thang my, a thit b vo nh my, dn thanh dn in v thng gi cn o ging ng hoc nghing. gim gi thnh thng ngi ta hay kt hp dn in v thng gi hoc ko thit b v thng gi cng mt ging (xem hnh 10-6,a, v cch b tr kt hp cc ging v tunel vn chuyn ny).. - S b tr nh my cui tuyn (s II, hnh 9-6): c trng ca s ny l ng dn p lc di, nh my t gn h lu. Do nh my gn h lu nn dng ng hm ngang vo nh my trong thi gian thi cng v vn hnh, gim nh cng tc thi cng v vn hnh, mt khc ng tho t nh my ra sng ngn nn c th khng cn xy bung iu p h lu. Nhc im ca s ny l ng dn p lc di phi gia c ng dn tng kh nng chu lc, do vy gi thnh ng dn tng v nc va s ln, dn n vic phi xy bung iu p thng lu. c nhng TT ng dn tunel ln nh: TT Ingury (Lin x) ng knh tunel = 9,5 m, di L = 15 km v TT Vinstra (Hungari) c = 6 m di L = 23,6 km. Khi giao ng mc nc thng lu nh, c th dng knh hoc tunel khng p v c b p lc cui ng dn (cc s II, III phn bn phi). - S b tr nh my gia tuyn (s III, hnh 9-6). c trng chnh ca s ny l tn ti ng dn v ng tho di. ng dn c th c p hoc khng p. Trng hp ng dn c p, xt t hp chiu di v ct nc c th phi xy bung iu p thng, h lu trn tuyn nng lng thng thng vi mt t cn phi m cc ging thng ng hoc ging nghing. Ch rng tunel nm nghing tuy c gim khi lng so vi tunel ng nhng kh cho thi cng. Vic chn s b tr trm thu in ngm c tin hnh theo iu kin c th v phi qua so snh kinh t k thut cc phng n quyt nh. Vic tnh ton phi k n cc mt: a hnh, a cht, gi thnh cng trnh, iu kin thi cng, vic iu chnh t my, tn tht nng lng, ch lm vic v s thun li trong vn hnh ca trm. Thc t thit k cho thy rng: s b tr nh my u tuyn hp l hn c khi TT c ct nc trung bnh. Cng vi vic tng ct nc th s nh my tuyn cui c a dng. Trong mt lot trng hp khi iu kin a cht v a hnh thun li th s b tr nh my gia tuyn li t ra c hiu qu.

119

Chng X. CNG TRNH LY NC CA TT

Cng trnh ly nc ca TT l hng mc cng trnh u tin trn tuyn nng lng, n c nhim v ly nc theo yu cu ca trm. Cc yu cu c bn c t ra cho ca ly nc nh sau : - Ly nc y theo yu cu, m bo khai thc lin tc v c th tin hnh sa cha m khng ph v ch lm vic ca trm thy in ; - C th ngt dng nc nhanh chong khi ng ng hoc t my b s c ; - Bo v, chng rc ni chy vo cng ly nc, chng vt ni tri vo cng ; - Ngn chn ph sa y c kch thc nguy him chy vo turbine ; - Khi thit k cc cng ly nc cho cc ng dn vo nh my thy in, trc tin phi gii quyt vn v cao trnh t cng, v tr cc cng trnh khc trong h thng, cng nh chn kt cu hp l, tn tht thy lc l t nht.
X. 1. PHN LOI CNG TRNH LY NC CA TT Cc cng trnh ly nc (cn gi l Ca ly nc) c phn ra hai loi: Ca ly nc mt v ca ly nc di su (xem hnh 10-1). Cch phn loi nh sau: - Ca ly nc mt (hnh 10-1, s IV) cn gi l ca ly nc khng p. c im ca ca ly nc ny l: dng chy trong n c mt thong. Loi ny thng c dng TT v h cha khng c h iu tit di hn, mc nc thng lu t thay i. Loi ny thng a dng cho TT ng dn c cng trnh u mi ct nc thp.

Hnh 10-1. Cc s phn loi ca ly nc ca TT. - Ca ly nc di su (hnh 10-1, s I) cn gi l ca ly nc c p. c im ca ca ly nc ny l nm di mc nc cht thng lu, dng chy trong n l dng c p, khng c mt thong. Loi ny thng c dng trong iu kin mc nc thng lu thay i ng k t MNDBT n MNC, trong thc t ca ly nc di su t di MNDBT t ti 50 - 80 m, thm ch n hn 100 m. Mt dng c bit c th gp khi ca ly nc nm di MNC a nc vo ng dn khng p (hnh 10-1, s II), ca ly nc c tc dng iu chnh lu 120

lng qua van. Cn xy tiu nng trn on ni tip gia ca v ng dn. tn dng phn nng lng mt i bi cng trnh tiu nng, c th c li nu xy thm nh my thu in b sung (hnh 10-1, s III), v lc ny ca ly nc tr thnh c p.
X. 2. CC TRANG THIT B CA CA LY NC Ca ly nc c nhim v ly nc v nc sch theo yu cu pht in v li dng tng hp, m bo ch ng ng hay m nc vo cng trnh dn nc. Ca ly nc cn c trang b cc thit b chnh nh: li chn rc, cc loi van sa cha v s c, thit b nng chuyn vt nng, ng dn kh, ng cn bng p lc ... Hnh (10-2) l mt v d v thnh phn v v tr b tr ca cc trang thit b ny.

Hnh 10-2. Cc trang thit b ca ca ly nc ca TT.

1- tng ngc; 2- li chn rc; 3- rnh van dt chung cho li chn rc v van sa cha; 4- rnh dn hng cho gu ngon; 5- van s c - sa cha; 6- my nng thu lc; 7- ng dn kh; 8- ng bnh p.

X. 2. 1. Li chn rc v thit b dn rc trn li 1. Kt cu li chn rc ca trm thu in bo v turbine khi b rc ri v vt ni tri vo ph v ch vn hnh bnh thng ca t my, cn t li chn rc ca vo ca ly nc. Thng thng hay dng li chn rc lm t cc thanh thp. gim tn tht ct nc qua li th khong h thc gia cc thanh li phi rng, nhng nh vy s khng bo m ngn vt tri c kch thc ln vo ng dn. Do vy khong h thc gia hai song li phi sao cho t c hai yu cu trn. Khi thit k s b c th chn khong h theo ng knh tiu chun ca turbine nh sau (hnh 10-3): 1 b= D (ly i vi turbine hng trc) v b = (5 - 20) cm; 20 1 1 b= D (ly i vi turbine tm trc) v b = (3 - 10) cm; 30 1 b = (2 - 7) cm (ly i vi turbine go).

121

Hnh 10-3. Cu to li chn rc phng.

1- Dm ta bin ng; 2- dm ngang song li; 3- dm dc; 4- ging cho; 5- thanh ngang li chn rc; 6- song dc li; 7- khp ni cc tng li.

Cu to li chn rc gm: khung li v cc song dc chn rc 6. Khi li c chiu cao ln c phn ra cc on v cc tng, ni cc tng vi nhau qua cc khp 7. Khung li gm c cc dm ta bin 1, cc dm ngang 2, cc dm dc gia 3, cc thanh dng xin 4. Cc song dc chn rc lm bng thp trn i vi li nh cn phn ln c dng mt ct dng lu tuyn tng bn v gim tn tht thu lc (hnh 10-4). Kch thc ca li c nh hng ln n kch thc ton b ca ly nc, ph thuc vo s lng, loi rc, phng thc co rc v ph thuc vo tn tht ct nc trn li. Khi nc mang nhiu rc v ngng ca ly nc t khng su di mc nc dng bnh thng (MNDBT) lm (< 20 - 25 m) v dn rc bng my th vn tc trn li chn rc thng ly v = (1 - 1,2) m/s. Khi ngng ca t qu su, vic dn rc khng th tin hnh c th vn tc trn li thng chn v = (0,25 - 0,5) m/s v li c t c nh. Khi nc t rc bn th vn tc trn li ly khng ln hn 2 m/s. iu kin ny khi vt rc phi dng my hoc gim cng sut pht in. t li chn rc phib m bo thun dng chy trnh gy tn tht ln, kt cu li phi vng chc v thun tin cho vic lp t v tho d li v dn rc. V tr t li thng thng t trc van sa cha v van sa cha-s c (van cng tc). Tuy nhin khi nc t rc v c lun chng tho ng c th lp li chn rc gia hai van 122

(t gp). gim kch thc ca ly nc v khu cu trc phc v li, nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng chung khe li chn rc v khe van sa cha lm mt, tuy nhin cch ny gy kh khn cho vn hnh v rc c th xm nhp vo van cng tc khi ko li ln. trm thu in nh, vt rc th cng mun vt rc tin li phi t li nghing mt gc750sovi phng ng v vn tc dng chy qua li phi ly nh hn vt my.

Hnh 10-4. Hnh dng mt ct ngang song li v dm ngang li. a - mt ct ngang h thanh; - mt ct ngang dm ngang
2. Thit b dn rc trn li chn rc Hnh (10-5) m t mt s thit b dn rc bng c gii c dng dn rc trn cc li chn rc. Tu c im cc loi rc v v tr t li m c th chn trang b. - Thit b co rc (b) dng co rc nh nh rong ru, c, l. N c kh nng co c rc bm trong cc khe gia cc song li. - Gu xc (c) xc v co rc vo trong gu nh trng lng bn thn gu v p lc nc. - Gu ngom (d) dng ngom cc vt ni ln pha trc li. - Gu kiu hm rng (e) dng ct rc bn bm trn mt li; khi h xung di li dao 1 s gt lp rc trn li dn vo pha trong cp, cp mc 2 khp li v nhc rc ln nh cu trc. - Loi cp plip (g) dng vt rc v vt ni t nh n ln pha trc li v u cp c b tr thm cc tm thp, chng c th khp kn ng rc nh.

123

Hnh 10-5. Cc thit b dn rc bng my.

1- hm trn; 2 - hm di; 3 - li dao; 4- li; 5 - co.

X. 2. 2. Ca van y th ca van trn ca ly nc c hai loi van sau: - Van cng tc (van s c-sa cha) dng ng n ngn dng nc chy vo ng dn khi c s c ng ng hoc my phi ngng my, hoc khi dng sa cha chng. Van ny ng trong khi dng chy dang chy vi vn tc ln. Do vy van phi c sc nng, lc ng phi ln v phi lun trng thi sn sng lm vic. Trng hp van t sau ng thp l thin th cn phi tc ng nhanh (ng t 2 - 3 pht); cn nu ng ng p lc dt trng p btng trng lc hoc trong ng hm c p th van khng i hi phi l van ng nhanh. Van s c c th l van phng, van cung van a hoc van cu (cc van ny c cp phn I - phn thit b thu in). - Van sa cha dng ng khi dng nc tnh lng, v vy n khng cn phi c lc ng m ln v cng khng cn phi ng nhanh. Trng hp ct nc tng i thp, ca van c th dng dng phai c lp. Hnh (10-6) sau y trnh by cu to ca mt ca van phng s c - sa cha.

124

Hnh 10-6. Ca van phng s c - sa cha.

1- dm ngang; 2 - dm ct ng; 3 - dm ta; 4 - bn chn nc bng thp tm.

- ng bnh p (hnh 10-2): khi van v tr ng nu su ngp nc ca ca van ln kh ln, p lc thu tnh tc dng ln mt trc ca van ln cn mt sau van khng c nc, gim lc ko ca van khi nng ca van cn loi b chnh p lc thu tnh ny. lm vic ny ngi ta tho nc t thng lu qua ng 8 vo sau van cn bng p lc nc tnh trc v sau van, sau mi nng van. X. 2. 3. Thit b nng h v vn chuyn ng m, tho lp cc li chn rc v ca van cc loi v tin hnh dn rc trn li chn rc cn phi c thit b ng m v nng h vn chuyn. Thit b ny c hai dng: thit b t c nh dng ring (nh ti in, cu trc, nng thu lc) v thit b di ng dng chung cho mt s khoang (nh cu trc cng). 125

1. Cu trc di ng Cu trc di ng, dng chung nng chuyn cc li chn rc v cc ca van, phai khi s khoang ly nc nhiu. Cng c th b tr mt cu trc phc v ring cho van sa cha-s c mt cu trc dng chung cho cc li chn rc v van sa cha. Nu van sa cha-s c c yu cu ng nhanh th ngoi cu trc chung cn phi t thm cu trc tnh ti cho tng khoang v trang b h thng iu khin t xa hoc ti ch nhm ng nhanh khi s c, cn tho lp th vn phi dng cu trc chung.

Hnh 10-7. Cu trc cng

Hnh (10-7) l cu trc cng c sc nng 500 tn, nhip 20 m, do Lin x ch to. Cu trc gm khung thp 1, xe ko ti 3 chy trn ray ca cu 2. Mc chnh 4 nng h vt nng chnh, mc 5 nng h vt nh hn. di huyn cu trc n ni cn thao tc, cu trc c trang b cc bnh xe ln 10, ln trn ray chn sn dc tuyn. ln.

2. Thit b nng h tnh ti Khi ch c mt hoc hai khoang ly nc th nn s dng cc thit b nng h t tnh ti, dng ring cho tng khoang ly nc. Loi ny c th l ti in, cu trc (cu trc xem phn Nh my) hoc my nng thu lc. Thit b tnh ti ch c th dng trong thao tc nng h ti khoang, khi cn a i sa cha ni khc cn phi dng cu trc di ng trn. Cc thit b dng ng m c nh thng dng ti in hoc my nng thu lc , c tc nng h t 0,2 n 2 m/s.Trng hp dng van ng nhanh th tc nng h c th t (8 - 10) m/s. Hnh (10-8) trnh by my nng thu lc s c-sa cha v s ng ca n. My nng thu lc l mt xi lanh 1 t trn gi ta 2, 3 chn trong b tng, t pha trn thit b cn thao tc. u di ca cn pt tng ni vi van hoc li 17 bi c cu ni.

126

Hnh 10-8. My nng thu lc v s hot ng. Vic nng van c tin hnh nh p lc du (thng p lc di 40 atmt phe) t thit b du p lc qua van iu phi 4 a vo bn di xi lanh 1 y trc nng 18 ko van ln. h van ta tho du v thng cha 14, nh trng lng van h xung, trng hp cn lc ng ln th kt hp p lc du y t trn xung. My nng thu lc ngy nay ch to t n sc nng 900 tn.
X. 3. CNG TRNH LY NC MT (LY NC KHNG P) X. 3. 1. c im lm vic ca ca ly nc mt v vic chn v tr ca ly nc Ca ly nc mt ca TT ng dn thng c xy dng min ni trn cc con sng c dc ln v tc chy ln. Nhng con sng ny vo ma l mang theo nhiu bn ct, v ma kit th li th li rt t nc, c khi khng nc cho TT. Bi vy cn phi a vo u mi cc p dng v p trn. Khi xy dng cc cc cng trnh u mi ny ch dng chy t nhin ca sng b thay i; y trc u mi b bi lp dn khi l v mc nc dng cao cun c nhng ht ct y vo ca ly nc. h lu cng trnh u mi lng dn b xi l lm gim mc nc h lu. Cn phi tnh n nhng thay i trn khi thit k ca ly nc. Thng ngi ta xy dng cc cng trnh chnh tr (nh hng dng ..v.v..) hng dng nc trong vo ca ly nc, lm b lng ct thu ct c kch thc nguy him v tho i ni khc trnh lm hng thit b qua nc ca turbine. t ca ly nc mt b lm ly nc trong. X. 3. 2. Cc kiu v kt cu ca ca ly nc mt C th chia ca ly nc mt lm ba loi: Ca ly nc t bn b, ca ly nc t chnh din dng chy v ca ly nc li y. 1. Ca ly nc t b Hnh (10-9) trnh by cc loi ca ly nc t b sng.

127

Hnh 10-9. Mt s s ca ly nc b khng p.

1- ca ly nc; 2- ngng; 3- ca van l xi ct; 4- hnh lang xi y; 4a- hnh lang nhn ct; 5- tr thng lu; 6- li; 7, 8- ca van ca ly nc; 9- van xi ct; 12- p trn; 13- p dng; 14- knh dn

- Ca ly nc c hnh lang xi ra ct y (hnh 10-9,a, ). Hnh lang xi ra bn ct t bn di ngng ly nc tho bn ct v h lu, cn nc trong c dn qua ngng v ng dn. y l loi c dng ph bin do hiu qu ra bn ct trc ngng ly nc cao. Hnh lang y c th chy thng (s ) hoc chy vng nh (s a). Vic to dng chy xoy trong hnh lang (s ) nng cao hiu qu xi ra bn ct khi chiu di hnh lang ngn v tit kim nc x. - Ca ly nc c hnh lang thu ct (hnh 10-9,b). y l dng ci tin ca loi trn, ca vo ca hnh lang thu ct c t vng tp trung ct y. Khi b rng ca ly nc nh (di 6 m) th nn t chng trong tr thng lu (tng hng dng), khi ln hn 6 m th t chng c tr thng lu v ngng ca ly nc. Khi lng bn ct trc ca vo knh dn nhiu th hoc l xy dng b lng ct hoc lm rnh thu v dn ct vng 10 (s b) thu v tho bn ct. Hnh lang dng vng (bnh ) to nn dng chy vng hng ngang nng cao kh nng ra bn ct. - Ca ly nc b khng c hnh lang tho ct ngng (hnh 10-10,a). y l hnh thc kt cu n gin nht trong cc loi ca ly nc b. Bn ct lng ng ngay trc ngng ca ly nc 2 v c tho qua l tho 3 khi m van tho ct. Hiu 128

qu tho ct ca loi ny yu, trnh bn ct trn vo ca ly nc khi tho ct th phi nng cao ngng ly nc so vi y sng.

Hnh 10-10. Mt s s ca ly nc.

a) Ca ly nc b khng c hnh lang tho ct ngng (ngng c): 1- ca ly nc; 2- ngng ly nc; 3- l tho ct; 4- p trn; 5- knh dn; 6, 7- h thng hng dng. b) Ca ly nc chnh din: 1- ngng ly nc; 2- l tho ct y; 3- p trn; 4- tng hng vng; 5- knh dn; 6- thit b hng dng.

chng bn ct y vo ca ly nc, mt bin php hu hiu l t cc h thng hng dng v hng dng y (hnh 10-10); hng dng nc trong v ca ly nc v hng bn ct y v ca x ct.. Kch thc cc tm hng c th ly nh sau: = 10 -130, a = (0,7 - 1,1) h, lL = (0,9 - 3) h, hL = (0,14 - 0,67) h, = 16 - 200. Chiu cao v chiu rng ca hnh lang xi ra bn ct v hnh lang thu ct c xc nh qua tnh ton v khng ly nh hn 0,5 - 0,7 m. Khi trong bn ct c cha cui si ln th tc dng chy trong hnh lang xi ra ly khng nh hn 4 - 6 m/s. y v tng bn trnh khi b bn ct co xc cn c lt bng granit, bng cc tm gang hoc bng thp tm, thm ch nhng ch c dng vng cn dng vt lt hai lp bo v. 2. Ca ly nc t chnh din Ca ly nc chnh din l loi ca ly nc t thng gc vi hng dng chy ca sng. Trong loi ny ph bin nht l ca ly nc hai tng c tng hng vng (hnh 10-10,b trn) tng trn ly nc mt a vo knh dn cn tng di tho bn ct y v h lu. Ngng ca ly nc 1 dt vung gc vi hng dng chy sng. trnh gy s co hp dng chy v sinh vng phu nc on tip gip gia ngng v knh dn ngi ta ko di cc tng phn cch 4 thnh tng hng vng. So vi ca ly nc b trnh by trn th do tng tho bn ct bn di thng, do vy bn ct khi tho khng b khuy c tng nc trong bn trn. Nhc im ca ca ly nc chnh din hai tng l lm co hp tuyn p trn, i vi lng sng hp th nhc im ny gy kh khn cho vic tho vt ni nh rc ri v cy tri ...; nhc im na l kt cu ca ly nc loi ny phc tp hn.

129

3. Ca ly nc li y

Hnh 10-11. Ca ly nc li y. Ca ly nc li y c dng cc on sng min ni c lu lng thay i nhiu v mang nhiu bn ct. Ca ly nc ny l mt p thp, bn trong thn p b tr hnh lang nhn nc, c li dy bn trn 5 (hnh 10-11). Nc qua li chy vo hnh lang nhn nc, ri dn v ngn 10 c trn bn 12 tho nc tha v li sng, sau qua van iu tit lu lng 13 chy vao knh dn 15. Cao trnh ngng ca p ly nc 5 ly cao hn y sng 1- 2 m, hoc 3 - 5 m (nu c b lng ct trong thnh phn u mi v b lng t sau van iu tit 13). Li chn rc y trn hnh lang nhn nc lm bng cc thanh thp dng phn on tho lp c vi chiu rng 1 - 2 m, cn chiu di c xc nh t lu lng cn ly. gim lng rc ng trn li nhn nc cn chn hnh dng v khong cch thanh li thch hp. Trong nhiu trng hp, trn li mn cn t thm tng li th chu va p ca t cc hn ln. Khong cc gia cc thanh li th ly 5 - 10 cm. nghing ca li theo chiu gim xung h lu l 0,1 - 0,2 bn ct y d dch chuyn trn li. y hnh lang nhn nc cn c dc vn chuyn bn ct qua li. Vic tho bn ct trc khi a nc vo knh c tin hnh qua hnh lang tho ct 14.

130

X. 4. CNG TRNH LY NC DI SU ( LY NC C P) Cng trnh ly nc di su (hay ly nc p lc) c ba kiu c trng: Ly nc kiu p, ly nc ki b v ly nc kiu thp. Hnh (10-12) trnh by cc kiu.

Hnh 10-12. S phn loi ca ly nc di su.

I- kiu p; II- kiu b; III- kiu ging b; IV- kiu b gian ngm; V- kiu thp. 1- l nhn nc; 2- ngng; 3- li chn rc; 4- rnh van sa cha; 5- rnh van cng tc; 6- ng thng kh; 7- don chuyn tip; 8- ng dn hoc ng turbine; 9, 10- van a; 11- ng bnh p.

- Ca ly nc kiu p (hnh 10-12, s I) . Ca ly nc kiu ny c b

tr trong thn p b tng hoc p btng ct thp, nm trn tuyn p lc ca p. Ch yu chng c dng trong thn p, i khi dng trong cc TT hn hp; - Ca ly nc kiu b (hnh 10-12, s II). Ca ly nc l kt cu btng ct thp c t trc tip mi b dc v trong b tr tr tt c cc trang thit b ca n. Kiu ny c dng cho cc TT kiu p, ng dn v hn hp.. i khi cn b tr cc trang thit b ca ca ly nc b trong mt kt cu ging (s III) hoc trong mt gian ngm t ca van (s IV). - Ca ly nc kiu thp (hnh 10-12,s V). Ca ly nc ny l mt ci thp ng ring c cc l nhn nc b tr trn c chu vi hoc trn mt phn thp. Kiu ly nc ny thng dng cho TT p lm bng vt liu a phng v p vm.

131

X. 4. 1. Cu to ca ly nc di su kiu p 1. Ca ly nc nh my T ngang p

Hnh 10-13. Cc s ca ly nc TT ngang p.

1- rnh van sa cha; 2- rnh li chn rc; 3 tng ngc; 4- ng thng kh; 5- trn x l.

Ca ly nc ca TT ngang p c xy dng thnh khi vi nh my v chu p lc nc t pha thng lu (xem hnh ... chng nh my).Tr pin chnh ng thi l tng ca bung xon turbine, n phn cch bung xon ng x ca khi t my vi cc t my bn cnh. Chiu dy cc tr pin chnh thng t 1,5 - 2,5 m, khi gia cc t my c t khe ln th chiu dy tr pin c th ln ti 3 - 6 m. gim b rng v trng lng ca van, khi khong cch gia cc tr pin ln (t 10 - 12 m tr ln) ngi ta xy tr pin ph (tr pin trung gian) gia cc tr pin chnh vi dy tr t 1 - 1,5 m. Kch thc phn vo ca ly nc c chn tu vo tn tht ct nc qua li chn rc v tnh trng rc bm trn li, thng ly chiu rng ca ly nc bng chiu rng phn vo bung xon. Cn chiu cao ca n phi kt hp vi chiu rng sao cho vn tc qua li d dn rc v gim tn tht thu lc, thng vn tc ny t 1 - 1,2 m/s. Chiu di ca ly nc (chiu dng chy) chn trn c s b tr li chn rc, cc rnh van v kch thc tin hnh lp rp sa cha vn hnh thit b ca ca ly nc. Hnh (10-13) trnh by mt s s b tr ca ly nc ca TT lng sng: - S I: trong thnh phn ca ly nc c xy tng ngc chn cc vt ni bo v ca van, li chn rc khi v vt ni va p v lm cho dng chy vo bung xon c thun dng. Mp di tng ngc t su ti thiu di mc nc cht t 0,5 n 1,5 m bo m vt ni khng chui qua v khng to phu nc trc ca ly nc. Tng ngc c xy dng khi trong dng chy c nhiu vt ni ln. - S II: ca ly nc ny khng c thnh phn tng ngc, c dng ni khng c vt ni nguy him. Cch b tr ny s rt ngn chiu di ca ly nc, tuy dng chy khng thun lm tuy nhin tn tht thu lc cng khng ln do ngn.

132

- S III: Ca ly nc ny c li chn rc t nghing mt gc t 60 n 650 d co rc. vng kh hu khc nghit ngi ta b tr thit b dn rc trong nh kn. - S IV v V: l ca ly nc vi li chn rc t cch xa phn vo ca bung turbine. Cch b tr ny, khi dn rc trn li chn rc khng lm nh hng nhiu n s lm vic ca turbine. s IV, cc li chn rc th t xa nh my, s V: gia li chn rc v ca vo bung turbine c l thng ly nc t khoang t my bn cnh; vic sa cha li chn rc c tin hnh khi ng van sa cha. - S VI v VII l ca ly nc c TT vi turbine capxun, tu thuc v tr ca t my capxun m li chn rc c th t thng ng hoc t xin.
2. Ca ly nc ca TT nh my sau v trong thn p trm thu in p p, ca ly nc c b tr phn ln tip gip mt thng lu p hoc trong thn p. trnh to phu trc ca ly nc, trong mi trng hp nh phn vo ca ca phi thp hn mc nc cht ti thiu t 0,5 - 1 m. V tr t ca ly nc cng su di mc nc dng bnh thng th ng ng p lc cng ngn, tuy nhin kt cu v lc nng thit b cng ln, cng vic dn rc cng kh khn. Thng thng vn tc dng chy qua li chn rc t 1 - 1,2 m/s. Nu ca ly nc t di su khng i hi phi vt rc thng xuyn th vn tc dng chy trn li khng c vt qu 0,5 - 0,6 m/s v khi vt rc phi dng my. V tr li chn rc thng thng t trc van sa cha trnh rc ri lp nht vo rnh van. Tuy nhin trong trng hp dng chy t rc c th t li chn rc sau van sa cha v trc van cng tc hoc c th t li chn rc chung rnh vi van sa cha. Thao tc van sa cha v nng li chn rc bng cu trc di ng. Ring i vi van cng tc yu cu ng nhanh th cn phi t thit b ng nhanh tnh ti thao tc van ny, cn khi a van i sa cha th dng cu trc di ng chung vi li chn rc v van sa cha. Hnh (10-14) sau y trnh by cu to ca mt s ca ly nc trong p b tng trng lc. - Ca ly nc s (a) c ngp su ca tng ngc di MNC khng ln v tng ngc kt hp hng dng chy vo ca thun dng, ng ng p lc t h sau h lu p b tng do vy cn dng van cng tc loi ng nhanh. Nh khong cch t tng ngc n tng gia tng i ln nn do vy vn tc phn b trn li chn rc tng i u. - Ca ly nc s (b) v (c): ca c t kh su di MNDBT do vy li chn rc t c nh v khng tin hnh dn rc thng xuyn. Do t su nn vn tc qua li phi gim nh, mun vy phi tng din tch li.bng cch cha li ra pha h v dng li vng. Trng hp ny, c th gim kch thc ca ly nc bng cch ch t van sa cha t ca, cn van cng tc t ngay trc turbine (s c).

133

Hnh 10-14. Ca ly nc ca TT kiu p p, p b tng trng lc

a) lui chn rc tho lp c; b) li chn rc t c nh dn rc bnh thng; c) li chn rc t c nh khng dn rc; d) ca ly nc kt hp trn x l. 1- tng ngc; 2- van sa cha; 3- van sa cha - s c; 4- li chn rc; 5- ng thng kh; 6- ng bnh p; 7- thit b nng thu lc; 8- ng dn nc vo turbine.

- Ca ly nc s (d) l ca ly nc kt hp vi trn x l, nh my t trong thn p. ca ly nc kiu ny van cng tc dng loi van a hoc van cu t trong bung b tng ring di ngng trn. - Ca ly nc xi phng: Hnh (10-15,a) trnh by kiu ca ly nc xi phng, l nhn nc ca n nhng di MNC v c y bng li chn rc 1, dn rc bng gu ngom 3. Dng cu truc di ng thao tc cc thit b, dng thit b to chn khng 4 ht nc (hoc dng tia phun xit), khi ph chn khng s ngng cp nc. 3. Ca ly nc ca p b tng ct thp Hnh (10-15,,b) trnh by mt s ca ly nc c dng i vi TT c p bng btng ct thp (p vm trng lc, vm mng, p lin vm, p tr chng ...).
134

Hnh 10-15. Ca ly nc ca p btng ct thp.

1- li chn rc; 2- van sa cha; 3- van cng tc; 4- my nng thu lc

- Ca ly nc ca p vm v p vm trng lc (hnh 10-15,) c b tr

cng xn nh ra pha h khng lm gim sc chu ca p. Ca ly nc kiu ny thng c ngp su ln nn li chn rc t c nh, khng tin hnh dn rc. Van cng tc c t trc trrbine. - Ca ly nc trong p tr chng (hnh 10-15,b): ca ly nc ca p tr chng thng t khng su v thng ch t li chn rc v van sa cha cn van cng tc t trn ng ng ngoi ca ly nc, trc bung xon ca turbine.
X. 4. 2. Ca ly nc t bn b Gi l ca ly nc b v ca ly nc t trn b ca h cha, chng c s dng cho TT ng dn hoc sau p khi chiu di tuyn p hp khng b tr cc cng trnh u mi v iu kin a cht ca b tt. Tu iu kin c th c th c nhng kiu tiu biu sau:

135

- Ca ly nc b b tr trc tip b h cha (hnh 10-2, tit X.2 trc) th hin mt ct ngang ca ca ly nc b ny, ton b thit b t trong khi btng ct thp t trc tip b h cha. im t bit ca ca ly nc y l khe van sa cha v li chn rc t chung rnh, rt ngn c chiu di ca. - Ca ly nc b c ging hoc hm t van (hnh 10-16), khc vi kiu trn, y cc ca van v thit b phc v chng c t ring trong ging ng hoc trong hm o li vo trong b cch xa ca vo. Ca vo thu hp dn c li chn rc t nghing chn, h thng dn rc c t trn b. S dng kiu ny trong trng hp mi dc ca b qu thoi hoc qu dc vic b tr thit b vo mt khi b tng ct thp s lm tng khi lng o p t v khi lng btng ca ca ly nc. Ging b c th l ging kh, ging ny phc v cho vic tho lp sa cha v b tr cc b phn iu khin chng. Trong ging kh b tr van cng tc l van a hoc van cu v on ng ng i ging kh phi l ng thp trn. Ging t (hnh 10-16), trong

Hnh 10-16. Ca ly nc kiu b c ging hoc hm t.

1- li chn rc; 2- van sa cha; 3- van cng tc phng; 4- cn ni ca van v ng thng kh; 5- tunel; 7- van cng tc hnh cung; 8- thit b ko van cung; 9- my dn rc; 10-co ; 11- tng.

ngp nc, c th b tr van phng (hnh a) hoc van hnh cung (hnh ). Trong ging cn t van sa cha trc van cng tc. Bn trn ging t thit b thao tc van.
X. 4. 3. Ca ly nc kiu thp ly nc. V mt kt cu, n l mt thp ng ring trn b dc hoc trc p, bn trong b tr cc thit b ca mt ca ly nc. Thp ly nc c th ly nc tt c cc mt bn ca thp (hnh 10-17,a), hoc ch ly nc mt pha (hnh 10-17,b). Ca ly nc kiu thp c dng khi iu kin xy dng ca ly nc b c khi lng qu ln, iu kin a hnh hoc mi dc khng m bo n nh. Chng c dng rng ri cc TT c p t hoc p vm. u im ca ca ly nc thp l hng t ng p lc khng ph thuc vo cch b tr l nhn nc v c kh nng ly nc theo cc tng ly nc trong trong mi thi k. Sau y trnh by hai hnh thc ly nc kiu thp:

136

Hnh 10-17. Cc ca ly nc kiu thp.

a) Thp ly nc c cc l b tr trn ton chu v: 1- l ly nc; 2- li chn rc; 3- ca van tr; 4- ng thng kh; 5- thp lt; 6- ng tho; 8- ng dn nc p lc. b) Thp ly nc mt pha: 1- li chn rc; 2- rnh van sa cha; 3- ng thng kh; 4- ng ng dn nc p lc; 5- my nng thu lc.

- Hnh (10-17,a) trnh by ca ly nc kiu thp c cc l nhn nc b tr c chu vi thp. Cch ly nc ny tng din tch qua nc. hnh v ny l nhn nc t su, c li chn rc khng tin hnh vt rc v dng van sa cha hnh tr bng btng ngn dng nc. Thao tc van ny bng thit b nng thu lc t trong nh phc v trn thp. Cn van t trong ng kim loi kt hp thng kh ng knh 1,2 m. - Hnh (10-17,b) l kiu thp ly nc mt pha, v kt cu n l mt h thng cc tr ng v cc dm ngang, h thng ny lin kt vi tm mng. Cc phn on li chn rc ta trn cc dm ngang. ca ly nc ca hnh ny ch t van sa cha m khng c van cng tc v trc turbine c t van cng tc v ng ng p lc ngn. X. 4. 4. Vn tnh ton thu lc ca ly nc di su Ca ly nc di su c s dng khi giao ng mc nc trc ca ln. Ngng vo ca ly nc t cao hn mc bn ct t 3 - 5 m (i vi trm ln) v 0,5 1 mt (i vi trm nh) bo m bn ct khng b cun vo ng ng. Mp trn ca ly nc t ngp di mc nc cht ti thiu 0,3 - 0,5 m (i vi trm nh) v 1 1,5 mt (i vi trm ln) v khng nh hn 3V2/2g khng to phu xoy trc ca ly nc.
137

Vn tc trc li chn rc tu thuc vo ngp ca ca ly nc so vi MNDBT, vo bn v iu kin dn rc trn li chn rc. i vi ca c ngp khng qu 20 - 25 m v nhiu rc th da vo bin php vt rc c th ly V = (1 - 1,2) m/s, nu vi iu kin trn nhng rc t th c th ly vn tc ln hn. Khi ngp ln hn trn th vn tc cho php t 0,6 - 0,8 m/s. Trng hp khng tin hnh vt rc trn li th vn tc cho php khng vt qu 0,5 m/s. Khi ngp qu su v dng chy t rc thng li chn rc c t c nh, trng hp ny ch vt rc khi ngng my. Hnh dng phn vo ca ca ly nc ca TT l gim ti thiu tn tht ct nc v gi thnh xy dng v thit b ca n. Theo th nghim m hnh thy rng dng trn v ngng vo ca ly nc c dng ellipse (hnh 10-18,a) tn tht t nht. Gc co hp ca on ca vo ph thuc vo t s vn tc dng chy trc ca ly nc v trong ng, gc ny giao ng t 15 - 350. Khi V 1,2 m/s th t s din tch ti ca vo v din tch ng ng trong khong /0 = 4 - 7.

Hnh 10-18. S tnh ton thu lc v hnh dng phn vo ca ly nc. Phng trnh ellipse ly nh sau: - Ngng ly nc t ngang y sng (s II): y2 x2 =1 (10-2) + a 2 (1 ) 2 a 2 Trong cng thc (10-2): l h s co hp ng, c tnh theo cng thc: 0,043 a = 0,57 + , vi = 11 , ht - Ngng vo t cao hn y sng (s I): dng cng thc (10-2) nhng thay bi cc h s ' sau: a' a '' ' = v tu thuc dng ngng hay trn ca ly nc. V tr trc h 't h '' t gii hn C - C trn s I c xc nh theo h thc sau: ' '' h '' t = pht( ht h) ; ht = ht ht ; Trong : ht - chiu su nc trc ca ly nc, h - chiu cao ng dn nc, cc k hiu khc th hin trn hnh (10-18,a). Biu bn phi (hnh 10-18,b) cho thy tn tht thu lc trong khe van s nh nht khi khong cch hai mp st nhau ca hai rnh khe van l lMK = 1,5lK . Theo kinh nghim gim tn tht thu lc, mp sau ca khe van theo chiu dng chy cn lm vt su vao tr pin mt cht: = lK tg(50 60) v chiu di phn vt lCK 12 nu phn vt thng, v lCK 6 nu phn vt ln cong.

' =

138

Vic tnh ton thu lc ca ly nc bao gm xc nh kch thc v hnh dng ca ly nc, tnh ton tn tht thu lc v kh nng tho lu lng ca ca ly nc ... c tin hnh tun theo mn hc Thu lc v Thu cng bit.

139

Chng XI. B LNG CT CA TRM THU IN

XI. 1. CNG DNG V PHN LOI B LNG CT XI. 1. 1. Cng dng v iu kin xy dng b lng ct Cc con sng trong qu trnh chy u mang theo ph sa l lng v dng ph sa y, c bit cc sng min ni, c sng vi dng chy trung bnh mang lng ph sa ln ti 60 kg/m3. Cn phi lc cc ht ph sa ny ra khi dng chy trnh lm mn thnh ng dn nc v cc phn qua nc ca thit b thu lc nhm khc phc c s c v nng cao tui th ng ng v thit b, trnh gim hiu sut turbine. Bin php cng trnh lc ph sa l lng l xy dng b lng ct trn ng dn. TT kiu p do c h cha ln nn cc ht bn ct nguy him c lng ng y h v do khng cn phi c gii php chng tc ng ca bn ct cho cc cng trnh dn nc. cc TT ng dn vi cng trnh u mi ct nc thp, trong ca ly nc thng b tr cc b phn ngn cn dng bn ct y xm nhp vo cng trnh ng dn (xem chng X), cn cc ht bn ct l lng nguy him c lng ng v tho khi b lng ct t ngay u ng dn, st sau ca ly nc. Trng hp a hnh khng cho php b tr trong thnh phn u mi th b lng ct c b tr trn knh dn cch u mi mt on, cng c th kt hp lng v tho ct b p lc. lng c bn ct th vn tc dng chy trong b phi gim nh, thng ly t (0,1 - 0,5) m/s, do vy mt ct t ca b lng phi ln hn nhiu so vi mt ct t ca ng dn nc. Gii php b lng ct c t ra khi hm lng bn ct trong dng chy ln hn 0,5 kg/m3 hoc hm lng ht nguy him (cc ht bn ct cng c ng knh d 0,25 mm hoc ht mm hn c d > 0,4 mm c coi l ht nguy him) ln hn 0,2 kg/m3. Do kinh ph xy dng b lng ct rt ln , chim t 20 - 25 % vn u t cng trnh thu in, do vy vic xy dng n phi qua lun chng kinh t k thut cc gii php cng trnh, v d so snh gia vic xy dng b lng vi chi ph no vt bn ct trong cng trnh hoc chi ph sa cha turbine trong trng hp khng xy b ..v.v.. xem gii php no li hn chn. XI. 1. 2. Nguyn l v cu to b lng ct. Hnh (11-1) trnh by ba b phn chnh ca b lng ct gm: phn vo 2, phn thn (gm on chuyn tip 5 v on cng tc 4), phn ca ra (gm ngng ca ra 7 v on ni tip vi knh dn 8): - Phn vo l on ni tip 2, ni vi knh dn ; on ny c tit din m rng dn trn mt bng t knh 1 n ngng vo 3, c tc dng phn phi dng chy vo b lng. Ngng vo 3 c tc dng v cu to nh mt ca ly nc mt. Trn ngng b tr rnh hng ca van 14 ( h m van khi tin hnh xi ra ct trong thn b, hoc ng van lm kh b khi sa cha). - Phn thn ca b gm hai on: on chuyn tip c chiu di l1, c o su dn xung theo dng chy theo dc hp l chy thun. on thn chnh 4 c chiu di lK l on cng tc ca b, c dc nh d chuyn bn ct xung. y l ni lng ng loi bn ct nguy him. Cc tng dc 6 c tc dng phn u vn tc. - Phn ca ra ca b: y l ngng ra 7, bn trn b tr khe van ca ra 15, khe van sa cha 16 v khe van tho ct 13. Van 15 ng khi sa cha b cng vi ng van 14. Van 13 m khi tin hnh xi ra bn ct qua hnh lang x ct 10 vo hnh lang chung 11 di ngng. on ni tip ra ni vi knh dn c thu hp dn dn nc vo knh dn.

140

Hnh 11-1. Cc b phn ca b lng ct.

XI. 1. 3. Cc loi b lng ct C nhiu cch phn loi b lng ct. Da theo s ngn ca b phn ra b lng mt ngn hoc b lng nhiu ngn, da theo c tnh lm vic ca b phn ra: b tho ra nh k v b tho ra lin tc... Bin php tho ra bn ct trong cc b c th c nhiu cch : dng dng nc tc ln cun tri bn ct (gi l bin php thu lc); c th dng c gii khuy v tho bn ct (gi l tho ra c gii); hoc cng c th kt hp c hai bin php trn (gi l bin php hn hp). Sau y chng ta xem xt cc loi b theo c tnh lm vic. 1. B lng ct tho ra nh k B lng ct xi ra nh k c th mt ngn hoc nhiu ngn. Khi phn dung tch cht vi su hc (xem hnh 11-1) lng ng nhiu bn ct v y dn ln lm dng chy thu hp khin vn tc tng ln n mc c th ko bn ct nguy him vt qua ngng 7 vo knh dn, cn phi tho chng khi b lng bng cc bin php nu trn. Thng thng hay dng bin tho ra bng thu lc. Khi tho bn ct, do dng chy trc ngng ra b xo trn mnh c nguy c ko theo bn ct lng vo ng dn, do vy nu b lng ch c mt ngn th khi xi ra bn ct phi tm ngng cp nc. Nu b lng c nhiu ngn (hnh 11-1 v 11-2) th tin hnh xi ra nh k ln lt cc ngn v ch ngng cp nc ngn ang xi ra. B xi ra nhiu ngn c dng nhiu hn loi ch c mt ngn do tnh cht cp nc lin tc v kh nng phn phi u vn tc dng chy theo hng ngang ca n, thng b c t 2 - 6 ngn. Cng vic tho ra bn ct trong cc ngn tin hnh cch sau (hnh 11-1): trc tin ng cc ca van 14, 15 u v cui ngn b cn ra; sau m ca van tho ct 13 tho cn nc trong ngn; tip n h m ca van u ngn 14 to dng chy xit cun bn ct vo cc hnh lang 10, 11 a bn ct cn tho v knh tho ra 12.

141

Hnh 11-2. S b lng ct nhiu ngn (ca TT Tritrick Lin x c).

1- cc ngn; 2- on ni tip vi knh dn; 3- knh dn; 4- tng ngc; 5- rnh van sa cha; 6- van cng tc; 7- ti in; 8- li phn phi; 12- hnh lang thu ct; 13- knh tho ct; 16- p trn.

tng hiu qu xi ra, y dc c chn i = (0,01 - 0,05), nu b c chiu rng ln ngi ta lm cc tng gn dc c nh cao hn mc nc cao nht ca bn ct mt t tng vn tc tho nc.

142

2. B lng ct xi ra lin tc

Hnh 11-3. S mt s loi b lng ct xi ra lin tc . B lng ct xi ra lin tc c c cu to nh sau (hnh 11-3,a): dc y b ca mi ngn ngi ta b tr mt hnh lang tp trung bn ct tit din nh 8, bn trn hnh lang ny t li chn rc 7 vi cc thanh 14 t theo phng nm ngang. Bn ct ng s qua li vo hnh lang tp trung chy c p vi lu lng tng dn v qua hnh lang x ct 13 nm di ngng tr bn ct v li sng. i vi b lng c b rng ln ngi ta xy cc tng dc (hnh 11-3,b) v t mt s hnh lang tp trung bn ct y ring. Hnh (11-3,c) trnh by loi b lng ct xi ra lin tc ca I. F. Iarsen, b ny y c t nhiu hnh lang y, cc hnh lang ny chy dc theo chiu di cc ngn v c nhng l hnh khe dc t y b lng xung. Bn ct lin tc c cun xung v mang v h lu cng vi nc xi ra. bn ct d lng ng v cun tri th y v tng ngn c lm c dc. Hnh (11-3,e) l loi b c hnh lang xi ra dc c khe 143

ng, nc mang bn ct qua cc l y 4 ln khe ng v i vo cc mng x ct 6. Loi ny tho bn ct ri u trn tuyn v tc rc hn cc s a, b, c v e. Nhc im ca b lng xi ra lin tc l tn nc lin tc trong qu trnh vn hnh (thng 10 - 15% lu lng qua b lng) v hnh lang xi ct d b tc, kh dn rc, do vy m trong ma kit n thng vn hnh theo nguyn tc xi ra nh k tit kim nc. Tuy nhin n c u im l khi xi ra khng ngh vn hnh trm. Vic tho ra b lng thng dng ch yu l ra bng nc, tuy nhin cn c th dng my ht bn tho ra lin tc. Ngoi ra cn c th kt hp tho ct bng thu lc v c gii (hnh 11-3,g). phng php ny bn ct t cc ngn 1 chy vo hnh lang gp 2 ri tp trung vo ging 14, my bm bn ct 8 s bm tho xung h lu sng.
XI. 2. TNH TON THU LC B LNG CT Tnh ton thu lc b lng ct bao gm xc nh cc kch thc cng tc ca b (chiu di lK, chiu rng B, chiu su h0 xem k hiu trong hnh 11-1) v xc nh thi gian tho ra bn ct lng ng trong b. Cc kch thc B, h0 lin h nhau theo quan h B h0 = Q/V. Trong V l vn tc trung bnh trong b theo phng ngang, thng ly trong khong (0,2 - 0,5)m/s. Khi gim h0 th chiu di cng tc lK s gim v B s tng ln (hay s khoang tng ln), hoc ngc li. V vy phng n ti u phi l ti u cho cc thnh phn kch thc ca b. chn phng n, ta gi thit mt s phng n h0 (thng ly h0 t 3- 3,5) m, trng hp lu lng ln c th ly 6 - 8 m), ri tnh ra B v lK v s ngn b, tnh ton khi lng phng n so snh chn phng n c li. i vi b xi ra nh k chiu cao tng cng ca b cn tnh n lp bn ct ng vi dung tch cht l hC (hnh 11-1); thng ly hC khong 20 - 25% chiu su ton b ca nc trong b (i vi b xi ra lin tc th hC = 0) v hC c chn kt qu cui cng theo thi gian lm y dung tch cht ca b. Sau y trnh by ni dung tnh ton cc thng s . XI. 2. 1. Xc nh chiu di cng tc ca b lng ct Xt qu o chuyn ng ca mt ht bn ct M trong dng chy thi im bt k ti mt ct 1-1 (hnh 11-1, u chng). Ht M tham gia ng thi hai chuyn Q ng: chuyn ng theo phng nm ngang vi vn tc trung bnh V x = (nn Bn h o s ngn; Bn - chiu rng mi ngn; h0 - su cng tc ca b ti tit din ang xt; Q lu lng chy qua b) v chuyn ng tng i theo phng thng ng di tc dng ca trng lc vi vn tc lng chm ca ht trong nc trng thi ng yn l (cn gi l th thu lc). Tng hp hai chuyn ng ny l vn tc tuyt i ca ht. Nu xem vn tc phn b u theo chiu su v b qua nh hng ca dng chy ri th qu o chuyn ng ca ht M s l ng thng nghing gc vi phng ngang (ng AO hnh 11-4,b). Thc t vn tc phn b khng u theo chiu su dng chy, do qu o chuyn ng ca ht l ng cong, tc chy cng ln th chiu di lng ht ct cng di. Mt khc ri ca dng chy lm cho phng chuyn ng ca ht thay i thnh ng dch dc (hnh 11-4,a). Mch ng theo phng ng lm gim tc lng chm ca ht, lm tng chiu di lng ng l v chiu di cng tc lK ca b. ri dng chy ph thuc nhiu yu t trong c s phn b lu tc khng u theo chiu su v chiu ngang. Sau y trnh by mt s cch tnh lK cho b tho ra nh k:

144

1. Tnh chiu di cng tc lK theo vn tc trung bnh v mch ng Yu cu xc nh chiu di lK ca b lng l chiu di ny cho ht bn ct c kch thc nh nht nguy him lng ng ht trong b, ngha l ht ct nm mt nc ti mt ct u phn cng tc ca b kp lng n mc nc ch t trong phm vi lK. Phng php tnh ny lc u tnh thi gian lng chm ht ct c th thu h lc W t mt nc n y b b qua tc ng ca ri l T0 = 0 , tng ng s c W V .h0 chiu di tnh ton l l = T0 .V = , sau a thm vo cng thc mt h s k > 1 W tnh n nh hng ca chy ri ( kinh nghim ly k = 1,32,0) v c: V.h 0 (11-1) l k = k.T0 .V = k. W Theo I.B.Egiazrp th mch ng lu tc ca dng ri theo phng thng ng V r = V /n (n l h s ph thuc vo su cnbg tc ca b, qua th nghim ly: n = 5, khi h0 = 1m; n = 28 khi h0 = 10m). Nh vy tc lng chm ca ht bn ct c k n mch ng s l ' = - V/n v chiu di cng tc t thiu s l: V.h 0 (11-2) l k = T0' V = WV/n Cng thc tnh chiu di cng tc (11-2) dng cc tr s trung bnh ca lu tc v mch ng cho ton b dng chy, tuy nhin cha xt n s phn b khng u ca vn tc v mch ng ca chng theo chiu su dng nc, do vy kt qu tnh c sai lch vi thc t. khc phc tn ti ny gio s F.F. Gubin ngh chia h0 ra nhiu lp theo chiu su (h0; 0,9h0; 0,8h0; ...; 0,1h0), vi mi lp c V, n tng ng v dng cng thc (11-2) tnh ra cc l k ca mi lp sau cng li s c l k . Ch rng khi vn tc V ly ln s dn n V/n = W th l k , v vy phi chn V rt nh. 2. Tnh chiu di cng tc lK theo l thuyt xc sut Nh phn trn m t qu o ca ht A (nh 11-4,b) khi cha xt ti dng ri l AO nghing vi phng ngang mt gc, khi k n mch ng dng ri th qu o ca ht s lch khi qu o trung bnh AO theo ng dch dc theo hng ng (hnh 11-4,a) khng c quy lut v ngu nhin. V th c th p dng l thuyt xc sut trong tnh ton xc nh chiu di b lng ct. Ngi u tin p dng phng php ny l M.A. Velikanp (nm1936), theo ng th lch lch ngu nhin ca ht theo chiu thng ng so vi qu o trung bnh tun theo lut phn b trung bnh ca Gausse.

Hnh 11-4. S lng ca bn ct trong b lng ct. 145

D.Ia. Xclp ngh p dng lut ny cho vic phn b cc ht lng xung ca b lng ct. lch thng ng so vi qu o trung bnh theo nh lut phn b thng thng, tc tn sut v mt phn b y ca lch thng ng x theo cng thc:

1 2 y= e 2 2

x2

(11-3)

Trong - l lch trung bnh bc hai. Trn (hnh 11-4,b) trnh by s i lng y c hnh dng ng cong, c gi tr cc i ti Oy. Theo thc nghim ca X.F. Xavelep ph thuc chiu di l v khong cch n y h v c biu din gn ng theo cng thc sau: 0,26 lh (11-4) Din tch tch ca cc phn ring trn biu y(x) c trng cho xc sut i qua ca ht qua phn tng ng ca mt ct II. Xc sut ph i qua ca cc qu o ca cc ht c th thu lc thp hn im D, tc l xc sut ri ca chng xung y s bng din tch ca phn gch ngang trn ng cong, nm di im D: Wh =
l h V

y dx

(11-5)

xc nh tn sut ri trn y ca tt c cc ht c th thu lc cho Wp i qua mt ct u I, cn phi bit s phn b cc ht theo chiu su ti mt ct u (mt ct I). Vic tm c s phn b ny rt kh, thng n gin ngi ta ly h phn b ca chng l u nhau sut chiu su. Ly tch phn ca W h i vi ton ho b su h0 ca mt ct u I c th tm c tn sut Wp. y tn sut lng s ly nh cht t v thc t hm lng bn ct cng xung su cng tng. Da trn hng lot tnh ton, A.F. Degzda v c biu quan h gia tn sut lng ca ht c th thu lc vi cc thng s h0 v lK : Wp = f(h0/lK) v cc t s /V (hnh 11-5), trong V ly bng vn tc trung bnh ca nc trong ngn trong iu kin vn tc phn b u theo mt ct ngang. S dng biu ny c th nhanh chng xc nh mt lot phng n c cc kch thc b khc nhau v chn ra phng li nht v kinh t.

146

Hnh 11-5. Biu Wp = f (h0 /lK) dng tnh ton b lng ct. dng biu trn, thng ngi ta t cho tn sut lng Wp ca cc thnh phn ht ph sa c hi i vi turbine hay ng dn (Quy phm ca Vin xy dng Thu nng Lin x c th tu theo cp cng trnh ly Wp = 80 - 90 %). Ht nguy hi i vi turbine c coi l ht c ng knh d > 0,25 mm (tng ng c = 0,027 m/s) khi hm lng ph sa l lng trong nc vt qu 0,5 kg/m3 cn hm lng ca cc ht nguy him vt qu 0,2 kg/m3. Khi hm lng ph sa nh hn khng nht thit phi xy b lng ct. Khi ct nc ca TT di 40 m th kch thc c hi c th ly n 0,4 mm (tng ng c th thu lc = 0,043 m/s). Khi xc nh c cc kch thc ca b lng ct, ngi ta xc s xc nh mc lng ca cc thnh phn ht ph sa khc nhau. thc hin vic ny theo biu (hnh 11-5) ngi ta xc nh tn sut lng tng ng Wi ca hng lot thnh phn ht (ch s i l k hiu ca thnh phn ht em xt). Sau tm c tch s Wi.Si, (trong Si l s phn trm hm lng bn ct ca thnh phn ht em xt trong nc i vo b lng). Tng s S = (Wi.Si) i vi tt c cc thnh phn ht cho ta tng s ph sa lng. Tr s cui cng ny cho php ta xc nh c thi gian lp y dung tch cht ca b lng ng vi su hc bn di h0. Trong b lng tho ra lin tc th tr s S dng tnh lu lng ra b. Dung tch cht thng ly trong phm vi 1 ln/ ngy m hoc 1 ln/tun do vy tr s dung tch cht cn ly sao cho m bo phm vi ny. Nu nh vi tn sut bit nu cn mt dung tch cht qu ln th chuyn qua dng tho ra lin tc hoc phi s dng tho ra c gii. Phng php tnh va trnh by cha k n thc t l vn tc V thay i theo su v theo chiu rng dng chy trong cc ngn cng nh cha xt n s phn b khng u ca ph sa c ln khc nhau theo chiu su. Hin nay cng c mt s tc gi a ra phng php tnh n cc yu t ny. 3. Tnh ton thi gian lng y v xi ra b lng ct i vi b lng ct xi ra chu k, vic tnh ton thi gian lng y dung tch b (WC) v thi gian xi ra (TL) b nhm xc nh chu k tho ra v la chn chnh xc dung tch cht cng nh s ngn ca b. 147

a - Thi gian lng y dung tch cht ca b Khi tnh ton thi gian lng y dung tch cht th ngoi phn dung tch bn ct nguy him cn cn phi tnh ton b lng bn ct thc t c th lng ng trong n. Thc t ch cn phi tnh n cc loi bn ct c ng knh d 0,05 mm. Thi gian lp y ton b cc ngn cng tc (s) c tnh nh sau: W c c 1000 [s] v tho mn iu kin tho ra > n .Tth, (11-6) TL = GL Trong : Wc l tng dung tch cht (m3), tnh t su hC xung y b; GL - tng lng bn ct lng ng trong b trong 1 giy, bao hm nhng ht c ng knh d 0,05 mm, (kg/s); C - khi lng ring ca bn ct lng ng trong b, ly C = 1,6 T/m3. n - s ngn cng tc ca b; Tth - Thi gian tin hnh tho ra mi ngn b, (s). b - Thi gian tho ra b lng ct Thi gian tho ra nh k mi ngn b lng ct bao gm: thi gian tho bn c lng ng (Ttc), thi gian ng m van, thi gian tho cn nc khi b, thi gian cho nc tr li b v thi gian a b tr li hot ng: Tth = (1,5 - 2,0).Ttc v phi tho mn iu kin (11-6). (11-7) Trong : W c c 100 , (s) (*) T tc = 1,2 p th Q th Trong cng thc (*) cn xc nh: Qth l lu lng tnh ton dng cho tho ra, ta gi thit , thng ly 30 - 40% lu lng ton b b lng ct v khng qu lu lng cng tc ca mt ngn; pth - hm lng bn ct trong dng tho, (%):
V d p th = th 75% 75% h th Trong : Vth l vn tc dng tho bn ct: Vth = qth/hth, vi: + lu lng tho n v qth = Qth/Bth vi Bth l chiu rng phn tho ca ngn; q n + chiu su dng ct thoct: h th = th , h s nhm y b vi lp bn io ct n = 0,0275, cn i0 l dc y b; 75% , d 75% tng ng l: th thu lc v ng knh ca ht bn ct lng ng c 75% s ht c kch thc nh hn n. Nu Tth tnh c theo cng thc (11-7) m cha tho mn iu kin (11-6) th c th tng dc i0 hoc tng Qth, nu c, v tin hnh tnh ton li.
3/ 5 4 2

148

c - Kim tra iu kin tho ra

Hnh 11-6. Cc s tho ra b lng ct a - tho ra nh k; b - tho ra lin tc. tho ra bng phng php thu lc, cn bo m chnh mc nc: * i vi b lng xi ra nh k th do lm vic khng p, do vy cn bo m mc nc tit din cui cng ca khng c thp hn mc nc sng khi x lu lng thit k. Mun vy d chnh lch mc nc thng h lu ca b lng phi tho mn: (11-8) h o + h c + i o l k ( Z tl Z hl ) + h th h W vi h W tng tn tht ct nc trong cc b phn tho ra. * i vi b lng ct xi ra lin tc th yu cu chnh lch mc nc trc v sau b lng ct phi ln hn tng tn tht ct nc qua cc b phn tho ra v tn tht ca vo: (11-9) Z tl Z hl h c. vao + h luoi + h xa vi: h c. vao , h luoi , h xa tng ng l tn tht ca vo, trn li chn rc v tn tht thu lc trong hnh lang x ct.

149

Chng XII. CNG TRNH DN NC CA TT

XII. 1. KHI NIM V CNG TRNH DN NC CA T.T.IN Cng tnh dn nc ca TT thng c b tr ngay sau ca ly nc, nhim v ca chng l dn nc v nh my v tho nc t ng x v h lu nh my. Cng trnh dn nc xt v nguyn l thu lc c th chia hai loi: cng trnh dn nc c p v cng trnh dn nc khng p . Hnh 12-1 trnh by khi qut qua mt s mt ct ngang v b tr ca chng.

Hnh 12-1. Cc loi ng dn ca TT. - Cng trnh dn nc c p (hnh 12-1 s g, h, i) c dng khi mc nc thng lu thay i nhiu. Loi ny thng l ng thp, ng btng ct thp, ng g ... v ng hm (tunel) c p vi mt ct t y nc. ng ng thng t l thin trn mt t hoc trn sn dc tng i n nh, chng t ta trn m hoc trn gi , ring ng b tng ct thp c b dy tng i ln c th chn di p lm bng vt liu a phng, ng hm c o trong tt v c thuyn ngn. - Cng trnh dn nc khng p (hnh 12-1 s a, b, c, d, e) c dng trong trng hp mc nc thng lu t thay i. Loi ny thng l knh dn, cc loi mng dn v ng hm khng p, c mt nc thong trong ng dn. Knh dn hay c dng khi a hnh tuyn tng i bng phng, t b chia ct, a cht n nh v dng n tng i kinh t. Tuyn knh b tr chy theo ng ng mc cao vi dc knh nh tn dng ct nc a hnh. Khi a hnh thay i nhiu, a cht phc tp thng s dng ng hm hoc ng p lc. ng hm tuy t v kh thi cng, phc tp hn so vi ng dn l thin trn mt t nhng t chu nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh, khng phi theo di thng xuyn trong qu trnh vn hnh, tui th ng hm cng di.
XII. 2. NG HM DN NC CA TT ng hm (hay cn gi l tunel) l cng trnh c o trong i ni. ng hm dn nc ca TT l loi ng hm t, c p hoc khng p. Ngoi nhim v dn nc pht in, ng hm cn dng trong dn dng thi cng xy dng p, tho l t h cha, hoc lm ngn cha nc ca bung iu p hai bung, trong TT ngm ng hm kh cn lm ng vn chuyn v ging thng v dn cp in gia nh my vi bn ngoi ... Sau y ta xt c th ng hm c p v khng p ca TT. 150

XII. 2. 1. Chn tuyn ng hm v hnh dng ng hm 1. Chn tuyn ng hm Vic chn tuyn ng hm do iu kin a hnh, a cht v iu kin thi cng (thit b thi cng) quyt nh: - Nguyn tc chung t ra khi chn tuyn l chn tuyn ngn nht v i qua vng tt, trnh vng t t yu, nt n hoc st l; - Nu phi i qua vng t xu th on phi ngn d thi cng v gim chiu di on ny v c lp lt dy; - Tuyn ng hm nn t vung gc vi hng nt ca t ; - Bn knh ln ca ng hm (R) trn mt bng phi tho mn iu kin: R 5B (12-1) (B l b rng ca ng hm) v gc ngoc tuyn dn khng qu 600; - Chn tuyn phi m bo m bo d thi cng. Kt qu cui cng chn tuyn ti u phi qua so snh kinh t - k thut mt s phng n tuyn d nh. 2. Hnh dng mt ct ngang ca ng hm

Hnh 12-2. Hnh dng mt ct ngang ng hm. Hnh dng mt ct ngang ng hm tu thuc vo ch thu lc, iu kin a cht cng trnh tuyn, kh nng chu lc ca lp o hm, phng php o v trang thit b thi cng ng hm. Thng thng ng hm c p thng c hnh dng trn (hnh 12-2,a) v chu lc tt, hnh dng n gin, d o v b tng bng c gii, khi lng o hm v btng nh, ch thu lc tt nht, v o chu lc u. Hnh (12-2,b) c dng van l dng bin i ca mt ct trn, n c thm on ch nht nm ngang gii gia to cho lp o chu p lc nc v p lc ni u hn. ng hm khng p c nhiu dng mt ct ngang hn ng hm c p, trong s c c dng mt ct trn. Khi cng, c dng nh khng c p lc t tc dng ln ng hm th c th dng mt ct ch nht vi vch ng trn vm thoi (hnh 12-2,c). Khi c p lc p lc phng ng nh, khng c p lc bn hng dng mt ct nh na trn, vch ng (hnh 12-2,d). Khi c s trng n t y hm v p lc phng ng ln, p lc bn hng khng ln s dng dng (hnh 12-2,e). Khi 151

p lc theo phng ng v ngang u ln th dng mt ct ngang dng (hnh 12-2,f). Hai loi sau ni chung t c dng trong thc t. Kch thc mt ct ngang v dc ng hm khng p c chn sao cho m bo tho c lu lng tnh ton, khng nc y mt ct v to p lc d trn nh vm mi ch vn hnh. Do vy mt thong ca nc ch n nh phi thp hn trn hm 0,15h v khng nh hn 0,4 m. Khi thit k ng hm c p vi chiu di ln th kch thc mt ct ngang v cao trnh t ng hm phi m bo d tr p lc nh hm phi khng nh hn 1,5 - 2 m ct nc trong mi ch vn hnh, k c ch khng n nh. bo m iu kin thi cng th kch thc ti thiu ca mt ct ngang ng hm b x h 1,9 x 2,7 m. 3. V o ng hm Ni chung ng hm dn nc ca TT u c v o. Trng hp hm t trong khi vng chc khng c nt n th v o thng c lm bng cch phun va dy 5 - 10 cm lm trn b mt tip xc vi dng chy gim tn tht thu lc m khng cn chu lc. Nu khi c nhiu nt n th lp va ng hm cn c tc dng chng thm. Ngc li khi khi khi t xung quanh ng hm khng c kh nng m nhn ti trng ca p lc nc bn trong v p lc t bn ngoi th v o phi c kt cu chu cc tc dng ca p lc nc bn trong v nc ngm bn ngoi, ng thi chng thm v gim ma st. Hnh (12-3) sau y l mt s kt cu v o chu lc: - V o btng c lin khi ca ng hm p lc (s I) c dng trong nhng iu kin sau: chc, c p lc ni nh ct nc H 60 m, hoc khi p lc bng khng th c th dng cho ct nc dn 100 m. Khi p lc ni ln, ct nc t 30 - 60 n 100 m th c th dng s (II) vi mt hoc hai lp ct thp. Ct thp hai lp dng khi xut hin vt nt trong b tng di tc dng ca p lc thu tnh. u im ca hai loi trn l v o lin kt tnh vi n, c kh nng chng thm v nhm nh. V o btng ct thp chng ko ln hn v btng v vn hnh an ton hn, mt khc do chiu dy o nh hn do gim kch thc o ph . Tuy nhin nhc im ca o btng ct thp (II) l cng tc btng ct thp phc tp, c bit khi khi o qua chc. - khc phc nhc im ca s (II) ngi ta a ra loi v o btng ton khi hai lp (s III). Vng ngoi ca o loi ny l btng, vng trong tng cng bng ct thp. S lng ct thp v chiu dy cc vng c xc nh qua tnh ton. V o hai vng c li th dng i vi ng hm p lc nh nhng iu kin lm vic tnh khc nhau; trong giai on xy dng vng btng ngoi gnh chu p lc ni v chiu dy ca n c xc nh t iu kin ny. Cng tc ct thp v thi cng vng trong c tin hnh nh s che chn ca vng btng ngoi. C hai vng cng lin kt chu lc trong giai on vn hnh. Vng trong ca v hai lp thng lm bng hnh thc va phun ct thp vi mt dy thp xon. Kiu to v bng va phun to cho o hai lp c bn v chng thm cao hn. Khi ct nc cao hoc ng knh ng hm ln th vng trong ca o hai lp lm bng btng ct thp.

152

Hnh 12-3. Cc kiu v o chu lc ca ng hm c p

1- l khoan phun xi mng gia c; 2- ng d xi mng; 3- ct thp vng; 4- ct thp phn b; 5- btng ton khi; 6- va phun; 7- dm si; 8- ng tiu nc; 9- v xi mng; 10- khi btng; 11- thp tm c ai; 12- thp xon chu p.

- V o ng hm p lc lm bng btng ct thp lp ghp (s IV) thng c dng vi ng hm dng mt ct trn kch thc nh, cc cu kin lp ghp thng lm bng btng, btng ct thp, hn hu dng kim loi (thp, gang). gim nhm v nng cao tnh chng thm, ngi ta to mt lp va phun dy 15 - 25 cm ln mt trong ca o lp ghp v mi nhn chng. u im chnh ca v o lp ghp l nhanh chng a vo s dng ngay sau khi lp ghp xong v cng nghip ho khu ch to cu kin o. Nhc im ca kiu v o ny l thm nhiu qua cc khp ni dc ca ng hm, do vy cn m bo kn nc ca khp ni. - V o tunel p lc kiu kt hp. lm cht cc ch ni v nng cao kh nng chu lc ca v o lp ghp, ngi ta t thm vng c lin khi. V o nhiu lp c c hnh thnh bng cch t mt s lp c lin khi, ri t tip mt s lp lp ghp ... c vy nhn c kiu v o kt hp. i vi kiu ny thng vng ngoi ca v o c ghp bng cc cu kin lp ghp b tng, nh vng ngoi bo v cho php tin hnh thi cng thun li vng c lin khi bn trong (s V). m bo s kt hp lm vic ca cc vng trong v ngoi nng cao kh nng chu lc ca v ngi ta s dng nhng gii php kt cu khc nhau. Khi ct nc ln c th dng ng thp ng knh ln lm lp vng trong ca kiu v o ny. Cc on ng ny c ch to tng on di 5 - 10 m t thp tm dy t 10 - 20 mm v dy hn ri hn ghp ti ch. Trong xy dng ng hm cng tc pht va xi mng quanh v ng hm c tin hnh nhm : tng cng kh nng chu lc ca hm, to vng m rn chc gia hm v khi bao quanh, tng kh nng chng thm khi nt n, phn b ti trng u, gim bin dng ca khi t . Va pht chia ra hai loi l pht va gia c v pht va lp y. Pht va lp y nhm mc ch lp y khe h gia v ng hm v khi xung quanh. Vic pht va lp y tin hnh sau khi v o thi cng xong, va c nn qua cc ng c ng knh t 40 - 60 mm t qua v vo cc khong trng gia v o v ni. Pht va gia c tin hnh trong iu kin xung quanh nt n nhiu v bng cch phun pht vo khi xung quanh theo cc l khoan t hng bn knh. bo v v hm di tc ng ca nc ngm xung quanh trong trng hp p lc nc ngm ln, ngi ta thng lm h thng thot nc ngm dc theo ng 153

hm vi dng ng s hoc ng btng nh v thot nc ngang di dng si bc xung quanh v hm (s III v V, hnh 12-3). XII. 2. 2. Tnh ton kt cu ng hm dn nc ca TT Tnh ton kt cu v o ng hm nhm mc ch kim tra bn ca v o v kim tra tr s p lc cho php truyn ln t xung quanh v hm. S kt hp cng chu lc gia chng l c im lm vic ca ng hm. Khi a cht bao quanh v o chc, gia v hm v mt o khng c khe h th chng c kh nng tip nhn p lc nc t pha trong cng vi o v, trng hp ny kt cu v o ng hm nh hn. V vy vic nh ga ng iu kin phi hp chu lc ca chng s to iu kin chn c kt cu ng hm kinh t v s dng lu di. Vic tnh ton kt cu v kh nng chu ti ca o v hm theo phng php c hc kt cu theo tiu chun hin hnh vi cc ti trng sau: - Ti trng c bn gm c: p lc t , lc khng ca t , trng lng ring ca o v, p lc nc phn b u trong tunel, p lc nn ca va xi mmg t sau v o, p lc ca nc ngm khi dng thm n nh, lc nhit pht sinh vng bng gi - Ti trng tm thi gm: lc pht sinh do nhit thay i, do btng co ngt, p lc nc ngm khi kt cu tiu nc thm b hng, ti trng do my thi cng truyn ln v o ng hm khi thi cng. - Ti trng c bit gm: lc ng t, khi k n lc ny cn c lp lun chuyn mn ring. Tr s ca lc ng t t l nghch vi su t tunel v kch thc mt ct ngang ng hm. S tnh ton ca v a ng hm c xc nh da vo cu to v bn ca khi t bao quanh n, c tnh n iu kin lm vic thc t ca v v phng php o ng hm. Cc phng php tnh ton v o ng hm thu cng c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn mn. Theo ch dn k thut thit k tunel, b dy v o ca tunel khng p v c p khng c nh hn nhng ch dn sau: = 0,12 m; - o bng btng ct thp, khi btng lp ghp th b dy: - o vm, tng, vm ngc c lin khi bng btng = 0,20 m; hoc btng ct thp mt lp: - o vm, tng v vm ngc btng ct thp hai lp ct thp: = 0,25 m; = 0,12 m; - Vng trong bng btng ct thp: = 0,05 m. - o trong bng ct thp phun xi mng v btng phun xi mmg Chiu dy ti thiu ca lp b tng bo v ct thp trong v o btng ct thp c lin khi c xc nh ph thuc vo chiu dy ca v o v ph thuc vo tnh xm thc ca nc, nhng khng ly nh hn 3 - 5 cm.
XII. 3. KNH DN CA TRM THU IN Mc d knh dn l loi ng dn n gin, ngoi vic m bo an ton v n nh, n cn phi tho mn nhng yu cu v chng thm, n nh chng xi l, chng h hng di tc ng ca iu kin bt li do kh hu v to mc gy ra ..v.v... Knh dn ca TT l loi knh ng lc cho nn ngoi yu cu v khi lng xy lp nh v m bo an ton cn phi xt n hiu qu v nng lng ca n. Knh dn c s dng rng ri trong TT ng dn c mc nc thng lu giao ng t v c t trn a hnh tng i bng phng, khi lng o p t. XII. 3. 1. Chn tuyn knh v hnh thc knh Vic chn tuyn knh c tnh cht quyt nh n kt cu v khi lng ng dn cng nh thnh phn cng trnh trn knh. Vic la chn tuyn knh phi da trn c s so snh kinh t - k thut ca cc phng n.

154

Nguyn tc chn tuyn knh phi m bo cc yu cu sau: - Tuyn knh phi ngn gim khi lng o p cng trnh nh, trnh i qua i qu dc khi o ln. V vy nn chn tuyn knh i qua a hnh tng i bng phng nh ln theo cc ng ng mc ca i; - a cht tuyn knh i qua cn trnh ni t yu, t d st l, trnh t ni b nc ma t sn i tp trung vo uy hip; - Khi iu kin thi cng c gii nn chn tuyn knh o hn l knh p; - C gng chn tuyn khng c hoc t pht sinh cc cng trnh trn knh (nh cu mng, cng lun ...) gim khi lng ng dn; - ni tuyn knh i hng cn trnh tuyn thay i t ngt bt li v ch thu lc trong knh. Bn knh cong ca trc tuyn knh tho mn yu cu sau: (12-3) r 11 V 2 + 12 v phi r 5b (trong : r, V, b, tng ng l bn knh cong, vn tc trung bnh trong knh, b rng y knh, din tch tit din t ca knh). Hnh dng mt ct ngang knh tu thuc vo a hnh, a cht tuyn knh t trn n. Thng thng mt ct ngang knh thng dng l hnh thang, trng hp t yu knh li c yu cu o su th chng c dng a gic, parabol hoc dng trn. Knh o qua tt th c th dng knh ch nht hoc mi knh dc. Kinh nghim nu mt knh c bo v bng lp btng, btng ct thp hay xy th h s mi dc mt trong m 1,25; cn cc trng hp khc m 1,5. B tr knh trn mt t c th c nhng hnh thc sau (hnh 12-4) sau:

Hnh 12-4. Cc hnh thc b tr knh trn mt t. - S I l knh hon ton o trong t. Knh o c nhiu u im l: n nh tt, khi o trong t tt th cng ngh thi cng n gin, nhng c nhc im l khi lng cng tc t ln. - S IV l knh hon ton lm bng t p. Nhc im ca knh p l khi lng t p ln, cn s dng kt cu phc tp bo v mi knh n nh v chng thm. Do vy hnh thc knh ny t gp hoc c dng khi su lp nc trong knh nh v a hnh bng phng. - S II v III l knh va o va p, s dng khi lng t o lng knh p b knh. Nh vy tn cng ch t i v gim khi lng o, tuy vy bin dng mi t ca khi p v mi t t nhin s khng u, do vy kh nng lm vic ca knh phc tp, cn phi lm lp o bo v mi ca knh. 155

- S V v VI l knh dn o trong ni. Li dng kh nng chu lc ca ni to mt ct ngang knh. chng thm nc cn c lp o mng bo v mi trong ca knh. Hnh thc ny c th chn mi ng m = 0 hoc dc. Khi knh o su, trn nh knh cn lm c. XII. 3. 2. Cu to mt ct knh 1. B v nh knh nh knh l ni i li v ch vt liu tu sa knh trong giai on khai thc v theo iu kin n nh th b rng nh knh phi ly khng nh hn 2 mt, nu c nhu cu giao thng th phi ly theo tiu chun ca giao thng. bo v knh khng b trn nc th cao trnh nh knh phi cao hn mc nc ln nht ca dng khng n nh trong knh mt on l d = hS + e ( hS l chiu cao sng gi so vi mc nc tnh, e l vt cao an ton ly theo cp cng trnh v loi knh). Khi knh o su, ngn cch phn di nc vi phn kh ngi ta lm c vi b rng c chnh khng nh hn 1,5 m v nh c nm trn mc nc cao nht cng mt on bng d (nh cng thc trn). Ngoi ra khi phn mi trn ca knh qu cao hn c chnh nhiu th cn t c ph vi b rng khng nh hn 1 m v kgong cch gia cc c nn ly t 6 - 8 mtheo chiu cao. i vi loi knh p, cn lm h thng thot nc (hnh 15,a) h thp ng bo ho thm trnh ng bo ho ra mi knh.

Hnh 12-5. Cu to mi v lng knh.

2. o mi knh v lng knh Tip xc gia mi knh vi dng nc c t lp o bng btng, btng ct thp hay xy lng va xi mng ..v..v.. nhm gim tn tht thu lc, chng xi l lng knh, chng thm nc. ng thi o knh cn cho php tng vn tc trong knh gim kch thc mt ct knh v tng n nhmi knh. Ao knh bng btng v btng ct thp c a dng trong knh dn ca trm thu in (hnh 12-5,b). Chiu dy o btng gia c lng knh c th ly t 12 - 25 cm, gia c mi dy trung bnh t 7 - 15cm. Di lp o l lp m d thm nc lm bng ct, si,hoc ct ht ln dy 20 - 80 cm. o bng btng ct thp c s dng khi a cht tuyn knh d bin dng v bin dng khng u hoc ni kh hu thay i t ngt. Tuy o btng ct thp c 156

bn cao v chu bin dng hn btng nhng t hn. Chiu dy lp o btng ct thp thng ly t 8 - 15 cm vi hm lng ct thp khng qu 2%, t thp 8 - 12 mm kch thc li ct thp t 20 x 20 n 30 x 30 cm. o bttng ct thp c th lin khi khng cn t khp nhit , tuy nhin v tin thi cng c th phn khp thi cng vi khong cch t 10 - 20 m mt. o bng gch, lt khng cht mch c dng tng n nh knh v chng xi, khng c kh nng chng thm.. Knh cn c lt bng t do ch thm, lp ny c c m k dy t 30 - 60 cm, bn trn c bo v chng xi bng lp ct si dy t 30 - 100 cm. 3. Vn tc cho php v iu kin vn hnh knh Knh dn nc phi m bo khng lm xi l hoc bi lng bn ct l lng trong knh v cn c vn tc sao cho cy c v thc vt khng mc c trong lng dn trnh lm tng h s nhm. Kinh nghim vn hnh TT cho thy khi su nc ln hn 1,5 m th vn tc cho php c khng mc c l 0,6 m/s. Theo iu kin bo m iu kin giao thng thu th vn tc dng chy khng vt qu 1,5 m/s m bo tu thuyn i li c. khng lng v khng xi th: [ V lang ] < V < [ V xoi ] (12-4)
Vn tc cho php khng xi: Vn tc ny tu thuc loi vt liu lm knh, mi knh v kch thc knh. Tr s vn tc ny ph thuc vo bn knh thu lc (R) knh dn v ln cc ht to nn y v mi knh nu chng l ht ri (xem Quy phm QP-TL-C-I-76). i vi t dnh theo kinh nghim [ V xoi ] chn khng ln hn 1,8 m/s, ph thuc vo loi t. Knh c o btng, btng ct thp, xy th vn tc ny rt ln, do vy khng cn thit phi kim tra xi, m vn tc trong knh c quyt nh theo iu kin kinh t t 2 - 3 m/s. Vn tc cho php khng lng: Vn tc ny ph thuc vo ln v s lng ht bn ct, bn knh thu lc, h s nhm knh v cc yu t khc. Theo cng thc kinh nghim ca I.I. Levi: 4 p 0.0225 R (12-5) V lang = 0,01 n d tb 0,01 Trong cng thc: l th thu lc (mm/s) ca cc ht bn ct c ng knh trung bnh d tb ; R (m) l bn knh thu lc ca mt ct knh; p (theo % trng lng) cc ht bn ct l lng c ng knh ln hn 0,25 mm vt qu 0,01%; 0,0225/n l h s hiu chnh nhm lng knh khi n khc vi nhm thng thng ca knh t khng c lp o (n = 0,0225). XII. 3. 3. Knh t iu tit v khng t iu tit Knh dn c thit k vi kh nng tho c lu lng tnh ton ln nht ch dng n nh u trn ton chiu di knh khi knh cng kiu kt cu, hoc trn chiu di tng on knh khi cc on c kt cu khc nhau. Khi lu lng ca TT nh hn lu lng tnh ton ln nht, trong knh khng cn l dng u na. Khi chuyn ng u, mt nc t do trong knh song song vi y knh v su trn c chiu di knh khng i.Trn (hnh 12-6,a s I) cc on c cc dc i1, i2, i3 theo dc knh khng nh nhau, nhng tc trung bnh v su trn tng on khi cng lu lng ln nht Qmax th khng i. Khi gim lu lng pht in, lng nc tha lm dng mc nc trong knh v trong b p lc, trnh nc trn qua tng chn ca b p lc v nh knh th cn phi lm cng trnh tho nc tha (thng l p trn) cui knh. Kch thc cng trnh tho c xc nh

157

 tho c Qmax. ng thi vi vic dng p trn tho nc tha trnh nc trn qua

Hnh 12-6. S thu lc ca knh dn. nh knh cn cn phi c bin php tit kim nc, do vy ca ly nc u knh dn cn c ca van khng ch lu lng theo yu cu ca TT. Vic tho nc bt buc qua trn v dng van iu tit dn n knh c tn gi l knh khng t iu tit. Kt qu ca dng van iu tit lng nc qua knh theo lu lng TT yu cu dn n dng chy u trong knh c su mi tng ng vi lu lng tho qua knh nh hn lu lng Qmax. Nh vy vic gim lu lng ko theo gim mc nc trong b p lc lm gim ct nc ca trm thu in mt lng h" (hnh 12-6,a s II). khc phc tn tht ct nc v lu lng ngoi vic dng van u knh iu tit lu lng theo yu cu, cn phi to ng nc dng on cui knh, c gng dng cao mc nc trong b p lc tng ng vi lu lng ln nht, gim tng tn tht ct nc t h" n tr s h' (hnh 12-6, s II). Hnh (12-6, s III) trnh by phng n knh c cao trnh nh khng i sut chiu di knh, nm cao hn mc nc cao nht trong knh khi lu lng pht in bng khng (Q = 0). Khi gim lu lng pht in, mc nc trong knh v b p lc s t t dng ln v n khi dng pht in th mc nc s nm ngang trn ton chiu di knh dn. y khng cn c p trn b p lc x b nc tha v nc ny c tr li trong knh v khng cn ca van iu tit u knh (u knh ch t van sa cha), v vy knh c tn gi l knh t iu tit. Trong knh t iu tit, khi lu lng pht in nh hn Qmax th mt thong ca dng chy trong knh l ng cong nc dng, cn khi lu lng pht in bng Qmax th l dng chy u c ng mt thong song song vi ng ay knh. Phn dung tch gch cho trn s III c th c s dng iu tit dng chy cho TT. Tn tht ct nc theo chiu di knh t iu tit h c tnh ton tng ng vi lu lng cn tho Q so vi cao trnh mc nc thng lu, v ln nht hmax khi tho vi Qmax. So snh hai loi knh trn, knh t iu tit c u im l trnh x b nc tha trong mi trng hp v khng cn van cng tc u knh, nhng mt ct ngang knh tng dn theo tuyn, knh cng di th khi lng o p knh cng ln. Do vy knh ny nn dng khi chiu di knh ngn. Ngc li, knh khng t iu tit tuy khi lng o p t hn, mt ct knh thng nh nhau trn ton tuyn, nhng li phi x

158

b nc tha khi lu lng pht in nh hn Qmax, do vy n c dng cng kinh t khi knh ko di. Trong thc t loi knh ny c dng rng ri hn.
XII. 4. TNH TON THU LC NG DN Vic tnh ton thu lc ng dn ca TT (bao gm knh dn v ng hm dn nc) nhm mc ch xc nh kch thc tit din, dc ng dn (i vi ng dn khng p) khi bit lu lng tnh ton ca chng. ng thi tin hnh xc nh tn tht thu lc v tn tht nng lng khi trm thu in vn hnh cc ch khc nhau vi kch thc ng dn ang xt so snh la chn. xc nh kch thc ng dn, ngi ta da vo ch n nh tng ng vi lu lng tnh ton. Tnh ton ch lm vic khng n nh xy ra trong cc qu trnh chuyn tip bnh thng (nh thay i ph ti) v ch bt thng khi s c nhm kim tra s lm vic n nh ca h thng ng d c bin php bo m an ton cho ng dn. Phn ny ch trnh by vic tnh ton thu lc vi ch n nh, cn tnh ton ch khng n nh xem cc phn lin quan khc s cp trong cc chng khc. XII. 4. 1. Tnh ton thu lc ng dn khng p ng dn khng p bao gm knh dn v ng hm khng p. Nhim v chung ca tnh ton thu lc ng dn l cn c vo lu lng tnh ton (lu lng ln nht) tho qua ng dn ch dng u n nh xc nh ra kch thc mt ct ngang ca n. tnh cho ng dn khng p ta dng cng thc ca Sdi dng sau: Q2 i= 2 2 (12-6) C R Trong : Q l lu lng tnh ton, C - h s Sdi, , R, i - tng ng l: din tch mt ct t, bn knh thu lc v dc y ng dn. Ngoi lu lng tnh ton, gii bi ton thu lc thng phi bit l hnh dng mt ct ngang v h s nhm n ca thnh ng dn (h s nhm ly theo QP-TLC-1-76 hoc cc bng tra Thu lc). H s Sdi c xc nh da vo kch thc, dng v nhm thnh dn. Trong c th dng cng thc ca Paplpski: 1 (12-7) C = Ry n . ) R vi y = 2,5 n 0,13 0.75 ( n 01 Tn tht ct nc trng hp dng u xc nh theo dc i v chiu di on ng dn, tnh theo cng thc: h = iL. Khi xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang ca ng dn khng p cn bo m tc dng chy t iu kin tho lu lng ln nht n tho lu lng nh nht phi khng bi lng v xi l lng dn, ng thi bo m iu kin dit tho mc v m bo giao thng thu ..v.v... T iu kin (12-6) ta thy mt ct t ca ng dn khng p c xc nh theo dc y ca n. dc cng ln th mt ct ca n cng nh,nhng tn tht ct nc v nng lng cng ln. Do vy cn phi thng qua tnh ton so snh kinh t - nng lng chn (xem phn tip theo XII. 5). XII. 4. 2. Tnh ton thu lc ng dn c p Vic xc nh mt ct ngang ng dn c p (ng hm c p, ng ng) c tin hnh xut pht t tn tht ct nc pht sinh khi tho lu lng tnh ton qua n. ch dng chy n nh u, khi bit kch thc v kt cu ng dn th tn tht ct nc c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

159

2gL v2 h d = ( 2 + cb ) = Kd Q 2 (12-8) 2g C R Trong : cb l tng cc h s tn tht cc b; L -tng chiu di ng dn,

v -l vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy; cn cc k hiu khc nh trn. H s Sdi trong (12-8) ph thuc vo h s nhm ca ng dn c p. H s nhm ca ng hm c o btng theo kt qu th nghim n = 0,011 - 0,012. Tuy nhin trong tnh ton c k n kh nng tng nhm trong qu trnh vn hnh ngh lya ln hn, chn n = 0,013 - 0,017 i vi ng hm c mt nhn; v chn n = 0,016 - 0,023 i vi ng hm c b mt khng nhn. Trong ng dn c p dc dc ca tuyn ng dn khng lin quan g n dc thu lc v c th coi nh khng i hay thay i theo ng dn, nu cn. V tr ng o p (theo chiu cao) ph thuc vo mc nc h v lu lng tho qua ng dn v xc nh tr s p lc bn trong mt ct bt k ca ng dn. Kch thc ng dn c p c xc nh trn c s tn tht nng lng v khi lng xy dng (xem tit XII - 5 sau). XII. 4. 3. Tnh ton tn tht thu lc v nng lng ng dn TT Ch lm vic ca TT lun thay i tu thuc vo yu cu ph ti m n m nhn. Do tnh tn tht ct nc c lin quan vi qu trnh thay i lu lng. 1. Tnh tn tht ct nc trong ng dn a- Tnh ton tn tht thu lc ng dn khng p Khi lu lng tho qua ng dn khng p khc vi lu lng tnh ton khi dng chy trong n l dng bin i u, ng mt nc tng ng l dng nc dng hoc nc . C nhiu phng php xc nh ng mt nc ca dng bin i u trnh by trong cc gio trnh Thu lc (nh phng php ca B.A.Batmechp.). Trn c s tnh ton thu lc ta xy dng c ng mt nc vi nhiu lu lng khc nhau qua ng dn v xy dng ng quan h mt nc cui ng dn vi Q (hnh 12-7,a) Trn th: h1 l su nc u on, h2- su mc nc cui on, h - tn tht ct nc trn ng dn c xc nh h = iL + h1 + h2. ng h2 = f(Q) h khi tng lu lng v khi tho Qmax th tng ng vi su gii hn hK ca ng dn; kh lu lng trong ng dn Q = 0 th ng mc nc trong knh l ng nm ngang tng ng vi su cui ng dn bng h1 + iL. Khi lu lng trong ng dn l lu lng tnh ton Q0 th dng chy l dng chy u vi h2 = h1. Chnh lch (Qmax - Q0) l kh nng vt ti ca ng dn khng p.

Hnh 12-7. Quan h mc nc cui ng dn khng p v lu lng. 160

b. Tnh ton tn tht ct nc trong ng dn c p Tnh ton tn tht ct nc trong ng dn c p cng c tin hnh theo cng thc (12-8) trn vi cc lu lng thay i m TT yu cu. 2. Tnh ton tn tht nng lng trong ng dn TT Tn tht nng lng ( y l tn tht in lng) do hai dng tn tht: Tn tht ct nc v tn tht do r r v x b lu lng. Trong dng tn tht v lu lng c th b qua hay c tnh n trong nhng trng hp sau: - Tn tht lu lng do bc hi, r r qua cc ca van v tn tht do thm c th xt ti trong ng dn h v di, tuy nhin theo kinh nghim vn hnh trn cc knh dn nc khng c o lt th chng chim chng (0,2 - 0,5) % cho mi km di; - Tn tht do thm t knh vo t c xc nh theo bi ton thm; - i vi ng hm dn nc th tn tht lu lng c th b qua; - Tn lu lng trong thi gian x b nc tha ca TT cng cn xem xt. a - Tn tht nng lng do tn tht ct nc Tn tht nng lng trn ng dn sinh ra do tn tht ct nc c th xc nh theo tr s trung bnh nm ca lit nm thu vn, tnh theo cng thc sau:

E = N dt = 9,81 Q h dt
0 0

(12-9)

tnh tch phn (12-9) ta c th dng phng php gii nh sau: - Da vo lu lng ca TT ta v ng duy tr Q = f1(t) trong nm (hnh12-8) - ng vi cc tr s Q tra ng tn tht ct nc h = f2(Q) nh thit lp hnh (12-7) i vi ng dn khng p, ta c cc tr s tn tht ct nc tng ng vi cc Q v v c ng duy tr tn tht ct nc h = f3(t) . Trng hp ng dn c p ta s dng cng thc (12-8) tnh tn tht ct nc theo Q v cng v c ng duy tr tn tht ct nc h = f3(t). Hai ng Q = f1(t) v h = f3(t) hnh (12-8); - T gi tr Q v h tng ng ta tnh v v ra ng N = f(t).

Hnh 12-8.Cc th tnh ton tn tht nng lng. Phn din tch gii hn gia ng N = f(t) vi trc honh ot chnh l nng lng trung bnh nm b tn tht do tn tht ct nc m ta cn xc nh. Tnh ton tn 161

tht nng lng ch k n tn tht ct nc c dng trong giai on tnh s b hoc c dng khi cc iu kin tn tht v lu lng c b qua nh ni trc. b. Tnh tn tht nng lng trng hp c xt n nhng yu t khc Vo ma l TT thng phi x b nc tha nh vy, cn cp vic tnh tn tht nng lng trong ma x b nc trong tn tht chung ca c nm. * i vi TT c ng dn t iu tit: - i vi TT ng dn t iu tit vo thi k x nc tha, nu ct nc lm vic H ln hn hoc bng ct nc tnh ton (H Htt) th c th tng lu lng ln b cho tn tht ct nc nhm t c cng sut ti a ca trm, v kich thc ng dn ly tng thm tho c lu lng tng thm ny. Trng hp ny tn tht nng lng do tn tht ct nc gy ra khi x nc tha khng tnh n trong (129).V trng hp ny tn tht nng lng chung c tnh khng k tn tht ma x l:
T

E =

N dt

(12-9')

TX

(Trong Tx l thi gai TT x nc tha trong nm, xem biu 12-8). - i vi TT c dng dn t iu tit ma l trm x nc tha lm tng mc nc h lu do vy gim ct nc lm vic ca TT, nu H < Htt, theo ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh turbine th khng th pht c cng sut ti a ca turbine, do vy cn gim lu lng tho qua turbine. tnh n nh hng ny trong ma x nc Tx tn tht nng lng tnh thm 1,5 ln. Khi tn tht nm s l:
T

E = 15 Q o h max T x +

N dt

(12-10)

Tx

Trong Q0 l lu lng pht in ln nht. * i vi TT c ng dn khng t iu tit: Do c ca van t ca ly nc u knh gim bt lu lng nc dn qua ng dn ph hp vi lu lng pht in nn gn nh gi mc nc cui knh xp x ngng trn. Tn tht thu lc trong knh t bin i v gn bng hmax . Mt cch gn ng ta tnh tn tht nng lng i vi ng dn khng t iu tit nh sau: - i vi ng dn khng t iu tit m ma x nc c ct nc lm vic nh hn ct nc tnh ton th nng lng tn tht c nm c tnh theo cng thc: (12-11) E = 9,81 Q tb h max ( T T x ) + 15 Q h T x Trong Qtb l lu lng trung bnh nhiu nm; Tx l thi gian x nc tha. Trng hp ma x m ct nc cng tc ca TT H Htt th theo lp lun trnh by trn s khng c thnh phn tn tht th hai trong cng thc (12-11). * i vi TT ng dn c p : i vi TT ng dn p lc, nu ch k n tn tht ct nc dc ng (b qua tn tht cc b) th cng thc tnh tn tht nng lng theo cng thc: (12-12) Q dt 2C 2 R 0 C th dng phng php gii xc inh nng lng tn tht nh sau: - V ng duy tr lu lng Q ~ t (hnh 12-8,b trn); - T cc cp Q ~ t ta xy dng ng quan h Q3 ~ t.
E = 9,81 L
T

162

Phn din tch gii hn gia ng Q3 ~ t v trc honh v ng thng ng vi thi gian mt nm l T = 8760 gi chnh l E cn tm. n gin c th gn
T

ng coi tch phn

Q dt = Q tb3 T v tnh:
0

(12-13) 2C 2 R Trong : Qtb3 l lu lng trung bnh lp phng (hnh 12-8,b); = 1,1 - 1,15 l h s tnh n vic gim lu lng ma l. Cng cn ch nhng iu cp ng dn khng p v tnh nh sau: - Nu ma x nc m H Htt th do c th tng lu lng b tn tht ct nc, do vy b qua tn tht nng lng ma ny, lc ny thay tch phn t 0 - T bi tch phn t TX - T. - Cn trng hp ma x nc nu H < Htt th phi tnh n tn tht nng lng do x nc tha c nhn vi h s 1,5 nh trnh by phn trc. Ngoi ra, khi chn tit din ng hm p lc ngi ta c gng tng cao tc dng nc trong hm, thng khong V = 3 - 5 m/s gim khi lng ng hm, v nu trn ng dn p lc c bung iu p th V < Vgh =
Ho C 2 R , m bo iu 3L kin n nh sng trong bung iu p, thng V = (0,75 - 0,8)Vgh .

E =

9,81 Q tb3 T

XII. 5. LA CHN MT CT KINH T NG DN TT Trn mt phng n tuyn ng dn, khi bit lu lng tnh ton v dc tuyn, nu chn ng dn c tit din ln s c khi lng xy lp ln, nhng vn tc s nh dn ti tn tht nng lng t, ngc li nu tit din chn nh s c khi lng xy lp nh nhng vn tc ln v nh vy tn tht nng lng li ln. Nh vy vic chn kch thc tit din ng dn ca TT phi trn c s so snh kinh t - nng lng ca nhiu phng n chn phng n c li. Tiu chun kinh t ca cc phng n l tng chi ph tnh ton nm l nh nht: K (12-14) Z= + C + Z E min To Trong : K l vn u t xy dng ng dn (bao hm ng dn v cc cng trnh, thit b trn n) v vn u t vo cc cng trnh lin quan (nh ca ly nc, b p lc ..v.v..); T0 l thi gian hon vn tiu chun; C - chi ph vn hnh nm, c th ly theo % ca K, tc l C = pK, thng ly C = 0,05 K; ZE - chi ph tnh i b li phn nng lng b tn hao m trm khc phi b (thng ly nhit in b) tnh nh sau: 1 + p k ND N max + E s (12-15) ZE = To

Trong : k ND - vn u t cho mt n v cng sut tng thm ca trm nhit in thay th; N max - tn tht cng sut ln nht do tn tht ct nc; = 1,1 - 1,15 l h s tnh i v cng sut ca TN thay th; = 1,05 - 1,10 - h s tnh i din lng ca TN thay th; E - tn tht in lng cua TT do tn tht ct nc; s - n gi sn xut in nng tnh cho chi ph vn hnh TN.

163

 n gin tnh ton, chi ph tnh i nng lng b tn tht c th tnh nh sau: (12-15') Z E = E s p trong s p -l n gi in nng, trong bao hm c chi ph sn xut v chi

ph m rng cng sut ca cc TN thay th trn mt n v in lng. Thng dng gii xc nh kch thc c Z cc tiu t tng ZE v K/To+C Sau y chng ta p dng nguyn l tnh ton kinh t trn (cng thc 12-14) vo vic tnh ton chn mt ct ngang kinh t ca knh dn v ng hm p lc cua TT. XII. 5. 1. Tnh ton la chn mt ct kinh t knh dn TT Knh dn ca TT c mt ct ngang hnh thang, hnh ch nht hoc va ch nht va hnh thang ... V nguyn tc l xc nh kch thc mt ct t da trn yu cu kinh t l c u t xy dng, chi ph vn hnh v tn hao nng lng nh nht. Sau y trnh by nguyn l tnh ton trng hp tng qut v hay dng l knh ch nht c b rng y b v su nc h. Xt trng hp hai yu t ny thay i, tnh ton kinh t chn ra b x h kinh t nht. Tnh ton kinh t knh vi lu lng tnh ton, dc knh chn v ch dng chy u. Ta gi thit cc tr s b, h v tnh ra khi lng xy dng knh, tn tht nng lng tng ng vi mt ct t ca knh tnh ra tng chi ph tnh ton nm ca tng phng n. Chn ra mt ct c Z nh nht. Cc bc tnh nh sau: - Bc 1: Gi thit cc b rng y knh: b1, b2, b3, ..., bn; - Bc 2: Vi tng phng n b = const ta gi thit cc su h (h1, h2, h3,..., hm) ri tin hnh tnh ton khi lng v tn tht nng lng tng ng ca cc cp b, h, trong thnh phn ZE theo trng hp c th cu tn tht nng lng, tnh tng chi ph tnh ton nm Z ca cp b x h theo cc cng thc tnh ton (12-14) trnh by. Vi cc cp Z1~ h1, Z2~ h2 , Z3~ h3 ... v c ng quan h Z = f(h) ng vi b rng y knh b = const gi thit. Cng tin hnh nh vy i vi cc b rng gi thit khc, ta v c cc ng Z = f(h) ng vi tng b ( hnh 12-9,a).

Hnh 12-9. th xc nh kch thc kinh t knh. - Bc 3: Vi mi b rng b trn th tm c su h cho Z nh nht (cc im 1, 2, 3, ..., 6 trn hnh 12-9,a), tng ng chn c cc cp Zmin ~ b v v dc ng quan h Zmjn = f2(b) (hnh 12-9,b). T quan h ny tm c b rng kinh t bKT: - Bc 4: C b rng bKT lp li bc 2 v v c quan h Z =f(h), ng nt t hnh (12-9,a) v chn c su kinh t hKT. Vy ta c kch thc kinh t. chn kch thc cui cng ca knh cn phi tho mn cc yu cu khc na nh yu cu vn tc trnh xi l, bi lng trong knh, vn ti thu, dit tho mc ...v.v.. 164

Ngi ta c xu hng gim kch thc gim khi lng v gim thi gian thi cng. i vi knh ngn, ch ng nc bo m tr s lu lng vt ti Qmax ln hn lu lng tnh ton Q0 ng k th cn tng thm kch thc knh. Vn tc kinh t trong knh lt b tng hoc b tng ct thp kinh nghim ly t 1,5 - 2,5 m/s. XII. 5. 2. La chn kch thc mt ct ng hm dn nc TT i vi ng hm dn nc khng p th vic tnh ton kch thuc mt ct hon thn tng t knh dn. Khi nim ng dn t iu tit v khng t iu tit ca knh dn p dng vn c i vi ng hm khng p. Ch thu lc trong tnh ton ng hm khng p l ch dng u, tn tht ct nc ln nht c th ly gn ng hmax= iL. Vn tc kinh t trng ng hm khng p thng t 2,5 - 3,5 m/s, s d ly ln hn trong knh v xy dng ng hm t hn knh dn. Ch thu lc trng ng hm c p khng ph thuc vo dc tuyn ng dn, cho nn tu vo iu kin a hnh v a cht chn dc ng hm. Mt ct ng hm c p thng c dng trn. Tnh ton kinh t xc nh mt ct ng hm p lc cng tun theo cng thc (12-14). Vn tc kinh t trong ng hm p lc thng trong khong 3,5 - 6 m/s.
XII. 6. B P LC CA TRM THU IN Knh dn nc ca TT ng dn khng p c tit din nh khng th kch thc t ng v cc ca van, li chn rc ... ca b phn ly nc, knh cng khng m bo n nh mc nc khi TT thay i lu lng. Do vy chuyn dng nc t ch khng p (trong knh dn) thnh dng chy c p (trong ng ng turbine), cn xy dng mt cng trnh ly nc cui knh, gi l B p lc. XII. 6. 1. Cu to cc phn ca B p lc B p lc gm c: ngn trc, tng p lc v on chuyn tip ni knh v ngn trc (hnh 12-10). Nhim v ca cc b phn b p lc nh sau: - on chuyn ni knh c tit din nh vi ngn trc c tit din ln m bo dng nc chy thun, trnh tch dng, do vy gc m ca n khng vt qu 100 - 120 trn mt bng v o su dn t y knh xung ngn trc vi mi dc m = 0,25 - 0,3. - Ngn trc l phn cha nc pha trc ca vo ng ng c p (ng turbine). n nh mc nc trc ca vo ng turbine cng nh kch thc t cc b phn ly nc, ngn trc phi c kch thc ln, c o su theo phng ng v m rng theo phng ngang to mt dung tch cn thit. Vn tc dng nc trong ngn ny ly nh t 0,6 - 0,8 m/s, trng hp c kt hp lm nhim v b lng ct th vn tc cn ly nh hn. Trong phm v ngn trc cn c cng trnh tho nc tha (thng l p trn t do, c th dng xi phng tho nc) khi gim lu lng pht in th lng nc n tha s c tho vo ng x nhanh m bo khng trn nc qua nh b. Bn ct lng ng trong ngn trc cn phi c tho i bng cng tho ct t y pha trc ngng ly nc hoc t bn di ngng phn ly nc ca ng ng turbine. - Tng p lc l ni b tr cc b phn ly nc vo ng ng p lc. Thc cht y l mt ca ly nc, do vy n c cc hng mc cng trnh v thit b ca mt ca ly nc nh trnh by chng Cng trnh ly nc. trnh bn ct ko vo ng ng , ngng ca ly nc t cao hn y b t 0,5 - 1 m. nh tng p lc v tng ngn trc phi t cao hn mc nc cao nht trong b t 0,3 - 1 m. Li chn rc t nghing 70 - 750 so vi phng ngang d vt rc bng th cng. Ca van dng trong b p lc thng l ca van phng. Chiu di phn thu nc c xc nh da vo yu cu kch thc b tr li chn rc v cc ca van, thng 3 - 5 m.

165

Hnh 12-10. Cc b phn ca B p lc.

1. knh dn; 2- ngn trc; 3- tng p lc; 4- ng turbine; 5- ngng trn; 6- ca tho ct; 7- ca ly nc vo knh ti; 8- ng x nc tha; 10- li chn rc; 11- van cng tc; 12- khe phai sa cha, 9- knh ti.

XII. 5. 2. Cc s b tr tng th B p lc Vic b tr mt bng B p lc ph thuc vo a hnh, a cht, a cht thu vn v thnh phn b p lc. Hnh (12-11) trnh by mt s s b tr B p lc: - V thu lc, s dn chnh din I v II l tt nht v hng dng chy t knh vo ng ng turbine thun dng. Nhc im l b tr cng trnh tho vt ni gp kh khn, do vy dng phao ni hoc tng hng vt ni v dc tho. S ny nu b p lc t trn i dc cn lm tng khi lng o b. - S dn nc kiu hng IV: nhc im ca n l dng chy b i gc 900 do hng chy b ngoc v vy tng tn tht thu lc v bn ct lng ng khng u trong b nn kh tho ra bn ct. u im ca s ny l chiu di b nh, v khi b dt trn i dc th khi lng o b s gim v d tho vt ni; - Cc s trung gian III v V: trong s b tr ny hng dng nc t knh xin gc vi hng ng ng. V khi lng v thu lc chng trung gian gia cc s b tr trn.

166

Hnh 12-11. Cc s b tr b p lc 1- knh dn; 2- ngn trc; 3- ng turbine; 4- tho vt ni; 5- trn nc; 6- tng hng vt ni; 7- phao ni; 8- tr hng dng; 9,10- dc nc. TT ng dn khng p, nu c B iu tit ngy trong thnh phn trm th vic b tr tng th B p lc c lin quan n B iu tit ngy (BTN). Hnh (12-12) trnh by mt s phng n v s lin quan gia hai hng mc nh sau: - BTN b tr gia tuyn knh (phng n I vi cc s a, b, c), cch b tr ny gim kch thc ng dn nc 1 pha trn BTN, on knh 4 s tng tit din m bo dn c lu lng ln nht ca TT; - BTN b tr cui ng dn khng p (phng n II vi cc s a, b, c). Cchb tr ny gim ton b kch thc knh dn khng p 1, cng trnh ni tip 9 gia B p lc v BTN cn m bo dn c lu lng ln nht ca TT; - BTN ni vi ng turbine 12,14 bng ng p lc 13 (phng n III vi cc s a, b). Cch b tr ny gim mc nc trong B p lc khi tho v tr nc BTN, v khi su ca BTN ln th cho php gim khi lng B p lc.

Hnh 12-12. Cc phng n b tr B iu tit ngy v B p lc.

167

XII. 5. 3. Tnh ton xc nh kch thc v n nh B p lc 1. Tnh ton thu lc xc nh kch thc B p lc Xc nh kch thc B p lc bao gm xc nh chiu su, chiu di b v kch thc cc hng mc cng trnh trong b. Sau y ta tnh ton xc nh kch thc chng: a. Kch thc phn tng p lc Tng p lc l mt ca ly nc, do vy n phi c kch thc b tr cc thit b nh ca van, phai, li chn rc, thit b thao tc van ... Chiu di dc theo dng chy ly b tr thit b trn, theo kinh nghim c th ly t (3 - 5) m i vi loi nh. B rng mi khoang ly nc ly tu vo ng knh ng turbine D nh sau: (12-16) b k = ( 1,5 1,8 ) D B rng ca tng p lc c n khoang s l: (12-17) B = n b k + ( n 1) d Trong d l b dy tr pin, c th ly t d = (0,6 - 1) mt. su ti thiu ca ngng ly nc hK k t mc nc bnh thng cui knh phi m bo ngp su ca ngng di mc nc thp nht trong b v m bo mp ca nhn nc thp hn mc nc thp nht khng kh khng lt vo ng ng turbine. Vn tc cho php trn li chn rc dm bo dn rc VK thng ly trong khong VK = (0,7 - 0,8) m/s. Vy chiu su hK c th xc nh theo cng thc sau: QT (12-18) hk = bk Vk Trong QT l lu lng ln nht qua ng ng turbine.

Hnh 12-13. S xc nh kch thc b p lc ngp su ti thiu ca mp trn ng ng turbine di mc nc thp nht trong b ( min ) khng li khng kh vo ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2 V2 Vo k h t = ( 2 3) 2g Trong V0 l vn tc ln nht trong ng ng turbine.

(12-19)

168

Mc nc thp nht min trong b xut hin ch lm vic khng n nh khi tng ti ca TT, khi (Z - 1) t my ang lm vic th tng t my cui cng y ti. Nu k hiu mc nc trong b khi (Z - 1) lm vic y ti l z 1 , v h l sng gim p (hnh 12-13,a) ln nht khi tng y ti t my cui cng th: (12-20) min = z 1 h + i vi knh t iu tit th z 1 khi (Z - 1) t my lm vic n nh vi cng sut ln nht c th xc nh t ng nc dng trong knh dn, cn knh khng t iu tit th ly bng cao trnh mc nc trn trn, tng ng vi lp nc trn khi x lu lng ln nht ca 1 t my (Qtm) qua trn; + Chiu cao sng gim p h c xc nh trn c s tnh ton dng khng n nh trong knh khi tng lu lng ln nht ca mt t my . tnh ng h ta phi tnh dng khng n nh. giai on thit k s b c th dng phng trnh cn bng nc trong thi gian tng ti TS theo (hnh 12-13,a) nh sau: Q tm Q tm c Ts h ; vn tc truyn sng gim p c = g h k Ts = b k , hoc h = c bk 2 2 nh tng b p lc v tng p lc t cao hn mc nc cao nht max m bo an ton khng trn qua nh, xc nh theo cng thc sau: (12-21) d = max + h s + v (0,3 - 1) m Trong : + hS l chiu cao sng tnh theo tiu chun tnh sng; + l cao an ton theo cp cng trnh ly nh sau: = 0,2 - 0,25 m khi knh dn lu lng Q < 30 m3/s; = 0,3 - 0,4 m khi knh dn lu lng Q = 30 - 100 m3/s; = 0,4 - 0,5 m khi knh dn lu lng Q > 100 m3/s. + max - l cao trnh mc nc ln nht trong b, tnh cho trng hp s c ct ton b ph ti. i vi knh t iu tit n c xc nh khi tnh dng khng n nh vi mc nc ban u l mc nc bnh thng v ct ti vi Qmax ca trm. Ta c: max = MNBT + 'h c th xc nh s b 'h theo cn bng (hnh 12-13,b) v c: Q tm 'h = ' , vi vn tc truyn sng tng p c ' = g h k V k . c bk i vi knh khng t iu tit th max ly bng mc nc trc trn khi tho ton b lu lng TT qua trn: max = MNBT + h tran . b. Ngn trc v cng trnh x nc tha (p trn): p trn c kch thc BT x HT x c lu lng ln nht ca TT khi t ngt ct ton b ph ti. Thng su lp nc trn trn ngng trn HT ly theo kinh nghim HT = (0,2 - 0,6) m, nh vy tnh ra c b rng trn BT i vi p trn thc dng theo cng thc (hnh 12-13): Qo BT = (12-22) m 2g H T 3 / 2 Cao trnh ngng trn ng.tran ly cao hn mc nc bnh thng (MNBT) cui knh v b t (3 - 5) cm trnh trn nc khi c giao ng mt nc. 169

Ngn trc ca b p lc l on ni cui knh vi tng p lc (c th c on chuyn tip ring nh hnh 12-13, hoc cng c th gp chung on chuyn tip vo ngn trc nh hnh 12-10). Kch thc v kt cu cu ngn trc phi m bo b tr ca ly nc v phi thun dng gim tn tht thu lc trong n. Mt ct ngang dng chy ca ngn tng dn t knh n tng p lc. y ngn thp hn ngng ly nc ( dov ) ca tng p lc t (0,5 - 1) m bn ct lng ng v khng ko vo ca ly nc khi x ct. Do vy chiu su cui ngn trc s bng: (12-23) H = d dov + ( 0,5 1 ) m Chiu di ngn trc s b xc nh theo cng thc: L = 5 (H - h) + 1 m (12-24) Trong h l chiu su cui knh. Nu b p lc lm nhim v b lng ct th chiu di L phi tnh tho mn iu kin lng ct na.
2. Tnh ton n nh b p lc c im ca b p lc ca TT ng dn khng p l thng t trn sn i dc, do vy vn n nh trt v tc dng thm cn phi c tnh ton cn thn. Hnh (12-14) l mt s s b tr ca b trn sn dc v kh nng mt n nh ca b di tc dng ca cc lp trt v dng thm gy ra.

Hnh 12-14. S tnh ton n nh b p lc 1- tng chn b p lc; 2- tng bn; 3- b knh; 4- dng thm; 5- cc lp t - S I v II biu th dng thm 4 chy ra ngoi mi dc gy trt mi dc. Victnh n nh trong trng hp ny cn tnh n nh thm bao gm tnh lu lng thm, xc nh ng bo ho thm, s phn b p lc thm, vn tc dng thm di y v xung quanh cng trnh; - S III th hin trng hp b p lc t trn nhiu lp t 5 c c tnh c l khc nhau v hng nghing ca cc lp trng vi hng dc ca a hnh th kh nng trt hn hp theo cc mt tip xc rt d xy ra. Trng hp ny cn tin hnh kim tra n nh trt theo tng lp t cng vi cng trnh. Tnh ton n nh chung ca b p lc cn phi tin hnh vi cc s trt phng ca y mng, trt hn hp, tnh ln v tnh kim tra ng sut di y mng. i vi cng trnh trn nn vic tnh thm nhm mc ch xc nh p lc ln phn di t ca cng trnh.

170

Chng XIII. NG NG TURBINE Chng XII c trnh by v ng dn nc c p ca TT. ng ng turbine l phn ng ng dn nc c p, c nhim v dn nc c p t Ca ly nc ( TT kiu sau p) hoc t B p lc ( TT ng dn khng p), hoc t Bung iu p ( TT ng dn p lc, c bung iu p) vo turbine thu lc.
XIII. 1. KHI QUT V NG NG TURBINE XIII. 1. 1. Phn loi ng ng turbine ng ng turbine c rt nhiu loi vi nhng hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau, lm vic vi nhng ct nc khc nhau ... Ngi ta c th phn loi ng turbine theo nhng du hiu sau y: 1.Phn loi theo vt liu lm ng Theo vt liu lm ng th c cc loi: ng thp, ng g, ng btng ct thp, ng cht do...Trong s ng thp v btng ct thp c dng ph bin hn c. - ng thp c dng vi mi ct nc t thp n cao (ng thp ca TT Bgta Colombia vi H =2000 m) do kh nng chu lc ca thp cao, kt cu gn nh, nhm nh nn tn tht b. ng thp thng t h trn mt t, khng chn trc tip di t nu khng c bo v chng r v o btng bao ngoi chu p lc t; - ng btng ct thp, thng dng vi ct nc H < (30 - 50) m do kh nng chu lc v chu thm ca btng khng cao. Tuy nhin ng btng ct thp c b dy ln nn c th chn di t, do khng b hoen r do vy khng cn bo dng khi chn ngm, mt khc btng ct thp cn c dng vi lu lng ln. Tuy nhin nhc im ca loi ng ny ngoi chu lc thp, kh chng thm n cn c kt cu nng n; - ng g, c s dng ni sn g, kh hu n ho v giao thng khng thun li, vic bo qun ng chng mc c kh khn. Thc t ngy nay khng dng na; - ng lm bng cht do hin nay cng bt u c s dng trong TT, tuy nhin cng cha nhiu. 2. Phn loi theo v tr t ng Phn theo v tr t ng th c: ng t h trn mt t, ng chn trong t (nh di p, chn vng quanh p), ng t trong p btng, ng ngm (TT ngm). - ng t h: ng c t trn mt t hoc t trong rnh hay hnh lang trong p t . t h d kim tra sa cha, tuy nhin n chu tc ng ca mi trng (nhit thay i, t nn st l, uy hip ca nc ma ...); - ng chn di t: khi ng knh ng nh (thng nh hn 2 - 2,5 m) ngi ta t ng trong ho v ph ln mt lp t mm. Loi ny trc tip chu p lc t bn trn v bn hng do vy phi dy chu lc bn ngoi, tt nht dng ng btng ct thp; - ng t trong p btng: c c bng btng v t thp chu lc; - ng t ngm di t: dng vi TT ngm. XIII. 1. 2. Chn tuyn v b tr ng ng turbine 1. Chn tuyn ng ng turbine Tuyn ng ng c la chn trn c s b tr tng th ca TT. Vic b tr hp l tuyn ng ng c nh hng ln n gi thnh cng trnh v tnh an ton, tin cy trong vn hnh trm thu in. xut mt s phng n tnh ton v chn phng n no phi qua so snh kinh t - k thut chn. Chn tuyn cn theo yu cu sau:

171

- Chn tuyn ngn, thng. Chn tuyn nh vy khng nhng h thp gi thnh , gim tn tht thu lc v tr s p lc nc va trong ng c li cho vn hnh n nh TT. Thng t tuyn ng thng gc vi ng ng mc cao ngn chiu di ng, tuy nhin nu tuyn thng m khi lng o nhiu c th thay i hng tim ng v xy dng ti m no gi cht ng ng; - Khng nn t ng qu dc trnh kh thi cng v trnh lm mt n nh ng ng. dc t ng khng vt qu 400. Trong dc t ng btng ct thp v ng g nh hn so vi ng thp; - Mi dc ca mt t ni t ng phi m bo n nh, trnh st l. Nn t ng theo dc dng ca sn ni d tiu nc ma dc ng v trnh dng nc t khe ni uy hip, khng t ng ni t thu, st l. Cc m v m no ng cn t ni n nh, tt nht t cc m trn nn gc; - ni tuyn ng phi chy cong th yu cu bn knh cong ca tuyn phi ln hn ba ln ng knh ng v ti ni phi t m no ng. nh trn ca mt ct ng phi thp hn p lc nc va m tng ng t 2 - 3 m trnh chn khng trong ng. 2. Cc phng thc cp nc v thnh phn ca van trn ng turbine a- Cc phng thc cp nc vo turbine

Hnh 13-1. Cc phng thc cp nc vo t my. Dn nc vo turbine c th phn lm ba phng thc sau (hnh 13-1 trn): - Cp nc ring l: phng thc ny mi t my c mt ng cp nc ring (s I, II v III hnh 13-1). Cp nc theo cc s ny an ton, khi mt ng ring b s c th ch dng mi t my y thi cn cc t my khc vn pht in, kt cu ng ng n gin. Nhc im ca phng thc ny l tn km v khi lng ng cng nh cc cng trnh trn ng nh s lng cc m, khp nhit phi nhiu, khi lng xy dng tuyn t ng phi ln. V vy phng thc ny dng c li khi ng ng turbine ngn, nh dng cho TT kiu sau p hay khi chiu di t b p lc n turbine ngn.

172

- Phng thc cp nc lin hp (s V, VI hnh 13-1), ngha l ton nh my ch c mt ng ng cp nc chung. Phng thc ny ngc li vi phng thc cp ring l, n c gi thnh r hn nhng km an ton v khi ng chung c s c th ton b nh my phi ngng lam vic. Kt cu ng ng phn r nhnh s phc tp hn v phi trang b thm cc ca van mi nhnh r. V vy phng thc cp nc lin hp s dng c li khi TT c lu lng nho, ct nc ln v ng ng rt di.. - Phng thc cp nc theo nhm (s IV), phng thc ny l mi ng ng cung cp nc cho mt s t my. y l phng thc cp nc trung gian gia hai phng thc trn. Phng thc ny c s dng khi ng ng tng i di, lu lng tng i ln v s t my nhiu. Ngoi ra, TT kiu p c cng sut t my ln, nu dng mt ng turbine cung cp cho t my gp kh khn v cng ngh ch to ng c ng knh qu ln hoc s dng turbine c hai bung xon th xut hin gii php dng hai ng cho mt t my (s VII, hnh 13-1). Trong cc phng thc cp nc chung dn nc t ngun v nh my, vic chn hng dn nc vo trong nh my c th c nhng hnh thc sau: + S (hnh 13-1,a, e) dn nc vo cc t my bng ng ring theo hng thng gc vi trc nh my. S ny thun dng nhng nh my b uy hip khi ng b v hoc m no b x trt. bo v nh my cn xy tng chn vng chc hng dng chy ra ngoi nh my theo knh thot nc. +S (hnh 13-1,d, c) dng ng dn chung hoc ng phn nhm i vo nh my t pha sn dc. S ny an ton hn cho nh my nhng tng tn tht thy lc v tng khi o t ng dc theo nh my . b - S t van trn ng ng turbine m bo iu kin vn hnh, s c v sa cha uyng ng v turbine trn ng ng c t cc ca van. Tuy vy vic c t van hay khng v t v tr no phi tu thuc vo chiu di ng, ct nc tc dng ln ng v phng thc cp nc ca tng ng ng c th. Ca van t trn ng ng turbine thng dng ca van phng (c tn tht thu lc nh, kt cu n gin, dng knh nh), ca van a (lc thao tc b, tn tht thu lc ln khi m hon ton, dng cho ng c ng knh ln), van cu (c kt cu nng n, t r r, lc thao tc b, dng ct nc cao, ng knh ng khng ln). Hnh (13-2) trnh by khi qut mt s dng s t van, chng cn xem xt c th v diu kin s dng thch hp. - S I (hnh 13-2): ch b tr van sa cha 1, van cng tc 2 ca nhn nc u ng ng, khng t van trn ng turbine. S ny dng khi mt ng cp nc cho mt turbine, chiu di ng ng nh (khng qu 150 m) v ct nc H 150 m. Khi c s c th ng van 2, khi sa cha th ng van 1, lng nc trong ng khng ln nn tn tht nng lng nh v thi gian tho nc t ng ngn, thi gian quay lng ngn nn khng nguy him v quay lng t my;

173

Hnh 13-2. Cc s b tr van trn ng ng. - Trng hp mt ng ng cp nc cho mt turbine nh trn, nhng chiu di ng ng ln (trn 150 m) v ng chu ct nc ln (ln hn 200 - 300 m) (s II) th ngoi ca van 1 v 2 t u ng ng cn phi t ca van 5 cui ng ng ng khi cn sa cha turbine m khng phi tho ht nc trong ng ng; - Trng hp ng c r nhnh ( mt ng cung cp cho nhiu t my) th ngoi ca van 1 v 2 u ng ng, cn phi b tr thm cui ng ng trn cc ng r ca van 5 (s III). Dng ca van 5 trong trng hp t my no s c hoc cn sa cha th ng ca van ca ring n, cn cc van khc vn m v lm vic bnh thng; - Trng hp ng ng di, chu p lc nc ln nu cn c bung iu p trn ng gim p lc nc va, vn c hai van 1 v 2 t u ng ng, ngoi ra cn cn phi b tr cc ca van nh sau (cc s IV, V, VI hnh 13-2): + Nu sau bung iu p 13 c r nhnh vo cc t my, nhng nu cc ng ng r nhnh ngn th ch cn b tr van 5 trn cc ng r l ; + Nu sau bung iu p 13 cc ng r nhnh c chiu di ln v ct nc cao n 400 m th u ng turbine (ngay sau bung p) phi t ca van 9 v cui ng ng turbine phi b tr van trc turbine 6. Ca van 9 dng ng ng turbine ca nhnh cn sa cha hoc b s c. Ca van trc turbine 6 ng sa cha hay s c turbine ; + i khi trn ng turbine c b tr u hai van 8, 9 cn cui ng cng b tr hai van trc turbine 6, 7(s VI, hnh 13-2). S ny s dng khi TT ng dn c ct nc cao ( t 800 m tr ln) v ng ng di.
XIII. 2. NG NG THP Trong xy dng Thu in ng ng bng thp c s dng rng ri bi ng thp c nhng u im sau y: - Chu c p lc ln, chu c ct nc t vi mt n hng nghn mt; - Do b mt kim loi nhn do vy nhm nh dn n tn tht thu lc nh;

174

- D ch to, gia cng v lp ghp thun tin. B tr thch nghi mi thay i ca a hnh, a cht, d phn chia nhnh. Vic thi cng ng n gin. - D lp t khp nhit u tip xc ca hai on ng ni nhau loi b c ng sut do nhit thay i ... Nhc im ca ng thp l do b dy thnh ng nh do vy khng trc tip chu p lc t ln trn ng. V vy ng thp c dng rng ri dng t l thin trn mt t, mun chn t phi c btng hoc hnh lang bao quanh bo v. XIII. 2. 1. Cu to ng ng thp v cc b phn thit b, cng trnh ca n ng ng bao gm thnh ng v cc m no gi, m , khp nhit , l quan st, ng tho ra, van x kh t cng vi ng. Hnh (13-3) trnh by cc hnh thc t ng v tn gi ca chng. C ba hnh thc t ng sau y: - Hnh thc ng c tim ng thng, gia hai m no khng t khp nhit , gi l ng lin tc (hnh 13-3,a). Loi ny khi nhit thay i s pht sinh ng sut nhit trong thnh ng, n c dng khi mi trng c nhit t thay i;

Hnh 13-3. Cc hnh thc t ng thp. - Hnh thc tim ng thng, c t khp nhit gia hai m no (hnh 13-3,b), gi l ng kiu phn on. Hnh thc ny, khi nhit thay i on ni gia hai ng trong khp nhit s t do dch chuyn do vy loi tr ng sut nhit trn thnh ng. Hnh thc c dng nhiu trong xy dng thu in; - Hnh thc tim ng cong theo a hnh, khng c khp nhit trn ng, y cng l hnh thc lin tc. Do tim ng cong nn khi nhit thay i ng s co gin gy ng sut nhit trong thnh ng, tuy nhin do tim ng cong nn phn no c dch chuyn t do, v vy ng sut nhit c hn ch. Hnh thc ny kh nh tim ng, t dng. Sau y chng ta di vo nghin cu cc b phn ca ng. 1. Cc loi ng ng thp a - ng thp c sn y l loi ng c c sn trong nh my thnh nhng on c chiu di t 4 n 12 m v ng knh nh khng qu 0,6 m theo tiu chun ho d cho s dng. Loi ng ny c cht lng cao, d chuyn ch v lp ghp hin trng bng phng php hn hoc ghp bu loong. Tuy nhin c hn ch l ch c ng c ng knh nh.

175

b - ng thp trn c ch to t hn hoc tn inh

Hnh 13-4. Cc loi ng thp v kiu ni ng. Khc vi loi c sn, ng loi ny c ch to t vic un cong cc tm thp theo bn knh nh trc ri dng lin kt hn hoc lin kt inh tn ni cc tm y li vi nhau. Do vy vi mi c ng u c th to c trong nh my hoc hin trng. Dng lin kt hn tt hn lin kt inh tn v n t tn thp v mt trong ng nhn gim tn tht ct nc trong ng. Trong hai loi mi hn dc v hn ngang th mi hn dc chu p lc nc ln, do vy mi hn dc quan trng hn v c b tr so le dc theo ng trnh tp trung ng sut (hnh 13-4,a). Hnh (13-4,c) trnh by mt s hnh thc hn ni cc tm thp khi to ng, hoc dng hnh thc ni bch gia hai on ng vi nhau. c. ng c hn ai cng v ng ai chu lc - ng hn c ai cng (hnh 13-4,): mt ngoi thnh ng hn cc vng ai cng lm cho thnh ng cng chng li s mt n nh (mp mo ng) ca thnh ng di tc dng ca chn khng trong ng hoc ng b bin dng khi chuyn ch. Cc vng cng khng c tc dng tham gia chu p lc nc bn trong ng; - ng hn c ai chu lc (hnh 13-4,b): y l loi ng c lp cc vng ai bn ngoi thnh ng (dng lp nng hoc lp ngui), khi vng ai co ngt (lp nng) hoc thi lu cht vo ng thnh ng b ln sng (lp ngui) to ng sut trc cho thnh ng, lm tng kh nng chu lc ca thnh ng. Loi ng c ai chu lc c u im l 176

gim chiu dy ng t (30 - 35)% so vi ng trn, tuy nhin loi ng ny kh ch to v tn tht ct nc ln. Do vy chng c dng TT ct nc cao v lu lng nh. 2. Cu to phn ng r nhnh

Hnh 13-5. Cc hnh thc r ng ng. Ch r nhnh c kt cu phc tp, gy tn tht ct nc ln v gim yu kh nng chu lc ca ng, do vy cn c gia c thm. Hnh (13-5) trnh by mt s s r nhnh ng ng, cc hnh thc kt cu r nhnh ph thuc vo s lng ng r, p lc nc trong ng v cch b tr i xng hay lch. C nhng hnh thc r nhnh sau: - ng r bn khng i xng (hnh13-5,a): ch ct ni ng r t ng chnh s c lc khng cn bng v ngi ta lp thn bn thp gia c chu lc ny. Chiu rng bn thp gia c c th ly khng nh hn (0,12 - 0,18) ng k ng chnh, b dy thnh ng ch ni cng ly t (1,15 - 1,5) chiu dy tnh ton ca ng. Hnh thc r nhnh ny thng p dng cho TT ct nc thp hoc ng knh tng i nh; - ng r nhnh kiu r i, r ba i xng (hnh 13-5,,b): y ngi ta dng cc dm 1 ch U v dm lng 2 gia c, trong dm ch U gnh vc lc khng cn bng ln, cn dm lng chu lc nh hn; - ng r nhnh kiu hnh cu (hnh 13-5, s I): kiu ny dng khi ct nc cao. Khi ng c ng knh khng ln, ngi ta c lin v cu bao quanh phn r ng, ng bn trong c tc dng hng dng gim tn tht ct nc, gia ng v cu c l thng nhau mc ch gim chnh p lc gia bn trong v bn ngoi ng lm cho b dy ng mng hn. y l kiu ni r phc tp. m bo bn v n nh ch r ng ta c th c n trong khi b tng ca m no ng, nh s tham gia chu lc ca khi btng ny gnh bt cho ng. 3. Khp nhit Khi nhit mi trng thay i, on ng s b co hoc gin lm thay i chiu di ng ng, tuy nhin ng b gi cht bi cc m no hai u do vy bn trong ng ng s xut hin ng sut nhit . trnh ng sut nhit ta tch hai u on ng ra v t khp nhit ti , gia hai u on ng c khe h do vy chng t do 177

dch chuyn, trnh c ng sut nhit . V vy khp nhit cn gi l khp co gin. Khp nhit tt nht t ngay sau m no trn ca on ng ng. Khp nhit c ba loi sau: a - Khp kiu trt Kt cu khp kiu trt n gin, thng dng vi ng knh di 2,5 m (hnh 13- 16,a,b), khp a l khp c vi ng knh ng t (0,426 - 0,87) m, cn khp b l khp ca ng hn vi ng knh t (0,97 - 3,04) m. Khp trt ch cho php ng t do co gin theo hng dc trc ng. Vt liu chng thm thng dng l dy gai hoc cao su i vi ng nh, hoc bng ch ng i vi ng ln. Khp trt c kh nng chu p lc nc ln . b - Khp kiu a n hi Khp nhit kiu a n hi c biu th hnh (13-16,c,d). Kiu ny c dng khi ng knh ng ln v ct nc khng ln. Nh hai vng a mm ni hai on ng cho php ng chuyn v dc trc. c - Khp nhit - ln Khp ny lm chc nng gin di t do khi nhit thay i, va xoay khi ng m ng b ln thng ng (hnh 13-16,e). Khp nhit - ln c t ni nn b ln. Trn hnh (13-16,e), nt A l khp ln, nt B l khp nhit .

Hnh 13-16. Cc loi khp nhit . 178

4. M no ng M no (cn gi l m m) c nhim v no cht ng ng khng cho chuyn dch bt k phng no, n c t nhng ni tuyn ng thay i phng hoc ni m chiu di ng ng di qu 150 - 200 m. M no phi c t trn nn chc chn khng ln. V cu to chia m no lm hai loi: m kn v m h. M no kn (hnh 13-17,a): c im ca m kn l ng ng c c bao trong khi b tng, bn ngoi v ng c hn cc vng thp v chn vo btng gi cht ng ng. Vt liu lm m bng bttng max 100# - 150#, c th btng bao trc tip ng vi b dy 0,4 m cn bn ngoi xy va max 100#. M no kn vng chc v c dng khi ng knh ng khng ln. M no h (hnh 13-17,) c dng khi ng c ng knh ln, ngi ta hn nhng ai thp ln v ng v chn cc ai vo m btng no cht ng. M no h d kim tra sa cha nhng cu to phc tp. Mt dng c bit ca m no l m no cu (hnh 13-17,b), ng c th xoay.

179

Hnh 13-18. Cc loi m ng. M c t dc bn di ng ng nhm ng khi b vng. Khng nn ngm ng vo m m to cho ng ng d dng dch chuyn trn mt tip xc vi m hn ch ng sut tip gia m v ng. Khong cch gia cc m s b xc nh nh sau ' (13-1) l m = 2,7 r R q R'- l cng tnh ton ca vt liu khi h s iu kin lm vic m = 0,6; q - ti trng phn phi ngang trn mt mt di ng; r - bn knh trung bnh ng; - chiu dy v ng. M c nhng loi sau:

180

a - M dng yn nga (hnh 13-18,a) M dng yn nga c cu to n gin, c th lm bng btng hoc xy, thng c b tr cch nhau khng qu 10 m, gc bao m = 90 - 1200, ng ng c t ta trn b mt dng yn nga bng xi mng ca m. gim ma st gia m v thp ng, ngi ta lt tm thp di ng, c khi li bi m gia ng v lp thp cho trn. Tuy nhin loi ny ma st trt vn ln v thp lt d vnh, cho nn m yn nga c dng vi ng c ng knh b hn 1 m. b - M c vnh ai (hnh 13-18b,c) Loi ny c hn mt vnh ai 1 bn ngoi v ng v v gn cc phn tip xc ca ng v m. M vng ai li c th chia ra mt s kiu sau: - M c vnh ai trt: loi ny c phn tip xc c nh l ng ray t trong khi btng thn m, phn tip xc ng l thp ch U p gn trn vnh ai. Khi nhit thay i ng s dch chuyn v thp U trt trn thp ray I. Loi ny vn l ma st trt nhng b phn tip xc chc chn, khng b vnh nh thp lt yn nga. Do vng chc nn loi ny c dng vi ng c ng knh t 1 - 1,5 m; - M c vnh ai con ln, y thay th tip xc trt bng b tr con ln 2, ln trn tm thp m. Do ma st ln nh nn c dng cho ng ln hn; - M c vnh ai kiu u a. V cu to tng t nh cc loi c vnh ai, ch khc l thay th con ln bng c cu u a lm ma st gim rt nhiu. Tuy nhin hai loi con ln v u a c kt cu phc tp, nn dng cho ng ln. XIII. 2. 2. Tnh ton ng ng thp Ni dung tnh ton ng ng thp bao gm: xc nh ng knh D v b dy thnh ng , kch thc ai ng, xc nh kch thc cc m no v m ng, cu to v kch thc khp nhit ... Sau y cp cc ni dung tnh ton nu. 1. Xc nh kch thc ng ng Nh trnh by chng XII, nu tng ng knh ng th u t s tng nhng tn tht nng lng li gim, v nu gim ng knh ng th kh nng ngc li. Vy chn ng knh l bao nhiu phi qua tnh ton so snh kinh t - nng lng. Trc tin cn s b xc nh ng knh ng lm c s nh ra mt s phng n v tin hnh tnh ton kinh t so snh chn nh trnh by chng XII. a - S b xc nh ng knh kinh t ng p lc Lp cng thc s b theo vn tc kinh t Vkt ca ng, ta c cng thc: Q max (13-2) D kt = 0,785 V kt Trong Qmax l lu lng thit k qua ng, m/s; cn vn tc kinh t ca ng thp Vkt = (3 - 6) m/s; ca ng b tng ct thp ly Vkt = (2 - 4) m/s.. Ngoi ra ng knh kinh t cn c th xc nh theo cc cng thc kinh nghim ca Bundsu (ngi c) nh sau:
D kt = 7 0,052 Q 3 max ,

khi H < 100 m

(13-3) (13-4)

5,2 Q 3 max 7 D kt =

, khi H > 100 m H H l ct nc tc dng c k n nc va dng.

181

b - S b xc nh b dy thnh ng B dy thnh ng s b xc nh ch da vo p lc ct nc nc (k c p lc nc va dng) bn trong ng, lp c cng thc tnh b dy chu lc ca ng sau y: HD (13-5) 2 Trong : l trng lng ring ca nc; - l h s xt n cht lng mi hn lm gim yu ng ng = (0,9 - 0,95), ly nh hn 1; [] -ng sut cho php ca thp, ly gim 25% k thm cc lc khc ngoi p lc nc. Tnh b dy theo (13-5) ri cng thm t 1 n 2 mm phng r. ng thp xc nh theo iu kin chu lc thng mng, d b bin dng khi vn chuyn, lp rp. Do vy b dy cn cn phi tnh n iu kin n nh theo cng thc (13-6) i vi ng trn (hoc phi lm ai cng m bo n nh): D (13-6) 130 Khi c cc phng n ng ng (tuyn ng, ng knh ng, b dy) tin hnh tnh ton tn tht thu lc (tn tht nng lng), p lc nc va ..v.v.. ca phng n, xc nh kch thc cc m ng, khp nhit, khi lng xy dng tuyn ng ... T tnh ton kinh t v so snh chn phng n (xem chng XII). 2. Cc lc tc dng ln ng ng Tnh ton cc lc tc dng ln ng ng c c s tnh ton kt cu ng ng, la chn ng b dy thnh ng v xc nh kch thc cc m no, m ng. Lc tc dng ln ng ng c phn cc nhm lc sau: - Nhm lc ch yu: l cc lc chnh tc dng thng xuyn khi ng vn hnh, n bao gm: p lc nc, trng lng nc v ng, lc ma st gia nc v thnh ng, lc ma st gia ng v m , lc li tm ca dng nc ..v.v... Dng nhm ny thit k ng ng; - Nhm lc th yu: l nhng lc tc dng khng thng xuyn ln ng ng, gm c: lc khi thi cng lp rp sinh ra, lc khi th nghim ng, lc sinh ra khi gi bo, p lc tng ln khi iu tc b ph hoi ..v..v... Cn dng kim tra ng ng, - Nhm lc c bit: gm c lc ng t, lc s c ..v.v... Sau y l tp hp cc cng thc tnh ton cc lc, vi quy c ly chiu lc nh sau : lc dc ly chiu dng l chiu dng chy, lc vung gc vi trc ng ly dng l chiu i t trn xung. a - Cc lc trong ng ng phn on Hnh (13-19) m t cc lc tc dng ln ng ng phn on v cng thc tnh.

[ ]

182

Hnh 13-19. Cc lc tc dng ln ng ng phn on t h. a* - Cc lc do p lc nc trong ng gy ra: - p lc nc tc dng ln thnh ng, c phng vung gc vi thnh ng lm cho ng b ko (hnh 13-19,a). Khi ng knh ng ln th p lc ti im x tnh theo: D p x = ( H + o cos .cos ) (13-7) 2 Trong : l trng lng ring ca nc; H - ct nc ti tim tit din, k c p lc nc va; - gc nghing ca ng ng so vi phng ngang; - gc ca im x ly so vi phng ng; D0 - ng knh trong ca ng. - Lc dc trc sinh ra khi ng van ng ng: 2 Do (13-8) A1 = H 4 - Lc dc sinh ra khi ng knh ng thay i t D'o sang D'' o (hnh 13-19,b)
'' 2 '2 Do Do H '' (13-9) 4 4 - Lc dc trc do p lc nc ti khp nhit , y v hai pha (hnh 13-19,c): 2 D2) (13-10) A 2t = H ( D1 o 4 - Lc dc trc sinh ra ti ch ng cong A '3 v A '' 3 v hp lc ca chng R: r r' r '' (hnh 13-19,d): R = A3 + A3

A 2 = H'

183

2 D'o (13-11) 4 '' 2 '' D o = (13-12) A '' H 3 4 b* - Cc lc do trng lng nc v bn thn ng gy ra (hnh 13-19,e): - Trng lng phn b u theo chiu di ng, theo phng thng ng: 2 Do q= + o Do (13-13) 4 Thnh phn dc trc ca lc ny truyn xung m no la: 2 Do + o Do ) L sin (13-14) A4 = ( 4 Thnh phn vung gc vi trc ng tc dng lnm v m no gy un l: 2 Do l cos (do trng lng nc) (13-15) N1 = 4 (do trng lng ng) (13-16) N 2 = o D o l cos Trong cc cng thc trn: l l khong cch gia hai m ; o - trng lng ring ca thp ng; - b dy thnh ng. Thnh phn dc trc ca A4 sinh ra ti m no c phng thay i t 1 2 :

A '3 =

H'

2 Do ' + o Do ) l1 sin 1 A4 = ( 4

(13-14') (13-14'')

A '' 4 = (

2 Do + o Do ) l 2 sin 2 4

c* - Lc ma st: Lc ma st sinh ra ni c cc vt tip xc dch chuyn tng i nhau. Hng ca lc ma st ngc chiu vi chiu dch chuyn ca vt khi nhit thay i. Chng c nhng lc sau (hnh 13-19,f,c): - Lc ma st gia ng v m khi nhit thay i (hnh 13-19,f): (13-17) A 5 = f N = f n ( N1 + N 2 ) Trong : f l h s ma st gia m v thnh ng; n - s m . - Lc ma st gia nc chy v thnh ng: 2 Do (13-18) A '6 = h 'tt 4 h'tt, h''tt l tn tht ct nc pha trn v pha di m no tnh n khp nhit 2 '' D o = (13-19) A '' h 6 tt 4 - Lc ma st gia ng v vng chn ti khp nhit kiu trt (hnh 13-19,c): (13-20) A 7 = f H D1 b Trong cng thc: f - h s ma st gia vt chn chng thm ng ly f = 0,2 - 0,3; D1 ng knh ngoi ca ng; b - chiu di on chng thm.

184

d* - Lc li tm ch un cong (hnh 13-19,g): Ti ch ng cong ngoi lc thu tnh A3 ra cn c lc li tm do thay i phng vn tc dng chy V. Vi on ng cong u c gc m , bn knh cong th lc li tm R c phng nm trn phn gic ca gc m , chiu hng ra ngoi tnh nh sau: / 2 2 D2 2 (13-21) R = 2 dR cos = V sin g 4 2 o tin tnh ton phn R ra hai thnh phn dc trc pha troc v sau on ng: 2 ' = A '' = D V 2 (13-22) A8 8 g 4 b - Cc lc b sung thm trong ng ng lin tc Trong ng ng lin tc do c ngm hai u do vy pht sinh s lc sau: a* - Lc do nhit thay i t t1 sang t2 Khi di ng ng thay i mt lng L v c gin di tng i l = L / L = .t = . (t2 - t1). ng sut nhit sinh ra do b ngm cng s l: t = E = E t Vy lc dc trc do nhit sinh ra s l: A t = t D . Vi ng thp th: h s

gin di = 12. 10 6 ; M dun n hi thp ng E = 2,1. 10 6 kG/cm2 , t = 25,2 t .Vy (13-23) A t = 25,2 D t , (kG) b* - Lc do bin dng ngang gy ra Di tc dng ca p lc nc bn trong gy ng sut ko thnh ng, nu ng c co gin t do th bin dng ngang lm cho ng thay i mt on L, tuy nhin do ng b ngm cng khng co gin c do vy trong ng sinh ni lc A9 : (13-24) A9 = z D Trong : l h s pot xng; z = H D / 2 - ng sut vng do p lc nc. c - Cc lc khc tc dng ln ng ng Ngoi cc lc k trn cn c nhng lc khc, khi tnh ton ng tu iu kin c th m a vo mt s lc sau y cho thch hp: - Lc chn khng: Lc ny xy ra khi tho cn nc trong ng m khng kh khng kp vo, hoc khi c p lc nc va m trong ng. V vy ngay pha sau ca van cng tc ngi ta t ng thng kh b sung khng kh vo ng ph chn khng, tuy nhin an ton khi tnh ton bn v cng ng ng phi xt trng hp ng hon ton b chn khng vi p sut chn khng p ck = 1 kG / 1 cm 2 ; - p lc gi: cn tnh ni t ng l thin c gi mnh; - p lc t: khi ng chn trong t; - Lc thi cng: phi xt trong iu kin lp rp ng ti hin trng; - Lc ng t: tu cp ng t, theo quy phm thit k vng c ng t; - Cc lc c bit xy ra khi ng ng b s c. Cn ch , cc lc nu trn khng phi nht thit ng thi xut hin. V vy cn c vo c th tng trng hp tnh ton, tnh hnh b tr ng ng v kt cu c th m c t hp lc tnh ton xc thc. Cc cng thc tnh lc trn thnh lp cho ng thp, tuy vy cng c th vn dng tnh ton tng t cho cc loi ng khc vi ch tiu thch hp ca tng loi ng c th. 3. Tnh ton kt cu ng ng thp t h 185

Khi tnh ton kt cu ng thp, trc tin phi chn t hp lc tc dng nguy him nht ln ng, sau tin hnh tnh ton kim tra nhng mt ct ng c trng. Cc mt ct ny l nhng mt ct ng gia hai m , mt ct ti ni lp vnh ai v ni t ng ln m . Tnh ton kt cu gm tnh ton kim tra bn v n nh ng. a. Tnh ton, kim tra bn thnh ng * i vi ng ng c ng knh nh Tnh ton kim tra ng sut theo cng thc vi hai trng hp tng v gim nhit : (13-25) 1 = x + u + z [ ] (13-26) 2 = z + ( x + u ) [ ] Trong cc cng thc: Ai - ng sut dc trc do cc lc dc gy ra l: x = ; D - ng sut un gy nn bi cc lc thng gc vi trc ng u , trng hp ng phn on s lc c th coi nh dm lin tc mt u ngm ( m no) v mt u t do ( khp nhit ) di tc dng ca trng lng nc v ng phn b u. M N1 + N 2 men un ti gi nhp v ti m c th ly gn ng l: M = l ; m men 10 D 2 4M M = , vy: u = ; chng un i vi ng ngn, t m : W = 4 W D2 HD - ng sut ko vng do p lc nc trong ng gy ra: z = ; 2 - l h s pot xng, ly bng 0,3; [] ng sut cho php ca vt liu lm ng, i vi ng thp ly t [] = (900 - 1050) kG/cm2. b* - i vi ng c ng knh ln Trng hp ng thp c ng knh ln, p lc nc bn trong phn b khng u ln thnh ng, do vy tnh ton phc tp hn. Quy phm quy nh dng l thuyt ba m men tnh ton kim tra bn thnh ng, theo cc cng thc sau y:
1 =
2 [ ] ( z y ) 2 + 4 yz

(13-27) (13-28)

2 =
3 =

2 [ ] ( x z ) 2 + 4 xz

2 [ ] (13-29) ( x y ) 2 + 4 xy b - Tnh ton kim tra n nh thnh ng t h Vic kim tra n nh thnh ng khi ng van t ngt m ng thng kh mt tc dng bn trong ng s b chn khng, mt khc khi thi cng lp rp do ng mng khng cng lm mp mo ng mt n nh. Kim tra n nh theo hai trng hp sau: - i vi ng tr, khng c vnh ai cng, mun ng khng mp mo th chnh p lc bn trong v ngoi ng (p) phi nh hn tr s p lc d gii hn (pgh) theo cng thc sau:

(13-30) k p p gh = 2 E ( / D) Trong : k l h s an ton, ly k = 2; p - p sut d thc t, nu ch xt n p sut chn khng p = 1kG/cm2 E - m duyn n hi ca thp E = 2,1.106 kG/cm2 th iu kin n nh
3

186

ca ng thp trn l:

D nh trnh by cng thc (13-6). 130

- i vi ng c vnh ai cng: Nu iu kin (13-6) khng m bo, thnh ng n nh th phi lp vnh ai cng bn ngoi v ng. Vnh ai cng c kch thc n nh ng khi tho mn iu kin (13-30), trong p lc d gii hn c tnh theo cng thc sau: 3E J p gh = (13-31) R3 k l Trong : J l m men qun tnh ca vnh cng v on thnh ng chu nh hng ca vnh cng, on ny c chiu di l o = 2 ( 0,78 r ) + a (xem hnh 13-20,c). l - l khong cch gia cc vnh ai cng (l = l0); Rk - l bn knh vng trn i qua trng tm vnh cng; r - l bn knh trung bnh ca thnh ng. 4. Tnh ton cc m no v m ng Nhim v ca m no l no gi ng khng cho dch chuyn, nhim v ca m l ng khi vng v to iu kin cho ng d dch chuyn dc tuyn ng vi ma st nh. Thit k ng tho mn nhng yu cu trn. a - Thit k m no ng M no l loi kt cu trng lc, cng ca n d tho mn, v vy tnh ton m no ch yu da vo iu kin chng trt v iu kin ng sut nn xc nh kch thc v th tch ca m. Tu thuc vo loi nn t m no ta c hai loi hnh thc m. M no t trn nn t c y phng nm ngang (hnh 13-20,d) kch thc y B x L. M no t trn nn gim nh kch thc m ngi ta lm mt y dng bc nghing trc giao vi hng hp lc (hnh 13-20,e). Ti trng tnh ton m no l cc lc dc trc (Ai) ( trnh by trn) chiu ln X = Acos hai phng nm ngang ox v thng ng oy: Y = Asin v p lc t (E), trng lng m (G) .v.v.. Cc lc dc v hng ca chng c tnh vi hai trng hp nhit tng v nhit gim (hnh 13-20,a,b).

187

Hnh 13-20. S v lc tc dng ln m no

a - cc lc dc trc khi nhit tng; b - cc lc dc trc khi nhit gim; c - s tnh vnh ai ng; d - m no trn nn t; e - m no trn nn .

T iu kin cn bng v trt ta xc nh c trng lng ca m no: k ct ( X + E) G Y ,v tnh ra th tch m no: W = G= mo f Trong : k ct l h s an ton chng trt, thng ly k ct 1,5; f - h s ma st gia m no v nn; mo - trng lng ring vt liu lm m. T th tch m ta nh ra c kch thc ngoi c m. i vi m kn, yu cu m phi bc kn ton on ng ch cong, hai on ng thng hai u don ng cong phi chn vo btng m khng nh hn 0,4 m, b dy lp btng bao quanh ng khng nh hn 0,8 ng knh ng. Kch thc y m c chn ng thi phi tho mn iu kn khng pht sinh ng lc ko (tc min > 0 ) nn v hp lc tc dng ln mng c lch tm max 2 ). nh v ng sut nn phn b u n (ngha l t s gia min ng sut nn di m no c tnh theo cng thc nn lch tm sau: 188

Y + G 6e (1 ) [ ] (13-32) BL B Trong : e l lch tm ca hp lc; B, L - b rng v di ca y m no. Sau tin hnh kim tra n nh lt ca m, ly vi im S (hnh 13-20,d). b - Thit k m ng Vic tnh ton v xc nh kch thc ca m v n nh v ng sut cng tng t nh tnh i vi m no. M gnh chiu phn lc hng php tuyn cu trng lng nc v trng lng ng, m cho php ng dch chuyn theo hng trc ng thch nghi vi s do gin ng khi nhit thay i. Khong cc gia hai m lK s b xc nh tho cng thc (13-1). M thng bng btng max M 100# hoc bng xy va M100# (khi ng knh ng D < 0,8 m). =

XIII. 3. NG NG B TNG CT THP XIII. 3. 1. Phn loi cu to v lp t ng ng btng ct thp 1. Phn loi v lp t ng ng btng ct thp cc TT ct nc nh v trung bnh, ng ng b tng ct thp c s dng c khi c li hn l ng ng thp, cc TT kiu sau p vi p lm bng vt liu a phng (nh p t, p ) ng ng t di thn p th ng btng ct thp cng c s dng rng ri. ng btng ct thp c th chia hai loi: ng btng ct thp thng thng: ti hin trng hoc ng c sn. ng c sn c mt ct trn ng knh nh (ng knh thng 2 m tr li), c thnh tng on ng di t 3 n 5 m, cht lng cao v c ch n hin trng lp ghp li, tng nhanh c tc thi cng. ng ti hin trng thng c kch thc ln hn, thng c tit din thng hnh ch nht (thng t di p t ), tng on di 70 - 80 m v t gia v hai u ng v ni cc on li bng cc khp ni. ng btng ct thp thng thng, thng c s dng vi ct nc nh, n 50 m. Tuy nhin khi ng nh th ct nc c th t ti 70 - 80 m, thm ch c th hn. Nhc im chnh ca ng btng ct thp l kt cu dy nn ng nng, kh lp ghp, kh nng chng thm v chng r r kh, bin dng nhit dc ng ln. ng btng ct thp ng sut trc. ng ny c ch to trong nh my, c tnh n hi ln, tnh chng thm cao, trng lng nh, chu p lc cao. Loi ny c tnh nng chu lc cao, gim chiu dy ng, tit kim ct thp lm ng. Ct nc c th t ti 160 m, hin nay c th ch to c ng ng sut trc c ng knh ti 2 m. trnh nt gy ng ng btng ct thp, do trng lng ng qu ln, nn ngi ta khng t ng ln cc m d m t ng ln trn cc m lin tc (m btng hoc nn t ) (hnh 13-21). Cc m c th lm bng xy va xi mng M100# hoc btng hc M150# vi gc bao ng 2 l 900, 1350 hoc 1800. Khi nn l cng, ng c ng knh ln hn 0,6 m th m ng c th lm dng yn nga (nh hnh 13-21,a) hoc t trc tip trn nn qua lp m hnh cung (hnh 13-12,b). Khi nn l t th t ng trn lp m v di lp m phi lt lp gch vn gia c. Khi nn rt tt v ng knh ng nh hn 0,6 m, c th t ng trc tip trn nn cng.

189

Hnh 13-21. Cc kiu t ng v cc hnh thc ni ng

1- vt liu tm nha ng; 2- ng trong; 3- giong cao su; 4- du ng ngoi; 5- dy thng tm nhang; bng chn nc; 7- va xi mng; 8- thnh ng; 9- vt chn nc; 10- bao ti th tm nha ng;11- tm ng hoc kim loi khng r; 12- va nha ng; 13- thnh trong ng; 14- bao ti mn tm nha ng.

ng btng ct thp d nt gy khi nn b ln khng u do vy a cht tuyn t ng phi tt, phi c bin php ngn chn hin tng ln khng u. Cn xy m no nhng ni tuyn ng thay i v ni ng di t trn sn dc. Khi a hnh bng phng, tuyn ng thng th c 150 - 200 m cng t mt m no. Khi nhit mi trng thay i t ngt, ng btng ct thp d pht sinh lc hng trc do nhit , trnh lc ny ngi ta em chn ng di t (hnh 13-21,c) hoc p t ln ng (hnh 13-22). su chn nh ng ti thiu phi l 1 m, ring vng c ng t ti thiu 1,5 m. 2. Cu to ca ng btng ct thp Thnh ng btng ct thp c dy c tnh ton trn c s chu lc v n nh trong giai on thi cng lp ni, phi chng c thm, khng cho php nt. 1 1 Theo kinh nghim th chiu dy c th chn s b theo cng thc: = ( ) D o , 8 10 hoc theo iu kin chng nt khi chu ko trung tm, tnh s b theo cng thc: k n P r o a Fa (13-33) = Rk Trong : kn l h s an ton v iu kin chng nt; r o = D o /2 bn knh trong ca ng; P - p lc nc ti tm mt ct c k nc va (kG/cm2); 190

 a - ng sut tnh ton ca ct thp, thng ly a = 300 kG/cm2; 2 F a - din tch ct thp vng trn 1 m di ng (cm ); 2 R k - ng sut ko cho php ca btng (kG/cm ); V cng thc trn ch mi k p lc nc nn h s kn phi ly ln hn so vi quy phm t 20 - 30% k n nhng lc khc v b dy phi ln hn 10 - 20 cm. Ct thp t trong thnh ng b tng ct thp thng thng, ni chung t hai lp thp, ch tr ng nh ng qu mng mi t mt lp. Ct thp vng chu lc thng dng 6 n 16, khong cch a gia hai vng thp khng ln hn 1,5., mt mt di b tr ti thiu 6 vng, hm lng ct thp khng nh hn 0,4%. Thp dc cu to dng 6 n 10, mi lp ti thiu 6 thanh, khong cch a < 30 cm, hm lng thp khng nh hn 0,2%. Lp bo v khng nh hn 2 cm. Cu to ch ni ng (hnh 13-21): y l ch xung yu nht, v vy cn rt ch trong thit k ln thi cng. Sau y l mt s hnh thc ni: - Hnh thc kiu lng ng (hnh d): dng cho ng c sn, ng knh < 0,6m; - Hnh thc ni bng (hnh 13-21,e,g): dng cho ng ln ti hin trng ; - Hnh thc ni tip kiu ng ni u c vng bao ngoi (hnh 13-21,): dng cho ng c sn, ng knh tng i ln, ct nc cao. Hnh thc ny cu to phc tp nhng hiu qu chng r r nc tt. Chiu rng khe h gia hai u ng ni ly chng 1,5 - 2 cm m bo co gin t do gia hai u on ng ni. XIII. 3.2. Tnh ton kt cu ng btng ct thp Tnh ton kt cu ng btng ct thp n gin hn tnh v ng hm tunel v cc ti trng tc dng ln n d xc nh chnh xc hn i vi tunel. Ph thuc vo iu kin xy dng, iu kin vn hnh ng ng c th tnh vi cc t hp ti trng tc dng ln ng. Thng c ba trng hp tnh ton sau: a - Trng hp vn hnh: gm cc ti trng khi ng ng lm vic bnh thng; b -Trng hp th nghim: gm cc ti trng c th pht sinh trong giai on th nghim ng, lc ny trong ng ng khng c nc, ng cha c lp t; c - Trng hp thi cng - gm nhng ti trng c th xy ra trong giai on thi cng ng, ng b p t v trong ng cha c nc.

191

Hnh 13-22. ng lp t v s ti trng tc dng ln ng.

a- Ct ngang; - ct dc; b - chi tit ni; - mng ghp cao su. 1- ng btng ct thp; 2- nn bng t ct si m cht; 3- t p m cht; 4- t p khng m; 5- thit b tiu nc dc; 6- thot nc ra khi phm vi ng; 7- t st chng thm; 8- ng tm lp ng; 9- mng ghp bng cao su; 10- bi tum; 10- bi tum; 11- rnh vng t mng ghp; 12- ct thp lm vic; 13- ct thp dc.

Cc ti trng tc dng ln ng ng gm c: P o - p lc nc bn trong ng, G c - trng lng bn thn ng, G B - p lc t thng ng; G - p lc dt vm; G - p lc hng ca t p, G o - trng lng nc trong ng (hnh 13-22,e). Vic xc nh ng lc (mmen un M, lc php N) pht sinh trong thnh ng trn , ng ta trn nn nh hnh c gc ta trung tm 900 (hnh 13-22,e) do tng loi ti trng nu trn tc dng ln ng cho bng (13-1).

192

Bng 13-1. Tnh ng lc do cc ti trng gy ra Do lc Gc Go GB G G Po M men un (Tn.m) MA MB 0,0707 G c r 0,123 G c r 0,123 G o r 0,0707 G o r 0,178 G B r 0,141 G B r 0,155 G r 0,076 G r -0,125 G r -0,125 G r Lc php (Tn) NA NB 0,206 G c -0,0616 G c -0,271 G o -0,2210 G o 0,180 G B -0,0350 G B 0.229 G -0,0840 G 0,500 G 0,5000 G - Po r o - Po r o

M -0.0823 G c r -0,0823 G o r -0,145 G B r -0,117 G r 0,125 G r -

N 0,250 G c -0,0686 G o 0,500 G B 0,500 G B - Po r o

Ghi ch: Cc cng thc tnh cc ti trng trong bng 12-1 trn: - Trng lng bn thn ng: G c = 2 r bt h ;
2 ; - Trng lng nc trong ng: G o = r o o - p lc t p thng ng: G B = d h 3 D1 ;

- p lc t p bn hng: G = d H o D1 tg 2 ( 45 ) ; 2 Trong cc cng thc: r o l bn knh trong ca ng (m); r - bn knh vng trn qua tim thnh ng; d - trng lng ring ca t p; o - trng lng ring ca nc; - gc ni ma st ca t p; bt - trng lng ring ca vt liu lm ng; M men mang du (+) khi thnh ng b ko; ng lc php mang du (+) khi chu nn. Cc k hiu khc c m t trn hnh (13-22,e) trang trc. Ngoi ra tu iu kin c th chu ti trng ca ng cn tnh ton b sung cc ng lc do ti khc na (nu c) cho khc cho ph hp thc t chu ti ca ng. Vic tnh ton kt cu btng ct thp xem trong cc ti liu v gio trnh kt cu bttng ct thp.

2 ; - p lc t p vm: G = 0,1075 d D1

193

Chng XIV. NC VA V CH LM VIC KHNG

N NH CA TRM THU IN
XIV. 1. KHI NIM C BN V NC VA V CC CH CHUYN TIP CA TRM THU IN XIV. 1. 1. Hin tng nc va trong ng ng p lc ca Trm thu in Khi ng hoc m ca van hoc c cu hng dng iu chnh lu lng ca turbine ngi ta nhn thy p lc nc trong ng tng gim t ngt, ng ng rung ng v pht ra ting ng d di. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng nc va thu lc. Nguyn nhn vt l ca s tng hay gim p lc do nc va trong ng ng l do qun tnh ca khi nc ang chy trong ng ng. Trong mn hc Thu lc, hin tng ny c trnh by. Chng ny ch i su tnh ton nc va trong ng ng turbine nhm mc ch tnh ton bn v n nh ng ng cng nh cc b phn qua nc ca turbine, tnh ton iu chnh turbine cc ch chuyn tip trong vn hnh t my thu lc. p lc thu ng trong ng c xc nh bi v tr ng o p. ch lm vic n nh, lu lng dng chy ph thuc vo v tr mc nc thng lu, vo vn tc dng chy V v tn tht ct nc htt trn on t ca vo ng p lc n mt ct cn tnh ton. V tr gii hn ca ng o p ch n nh c ch ra hnh (14-1,a): v tr cao nht ng vi MNDBT khi lu lng pht in bng 0, cn v tr thp nht ng vi mc nc MNC v lu lng qua turbine l cc i.

Hnh 14-1. Nc va thu lc trong ng ng p lc. Tr s p lc bn trong pC ti mt ct bt k (C-C) ca ng c biu th qua p chiu cao p lc mt ct nc v c xc nh bi khong cch t trc ng n ng o p, ph thuc vo v tr ng o p v cao trnh mt ct. Ct nc ti C-C l: (14-1) H C = pC + Z C 194

khng ph thuc vo hnh dng mt ct ng. Khi bit H C v hnh dng ca ng , theo (14-1) d dng tm ra p lc thu ng bn trong pC . ch khng n nh, khi thay i lu lng qua ng, v tr tc thi ca ng o p c th thay i ng k so vi v tr dng n nh. Trong iu kin ny lc qun tnh to nn tng hoc gim p lc - l p lc nc va H . Hnh (14-1,) biu th v tr gii hn ca ng o p cc ch dng khng n nh: ng trn l trng hp ng turbine khi gim lu lng; cn ng di l trng hp m turbine tng lu lng. Khi ng turbine, gy ra nc va tng p trong ng ng, cn tnh ton bn ng ng; cn khi m turbine trong ng s sinh nc va gim p, trong mt s iu kin c th ko theo chn khng su trn mt s on ring bit. Ngoi ra nc va thu lc lm thay i ct nc tc dng ln turbine khin cng sut pht ra giao ng trong qu trnh qu iu chnh t my thu lc. iu ny cho thy vic xc nh tr s p lc nc va l giai on rt quan trng i vi vic thit k mi ng ng p lc. lm r nhng yu t chnh ca p lc nc va ngi ta nghin cu dng n gin vi quy c l nc v thnh ng khng b bin dng (tuyt i cng). Xt mt ng ng c chiu di L, ng knh D, mt ct u l A-A nm trc turbine hoc trc ca van; mt ct cui B-B ca ly nc (hnh 14-1,). R rng l mt ct cui B-B l H B s c xc nh ch cao trnh mc nc thng lu, do vy H B = 0 . xc nh H A cn s dng phng trnh ng lng vit cho mt khi cht lng nm gia hai mt ct A-A v B-B: d( mV ) x (14-2) = X dt v khi lng cht lng m bng: m = F L ; g y: F l din tch mt ct Trc x c chn trng vi trc ng ng; chiu trc x ly t mt ct A-A hng v mt ct B-B (hnh 14-1,). Tng hnh chiu cc ngoi lc tc dng ln khi cht lng ln trc x l X bao gm hnh chiu ca p lc thu ng trong mt ct A-A v B-B v lc ma st vi thnh ng (p lc nc trong ng thng gc vi thnh ng nn chiu ln trc x bng 0). Nu b qua lc ma st v trong ng nng lng n c gi tr nh, th: X = ( H B H A ) F = H A F , thay vo (14-2) v rt ngn s c: L dV L dQ (14-3) HA = = g dt gF dt Cng thc (14-3) rt quan trng. N ch ra rng tr s p lc nc va s tng khi tng chiu di ng ng v ph thuc vo gia tc dng nc: dV > 0, H < 0 nc va m; - Khi m turbine: dt dV - Khi ng turbine: < 0, H > 0 nc va dng dt Tun theo cng thc (14-3) th dng biu H A ( t ) theo thi gian ph thuc vo s thay i ca lu lng Q(t). Trn hnh (14-1,b) ch ra hai trng hp:

195

1) khi dQ/dt = const th: L Q HA = , ( T S l thi gian ng turbine) (14-4) gF T s 2) khi dQ/dt thay i th p lc nc va cc i s ln hn trng hp 1), c L Q tnh s b c th nhn: H A (14-5) max = ( 1,2 1,4 ) gF T s Trong Q l thay i lu lng trong thi gian TS. Cng thc trn cng cho thy rng c th gim tr s p lc nc va trong ng khi tng thi gian TS. tnh ton bn ng ng cn phi bit biu phn b p lc nc va dc theo chiu di ng ng. Theo cch lp cng tc (14-3) th ta c th xc nh p lc nc va bt k mt ct no ca ng ng, ch cn thay vo trong chiu di tng ng L C ca oan gia C-C v B-B nh sau: L C dQ ; t (14-5) cng thy rng khi ng ng c mt ct khng i H C = gF dt th p lc nc va H thay i tuyn tnh dc chiu di ng, nh hnh (14-1,). Thng ng ng c tit din thay i nh dn t trn xung (hnh 14-1,c) ta p dng xc nh p lc nc va ti mt ct th i no , ta tnh nc va tng on ri cng dn t trn xung. V d p lc nc va ti mt ct 2-2 nh sau (hnh 14-1,c): L3 L 2 dQ ) + H ( 2) = H 3 + H 2 = ( g F 3 gF2 dt Vit khi qut, cng thc tnh p lc nc va ti mt ct K-K bt k s bng tng p lc gia tng trn tng on k t u ng ng nh hnh (14-1,c) nh sau: 1 dQ k l i H ( k ) = (14-6) g dt i =1 F i Nghin cu thc nghim thy rng quan nim thnh ng v nc khng bin dng ch dng tnh gn ng cho TT c ct nc khng cao, chiu di ng ng tng i ngn v thi gian ng m turbine tng i di. iu kin thc t tnh ton nc va ngi ta s dng quan nim nc va trong ng n hi s ph hp thc t hn, chng ta s xt phn XIV. 2. tip sau. XIV. 1. 2. Cc ch chuyn tip khi iu chnh t my thu lc Khi thit ng ng p lc cn phi tnh n tt c cc dng chuyn tip ny sinh khi t my lm vic. Cc qu trnh nh sau: 1. Khi ng t my: y l qu trnh chuyn tip ca t my ang ch ngh chuyn sang ch bt u nhn ti. Turbine m CCHD t m khng ti aX ln m khi ng am ln hn aX mt t (hnh 14-2,a) mmen ng lc M ca dng nc thng mmen cn do ma st trong cc trc. T my bt u quay nhanh dn v n khi gn t n vng quay nh mc n0 th ng CCHD v li m khng ti aX, ti y mmen M cn bng vi mmen cn ca ma st v vng quay t vng quay nh mc n0, tn s my pht bng tn s li in, my pht ho ng b v ng mch. S thay i p lc thu ng trong qu trnh khi ng khng ln, p lc nc va dng nc va m (xem hnh 14-2,a, quan h H ~ t). 2. Dng my: (hnh 14-2,b). y l qu trnh dng my bnh thng. dng my, CCHD bt u ng dn m, (lc ny lu lng gim dn v trong ng ng xut hin nc va dng H, ct nc tng lm chm qu trnh gim mmen, t my vn ang quay vi vng quay nh mc), n khi gim n m khng ti aX th my 196

pht c ct khi li v tip theo m CCHD ng hon ton, lu lng gim n khng, mmen M lc ny c gi tri m. Vng quay BXCT s gim dn do sc cn ca nc, cho n khi cn li 35 - 40% vng quay nh mc th h thng hm my pht s tc ng v nhanh chng dng t my.

Hnh 14-2. Cc qu trnh chuyn tip ca t my thu lc.

3. iu chnh cng sut: Khi t my lm vic theo yu cu thay i ph ti s tng hoc gim cng sut t Nmax dn Nmin xy ra chm v vng quay t my lun duy tr vng quay nh mc n0. Vng thay i cng sut ca ca turbine tm trc thng t (100 - 50)%, cn turbine cnh quay t (100 - 25)% cng sut nh mc. Hnh (14-2,c) biu th qu trnh tng cng sut. Vic tng cng sut tng ng vi m ban u khi ph ti bng 0, m a0 = aX n m cui cng ac khi t = TS, lc ny lu lng tng nn gy nc va m lm gim ct nuc, lm chm qu trnh tng cng sut (tng ng M), do vy phi n tP turbine mi t cng sut yu cu. Qu trnh gim ti tng t nh qu trnh dng my (hnh 14-2,b), ch khc l qu trnh gim ti th m CCHD l a0 gim xung m aX v t my khng ct khi li in. 4. Ct ti: y l trng hp t my xy ra s c, cc my ct lp tc t ng ct t my khi li in. Lc ny mmen trn trc turbine ln hn mmen cn nhiu v vng quay t my tng nhanh (hnh 14-2,d). My iu tc lp tc ng CCHD, lu lng turbine gim gy nc va dng lm tng ct nc v lm chm qu trnh gim M. Qu trnh ng bt m CCHD vn tip tc v vng quay t my vn tip tc tng cho n khi t cc i, cho n khi M trn trc turbine gim ti 0 m am > aX v sau i du m do sc cn ca nc th s vng quay gim dn. Qu trnh ng vn tip tc v s vng quay gim cho ti khi m CCHD dng hon ton (a0 = 0) nhng vng quay vn ln hn vng quay nh mc n0. Cho n khi vng quay xp x vng quay nh mc th my iu tc s m CCHD v m khng ti v duy tr m ny ch qu trnh ng li t my vo li sau ny. iu quan trng ca qu trnh ct ti l nc va ln nht v s vng quay ln nht khng c vt gi tr cho php.

197

XIV. 2. TNH TON NC VA TRONG NG NG N HI C hai khi nim v nc va c a ra trong tnh ton l: nc va trong ng ng tuyt i cng (nh trnh by trn) v nc va trong ng n hin. XIV. 2. 1. C s l thuyt ca nc va trong ng n hi Tnh tr s p lc nc va theo quan nim thnh ng v nc trong ng khng bin dng theo phng trnh (14-4) v (14-5) th p lc nc va ph thuc vo thi gian ng m turbine TS, nu thi gian TS gim n v cng b th H tin n v cng ln. Trong thc t iu ny khng xy ra, chng ch t n mt tr s gii hn nht nh, c ngha l s bin dng n hi ca vt liu lm ng v nc trong ng c tc dng lm gim tr s ca p lc nc va. Chng ta nghin cu hin tng nc din bin th no trong ng c bin dng n hi vi s n gin nht (hnh 14-3). Gi s lc u vn tc dng chy trong ng l V 0 , ng t ngt turbine, tc dng nc gim mt lng V , gy nn lc qun

Hnh 14-3. nh hng n hi i vi nc va. tnh tng p vi p lc nc va dng H . Tuy nhin khi p lc tng do c tnh bin dng n hi nn cht lng b nn li, cn thnh ng th b gin ra to ra mt th tch ph cha cht lng pha trc chy n. Lng nc ny chy vo on ng b gin n th vn tc gim nh v p lc ca n tng ln v lm cho on ng tip gip n cng gin ra. Nh vy s thay i vn tc v p lc cc tit din k tip tit din A ch c th xut hin sau mt thi gian nht nh, to nn s lan truyn sng p lc t A-A ngc ln thng lu vi vn tc truyn sng c h hn . Nh vy khc vi ng v nc khng bin dng (ng tuyt i cng) , ng n hi khi vn tc cui ng thay i th vn tc v p lc nc trong ton b ng ng khng ng thi thay i tc th m c s bin i dy chuyn, di dng truyn sng dc ng. 1. Phng trnh c bn ca nc va trong ng n hi Xc nh tr s p lc nc va trong ng n hi khi thay i tc thi vn tc dng chy trong ng mt lng V tt, hai mt ct B-B v C-C cch nhau mt on dx (hnh 14-3). u thi on sng nc va H B-B, qua thi gian dt giy truyn n mt ct C-C vi qung ng dx = c.dt, khi cht lng m = (/g)Fdx, hnh chiu ca ngoi lc trn trc x l X = H F . Dng phng trnh ng lng (14-2) ta c: Vtt F c dt = H F , rt gn ta c: g dt c Vtt (14-7) H = g tt ly du (+) khi gim vn tc, du (-) khi tng vn tc. 198

Phng trnh (14-7) l phng trnh c bn tnh ton nc va cho ng n hi khi thay i vn tc tc thi, cho tr s c kh nng v gii hn ca p lc nc va, do nh bc hc Nga N.E. Jucpski tm ra, cn gi l phng nc va trc tip. Trong khng c mt chiu di ng. Tc truyn sng n hi ca nc va c c vai tr ln v c xc nh theo cng thc l thuyt sau: 1425 c= (14-8) E nuoc 1+ KF y: 1245 l tc truyn m trong nc, m/s; Enuoc l m duyn n hi ca nc, bng 2.104 kG/cm2; KF l h s bin dng ca din tch mt ct ng khi p lc bn trong p Et thay i, kG/cm2 i vi ng thp ng kinh D, dy th : K F = (m dyun D n hi ca thp l: Et = 2. 106 kG/cm2). i vi ng btng ct thp khng nt c th E bt ( 1 + 9,5 ) (mdyun n hi ca btng ly trung bnh Ebt tnh gn ng: K F = D = 2.105 kG/cm2, l chiu dy ng, l h s t ct thp vng, bng 0,015 - 0,05). Kinh nghim cho thy: i vi thp c = 750 - 1200 m/s; i vi ng btng ct thp c = 900 - 1100 m/s; ng g c = 70 - 700 m/s. 2. Nc va khi vn tc trong ng p lc thay i t t Trong thc t iu chnh turbine khng th thay i vn tc mt cch tc thi m trong thi gian nht nh, thi gian ng m hon ton k hiu l TS.Ta hy xt xem vi thi gian TS ta ng m dn dn turbine theo tng nc, mi khong thi gian t tng ng vi lng vn tc V. Trong tng thi gian t c th xem thay i V l tc thi, lin kt ton b qu trnh ng m ta c kt qu gn ng ca qu trnh ng m. Hnh (14-4) biu din qu trnh din bin nc va trn ng ng khi V = V(t).

Hnh 14-4. S truyn sng nc va khi ng t t turbine. - ng turbine thay i vn tc mt lng V1 tng ng tng p lc nc H1

199

c V1 ; trong khong thi gian t 1 sng H1 s truyn g ngc ln pha h, (s p lc nc va biu th giai on t 1 bng vng trn c ghi k hiu 1). Cui thi on t 1 sng H1 i c qung ng x 1 = c. t 1 ; - ng tip thay i vn tc u thi on t 2 mt lng V2, tng ng c V 2 v bt u truyn t A-A v pha h, ng thi thi pht sinh sng H 2 = g on ny sng H1 vn truyn tip v pha h, v cui t 2 sng H2 i c mt qung x 2 = c.( t 2 - t 1 ), cn sng H1 i c qung ng c. t 2 (trn s hnh 14-4, ta biu th giai on t 2 bng vng trn ghi k hiu 2 bn trong); - Cui t 2 (tc u thi on t 3 ) li ng tip lng V3, tng ng ph sinh c V3 . Sng H3 truyn t A-A v pha h, ng thi sng H2 tip nc va H 3 = g tc truyn v gn h, cn sng H1 n h v t h phn x v pha A-A (trn s ta biu th giai on t 3 bng vng trn ghi k hiu 3 bn trong); V qu trnh truyn sng (t A v B) v phn sng (t B v A) c tip din cho n khi turbine ng hon ton ti thi im hp TS. Ti thi im ny ti cc mt ct c p lc nc va nh sau: 2L Trng hp 1 ( thi gian ng m ngn hn mt pha: TS = tf ) : c c c Ti A-A: H A max = ( V1 + V 2 + V3 + ...) = V o max (*) g g So snh (*) vi (14-7) ta thy : mc d vn tc ti A-A khng thay i tc th t vn tc ban u bng V0max n vn tc cui bng 0, nhng nu thi gian ng m TS nh hn hoc bng thi gian mt pha nc va th tr s p lc nc va ti s ging nh trng hp thay i vn tc tc thi (tnh theo 14-7), tc l nc va trc tip. 2L Trng hp 2 ( thi gian ng m lu hn mt pha: TS > = tf ) : c Trng hp ny l turbine ng hon ton nhng c t nht mt sng phn x u tin v n A-A v xo bt p lc nc va , lc ny ti A-A c: c c (**) H A V max = ( V1 + V 2 + V3 V1 ...) < g o max g c ngha l p lc nc va ln nht nh hn p lc nc va trc tip, tr s ca n khng ch ph thuc tc truyn sng c , vn tc ban u (khi t =0), vn tc cui (khi t = TS) m cn ph thuc vo thi gian v quy lut ng m turbine. l nc va gin tip.. Nc va gin tip rt phc tp, tuy nhin tr s p lc nc va nh hn nc va trc tip, do vy trong thc t ch cho php xy ra nc va gin tip , m ta s nghin cu sau y. 3. Phng trnh sng nc va gin tip (phng trnh mc xch) a. Phng trnh sng nc va gin tip, tr s tuyt i Ta bit sng nc va gin tip l kt qu trc dng tng cng ca sng di chuyn t im gy sng dc theo trc x (sng thun) v sng di chuyn ngc chiu trc x v li im gy sng (sng nghch). Do vy ta xt hai trng hp sng ny.

theo cng thc (14-7): H1 =

200

* Xt trng hp sng nghch t B n A (hnh 14-5,a):

Hnh 14-5. S thnh lp phng trnh dy chuyn sng nc va. Mt ct A-A nm v pha turbine, mt ct B-B nm v pha h, cch nhau mt on l. p lc nc va u thi on l ng (1) cao hn p lc nc va cui thi on - ng (2) v y l trng hp sng nghch, tr s p lc nc va gim i. u B A B thi on vn tc v tr s p lc nc va ti A-A l V A t , H t , ti B-B c V t , H t .
A Cui thi on vn tc v p lc nc va ti A-A l V A t + l / c , H t + l / c , ti B-B l s l: B VB t + l / c , H t + l / c . Nh vy ti mi mt ct c s thay i tr s p lc nc va nh sau: c A A A Ti A-A: H A (*) t + l / c H t = ( V t V t + l / c ) g c B B B (**) Ti B-B: H B t + l / c H t = ( V t V t + l / c ) g Trong hai cng thc trn u v phi c du tr v y l sng nghch. Nu b A qua tn tht ma st th nc va truyn i khng b bin dng nn: H B t = H t + l / c v

A VB t = V t + l / c . Bin i v cng hai cng thc (*) v (**) vi nhau v sp li ta c: c B B A (14-9) H A t H t + l / c = ( V t Vt + l / c ) g Phng trnh (14-9) l phng trnh truyn sng nghch t B-B v A-A. *. Xt trng hp sng thun t A n B (hnh 14-5,b): Hnh (14-5,b) l s xc nh phng trnh dy chuyn sng nc va thun. Trn s ny ng (1) nm thp hn dng (2) v y l sng thun tng p. Cc k hiu v din gii thnh lp cng thc tng t trng hp sng nghch, ch khc ngc chiu. Cng c s thay i p lc nc va ti mi mt ct A v B nh sau: c A A A Ti A-A: H A (*') ( Vt Vt t + l / c H t = +l/c ) g c B B (**') Ti B-B: H B ( VB t + l / c H t = t V t +l/c ) g Trong hai cng thc trn u v phi c du cng v y l sng thun. Cng b B qua tn tht ma st th nc va truyn i khng b bin dng nn: H A t = H t + l / c v

201

B VA t = V t + l / c . Bin i v cng hai cng thc (*') v (**') vi nhau v sp li ta c phng trnh truyn sng thun (14-10) t A-A v B-B nh sau: c A A (14-10) H B ( VB t Vt + l / c ) t H t + l / c = g b. Phng trnh sng nc va gin tip, tr s tng i tin tnh ton ngi ta a tr s nc va tuyt i (14-9) v (14-10) v tr s nc va tng i (khng th nguyn) bng cch sau y: H gi l tr s p lc nc va tng i; H 0 ct nc tnh chainh nc va; t = H0 V Q v= = = q l vn tc v lu lng tng i; Q max V max

c Q max c V max = l h s qun tnh ng ng. 2g H 0 F 2g H 0 Chia hai v ca cc phng trnh (14-9) v (14-10) cho H 0 v v phi nhn vi V t s max , cui cng theo cch t cc i lng khng th nguyn trn ta c phng V max trnh truyn sng nc va gin tip tr s tng i cho hai trng hp sng trn sau: - Phng trnh truyn sng nghch t B v A: B B A (14-11) A t t + l / c = 2 ( v t v t + l / c ) - Phng trnh truyn sng thun t A v B: A B A (14-12) B t t + l / c = 2 ( v t v t + l / c ) p dng tng qut cho qu trnh truyn sng dy chuyn trn ng ng, k hiu na pha nc va l = l/c. Vy ta c h phng trnh truyn sng dy chuyn nc va gin tip, sau y vit cho t = n bt k ( vi n = 0, 1, 2, .., ...): B A B Truyn sng nghch: A (14-13) n ( n +1) = 2 ( v n v ( n +1) ) =
A A B Truyn sng thun : B n ( n +1) = 2 ( v n v ( n +1) ) (14-14) Cc phng trnh (14-13) v (14-14) gi l phng trnh truyn sng, hoc phng trnh mc xch v da vo ch ta c th xc c tr s p lc nc va cc na pha k tip nhau khi bit cc iu kin bin v iu kin ban u.

XIV. 2. 2. Tnh ton nc va bng phng php gii tch C th dng phng trnh truyn sng nc va tuyt i hoc tng i kt hp vi cc iu kin bin hoc iu kin ban u tnh p lc nc va. y trnh by cch s dng cc h phng trnh truyn sng tng i (14-13) v (14-14) tnh vi hai phng php: gii tch v gii. Tit ny ta dng phng php gii tch gii. 1. iu kin bin v iu kin ban u gii bi ton nc va bng phng php gii tch trc ht ta xc nh cc iu kin bin v iu kin ban u hai mt ct A-A v B-B ca ng ng. - Ti mt ct B-B , ni tip xc vi b p lc hoc h cha c kch thc ln ti y giao ng mt nc gn nh khng i do vy coi nh khng c p lc nc va ngha l: B n = 0 ;

202

- Ti mt ct A-A trc turbine: mun tm chnh xc iu kin bin ti y cn nghin cu ch ng m c cu hng dng hay van kim theo thi gian: * i vi turbine xung kch, quy lut ng m theo quan h

QA =

2gH A , vy vn tc tng i ti A-A cui pha th nht s l:

A 1 + A 2 = 1 1 + 1

QA 2 2g ( H 0 + H A 2 ) 2 A = = 2 v 2 = Q max max 2g H 0

V tng t ta c iu kin bin A-A cui pha th n bt k s l: QA 2n A A = 2n 1 + A v 2n = 2n = n 1 + n , hay: Q max

vA n = n 1 + A n

(14-15)

Trong : v A n - vn tc tng i ti A-A cui pha th n;

A n - p lc nc va tng i ti A-A cui pha th n.

n - m tng i ca van kim cui pha th n. * i vi turbine phn kch: quy lut ng m cui pha n s l:
' A 2 Q12n D1 H 0 + H 2n = = , lu lng qua turbine trong qu trnh ' 2 Q max Q1 max D1 H 0 chuyn tip rt phc tp, phi da vo ng c tnh ca turbine xc nh cc lu ' lng dn xut Q1 tng ng vi cc m CCHD a o ng vi cc ct nc c th

vA 2n

QA 2n

' c th). gii bng gii tch mt cch rt gn ng, nh khoa hc ngi (hay n1 ' Lvi a ra gi thit rng: s thay i lu lng quy dn Q1 t l vi m cnh

hng dng a o , ngha l:

' Q12n

Q 'max

a 0 2n a 0 max

= 2n = n (*); trong n l m tng

i c cu hng dng cui pha th n. Vy cng thc (*) c th dng sau y ca iu kin bin ti A-A cui pha th n tr v cng thc (14-15) trn:
A (14-15) vA n = n 1 + n - iu kin ban u: ti thi im t = 0 cha xy ra nc va, do vy cc c trng H, Q ti cc tit din ng u ch n nh, nu b qua tn tht thu lc th A B A = v B . Mt khc khi = 0 v v 0 ng o p nm ngang, c ngha l H = 0 nn 0 0

sng truyn n st B-B vi thi gian rt gn t = L/c th coi nh v B t cha kp thay i, A = vB = vB . do vy c th coi nh v 0 t 0 2. Phng php gii tch cho ng ng n gin ng ng n gin l ng ng c ng knh, b dy v vt liu lm ng khng i sut chiu di ng ng v khng r nhnh. Ta dng cc h phng trnh mc xch (14-3) v (14-4) v cc iu kin ban u v iu kin bin (14-15) gii ln lt xc nh p lc nc va tng i ti mt ct A-A cui ng ng cui cc pha:

203

A A A 1 = A 2 , 2 = 4 , 3 = 6 , ..., n = 2n khi bit ch ng m ca van kim ( t ) hoc m cnh hng dng a 0 ( t ) (hnh 14-6).

Hnh 14-6. Ch ng m tng i cnh hng nc.

a. Xc nh p lc nc va tng i cui pha th nht (n = 1) 1 = A 2 :

Vit phng trnh truyn sng thun t A n B (phng trnh 14-3): B A B vA ) 2 = 2 ( v (*) 2
B = 0 v iu kin bin ti A-A ta c Da vo iu kin bin ti B-B ta c
A A B A vA 2 = 2 1 + 2 ; d iu kin ban u ti B ta c v = v 0 = 0 1 + 0 = 0 , A vy thay chng vo (*) ta c: A 2 = 2 ( 0 2 1 + 2 ) v dng k hiu theo cui

pha rt ra phng trnh xc nh nghim p lc nc va tng i cui pha th nht: 1 (14-16) 1 1 + 1 = 0 2 b. Xc nh p lc nc va tng i cui pha th n - Tm p lc nc va cui pha th hai (n = 2) 2 = A 4 : ta vit phng trnh sng thun t A n B ta c:
B A B A 3 4 = 2 ( v 3 v 4 ) , da iu kin bin ti B B A B A v A ta c: 3 = 0 v v 4 = 4 1 + 4 . Cn tm thm v 3 vit phng trnh B B A B truyn sng ngc t B n A ta c: A 2 3 = 2 ( v 2 v 3 ) . Vi 3 = 0 v
A B iu kin bin ti A c: v A 2 = 2 1 + 2 , thay vo v rt ra v 3 ta c nghim: 2 1 (14-17) 2 1 + 2 = 0 2 - Mt cch tng ta tin hnh xc nh nghim cho cc pha th 3, 4, ... Ta c cng thc nghim tng qut cho cui pha th n ( n = A 2n ) bt k:

n 1 n 1 (14-18) n 1 + n = 0 2 i =1 i c. Nc va pha th nht v pha gii hn Trong tnh ton v lp t ng ng p lc vn ngi ta quan tm l xc nh c tr s p lc nc va dng ln nht tnh ton bn ng ng v tr s 204

p lc nc va m nh nht kim tra v tr t ng trnh xut hin chn khng trong ng.V vy y chng ta xem xt vn thit thc ny. Qua thc t tnh ton v vn hnh ng ng p lc ca TT ngi ta thy p lc nc va ln nht max ri vo mt trong hai trng hp: ri vo cui pha th nht, tc l max = 1 (hnh 14-7,a) hoc ri vo pha cui cng, gi l pha gii hn, tc max = m (hnh 14-7,b). Sau y chng ta i xc nh cc tr s nc va hai pha ny.
Nc va pha th nht max = 1 Khi ng m van hay cnh hng dng, p lc nc va t tr s ln nht ngay cui pha th nht, cc pha tip theo c tr s nh hn. Do vy ta ch cn tnh ton tr s nc va cui pha ny. T phng trnh nghim cui pha th nht (14-16) bnh phng 2 2 2 2 2 2 (*) v v gii ra ta c nghim: 1 = 2 ( 0 + 1 ) ( 0 + 1 ) ( 0 1 ) Cn chn du ca nghim ca (*). Nu chn nghim c du (+) trong (*) th nu ng turbine t m tng i ban u 0 = 1 (y ti) n ng ton b ( 1 = 0 ) th c V max H max 1 > 2 0 = 2 = = = max iu ny v l. Do vy nghim s l: g H0 H0
2) ( + 2) 2 ( 2 2) 1 = 2 ( + 1 (14-19) 0 1 0 1 0 Nc va pha th nht thng xy ra TT c ct nc cao (thng H 150 - 250 m).

Hnh 14-7. S nc va pha th nht v pha gii hn.

Nc va pha gii hn max = m Trong qu trnh ng m turbine , p lc nc va tng dn v t ga tr ln nht vo pha cui max (hnh 14-7,b), tc l max = m , gi l nc va pha gii hn.

thnh lp cng thc tnh p lc nc va pha gii hn ta dng nghim (14-18) vit cho pha th (m -1) v pha m nh sau: m 1 1 m 2 (*) m 1 1 + m 1 = 0 i =1 i 2
205

 m 1 m 1 (**) m 1 + m = 0 2 i =1 i T hnh (14-7,b) ta thy c th coi m 1 m v ly hai v tng ng ca (*) v (**)

1 tr cho nhau ta c: ( m m 1 ) 1 + m = m . Coi qu trnh ng m theo quy

lut tuyn tnh th chnh m tng i = m 1 m = ra

2L tf = t y suy Ts c Ts

1 + m = m = 1 + m = m (***). 2L c Q max L V max = y = . = l h s c trng qun tnh ng c T s 2gF H 0 g H 0 T s ng. Gii phng trnh (***) ta c p lc nc va gii hn: m = ( 2 + 4 ) (14-20) 2 Trong cng thc trn, du (+) tng ng vi ng, du (-) tng ng vi m turbine. Nc va pha gii hn thng xy ra TT c ct nuc thp. Phn on pha nc va xc nh p lc nc va ln nht ta dng hai cng thc (14-19) v (14-20) tnh ra, sau ly tr s ln hn trong hai cng thc. Tuy nhin gim khi lng tnh ton ta c th thnh lp cng thc gn ng cho hai pha trn ri so snh chng tm ra tiu chun phn on nc va ri vo pha no ri dng cng thc thch hp tnh. Khi tnh ton gn ng coi 1 + 1 + theo khai trin gn ng Taylo, vy 2 cng thc nghim nc va cui pha th nht (14-16) l: 1 1 1 1 1 ) = 0 ( 1 + ) = 0 1 = 1 ( 1 + 1 1 + 1 = 0 2 2 2 2 2 . 2 2 1 = = = (14-21) 1 + 1 ( 0 ) + 1 1 + 0 Cng tng t gn ng cho nc va pha gii hn ta c: 2 m = (14-22) 2 - iu kin xy ra nc va l pha th nht khi: 1 > m hay 0 < 1 ;

- iu kin xy ra nc va l pha gii hn khi: 1 < m hay 0 > 1 . Nh vy xc nh p lc nc va ln nht, trc tin ta dng cc cng thc trn phn on pha, nu ri vo pha th nht th dng cng thc (14-19) tnh cn nu ri vo pha gii hn th dng cng thc (14-20) tnh. Ch rng: cc cng thc tnh trn ph hp vi turbine xung kch, tuy nhin i vi turbine phn kch, quy lut ng m phc tp gia m v lu lng khng theo quy lut tuyn tnh. Do vy tnh ton trn ch l gn ng, tnh ng xin xem phn tnh theo phng php gii. Trong phng php gii tch, nh khoa hc ngi Nga G.I. Kriptrenko a thm vo cc cng thc (14-21) v (14-22) h s hiu chnh cp n quy lut ng m ca turbine phn kch nh sau:
206

2 (14-21') 1 + 2b ( 0 ) 2 m = (14-22') 2 b Trong , h s hiu chnh b ly nh sau: .Trng hp ng turbine: b = 0,7 - ( nS/1000); .Trng hp m turbine: b + 1,1 - (nS/600). 3. Tnh ton nc va trong ng phc tp Ph trn chng ta xt phng php tnh ton p lc nc va trong ng ng n gin, trong cc c trng ca nc va l c, , khng thay i theo chiu di ng v ng khng c r nhnh, trong thc t thu in khi chiu di ng ng di, ct nc cao cn phi thay i ng knh, chiu dy thnh ng, thm ch vt liu lm ng v cui ng ng li phn nhnh vo cc t my ... vi mc ch v kinh t. ng ng phc tp l ng c cc c trng nc va v kch thc thay i theo tng on ng. Trong thc t thng c hai dng ng phc tp hay gp sau: - ng ng c ng knh gim dn t trn xung, khng r nhnh; - ng ng c ng knh gim dn t trn xung v cr nhnh. Vic tnh ton chnh xc loi ng ng ny rt phc tp, phng php gii tch thng ta a v ng ng n gin tng ng c cc c trng trung bnh c , V , , , ...v vn da vo cc cng thc ng n tnh gn ng.
1 =

Hnh 14-8. S tnh nc va ng phc tp v v biu p lc nc va dc ng. * Trng hp 1: ng ng c chiu dy , ng knh D v vt liu lm ng thay i theo chiu di ng, khng r nhnh (hnh 14-8,a) c n on ng nh hnh. Ta a v ng n gin tng ng c cc c trng sau:

207

c V max i =1 i =1 = ; ; ; = i =1 ; c = tf = n L n c 2g H 0 g H0 T s Li i i =1 c i i =1 C cc c trng trung bnh trn thay vo cc cng thc ca ng n ta s tnh ra p lc nc va ca ng ng phc tp cn tm. * Trng hp 2:ng c r nhnh (hnh 14-8,a'): tnh p lc nc va trong ng c r nhnh v ng khng r nhnh c c tnh thay i, gi nguyn cc on ng chnh v ct b on ng nhnh ct, cc nhnh song song thay bng mt on ng duy nht. Ghp cc on ng nhnh li trn c sbo ton chiu di v tng din tch ng nhnh, bo ton tc truyn sng c trn cc nhnh. V d trn (hnh 14-8,a') cn xc nh p lc nc va khi thay i m turbine s 1 v 2 khi turbine s 3 ng hon ton ( ng nhnh s 3 l nhnh ct) th s tnh ton chuyn thnh trng hp 1, nhng y on ng nhnh tng ng c chiu di L1 v din tch 2F1, tc truyn sng c = c1 (vi hai ng nhnh nh nhau). Sau ta tnh nh trnh by trng hp 1. 4. V biu p lc nc va dc theo tuyn ng Mc ch ca vic v biu p lc nc va (+) ln nht l xc nh p lc nc (bao gm ct nc tnh cng vi p lc nc va) ti cc mt ct ng. Do vy mc nc h hoc b p lc phi ly MNDBT v khng tr tn tht ct nc (hnh 148,b). Mc ch v biu p lc nc va m l kim tra xem biu ny c ch no chm vo ng (tc ch y c chn khng trong ng). Nu chm th tt nht l h chiu cao ng xung di biu hoc x l bng ai cng bo m n nh thnh ng. Do vy mc nc h hoc mc nc trong b p lc ly MNC v c tr tn tht ct nc (hnh 14-8,b). v biu p lc nc va dc ng ta tri ng ng theo chiu di. Ti mt ct cui ng (A-A) ta tnh tr s nc va dng + H A v nc va m H A , cn ti mt ct B-B st h H B = 0 . Coi nh p lc nc va dc ng phn b theo quy lut ng thng, ta ni hai u ta c biu phn b p lc nc va tri dc theo ng. C tr s p lc ti cc v tr t ln mt ct C-C, A-A, B-B ta c biu p lc nc va dc ng (hnh 14-8,b). Trng hp c bung iu p ta cng lm tng t v th hin biu p lc nc va nh (hnh 14-8,). Ch rng thc t s phn b p lc nc va dc ng ph thuc vo c tnh ng ng v m ban u ca CCHD hay van kim, do vy thc t coi phn b p lc theo ng thng l gn ng. Thc t, nu trng thi nc va l pha th nht th quy lut phn b p lc nc va dc ng l ng cong lm, cn trng thi pha gii hn th li gn ng thng, nh ng cong nt t trn (hnh 14-8,). V max =
i =1

V i max . L i

Li

L i . V max

2 Li

XIV. 2. 3. Tnh ton nc va bng phng php gii Nh trn thy phng php gii tch ch ph hp vi turbine xung kch m khng thch hp y i vi turbine phn kch, bi l turbine phn kch lu lng qua turbine trong qu trnh chuyn tip rt phc tp, n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh c tnh m a 0 ca cnh hng dng, ph thuc vo vng quay, vo gc xoay trong turbine cnh quay ..v.v... Nhng yu t ny khng th hin c bng ton hc m bng ng c tnh tng hp chnh - xy dng trn c s th nghim. Ngoi ra, dng phng

208

php gii khng nhng xc nh c tr s p lc nc va ln nht m cn c th v c s p lc nc va bt c tit din no trn ng ng n ln ng phc tp. Nh kh nng a nng ca n nn phng php gii c s dng ph bin. Sau y trnh by ni dung tnh ton ca phng ny. tnh ton gii ta vn s dng cc h phng trnh nc va mc xch tng i (14-13) v (14-14), vn s dng iu kin ban u B n = 0 , cn xy dng li iu kin bin ti A-A cho ph hp vi turbine phn kch. 1. Chn to trng v biu din cc nhm phng trnh mc xch Cn c vo nhm phng trnh truyn sng nghch (14-13) v thun (14-14): B A B (14-13) A n ( n +1) = 2 ( v n v ( n +1) )
A A B (14-14) B n ( n +1) = 2 ( v n v ( n +1) ) biu th quan h gia v v , do vy ta chn h trc to trng nh hnh (14-9):

Hnh 14-9. Biu din phng trnh mc xch trn h trc ~ v. Nhn thy mi nhm phng trnh u l ng thng i qua hai im c to A ( v A , A ) v B ( v B , B ) . Nhm phng trnh sng nghch (14-13) l ng thng lm vi trc honh mt gc (c tg = 2); nhm phng trnh sng thun (14-14) l ng thng lm vi trc honh mt gc c tg = - 2. Do vy khi gii, nu bit mt im trn ng c th da vo iu kin ban u hay bin na l c th xc nh c im kia. Trc ht ta cn biu din iu kin bin ti A-A l m tng i a F = f ( v , ) trn h to , trong = (tbin phn kch) hay = (tb. go) a max F max 2. Biu din cc ng ng m = f ( v , ) trn h trc a. ng ng m v cho turbine xung kch: Theo iu kin bin ti A: cng thc (14-15): v = 1 + . v cc ng ng = f ( v , ) , ta nh trc cc gi tr = 0 - 0,2 - 0,4 - 0,6 - 0,8 -1. Mi m ta gi thit cc gi tr v dng cng thc (14-15) tnh ra tng ng cc v. Nh vy vi

209

mi m ta v c mt ng = f ( v , ) (hnh 14-9,b). Ch rng cc ng u i qua im c to (0, -1) v vi cc nhng khi = -1 th v = 0. Cn vi = 1 khi v = 1 th = 0 nn ng = 1 i qua im c to (1, 0).

b. ng ng m v cho turbine phn kch: v cc ng ng m = f ( v , ) cho turbine phn kch ta s dng

' sang trc v trc Q ' sang v ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca turbine. i trc n1 1 qua lp bng 14-1 sau y: Bng 14-1. Tnh ton v cc ng ng = f ( v , ) = a / a max 1 0,2 ... a = a max ' ' ' ... . . . . . . . . . ... ... n10 n10 n10 ' n1
' n10 = ' 1 n1 2

' Q1

' Q10

' Q10

' Q10

v=

' Q1 ' Q10

1 +

' sang : t cng thc n ' = Tnh chuyn i t n1 1 ' = cha c nc va th n10

n D1 H

n D1 (1 + ) H 0

(*); khi

n D1 H0

(**) . Khai trin (*) v (**) hai v ca chng u

2 '

bng ( n D1) 2 , cn bng hai cng thc v rt ra cng thc chuyn i: = n10 1 ; '
n1

Tnh chuyn i t

' Q1 sang

v: T cng thc quy dn ca turbine

' 2 ' 2 Q = Q1 D1 (1 + )H 0 ; lu lng ln nht nhng cha c nc va D1 H = Q1 ' Q1 Q ' 2 Q 1 + , rt ra cng thc chuyn: v = ' Q max = 10 D1 H 0 . Lp t s v = Q max Q10

' Q1 ' 2 n10 T hai cng thc chuyn i = 1 v v = ' ' Q10 n1

1 + ta tin hnh tnh

ton bng (14-1) nh sau theo cc bc sau: - Dng 1: nh cc m tng i: = 1 - 0,8 - 0,6 - 0,4 - 0,2 - ... - C m cnh hng dng ln nht a max trn ng c tnh turbine, tnh ra m a theo cng thc ghi trong bng (dng 2);
210

' (dng 3) v tra c cc Q ' tng ng (hnh 14-10,a), ghi - nh cc tr s n1 1 vo dng 5; tnh ra cc tng ng (ghi vo dng 4); tng ng tnh ra cc v (dng 6).

Hnh 14-10. Tra ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca turbine. T kt qu tnh bng (14-1) cc cp v, ng vi tng m a. V c cc ng ng m = f ( v , ) trn h trc i vi turbine phn kch (hnh 14-10,b). 3. gii i vi ng n gin a. gii trng hp gim ti Trc tin ta ly trng hp gim ti t y ti n ng ton b turbine xt (t 0 = 1 n c = 0 )

Hnh 14-11. gii khi t y ti n ng ton b.

211

- Trc tin nh ra quy lut ng turbine = f ( t ) , t quy lut ny tin hnh v cc ng ng m = f ( v , ) vi cc 0 = 1 , 2t , 4t , 6t = 0 nh hnh (14-11). - Tnh tg = 2 v v tam gic cn c hai gc ln bn cnh h trc to ~ v (hnh 14-11). - Da vo iu kin bin v ban u xc nh cc im: ti thi im t i A s c to im A i ( v i , i ) , ti B cng c to im B i ( v i , i ) , nh vy tng thi im ta bit c tr s p lc nc va tng i i ng vi v i . Xc nh cc iu kin bin, iu kin ban u trc khi gii. Ti u thi on t = 0, lc ny cha xy A = v B = 1 vy hai im A ( 1 , 0 ) B ( 1 , 0 ) , sau na pha t = l/c ra nc va nn v 0 0 0 0 sng truyn t A n B v v cui thi im t= l/c nc va mi ti gn B nn vn tc ti A B cha i nn v B t = v 0 = 1 . Do vy ba im A 0 ( 1 , 0 ) B 0 ( 1 , 0 ) B t ( 1 , 0 ) . Vy ta xc nh c ba im trn h trc ~ v. p dng cc phng trnh truyn sng mc xch (14-13) v (14-14) cng vi cc iu kin bin c th gii nh sau: + xc nh p lc nc va cui pha th nht ti A ( A 2t ) tc l tm im
A A 2t ( v A 2t , 2t ) ta vit phng trnh truyn sng thun t A n B sau: A A B B t 2t = 2 ( v t v 2t ) .

B Phng trnh ny l ng thng i qua im B t ( v B t , t ) bit v lm vi trc honh A mt gc v im A 2t ( v A 2t , 2t ) cn tm. im A 2t li thuc iu kin bin ti A l B 2t . Vy im A 2t l giao dim ca ng thng i qua B t ( v B t , t ) v ng 2t . B , B ) , vit phng trnh sng nghch t B n A: + Xc nh im B3t ( v 3t 3t B A B A 2t 3t = 2 ( v 2t v 3t ) im B 3t nm trn ng thng i qua im A 2t v lm vi trc honh mt gc v nm trn trc honh (v B = 0 ). Vy t A 2t k ng thng trn v ct trc honh ta c im B 3t cn xc nh. + Cng bng cch ny ta tip tc xc nh c cc im A 4 t , B5t , A 6 t , B 7 t , ... Nu khng k tn tht th cc im c giao ng , tuy nhin do c tn tht nn chng s tt dn quanh gc to . Ni cc im A ti ta c ng biu din p lc nc va dng ti mt ct A-A. Nhn xt chung: * T biu ta thy Sau khi ng kn turbine trong ng c pht sinh nc va m, c kh nng sinh chn khng lm bp ng ng. * Phng php gii cn c kh nng xc nh p lc nc va ti mt mt ct bt k ca ng ng. Ta hy ly v d xc nh p lc nc va mt ct D-D nm gia ng ng. V D-D gia ng nn thi gian truyn sng t A n D v t D n B u l 0,5t. Ta tin hnh gii xc nh p lc nc va ti D nh sau: u thi on ta cng c im D 0 ( 1 , 0 ) ; thi im 0,5t cng c D 0,5t ( 1 , 0 ) .

Vy cc im D 0 D 0 ,5t B t A 0 B 0 ta t chng ln h trc (hnh 14-11). Tin hnh gii nh sau:

212

+ Tm im A t , n l giao im ca ca phng trnh sau:

D A D A 0 ,5t t = 2 ( v 0 ,5t v t ) v iu kin bin t . T D0,5t k ng thng ny (nt t) gp t c A t . + Tm im D1,5t , n l giao im ca hai ng : D A D A t 1,5t = 2 ( v t v1,5t ) D B D B t 1,5t = 2 ( v t v1,5t ) , c im D1,5t A t + Tm im B 2t , n l giao im ca dng: D D B 1,5t B 2t = 2 ( v1,5t v 2t ) v trc honh. + Tm im D 2,5t , n l giao im ca hai ng sau: D A D A 2t 2,5t = 2 ( v 2t v 2,5t ) D B D B 2t 2,5t = 2 ( v 2t v 2,5t ) + Tm im A 3t , n l giao im ca ng: A D A D 2,5t 3t = 2 ( v 2,5t v 3t ) v iu kin bin 3t . + Tip tc nh trn ta tm c cc im D 3,5t , B 4 t , D 4 ,5t , A 5t , ... Ni cc

im D li vi nhau (ng nt t) ta c ng biu din p lc nc va dng ti mt ct D-D. Tm cc im trn theo trnh t truyn sng nc va sau: D 0 D 0,5t A t D1,5t B 2t D 2,5t A 3t D 3,5t ... * Ch trn ta va xt cch gii cho trng hp ng t y ti n ng ton b, t suy ra cc trng hp ng sua y: - ng t y ti ( 0 = 1 ) n m cui no ( c > 0 ) (hnh 14-12,a) ; - ng t cha y ti ( 0 < 1 ) n ng hon ton ( c = 0 ) (hnh 14-12,b); - ng t cha y ti ( 0 < 1 ) n m no ( c > 0 ) (hnh 14-12,c) .

Hnh 14-12. Mt s trng hp gii v cch gii.

213

Vic tin hnh gii i vi mt ct A-A cng tng t ch c khc l chn iu kin ban u t v iu kin bin thch hp vi tng trng hp.
b. gii trng hp tng ti Tin hnh gii trng hp tng ti cng tin hnh tng t, ch khc l thao tc t tri sang phi v bn di trc honh. Sau y trnh by cch gii cho trng hp tng ti t m ban u ( 0 > 0 ) n m cui ( c < 1 ) , quy lut m tng i nh hnh v (14-13). Da vo quy lut m = f ( t ) ta v cc diu kin bin ti A-A nh hnh v. V tam gic cn c gc . Xc nh cc im theo iu kin ban u ti
A , 0 ) B ( v B , 0 ) B ( v B ,0 ) v v A = v B = v B . A v B ta c A 0 ( v 0 0 0 t t t 0 0

Hnh 14-13. gii trng hp tng ti.

A + Tm p lc nc va cui pha th nht, im A 2t ( v A 2t , 2t ) l giao im ca: A A B phng trnh : B t 2t = 2 ( v t v 2t ) v 2t . Ta xc nh c A 2t . B , B ) , n l giao im ca phng trnh ng: + Tm im B3t ( v 3t 3t B B A B A 2t 3t = 2 ( v 2t v 3t ) v trc honh (v = 0) . + V c tip tc cch nh vy ta s ln lt xc nh cc im A 4 t , B5t , A 6 t ... giao ng xung quanh c to ( v c , 0 ) . Ni cc im A li ta c ng biu din tr s p lc nc va m tng i ti im mt ct A-A. Nhn xt: Qua th ta thy trng hp tng ti sng nc va yu dn. Hnh thc yu dn ny theo hai kh nng: + Mang tnh chu k lc (-) lc (+) (xem hnh v); + Tt dn khng chu k (khng sinh nc va (+) 4. gii i vi ng c c tnh thay i dc ng Ly v d d gii cho ng ng (hnh 14-14,a) c hai on DB v DA, tng DA DB , c DA , on ng c kch thc nh hnh v v cc thng s v DB max , v max , c DB c DB nn c tg = 2 DB , cn on DA c tg = 2 DA tng ng ta v hai tam gic ngc vi cc gc cho on BD v gc cho on DA xem

214

hnh v (14-14,b). Quy lut ng = f ( t ) cho hnh (14-14,a). Thi gian truyn sng t AD = 0,2 s , thi gian truyn sng t DB = 0 ,4 s , thi gian ng ht turbine T s = 1,6 s .

Hnh 14-14. gii p lc nc va ng c c tnh thay i dc ng. Xc nh cc iu kin ban u l: ti B-B lun c B = 0 nn cc im B u nm trn trc honh. Cc im A 0 B0 D 0 D 0 ,2 B 0,2 B 0,6 v c to (1, 0). iu kin bin ti A-A l = f ( v , ) v trn hnh (14-14,a). Tin hnh gii:
A , A ) , n l giao im ca phng trnh ng thng: + Tm im A 0 ,4 ( v 0 ,4 0,4 D A D A 0 , 2 0 , 4 = 2 DA ( v 0 , 2 v 0 , 4 ) v bin 0,4 = 0,75 im A 0 , 4 D , D ) , n l giao im ca hai ng thng sau: + Tm im D0,6 ( v 0 ,6 0 ,6 A D A D 0 , 4 0 ,6 = 2 DA ( v 0 , 4 v 0 ,6 ) B D B D 0 , 2 0 ,6 = 2 DB ( v 0 , 2 v 0 ,6 ) c im D 0 ,6 .

B , B ) , n l giao im ca trc honh v ng thng; + Tm im B1 ( v1 1

D B D B 0 ,6 1 = 2 DB ( v 0 ,6 v1 ) c im B1 . A , A ) n l giao im ca phng trnh ng thng: + Tm im A 0,8 ( v 0 ,8 0,8

215

D A A D 0 ,6 0 ,8 = 2 DA ( v 0 ,6 v 0 ,8 ) v bin 0,8 = 0,5 c im A 0 ,8 .

D , D ) , n l giao im ca hai phng trnh ng thng: + Tm im D1 ( v1 1

B D B D 0 ,6 1 = 2 DB ( v 0 ,6 v1 ) A D A D 0 ,8 1 = 2 DA ( v 0 ,8 v1 )

c im D1 .

A , A ) , n l giao im ca phng trnh ng thng: + Tm im A1,2 ( v1,2 1,2 D A D v A ) v 1 1,2 = 2 AD ( v1 1,2 = 0,25 c im A1,2 . 1,2 D , D ) , n l giao im gia hai ng thng: + Tm im D1,4 ( v1,4 1,4 B D B vD ) 1 1,4 = 2 DB ( v1 1,4 A D A vD ) 1,2 1,4 = 2 DA ( v1,2 1,4

c im D1,4 .

A , A ) , n l giao im gia phng trnh: + Tm im A1,6 ( v1,6 1,6 D A D v A ) v bin 1,4 1,6 = 2 DA ( v1,4 c = 0 c im A1,6 . 1,6 + V c th ta ln lt xc nh cc im tip theo. Ni cc im A ta c ng biu din p lc nc va ti A-A, ni cc im D li ta c ng biu bin p lc nc va ti D-D. Ch : Khi vit phng trnh truyn sng gia A v D phi thi on l 0,2 s, khi vit phng trnh truyn sng gia B v D phi ly thi on l 0,4 s. 5. gii i vi ng phn nhnh Ta xt ng phn nhnh (hnh 14-15,a) gm hai nhnh AD' v CD''', vi trng hp mt ct C ng t u v trong sut qu trnh khng m, u ng A ng m theo quy lut c = f(t) (hnh v) v da vo quy lut ny v c iu kin bin ti A l cc . Cc iu kin khc gm c: B = 0 , v C = 0 , ti D lun c iu kin :

q D'' = q D' + q D''' v D'' = v D ' + v D ''' Lp ba h to ~ v ~ cho ring ba on ng : AD', CD''', D''B vi cc thng s AD' , CD''' , D'' B v cc gc tng ng (xem hmh 14-15,b). Sau tin hnh gii nh sau: A , A ) trng vi im D' Trn on AD': Trc khi ng (m) th im A 0 ( v 0 0
D ' , D ' ) ti v = 1, ngha l: A D D' ( 1 , 0 ) . thi on 1 s l D'1 ( v1 0 0 1 1 A + Sau 2 s (tc 1 pha) ta c im A 2 ( v A 2 , 2 ) l giao ca phng trnh ng:

D' A D ' v A ) v iu kin bin , c im A . 1 2 = 2 AD ' ( v1 2 2 2

D ' , D ' ) sau thi gian 3s , n nm trn ng i qua A : + Tm im D ' 3 ( v 3 2 3 A D ' D' 2 3 = 2 AD ' ( v A 2 v3 )

v mt ng na cha bit, cn phi phi xt thm on ng khc na xc nh. Trn on CD''': trng thi ban u (tc l sau 2sec) khi A thay i th C C cha thay i, nn C 2 = 0 cn v 2 = 0 (v van C ng) vy im C 2 ( 0 , 0 ) .

216

D ''' , D ''' ) sau 3sec l giao im ca phng trnh ng thng: im D ''' 3 ( v 3 3 C D ''' D ''' 2 3 = 2 CD ''' ( v C 2 v 3 ) i qua im C 2 . Nhng D''' 3 cha xc nh.

Trn on BD'': Cc im c cng to (1, 0): B 0 B1 B 2 B 3 . D '' , D '' ) nm trn ng thng i qua im B sau: Sau 3sec im D '' 3 ( v 3 1 3
B D '' B v D '' ) . im D'' cng cha c xc nh. 1 3 = 2 BD '' ( v1 3 3

Hnh 14-15. gii nc va ng r nhnh.

Cn tm ba im trn: D' 3 , D'' 3 v D''' 3 . Ta c ba phng trnh cha ba

im trn, cn tm thm mt iu kin na xc nh chng. y ta da vo iu D ' D '' D ''' D '' = v D ' + v D ''' gii 3 kin ti im giao D ca ba ng: = 3 = 3 v v 3 3 3
D ' D '' D ''' = 3 = 3 = a ( l mt gi tr no ); theo cc bc sau: - Gi thit 3 D ' , v D '' , v D ''' , - Thay s a vo cc phng trnh trn tm ra cc v 3 3 3
D '' = v D ' + v D ''' th gi thit ng. nu s a tho mn iu kin v 3 3 3 Vy cc im D' 3 , D'' 3 , D''' 3 c xc nh v ta gii tip.

Trn on AD': A + Tm im A 4 ( v A 4 , 4 ) , n l giao im ca phng trnh sau: D' A D ' v A ) v bin . 3 4 = 2 AD ' ( v 3 4 4

217

D ' , D ' ) n l giao im ca phng trnh sau: + Tm im D '5 ( v 5 5 A D ' A D ' ) i qua im A v cn mt iu kin na mi 4 5 = 2 AD ' ( v 4 v 5 4

tm c im D'5 , ta phi xt on ng sau.

Trn on CD''': C + Tm im C 4 ( v C 4 , 4 ) , n l giao gia phng trnh i qua im D''' 3 :
D ''' C D ''' v C ) vi trc tung (v v C = 0 ). 3 4 = 2 CD ''' ( v 3 4 D ''' , D ''' ) , n nm trn ng thng i qua im C v + Tm im D5 ''' ( v 5 4 5 cn mt iu kin na s xt sau. Trn on BD'': D '' , D '' ) , n nm trn ng thng i qua im B sau: + Tm dim D5 '' ( v 5 3 5
B D '' B v D '' ) . Cn mt iu kin na tm im D'' 3 5 = 2 BD '' ( v 3 5 5 Cn tm ba im trn: D'5 , D''5 v D'''5 . Ta c ba phng trnh cha ba im trn, cn tm thm mt iu kin na xc nh chng. y ta da vo iu D ' D '' D ''' D '' = v D ' + v D ''' gii 5 = 5 = 5 v v 5 kin ti im giao D ca ba ng: 5 5 D ' D '' D ''' = 5 = 5 = b ( l mt gi tr no ); theo cc bc sau: - Gi thit 5 D ' , v D '' , v D ' '' , - Thay s b vo cc phng trnh trn tm ra cc v 5 5 5
D '' = v D ' + v D ''' th gi thit ng. nu s b tho mn iu kin v 5 5 5 Vy cc im D'5 , D''5 , D'''5 c xc nh v ta gii tip.

V cch tin hnh tng t nh trn ta ln lt xc nh cc im tip theo nh hnh (14-15,b). Ni cc im A vi nhau, ni cc im D li ta c cc ng biu din qu trnh p lc nc va tng i ca cc mt ct.
XIV. 3. BIN PHP GIM P LC NC VA TRONG NG XIV. 3. 1. Cc yu t nh hng n tr s p lc nc va trong ng ng Qua cc cng thc tnh ton nc va chng ta c th nhn thy nhng yu t c nh hng n tr s ca p lc nc va sau y: - p lc nc tng khi vn tc dng chy trong ng ng tng; - Chiu di ng ng cng ln th p lc nc va cng ln; - ng knh ng cng nh th vn tc cng ln v p lc nc va s ln; - Thi gian ng m turbine T s cng ngn th p lc nc va cng ln; - p lc ncva ph thuc vo quy trnh ng m turbine; - Vn tc truyn sng nc va c nh hng ln n tr s nc va. Da vo nhng yu t trn ta s tm bin php lm gim p lc nc ng ng. XIV. 3. 2. Cc bin php gim p lc nc va ng ng i vi lnh vc thit k cng trnh thu in ta ch trng gim p lc nc va theo hng phng hng: gim chiu di ng ng, tng thi gian ng m turbine T s , tng ng knh ng. Cn quy trnh iu chnh turbine do nh ch to my thu lc m nhn. Ta cp n phng hng cng trnh sau:

218

1. Bin php gim chiu di ng ng: khi ng ng di c th rt ngn chiu di ng chu nc va bng cch to mt thong trn ng ng c p khi xy bung iu p (BA) trn ng ng. Lc ny ch on ng c p t BA n turbine mi chu p lc nc va. Vn ny s c nghin cu chng XV sau. 2. Bin php tng thi gian ng m T s turbine: Trong vic nghin cu quy trnh ng m turbine t t ta thy cng vi vic ko di thi gian ng m, phn sng nc va s xo bt p lc nc va lm gim tr s nc va gin tip v loi tr hin tng nc va trc tip trong ng. Tuy nhin cng cn thy rng vic tng T s cng c gii hn v nu tng thi gian T s nhiu v s lm thay i vng quay ca turbine qu tr s quy nh ca iu kin n nh h thng in v bn t my. Vn ny s c cp r phn " Tnh ton bo m iu chnh t my thu lc". 3. Bin php gim tc thay i vn tc dng nc : Ngoi vic tng T s trn gim tc thay i vn tc dng nc cn c th: lp t van tho khng bung xon turbine khi ng turbine mt phn lu lng s c tho b xung h lu m khng qua BXCT, do vy m d CCHD ng nhnh nhng vn tc dng nc trong ng vn thay i chm. turbine go ngi ta dng thit b tch dng ct phn nc tha khi vo BXCT van kim ng t t gim p lc nc va trong vi phun. 4. Tng ng knh hay kch thc ngang ng ng: Vic tng ng knh ng cng tc l gim vn tc dng nc trong ng, lm gim lc qun tnh dng nc. Tuy nhin bin php ny lm tng gi thnh xy dng, do vy phi thng qua so snh kinh t d chn ng knh ng, nh c trnh by chng ng ng p lc. XIV. 4. TNH TON BO M IU CHNH T MY THU LC XIV. 4. 1. ngha v nhim v tnh ton bo m iu chnh t my thu lc Cng sut ca trm lun thay i theo biu ph ti, do vy c cu hng dng hoc van kim lun phi iu chnh nhanh chng m bo cng sut pht ra cn bng vi ph ti. Do ng m nhanh sinh ra hin tng nc va uy hip n an ton ca ng ng v thit b turbine. Mt khc, khi thay i ph ti do kh nng nhy cm ca CCHD hoc van kim khng th tc thi do vy lm ph v s cn bng gia m men quay v m men cn, phn nng lng tha (hoc thiu) s s lm cho vng quay t my tng ln (hoc gim) so vi vng quay nh mc lm thay i tn s v in p ca li in (tn s li in ch cho php thay i khng vt qu 0,1 0,2 Hz so vi tr s nh mc), khng am bo cht lng cp in. Khi vng quay qu ln cn lm mt bn ca my, c bit nguy him l qu trnh ct ti t y ti sang dng t ngt khi c s ct (lu lng turbine t Qmax xung Q = 0). h thng in lm vic an ton v n nh th thi gian ng m T s ly nh s c li, tuy nhin T s nh s lm cho p lc nc va tng ln lm cho an ton ca ng ng v turbine s gim. Vy, nhim v ca tnh ton bo m iu chnh t my thu lc l khi thit k TT cn xc nh thi gian ng m turbine T s hoc cc bin php khc sao cho vng quay ca t my v tr s p lc nc va ln nht do iu chnh turbine phi nm trong gii hn cho php. Phn trn ta bit cch xc nh tr s p lc nc va tng i ln nht n0 n max , nu gi tng s vng quay tng i ln nht l max = max (trong n0

219

 n max l vng quay ln nht, n 0 l vng quay nh mc) th tiu chun tnh ton bo m iu chnh t my l:

max < max v max max (14-15) Cc gi tr cho php ly s b theo tiu chun bng (14-2) sau y:
Bng (14-2). Tr s p lc nc va ln nht cho php H (m)

[ max]

> 100 0,15 - 0,3

100 - 40 0,3 - 0,5

< 40 0,5 - 0,7

Cc tr s cho php max khi ct ton b ph ti nm trong phm vi: 0,3 - 0,4. Khi ng ng ngn hay TT c v tr quan trng trong h thng th c th ly nh hn. Trng hp c bit c th ly max 0,5 song phi c lun chng xc ng. Tr s

[ max] s c trnh by c th hn phn tip sau y.

Khi thit k TT, cc c quan thit k cng trnh v nh my ch to turbine, my pht in phi phi hp tnh ton nh ra thi gian ng m turbine, m men ca my pht, s vng quay ln nht c th xy ra trong vn hnh, tr s p lc nc va trong ng ... sao cho u t vo ng ng kinh t v m bo an ton vn hnh t my.
XIV. 3. 2. Tnh ton xc nh thay i vng quay t my 1. Thnh lp cng thc tnh Gi s mt thi im no cng sut turbine l N0 bng ph ti lc l P0. Sau ph ti gim xung P1 cn cng sut turbine phi qua mt thi gian TS mi gim

n tr s N1 , v vy cng sn ra s tha mt lng l ( N 0 N1 ) dt , ly gn ng

0

TS

quy lut gim cng sut theo ng thng th: 2 2 TS 1 N 0 N1 0 dt ( ) = J TS N 0 N1 2 2 0

(14-16)

Hnh 14-16. Qu trnh thay i cng sut khi ng m turbine. . n 0 Trong : 0 = - tc gc ng vi vng quay nh mc n0 (ng vi N0) 30 .n1 l tc gc ng vi vng quay n1 (khi cng sut l N1). 1 = 30

220

 G i . Di2 G D 2 = J= l m men qun tnh ca vt quay (trong G 4g 4g l tng trng lng ca cc b phn quay (kG), D - ng knh qun tnh khi tt c cc b phn quay c coi l mt khi (m)). GD 2 gi l mmen ca cc b phn quay, khi tnh ton v m men ca BXCT turbine nh nn ch tnh vi r to my pht. Thay cc tr s trn vo cng thc (14-16) v rt gn ta c: 2 2 G D2 2 2 2) N T = G D ( 2n + n ) n ( N 0 N1 ) T S = ( n1 n 0 S 0 3600g 3600g (trong t: N = N 0 N 1 v n = n 1 n 0 ). Bin i v phi, s c dng: n n G D2 2 2 ) (14-17) n0 ( 2 + 3600g n0 n0 n t = gi l tr s tng i ca chnh tm thi vng quay, vy (14n0 17) vit li l: G D2 2 2 N TS = (14-18) n ( 2 + ) 3600g 0 Do cng sut N tnh bng kW (1kW = 102 kGm/s) cn m men my pht in GD2 tnh theo T.m2 (1T.m2 = 1000 kGm2), g = 9,81 m/s2.Vy cng thc (14-18)l: 1000. G D 2 2 2 102 N T S = (14-19) n0 ( 2 + ) 3600g Gii phng trnh (14-19) v bin lun chn nghim ta ta c : - Trng hp gim ti: 364 N T S = 1+ 1 (14-20) 2 G D2 n0 - Trng hp tng ti: 364 N T S =1 1 (14-21) 2 G D2n0 2. Hiu chnh kt qu tnh Cc cng thc tnh (14-20) v (14-21) u l gn ng do khi thnh lp cng thc khng xt n mt s nhn t nh hng n , v vy chng c sai s trong khong (20 - 30) %, nn chng ch c dng trong tnh ton s b. tr s ng hn cn a thm vo cc cng thc trn cc h s sau: * = k k dt k k pt (14-22) Cc h s trn c ngha v cch xc nh nh sau: - H s xt n s ph thuc thc t ca cng sut turbine vo m cnh hng dng v vng quay turbine. S ph thuc ny biu th qua ng c tnh tng hp chnh ca turbine. c xc nh theo cng thc sau: 1 (a) k = 1+ m N TS =
221

n y : m = ( max 1 ) ; trong n max l vng quay cc hn ca turbine khi n0 ct ton b ph ti my pht m m turbine cha thay i. Nu khng bit s vng quay cc hn ny th m c th ly gn ng nh sau: + i vi turbine phn kch: m = 0,0016 ( n s + 350 ) ; + i vi turbine xung kch: m = 0,8. = 0,55 dng cho turbine xung kch hoc phn kch c t tc n s <150 = 0,45 dng cho turbine phn kch thng thng ( n s = 200 - 300 ); = 0,35 dng cho turbine phn kch c t tc ln. - H s xt n nhy ca thit b iu tc, trong thc t iu tc khi ng chm tr so vi s thay i ph ti, thi gian chm tr T = 0,15 - 0,3 sec: T (b) k dt = 1 + 2 Ts - H s xt n nh hng ca nc va lm thay i ct nc, nh hng cng sut ca turbine: m + 0,5 1 t f 2 t f + 1 ) . max (c) k = 1 + 3( ) m Ts Ts - H s xt n nh hng ca s thay i ph ti trong qu trnh iu chnh. H s ny ph thuc vo hng lot yu t, nh tnh cht ca cc ngun in, cng sut v loi TT khc cng lm vic trong h thng in ... Tr s k pt bao gi cng nh hn 1

v c hin tng t iu chnh ph ti, ngha l ph ti t n hi tng ln mt cht khi gim ti (v s vng quay v tn s tng khi gim ti) hoc gim i mt cht khi tng ti. Ngoi ra cn v khi b ph ti hin tng s vng quay khng nhng b m men ca t my y cn tr m cn b cn tr bi m men ca nhng my in khc trong h thng in na. Trong t ton an ton ly k pt = 1 ng vi trng hp c ti ton b khi c s c. 3. Mt s quy nh v tr s gii hn max trong tnh bo m c t my Tr s max thng ly ng vi ch ct ton b ph ti, do nh my ch to cho trc. Nu khng c s liu th c th ly nh sau: - i vi TT sau p c ng ng dn th max = 0,4; max = 0,25 - 0,3; - i vi TT ngang p: - i vi TT c my pht nh, vng quay ln: max 0,50;

- i vi TT c turbine cnh quay: max 0,3; - i vi TT ng dn, cng sut nh: max 0,70 - Trng hp nh ti t ngt t 0 n y ti th max = 0,50. Tuy nhin iu ny him c v ch c th tng trong thi gain t 15 - 30 sec ch khng th trong 2, 3 sec, nht l i vi turbine cnh quay c cng sut ln. Do trnh phc tp cho cng trnh v gi thnh xy dng cao, nn thng chp nhn max > 0,5. - Trng hp ct gim ph ti khi my ph khng chy ht cng sut th: + Gim t 75 % cng sut n 0 th: = 0,65 max + Gim t 50 % cng sut n 0 th: = 0,45 max

222

+ Gim t 25 % cng sut n 0 th: = 0,25 max

Chng XV: BUNG IU P

XV. 1. CNG DNG V NGUYN L LM VIC CA BUNG IU P Nh trnh by chng XIV, mt trong nhng bin php gim p lc nc va trong ng ng p lc c chiu di ln l xy dng bung iu p (BA). Khi c mt BA s to thnh h thng dn nc p lc: ng dn - BA - ng turbine. Bung iu p dng bo v ng dn nc p lc khi nc va, lm gim tr s p lc nc va trong ng turbine v ci thin vic iu chnh cng sut ca turbine thy lc.

Hnh 15-1. S b tr BA v s lm vic ca BA.

1- ca ly nc; 2- BA thng lu; 3- ng dn p lc; 4- v tr t BA c li v nc va; 5- ng turbine; 6- nh my ; 7- BA h lu; 8- ng tho p lc; 9- ging thng kh.

223

Vic cn thit phi xy dng BA hay khng ty thuc vo chiu di ng dn hoc ng tho nc c p (i vi TT ngm) v tc dng chy trong ng. Ch tiu chung t vn xy dng BA l hng s qun tnh ca ng ng Tl xc nh n Q L theo cng thc: Tl = max i . Nu Tl > 36 s th cn thit xy dng Bung iu g.H 0 i =1 Fi p. (trong Li, Fi l chiu di, din tch on ng th i. H0 l ct nc tnh ca trm). Tuy nhin quyt nh cui cng ca vic xy BA hay khng phi qua tnh ton so snh kinh t k thut gia BA v cc bin php chng nc va khc thay th BA. V tr BA cng gn turbine th ng ng turbine cng ngn, do vy cng gim c p lc nc va trong ng. Bi vy ngi ta mong mun t BA cng gn nh my cng tt (v tr 4 trong hnh 15-1,a). Tuy nhin iu s c th dn n lm tng chiu cao BA. gim chiu cao BA, thng t n pha trn ch gp ca tuyn (v tr 2) ng p lc. Trn ng tho nc c p qu di ca TT ngm, BA h lu c t gn trc tip ca ra ca ng x. Hnh (15-1,b) trnh by s nguyn l lm vic ca bung iu p thng lu. BA s lm vic khi lu lng ca ng ng p lc thay i, c lin quan n thay i cng sut turbine. Khi ph ti gim, c cu hng dng ng bt, lu lng trong ng dn turbine t ngt gim t lu lng u (Q) n lu lng cui (Qc). Lc ny do qun tnh, nc pha ng dn vn chy v v lm dng mc nc trong BA. ch n nh khi lu lng trong ng dn ( Qd ) cn bng vi lu lng trong ng ng turbine ( Qtb ) th mc nc trong BA nm thp hn mc nc h mt on bng tng ca tn tht ct nc v ct nc lu tc: Z . T mc nc ny, sau khi gim ti mc nc s dng ln v t n mc nc cao nht no Zm1 ri bt u h n mc nc Zn1. Qu trnh giao ng tip theo s tt dn v n nh v tr Zc thp hn mc nc h tng ng vi ch n nh mi ca Qtb.Nu ng hon ton m turbine vi Qtb = 0 th mc nc cui cng trong BA s n nh bng cao trnh mc nc h. Khi tng ti, lu lng tng t Q n Qc > Q, lc ny do ng dn xa cha kp tng lu lng cho kp vi yu cu do vy ng dn turbine s ly nc t BA, lm cho mc nc trong BA h xung v h xung n tr s cc tiu no Zn1 ri sau n nh cao trnh p ng ph ti mi, thp hn mc nc h mt on Zc.
XV. 2. CC LOI BUNG IU P Vic hnh thnh cc loi bung iu p trong thc t phi tho mn ba yu cu cn bn sau y: bo m trm thu in lm vic n nh, nhanh chng tt giao ng mc nc trong BA, bo m khi lng xy dng nh. Nhng yu cu ny c lin quan n s lm vic ca h thng ng dn - ng turbine v cc thit b lin quan. XV. 2. 1. Cc loi bung iu p BA c th chia lm bn loi c bn sau (hnh 15-2) sau y:

224

1. Bung iu p vin tr BA loi tr (s I): c mt ct ngang khng i. Bung loi ny c s dng khi trm thy in c ct nc thp, xy l thin trn mt t. ca vo bung hu nh ct nc lu tc b tn hao, gy nn tn tht ph v nng lng. BA vin tr c nhc im tt sng chm v khi lng ln. 2. Bung iu p c cn ph BA loi c cn ph (s II hnh 15-2): khc vi loi hnh tr n gin trn, ngi ta a vo v tr ni tip gia ng dn p lc v b mt kt cu cn thy lc c dng mt ct co hp hoc hnh thc khc (nh li, l cn, mn cn). ch lm vic n nh cn ph khng lm vic do vy ct nc lu tc ca vo BA khng b mt. ch lm vic khng n nh, trn cn ph xut hin s chnh p lc gy nn vic tt nhanh giao ng trong BA v gim bin giao ng mc nc trong b p lc. Tuy nhin do c cn ph lm cho p lc nc va trong ng turbine tng so vi khng c cn ph, thm ch p lc nc va cn ln sang ng dn p lc trc bung iu p. Loi ny cng c xy dng l thin, lm bng kim loi hoc btng ct thp v dng cho TT ct nc va v thp. y cng l loi hay c dng.

Hnh 15-2. Cc loi bung iu p.

1 - BA loi tr. 2- BA loi c cn. 3- BA loi hai bung . 4- BA loi vi sai. 5- BA hi nn

3. Bung iu p bung BA loi hai bung (s III ): gm mt ging ng tit din nh ni bung trn v bung d. Bung trn c tc dng tr nc khi gim ti v bung di c tc dng b sung nc vo ng turbine khi tng ti ca cc t my.. Trong nhng iu kin , khi gim ti mt lng nc ln c tr vo bung trn ca b. Bung trn c th lm dng ging o h (xem hnh 15- ), vi kt cu ny khi ngt ti s c mt lng nc ln vo bung trn v tho qua p trn gim khi lng xy dng bung iu p. Loi BA ny c kh nng phn sng tt, tt giao ng nhanh, n nh sng tt. N c s dng hp l vi TT ct nc cao vi BA t ngm di lng chc v khi h thng dn nc p lc di. 4. Bung iu p vi sai

225

BA vi sai (s IV, hnh 15-2): y l loi kt hp c tnh ca loi hai bung v loi c cn, n gm ng ln bao ngoi v ng nh nm bn trong ng ln. ng nh ni vi ng dn v ng turbine bng on ng ng ngn. y ng trong khot nhng l, qua nhng l nc t b vo ng turbine khi tng ti. S lm vic ca cc l ny khi tng ti ging nh s lm vic ca nt cn trong BA c cn. Khi gim ti, nc nhanh chng dng qua nh ng trong v trn vo khong gia hai ng. Lng nc tho qua l cn lc ny khng ln. Khi tng ti, mc nc trong ng trong nhanh chng h xung to nn dc o p ln trong ng dn p lc lm tng lu lng trong . Do chnh lch mc nc gia cc ng, nc t ng ngoi qua cc l chy vo ng dn turbine. BA vi sai thng c dng trong trng hp khi iu kin a hnh khng cho php dng loi hai bung, cn phi xy dng BA vi sai bng thp hoc btng ct thp xy ni trn mt t. Ngoi bn loi bung iu p c bn trnh by trn, i khi cn c th dng loi bung kh nn v na kh nn sau y: Loi bung iu p kh nn (s V) : Trn mt nc l khong khng gian kn c gi mt p lc kh tng i cao, p lc nc n nh khi ch lm vic l n nh. Khi gim ti, mc nc trong bung dng ln lm tng p lc khng kh, cn khi tng ti mc n gim v p lc khng kh gim. Loi BA kh nn c c im l phn trn ca n c th t thp hn mc nc thng lu, iu ny i khi l c li cho vic b tr cc cng trnh. Loi bung iu p na kh nn (s VI): loi ny c t l nh thng khong khng gian pha trn ca bung vi kh tri. Khi lm vic ch n nh th p lc mt nc thong trong bung bng lc kh tri v khi mc nc tng th p lc tng cn khi mc nc h th p lc gim. Vic thay i p lc ny to kh nng gim kch thc ca bung iu p. Cn lu rng BA na kh nn lun phi t cao hn mc nc h, l im khc bit vi loi BA kh nn. XV. 2. 2. Kt cu bung iu p Cc gii php kt cu BA m bo ba yu cu sau: - Phi m bo cho n lm vic an ton mi ch lm vic khng n nh. - Kt cu bung iu p phi chn n gin; - Phi m bo vic xy dng BA a li li ch cho cc cng trnh v thit b khc ca Trm thu in v mt kinh t . Nu c iu kin th c gng xy dng BA trong cng chc gim vt liu xy dng, tuy nhin di vi p t th thng chn BA loi thp ni trn mt t. Sau y chng ta xem xt mt s kt cu BA c xy dng trn th gii. Trm T Aphure Ma rc (hnh 15-3) c N = 92MW, giao ng ct nc trong

226

Hnh 15-3. Bung iu p ca TT Aphure khong 228235m, Q = 48m3/s , tunel p lc ng knh 4m, di 10,5km. BA loai tr c cn, ng knh 30 m cao 26 m. Bung iu p c ni vi ng ng p lc qua on ni c chiu cao 7,1m ng knh 4m. Ch tip gip ng dn v on ni b tr mng cn c ng knh d = 1,95m. Mc nc dng cc i trong bung so vi mc nc h cao nht khi gim ti l = 4,52m. Trong iu kin y c ng dn di, chn BA kiu bung s kinh t hn, tuy nhin do iu kin a hnh nn BA ch c th t ln pha trn cch nh my 2 km, do vy ko di ng ng turbine lm tng p lc nc va uy hip cng trnh. y thit k vi h s sc cn lm cho nc va nhy sang c ng dn, tuy vy p lc nc va khng vt qu tr s p lc trong ng dn khi mc nc trong BA ln nht, bi vy tr s sc cn ln c b p. y ng knh BA 30m qa ln vt qa yu cu n nh sng. Mc nc trong tr dng ln rt chm, v tt sng lu (sau TS = 10s m mc nc ch dng c c 0,5m). Mc nc dng tng i nh, khong 4,52m l nh ng knh bung ln v h s sc cn ln. Trm T Inguri Nga (hnh 15-4).H ly nc su 90m, ng dn di 15,3km

Hnh 15-4. Bung iu p ca TT Inguri.

227

1- ging iu p; 2- bung trn; 3- tunel ng dn; 4- cu cng tc; 5- ng hm thi cng; 6- ng turbine; 7- btng ct thp; 8- mng xi mng; 9- o thp; 10- cui o thp; 11- ng; 12- tng btng; 13- tng chn btng ct thp; 14- rnh chn ni.

ng knh tunel 9,5m. Vi iu kin ny chn BA loi bung c trn l hp l. Giao ng ct nc ca trm t 445 - 325m, lu lng tnh ton l 460m3/s khi vn tc 6,6 m/s. Theo iu kin n nh chn ng knh BDA l 20m. Ging BA ni vi ng dn qua on ng ngn c ng knh bng ng knh ging. Ch ni tip ny to nt cn c h s cn = 2. BA ny l loi ch c mt bung trn vi sc cha khi gim ti n m khng ti cc turbine (ng vi lu lng khng ti l 40 m3/s) l 60000m3 iu ny cho php gim th tch bung trn 30000m3. Do khng c bung di nn khi tng ti th tch nc trong ging ng s m nhn. BA nm trong cc lp vi cht. Bung trn c thng vi mt t to iu kin thi cng theo cc phng php gim gi thny dng . Trm T Preas Italia (hnh 15-5), c cng sut 10,4 MW, mt t my, ct nc tnh ton 184 m, ng hm di10,6 km c ng knh 2,14 m, lu lng 12 m3/s.

Hnh 15-5. Bung iu p ca TT Pres.

a) Ct qua BA; ) Bnh b tr; b) Ct qua bung trn; c) Ct qua bung di. 1- ng dn; 2- ng turbine; 3- bung trn; 4- bung di; 5- ng thng kh; 6- ging ng; 7- p trn; 8- l trn nc t bung trn; 9- dm ca palng xch; 10- thng kh; 11- van ng turbine.

S dng BA loi hai bung cao 79m, bung trn c dung tch 550m3, ngn di c dung tch 243m3, ni gia chng l ging ng c ng knh 3m. Ngn trn c trn bng btng ct thp, di trn t ray ca pa lng xch v cung cp khi vo bung bi ng 5. gim ti trng tc dng ln trn ca bungtrn khi t ngt thay i mc nc trong bung ngi ta b tr thng kh 10. Khi ca van 11 u ng turbine ng

228

nhanh, khng kh s theo ng 5 c ng knh 80cm t dc theo ging ng vo bung trn. Vic tho nc bung trn qua bn l trn. T BA a nc v nh my qua ng turbine c ng knh 1,9m v di 385m. Trm T enicon M (hnh 15-6). Nc c dn n nm turbine theo nhng ng ng turbine ring di 314m c ng knh 6m. Trm c ct nc giao ng t 22,739,5m, tng ng c lu lng giao ng t 157200m3/s. Hng s qun tnh Tl = 5,77,8s do vy tuy chiu di ng dn khng ln vn phi xy dng

Hnh 15-6. Bung iu p ca TT enicon BA hoc t thit b tho khng ti. y l loi BA c cn ph c t trc tip trc nh my v ng p lc hon ton c bo v khi b nc va. V tr BA b tr nh th rt l tng i vi TT c ct nc thp. BA lm bng thp c ng knh 17,3m mi thp, cao 29m v c t trn mng btng. on ng ni gia thp v ng dn c ng knh 6m v t mng cn c ng knh 5,06m to nn nt cn. Tuy vy cn thy rng nu thay BA bng thit b tho khng ti y s r hn nhiu. Trn y l cc BA thng lu nh my. Trn cc TT ngm , khi ng tho nc t ng x v h lu c p v chiu di ln th c th xy dng BA h lu ngay sau ca ra ng x. Din tch mt ct ngang ca BA h lu c chn da vo iu kin lm vic n nh ca TT, cn chiu cao ca BA chn xut pht t giao ng mc nc khi gim hoc nhn ti vi s tnh ton giao ng mc nc h lu. V d nh BA h lu ca Trm T Xupic Ghin (hnh 15-7,a). BA trm ny xy dng c chiu cao va giao ng mc nc h lu. Nu giao ng mc nc h lu thp nn chn hnh thc tng chiu di ca bung vi trm mt (hnh 15-7,b) s hp l hn, v trn phn trn ng hm x b tr mng cn dng c l tt nhanh giao ng

229

mc nc trong BA. Khi ng x di v giao ng mc nc h lu ln th ca ra ca ng hm s dng BA h lu kiu c cn hoc kiu bung.

Hnh 15-7. Bung iu p h lu kiu tr ng tho TT Xupichi.

Hnh a) TT Xupichi: 1- ng turbine; 2- nh my ; 3- BA h lu; 4- ng hm tho nc. b) Bung iu p h lu: 1- BA; 2- mng cn (kt cu cn); 3- ging thng kh.

XV. 2. 3. La chn loi bung iu p Vic la chn loi BA tnh n nhng yu t sau: chiu di ng dn v chiu di ng tho nc, lu lng turbine, thay i ct nc, iu kin a hnh a cht nt trm v giao ng mc nc thng lu. Chn BA theo hng sau: - Khi ng dn ko di v chiu su tho h ln, ct nc tng i ln th loi BA kinh t nht l loi bung. Ging ng ca loi ny c kch thc mt ct ngang nh, gn vi kch thc mt ct ngang ca ng dn, lng nc tch c bn ch yu bung trn vi cao ln, do vy vic tt giao ng vn tc trong ng dn s nhanh . - Cng vi vic gim ct nc tho mn yu cu n nh lm vic ca TT th din tch mt ct ngang ca BA yu cu tng v kiu BA cn c dng tr. Tuy nhin BA loi tr khng phi l loi cng trnh kinh t (mt d n hay c dng) v ct nc vn tc ch tip gip gia BA vi ng dn gn nh mt hon ton. V vy ci thin kt cu BA hnh tr ngi ta a vo nt cn thu lc. - Khi iu kin a hnh - a cht v iu kin a hnh nt trm bt li cho vic dng BA loi bung trong khi o (do phi ko di ng turbine, lm tng nc va trong ng turbine) th nn dng loi BA c cn thay th. ci tin loi BA c cn, ngi ta lm mt ct ngang tng dn theo chiu cao duy tr p lc nc khng i cui ng dn trong giai on dng mc nc. - Trn TT ng dn ngn v ct nc khng ln, khi hng s qun tnh t Tl 4(s) th loi BA c cn l loi kinh t hn c. Tuy nhin chn loi BA no phi qua so snh kinh t chn. XV. 3. PHNG TRNH VI PHN C BN CA BUNG IU P

230

 xc nh kch thc BA v p lc nc trn ng dn v ng turbine chng ta cn phi xc nh c giao ng mc nc trong BA ch lm vic khng n nh ca n. Trc tin ta lp cc phng trnh giao ng mc nc trong n.
XV. 3. 1. Phng trnh ng lc hc Cho s ng p lc c bung iu p dn nc n turbine nh hnh (15-8,a). Gi thit rng nc khng nn c v thnh ng dn tuyt i cng, p lc tc ng ln mt nc thong ca BA bng p sut kh tri, mt ct ngang ca ng dn trong trng hp tng qut c chia ra mt s on nh hnh v.

Hnh 15-8. S tnh ton lp phng trnh. Phng trnh Becnully i vi dng cht lng khng n nh gia hai mt ct trc ca ly nc A-A v mt nc thong B-B ca BA vit nh sau: 2 2 2 p A A VA p B B VB 1 dQ dL ZA + (*) + = ZB + + + h tt + 2g 2g g dt f 1 Trong : l tng tn tht ct nc trn on gia cc mt ct; 2 1 dQ dL l ct nc qun tnh trong h thng "ng dn - BA". g dt f 1 Cc k hiu cn li th hin qua hnh v. Gi din tch din tch mt ct ngang cc on l f1, f2, gi din tch mt ct ngang BA l F, ct nc qun tnh vit: 2 dQ bda dL 1 dQ dL 1 dV1 1 dV2 (**) = L1 + L2 + dt F g dt 1 f g dt g dt Trong cng thc (**): Qbda l lu lng qua BA. V qun tnh ca khi nc trong BA nh, nn trong v phi cng thc (**) b qua thnh phn th ba. Gi Z l chiu cao xc nh mc nc trong BA, theo hnh v (15-8) th: pA + Z A Z B ; t cng thc (*) v (**) b qua thnh phn th ba, ta rt ra cng Z= thc tnh Z nh sau: 1 dV2 1 dV1 L2 L1 + Z = htt + (15-1) g dt g dt Vic a vo phng trnh ng lc hc (15-1) chiu di v tit din cc on ng dn khc nhau lm phc tp tnh ton, n gin ngi ta dng ng dn 231

"tng ng" (c chiu di L , tit din f , vn tc trong ng dn V) thay cho ng dn phc tp trn. Chiu di ng dn tng ng c th xc nh c khi s dng s cn bng gia cc thnh phn qun tnh ca ng dn thc vi cc thnh phn qun tnh ca ng dn tng ng, nh sau: 1 dV1 1 dV2 1 dV 1 dV L1 + L2 = L1 f + L 2 f , t y ta c: g dt g dt gf1 dt gf 2 dt
L1 L 2 (***) L td = f f + f 2 1 a cc yu t ca ng dn tng ng vo phng trnh (15-1) v bin i ta nhn c kt qu cui cng ca phng trnh ng lng (15-2): dV g = ( Z h tt ) (15-2) dt L td Trong : htt l tng tn tht ct nc t cng trnh ly nc n BA bao gm: tn tht cc b ca ly nc khi thay i mt ct ng dn, tn tht ct nc do ma st dc ng dn, tn tht ct nc ch tip gip BA vi ng dn. Nu ng dn c tit din khng i th chiu di L = Ltd

XV. 3. 2. Phng trnh lin tc

Nghin cu ti nt ni tip gia ng dn - BA - ng turbine (hnh 15-8,b), theo nh lut lin tc ca dng chy th lu lng qua turbine (QT) s bng lu lng nc t ng dn (Qd) cng (hoc tr) lu lng t BA (Qbda) chy ra, ngha l: QT = Qd + Qbda , hay vit c th s l: dZ QT = f V + F dt Chn trc Z c chiu (+) nh hnh (15-8,a) hng t trn xung v xt du ca vn tc dZ ) cui cng ta c phng trnh lin tc sau: dng nc trong BA ( tc dt dZ Q T fV (15-3) = dt F Trong : F l tit din BA (m2), f, V ln lt l tit din v vn tc dng chy trong ng dn. Da vo hai phng trnh vi phn c bn (15-2) v (15-3) trn chng ta s tin hnh tnh ton mc nc trong bung iu p. Vic tnh ton theo hai phng php sau: Phng php gii tch v Phng php gii. Sau y s ln lt trnh by cc phng php tnh theo tng loi BA.
XV. 4. TNH TON THU LC BA BNG GII TCH

Mc ch ton thu lc BA nhm xc nh bin giao ng mc nc trong BA (mc nc cao nht v thp nht) chn loi v kch thc ca BA hp l nht theo iu kin kinh t v k thut. Khi tnh ton giao ng mc nc cn ch : - Khi tnh ton mc nc cao nht trong BA ly trng hp an ton vi mc nc h l ln nht, tn tht thu lc l nh nht c th xy ra trong ng dn trong

232

trng hp vi h s nhm ly nh nht, ph ti gim t ngt t lu lng ln nht n lu lng bng khng; - Khi tnh mc nc thp nht trong BA ly mc nc h l mc nc cht, tn tht thu lc trong ng dn l ln nht c th xy ra vi h s nhm ln nht vi cc trng hp tng ti sau: + Tng cng sut tng ng vi mt t my, nhng khng nh hn 33% cng sut ton nh my i vi nh my c cng sut nh hn 30 MW; + Tng cng sut tng ng vi hai t my, nhng khng nh hn 50% cng sut ton nh my i vi nh my c cng sut ln hn 30 MW; + Tng t cng sut nht nh n ton b cng st nh my, hoc vi mt gi tr cng sut m nh my tham gia iu chnh tn s ca mng in. Mc nc thp nht trong BA, trnh khng kh lt vo turbine ti thiu phi ly cao hn mp trn ca ng dn turbine t 2 n 3m. i vi BA h lu sau ng x th mi iu kin cng sut, tn tht phi chn ngc li vi tnh ton trn ca BA thng lu.
XV. 4. 1. Tnh ton thu lc BA hnh tr 1. Trng hp khng xt ti sc cn thu lc

Ta xt mt h thng dn nc p lc l tng ca TT l lm vic khng c tn tht thu lc v thay i lu lng tc thi. Vi iu kin nu, ta b qua tn tht htt trong (15-2) v gim cng sut n khng (QT = 0) trong (15-3), ta c hai phng trnh: dV gZ dZ fV (15-2') v (15-3'); = = dt L dt F o hm phng trnh (15-3') theo thi gian t v cn bng vi (15-2') ta nhn c: d 2 Z fg (15-4) + Z=0 dt 2 LF Gii phng trnh (15-4), giao ng Z c dng (hnh 15-9,a): (15-5) Z = Z0 sin (kt + ) Trong : Z0 l giao ng cc i mc nc trong BA so vi mc nc tnh gf ca h; k = l tn s giao ng; l pha u. LF iu kin ban u khi t = 0, Z = 0 v = 0 th: Z = Z0 sin kt (15-6) Giao ng mc mc nc trong BA khi khng c tn tht ct nc l giao ng iu ho khng tt (hnh 15-9,a), c chu k : LF 2 (15-7) T= = 2 gf k tm giao ng mc nc cc i trong BA, ta o hm (15-6) theo t: dZ = Z 0 k. cos kt; dt sau ly bnh phng biu thc va nhn c v (15-6), ri cng chng li, ta c:

233

1 dZ 2 2 + Z = Z0 2 k dt

(*)

Hnh 15-9. Giao ng mc nc trong BA

a) Giao ng mc nc khi khng xt tn tht thu lc: 1, 2- khi gim hoc tng lu lng tc thi; b) Giao ng mc nc khi ct ton b ph ti c k n tn tht thu lc; c) Biu xc nh mc dng v gim cc i troamtron BA hnh tr khi ng tc thi, ton b turbine: 1- xc nh mc nc Zm; 2- xc nh Zn.

Bit rng khi t = 0, Z = 0 v Z 0 = V0

f dZ = V0 , thay vo (*) ta rt ra c: dt F

Lf (15-8) gF Nu lu lng turbine gim tc thi t lu lng ban u (QT0 ) xung lu lng cui (QTc) tng ng vi vn tc trong ng dn V0 v Vc th mc nc dng cc i trong bung iu p s l: Lf Z 0 = (Vc V0 ) (15-9) gF Cc cng thc (15-8) v (15-9) dng c cho c trng hp tng ti khi xc nh mc nc gim trong BA hnh tr.
2. Trng hp xt ti sc cn thu lc a . Xt trng hp ngt ti: gi thit rng lu lng trong ng turbine thay i tc thi t lu lng ban u (QT0) xung lu lng cui (QTc). ch n nh trc khi ngt ti mc nc trong BA thp hn mc nc trong h mt on Z (hnh 15-

234

9,b) bng tng tn tht ct nc dc ng dn, ct nc cc b v tn tht ct nc vn tc ti ni tip ni gia ng dn v BA, c biu th theo cng thc: V2 V2 L (15-10) Z 0 = h tt .0 = ( + cb + 1) 0 = 0 2g 2g d V trong ch dng khng n nh ta c tn tht: V2 h tt = (15-11) 2g Cn thy rng khi gim ti hon ton QT = 0 th t (15-3) ta c: 2 F 2 dZ dV F d2 F dZ Z v . Khi : = = h V= tt f dt dt f dt 2 2gf 2 dt t htt v dV/dt vo (15-2) ta nhn c phng trnh giao ng mc nc trong BA khi c tnh n sc cn thu lc, nh sau: 2 d2 fg F dZ Z = Z=0 (15-3') + 2 2fL dt LF dt F fg v k 2 = ri gii phng Ta k hiu cc hng s trong (15-3'): k 1 = 2gL LF trnh s c nghim chung ca phng trnh (15-3') khi ct ton b ph ti: 2 k 1 dZ 2k Z Z+ (15-12) = C1 e 1 + 2 2k 1 k1 dt
dZ Da vo iu kin ban u: khi t = 0 th Z = h0 v , ri thay C1 vo (15-2), c: dt t =0

e 2 k1 ( h 0 Z )

k 1 dZ 1 h0 k dt 0 2k 1 = 2 2 k 1 dZ 1 Z 2k 1 k 2 dt

(15-12')

Mc nc dng cc i trong BA hnh tr Zm c th c xc nh t (15-12') 2 V 2 k dZ khi dZ/dt = 0. Bit rng h tt .0 = . 0 = 1 , ta nhn c biu thc Zm : 2g k 2 dt 1 2k 1 e 2 k1 ( h 0 Z m ) = (15-12'') 1 + Zm 2k 1 1 Lf = = S , ly lgarit phng trnh (15-12'') ta nhn t s hng mu s 2k 1 F c cc tr s khng th nguyn xc nh Zm : Zm Z Z ln1 + m = 0 (15-13) S S S Da vo phng trnh (15-13) xc nh bin giao ng mc nc cao nht trong BA. Mc nc cao nht ca bung c tnh vi mc nc h l MNDBT. 235

Zm Z0 ~ (xem hnh 15-9,c) S S tm giao ng cc i mc nc trong BA khi tc thi gim lu lng lu lng ca turbine t ( QT.0) no n lu lng cui QTC = 0. Dng ng 1 tm Zm, cn ng 2 tm giao ng mc nc h Zn trong BA. Trong thc t tnh thy rng sc cn thu lc trong h thng dn c nh hng rt ln n bin giao ng mc nc trong BA, v d vi ng dn di L = 1 km th bin ny c sai khc 13% , v khi L = 20 km sai khc ti 25% so vi trng hp khng k sc cn . Tc gi I.A. Trernhichin a ra cng thc tnh gn ng khi c k dn sc cn thu lc nh sau: (15-14) Zm = Z0(1-0,681. + 0,154.2) Trong : Z0 tnh khi khng k n sc cn (theo phng trnh 15-9); h = tt .0 ; khi = 02 th sai s di 2,3% so vi tnh chnh xc. Z0 tin tnh ton c th xy dng th quan h
b- Xt trng hp tng ti: Tng ti vi lu lng turbine t lu lng ban u QT.0 ln lu lng cui QT.C vi trng thi n nh. Tnh ton coi nh m tc thi, cng thc xc nh mc nc h thp nht trong BA s l:
1 + 2n (15-15) (1 + n) . [1 + (1 + n) ]} + n 2Z 0 2+n Q h Vi: n = T .0 , cn = tt .c ( trong htt.c l tn tht thu lc cui thi on) QTC Z0 Nu tng lu lng turbine tc thi t u bng khng QT0 = 0 n QT.C th: (15-16) Z n = [1 + 0,078 (1 + )]Z 0

Z n = Z 0 (1 n){1 + 0,156

Ch : cc cng thc (15-14), (15-15) v (15-16) ch ph hp khi < 1,24, cn khi > 1,24 th giao ng khng c chu k v mc nc h thp nht bng tn tht ct nc cui thi on Zn = htt.c.
XV. 4. 2. Tnh ton thu lc BA c kt cu cn

Hnh 15-10. Nguyn tc lm vic nt cn

I- S nguyn tc lm vic ca nt cn: a) khi gim ti; ) khi tng ti II- Biu xc nh mc nc cc i khi t ngt ct ton b ph ti.

236

Khi c mt cn ph (v d mng cn) t ni tip ni gia BA hnh tr v ng dn p lc s lm thay i ng k ch thu lc ca h thng dn nc c p. ch n nh th cn ph khng lm vic, lc ny mc nc trong BA thp hn mc nc thng lu mt tr s bng tn tht ct nc ban u, theo cng thc (15-10): V2 V2 V2 L Z 0 = htt .0 = hL + hcb + 0 = ( + cb + 1) 0 = 0 2g d 2g 2g ch khng n nh do tc dng ca kt cu cn nn: Khi gim ti (hnh 1510,a) p sut pha sau vt cn (tc thn tr) p2 nh hn p sut p1 pha trc vt cn, do vy cn c tc dng tiu hao bt nng lng ca dng chy qua n v lm tt giao ng nhanh hn khi khng c cn ph. S chnh lch p sut ny cn lm cho p lc nc va lan sang ng dn. Ngc li khi tng ti (hnh 15-10, ) th p2 > p1 cn tr vic h thp mc nc trong bung. c trng cho nt cn l h s khng thu lc 2 Vbda bit Vbda = Qbda / f (trong : qua nt cn. Tn tht ct nc qua nt cn l h = . 2g f - tit din ng dn; Qbda, Vbda- tng ng l lu lng v vn tc dng nc trong BA).
a- Xt trng hp ct ti: T iu kin ct ti ( QTC = 0) v p dng cng thc (15-2) v (15-3') cho trng hp c nt cn ta c:

dV g = ( Z htt h ) (15-17) dt Ltd dZ f (15-18) = V F dt Trong cng thc (15-17) tng tn tht ct nc trong ng dn v ch vo V2 + h (*) BA s bao gm: h = htt + h = h L + hcb + 2g Biu din t l tn tht ct nc cn ph theo tn tht htt (l tn tht cha k h h n cn ph) th: = = .0 = = Z0 htt L + + 1 cb d K hiu y = V/V0 v xem l: Vbda = V vit li (*) ta c: h = (1 + ) Z0 y2 (**) S dng (15-17), (15-18) v (**): Z LfV 2 d ( y 2 ) = (1 + ) y 2 (15-19) 2 gFZ 0 dZ Z0
LfV02 Lf Lf (15-12') = = 2 gFZ 0 F ( L + + 1) F cb d chuyn thnh cc i lng khng th nguyn: x = Z/S v x0 = Z0/S, ri ly tch phn phng trnh vi phn (15-19), ta c kt qu cui cng dng: (1 + ) x + 1 (1 + ) x0 1 (1+ )( x0 x ) + y= e (15-20) (1 + ) 2 x0 (1 + ) 2 x0

t S =

237

Da vo (15-20) tm mc nc cao nht trong BA. Khi mc nc trong BA t cao nht (Zm) th vn tc trong ng dn V = 0 v y = 0 v t xm = Zm/S. Gii phng trnh ta c: ln = [1 (1 + ) x m ] + (1 + ) xm = ln[1 (1 + )x0 ] (1 + ) x0 (15-21) Theo (15-21) ngi ta xy dng h ng cong xm = f( x0, ) (hnh 15-10,II), dng cc ng ny xc nh mc nc cao nht trong BA c cn khi ct ti. Da vo (15-12') tnh ra S, bit Z0 v tnh c x0. T tra ra xm ri tnh ra Zm. Trn biu , ng ng vi = 0 ng vi BA tr thng thng khng c vt cn.
b- Xt trng hp tng ti: Mc nc thp nht trong BA xy ra trong hp tng ti. Trong thit k chn trng hp tnh ton l tng ton b 1 t my t lu lng khng ti (Qx) n y ti (Qmax) ca mt t my hoc tng ton b c t my trong phm vi iu chnh bnh thng, v d tng t 50% n 100% ph ti vi mc nc thng lu thp nht. Vic tnh ton bng phng php gii tch trng hp ny rt phc tp, do vy nn dng phng php gii hoc s dng cc phng php s trn my tnh gii s tin li hn. XV. 4. 2. Tnh ton thu lc BA hai bung

Bung iu p hai bung thng c s dng khi h thng p lc di, ct nc ln, mc nc thng lu thay i nhiu v ni c cht, h cha c su tho ln.
a- Khi ct ton b ph ti:

Thng thng ging ng ni hai bung c tit din bng tit din ng dn, bi vy mc nc dng khi ct ti s nhanh chng t n y bung trn hoc nh trn. Vi iu kin ny cho php khng tnh n thi gian dng mc nc, mc nc nhanh chng t cao nht Zm trong bung, th tch nc vo bung trn WBT c th coi nh xy ra khi mc nc trong bung l Zm (hnh 15-11). Xc nh cng thc tnh WBT

Hnh 15-11.S tnh BA hai bung.

1- bung trn; 2- bung di; 3- ging ng; 4- ng dn; 5- ng turbine; 6- ng o p; 7- mc nc ng trc khi thay i ph ti; 8- nt cn; 9- Z0 mc nc cao nht trong BA .

238

nh sau: Gi s c vt cn y ging ng (h s cn thu lc ca nt cn ). Ta s dng phng trnh (15-17) v phng trnh na lp cng thc tnh: dV g = ( Z htt h ) (15-17) dt Ltd (15-22) dW = fVdt phng trnh (15-22) xc nh th tch phn t nc qua ng dn sau thi gian dt khi lu lng turbine bng khng (QT = 0) v lng nc tha hon ton vo BA. Tn tht ct nc trong ng dn ch n nh (*) v khng n nh (**) l: V2 Z 0= (L / d + cb + 1) 0 (*) 2g
htt + h = (L / d + cb + 1 + ) V2 2g

(**)

t y = V/ V0 v chia (**) cho (*) ta c: htt + h L / d + cb + + 1 = Z0 L / d + cb + 1 . Thay vo cng thc (15-17), (15-22) ta c: Z L / d + cb + + 1 2 LfV02 d ( y 2 ) = y + 2 gZ 0dW Z0 L / d + cb + 1

(15-23)

LfV02 d ( y 2 ) L / d + cb + + 1 t: A = v B = , cng thc (15-23) thnh: 2 gZ 0 dW L / d + cb + 1 Z d(y2 ) = By 2 + A (15-23') Z0 dW Gii (15-23') tm th tch nc trong bung trn. Cn tch phn ng vi trc khi ngt ti l: y = V/V0 = 1 v khi ngt ti hon ton l y = V/V0 = 0 cho kt qu : LfV02 B WBT = ln(1 ) (15-24) 2 gZ 0 B vm Trong cng thc (15-24) : vm = Z m / Z 0 xc nh th tch bung trn cn phi bi gi tr Zm. lm iu ny cn nh ra mt s gi tr Zm (thng theo iu kin kinh t ly t 812 m) v tnh ton so snh cc tr s chn kt qu cui cng. Cng cn ch rng (15-24) c thnh lp cho trng hp ng knh ging ng nh, v cng v ging nh nn d c b tr vt cn hay khng th tn tht ch tip gip vi ng dn vn khng th b qua.
b- Khi tng ti:

Tng t trng hp gim ti, khi tng ti t ngt th bung di c tc dng b sung nc cho ng turbine, do vy mc nc trong BA ang v tr ban u n nh Z0 (tng ng vi lu lng turbine u QT.0) h xung n mc nc thp nht Zn (tng ng lu lng turbine cui QT.C) v c gi mc nc ny cho ti khi lu lng ng dn t gi tr QT.C. Th tch cn thit ca bung di c xc nh : LfVc2 x 1 ( xn + 1) ( xn m) (15-25) WBD = ln n 2 2 gZ c xn m ( xn 1) ( xn + m)

239

Zn Q v m = T .0 ; Z c l mc nc n nh ng vi QT .C v Zc QT .C VC l vn tc trong ng dn trng thi n nh sau khi tng ti. Cng cn thy rng xc nh th tch bung di cng cn nh trc mt s tr s Zn v chn trn c s so snh kinh t - k thut cc phng n. Trn y trnh by phng php tnh ton thu lc xc ng kch thc bung iu p theo phng php gii tch i vi mt s BA thng gp, cc trng hp cn li sinh vin c th tm hiu cc ti liu Thu lc v Thu in khc.
Trong (15-25): xn =
XV. 5. TNH TON THU LC BA BNG GII

i vi BA c hnh dng phc tp, vic dng phng php gii tch gp nhiu kh khn trong vic gii cc phng trnh, ngi ta s dng phng php gii s n gin hn v kt qu nhn c cng d nhn thy hn. C s l lun ca phng gii cng vn t hai phng trnh ng lng (15-2) v lin tc (15-3) c sai phn dZ Z dV V ho cc thnh phn vi phn thnh sai phn: v t t dt dt T phng trnh (15-2) v (15-3) ta c: gt (15-26) ( Z htt ) V = L Q fV (15-27) Z = T t F Mc chnh xc ca gii tu thuc vo vic la chn khong thi gian t, thng ly theo chu k T (cng thc 15-7), vi mc chnh xc cho php c th ly theo nh sau: t = ( 1/321/40) T. gii cn xc nh s b kch thc BA theo iu kin n nh sng v cng b trong . Sau y trnh by cch gii cc loi BA.
1. gii i vi BA hnh tr

gii cho BA hnh tr ta cn lp h to v biu din cc phng trnh trn ln h trc. Ta bin i cc phng trnh (15-26) v (15-27) c th nh sau: Phng trnh (15-26) v (15-27) c th vit li nh sau: (15-28) V = ( Z htt ) Q f (15-29) Z = T t V t F F V2 2 L g t + cb + 1) = V = V 2 ; Trong : t = , v tn tht htt = ( d 2g 2g L

240

Biu din hai phng trnh trn ln h trc to v0z nh hnh (15-12,a) v biu

Hnh 15-12. Biu din cc ng ln h trc voz.

1- ng V = (Z - htt); 2- ng Z = -f t /F; 2' - ng Z = Q t/F - fV t/F 3- dng htt = V2; 4- ng Z = f(v).

din cc ng ln h to : - Phng trnh (15-29) l mt ng thng: khi ct ton b ph ti ( QTC = 0) th n l f ng thng 2 qua gc to ( Z = Vt ) ; khi QTC > 0 th l ng thng 2' song F Q Q song vi vi ng thng trn v i qua hai im (0, T .C t ) v ( T .C ;0) F F 2 - ng tn tht ct nc htt = V l ng cong 3 i qua gc to ; - V = ( Z - htt ) l ng thng 1 qua gc to , lm vi trc z mt gc .
a- Tnh ton khi ct ti: Ly trng hp t ngt ct ton b ph ti, ngha l lu lng qua turbine cui cng bng khng (QT.C = 0). Trng hp ny ng Z qua gc to - ng 2 (hnh 15-13).

Hnh 15-13. gii BA tr khi t ngt ct ht ti.

1- ng V = (Z - htt); 2- ng Z = -f t /F; 3- dng htt = V2; 4- ng Z = f(v); 5- Z = f(t)

241

Cch tin hnh gii nh sau: - Khi cha thay i ph ti, vn tc trong ng dn V0, mc nc trong BA thp hn thng lu mt on bng tn tht ct nc, t trc v xc nh vn tc V0 v dng xung gp ng 3 c im 0, l mc nc trong bung u thi on t1; - Tm mc nc trong BA v vn tc ng dn cui thi on t1 nh sau: + T ng 2 o c Z1 l tng mc nc trong bung cui thi on; + T im 0 t ln mt on bng Z1 v xc nh mc nc cui thi on t1 l Z1 = Z0 + Z1, ng thi vn tc trong ng dn cng thay i mt lng V1, do vy t im 0 k ng thng song song vi ng 1. Giao im I ca ng ny v mc nc Z1 xc nh v tr mc nc v vn tc ng dn cui thi on t1; - Tm mc nc trong BA v vn tc ng dn cui thi on t2 nh sau: T im I cui thi on t1, cng l u thi on t2, k ng thng ng qua im I ct ng 3 ti im I'. Tm mc nc cui thi on t2 bng cch t im I ly ln mt on Z2, giao im gia ng ngang k qua Z2 = Z1 + Z2 vi ng k t im I' v song vi ng 1 l im II - biu th mc nc trong BA v vn tc trong ng dn cui thi on t2. - Cc thi on tip theo cng xc nh theo cch nh trn, ta xc nhc cc im III, IV, V, ... ni chng li ta c ng biu th mc nc 4 trong BA, cui cng mc nc s giao ng v tt dn gc to (ng vi VC = 0. ng 5 l ng biu th s bin thin mc nc trong bung iu p Z = f(t). Trng hp gim ti t lu lng ban u (QT.0) n cui khc khng (QT.C > 0) cch tin hnh gii cng tng t, ch khc l dng ng 2' (hnh 15-12) c Q f phng trnh ( Z = TC t Vt ) thay cho ng 2 v giao ng cui cng nm F F trn ng 3 ng vi vn tc cui ng dn VC.

b- Tnh ton khi tng ti: Xt trng hp tng ti t ngt t ban u (QT.0) n lu lng cui no (QT.C). Vic thay i lu lng (QT.C - QT.0) tng ng vi vic nhn ti ca mt hoc mt s t my. Khi vic tnh ton vn gi nguyn ng 1 v Q f 3 cn ng 2 v t phng trnh: Z = TC t Vt i qua im c VC = QT.C/f. F F Vic gii xut pht t dim 0 nm trn ng 3, ng vi VO = QT.0 /f (hnh 15-12,b) . Sau thi on t1, mc nc h xung on Z1 (o c trn ng 2), t im 0 h xung mt on Z1 ta c mc nc cui thi on t1 l Z1 = Z0 + Z1, ng thi sau t1 vn tc thay mt lng V1, do vy giao ca ng ngang Z1 v on thng k t 0 song song vi ng 1 l im I ca ng Z = f(V). Sau xc nh cc im II, III, ..., VIII, ... bng cch tng t. Ni cc im 0, I, ..., VIII ... ta c ng 4 l ng Z = f(V) v xc nh c im V c mc nc h thp nht trong BA.
2 . gii i vi BA hnh tr c cn ph

a- Tnh ton khi gim ti:

Khi t ngt gim ti t lu lng ban u (QT.0) xung lu lng cui bng khng (QT.C = 0). u thi on mc nc trong BA l (hnh 15-14,a):

242

V02 V2 = 0 d 2g 2g Sau khi ngt ti, tt c lng nuc trong ng dn s vo BA, nt cn V2 ph s c tn tht ban u l h 0 = . 0 (tng ng vi QT.0), tn tht ny c xc 2g Z 0 = htt .0 = (
+ cb + 1)

nh t cng thc: h = .
htt = ( + ). V2

V2

2g

. Tng tn tht ct nc trong ng dn v nt cn s l:

(15-30) 2g T (15-30) v c ng htt = f(V) (ng 6). Cng bng cch gii tng t nh lm vi BA hnh tr, xut pht t im 0 ng vi VO ta xc nh c ng mc nc Z = f(V) trong BA (ng 4) trong trng hp ct ti (hnh 15-14,a). c c ng cong biu th s thay i mc nc mt ct cui ng dn Zd = f(V) ng 7 (hnh 15-14,a), t ng 4 ta cng thm tung ct nc tn tht h ca nt cn.

Hnh 15-14. Tnh ton gii BA c cn ph.

a)- trng hp ct ti QT.0 n QT.C = 0; b)- trng hp tng ti t QT.0 n QT.C

b- Tnh ton khi tng ti:

Khi t ngt tng ti t lu lng ban u QT.0 n QT.C , chnh p lc nt cn ph khi nc t bung iu p vo ng turbine c xc nh theo cng thc:

243

(VTC V ) 2 (15-31) 2g Trong VT.C = QT.C / f - l vn tc trong ng dn ng vi lu lng cui, cn h s tn tht nt cn ly khc vi khi gim ti. chnh lch p lc lm tng gia tc dng chy trong ng dn, bi vy cn cng thm hiu Z - htt, ta c ng xin nt t (hnh 15-14,b). S thay i mc nc trong BA vi thi on t c xc Q fV t , vi QT.C l hng s. nh t cng thc: Z = TC F Vic tnh bng gii bt u t im I trn ng htt = f(V) - ng 3 tng ng vi ch n nh vi turbine bng lu lng ban u trong ng dn. Tin hnh gii tng t nh lm i vi BA hnh tr khi tng ti v xc nh c ng mc nc trong BA theo V, ng 4 (hnh 15-14,b). h = .

3. gii i vi BA hai bung

Hnh 15-15. gii BA hai bung.

244

a- Tnh ton ngn trn khi ngt ti:

Tnh ton gii BA vi bung trn c p trn hnh vng khi ct ti t lu lng ban u QT.O xung lu lng cui bng khng (QT.C = 0). Khi gii ta vn s dng phng trnh ng lng (15-26), trong tn tht ct nc htt tnh n tn tht nt cn (hnh 15-15,a), phng trnh lin tc c biu th bng th tch nc, dng: W = f.V.t' (15-31) xc nh chiu cao nc dng trong phm vi ging ng ZG trong thi on t ta dng biu thc: f .t '' (15-32) V Z G = F Trong (15-32) ta chn thi on t" < t' trong (15-31) v mc nc trong ging dng ln nhanh hn trong bung trn. Khi vt khi ngng trn, nc s trn qua p trn vng vo bung trn vi lp nc trn hT, xc nh t: fV = DhT 2 ghT , v:

f 2V 2 hT = (15-33) 2 g 2 D 2 2 Trong : D l ng knh p trn vng, thng ly bng ng knh ging; - h s lu lng ca trn vng. T cc cng thc trn ta v trn h to (hnh 15-15,a) cc ng: - ng 1' v 1" biu th quan h V = f[Z - (htt + h)] vi t' v t" ; - ng ZG = f(V) theo cng thc (15-32); - ng W = f(V) theo cng thc (15-31) vi t' ; - ng hT = f(V) theo cng thc (15-33); Tin hnh gii bt u t vic v ng cong tn tht 6 t ca ly nc n BA bao gm ct nc tn tht nt h: htt + h = kV2 = f(V) . Trc khi ct ti, mc nc trong BA cao trnh Z0, sau thi on u t" < t' mc nc trong BA nhanh chng tng ln mt on Z1. Vic gii tin hnh tip theo tng t nh i vi BA hnh tr cho n khi t ngng trn (im IV) (hnh 15-15,a). im IV c xc nh l giao im gia ng hT = f(V) vi on mc nc 4 ko di III - IV'. Bt u t im IV mc nc trong BA theo ng hT = f(V) v cc im V, VI, ..., IX c xc nh theo phng trnh ng lc 1' vi t' > t". Ta xc nh c mc nc ln nht l Zm tng ng vi im IV. Tng ng vi cc thi on ta o c trn ng W = f(V) cc gi tr dung tch WIV, WV, ..., WIX v tnh c th tch tr nc bung trn l: WB.T = WIV + WV + ... + WIX
3

b- Tnh ton trng hp tng ti :

Tnh ton bung di ca BA hai bung vi ta dng trng hp tng ti t ngt t lu lng ban u QT.O ln lu lng cui QT.C. Trc ht cn xc nh s b kch thc v cao trnh trn bung di (hnh 15-15,b). C din tch bung di v ging ng ta xy dng ng quan h gia th tch ca chng theo mc nc Z theo cc cng thc sau y tng ng vi ging ng v bung di: WG = FG. Z ( vi Z Z') WBD = FBD ( Z - Z') y : Z' l cao trnh trn bung di.

245

Sau ta xy dng ng gia s th tch nc t BA cn b sung cho cho ng turbine sau mi thi on t l: W = ( QT.C - f V )t. Cc ng V = f(Z - htt) v ng htt = f(V) cng c xy dng nh i vi BA hnh tr. Tin hnh tnh ton gii bt u t vn tc ban u V0 = QT.0/f, c im I. Sau thi on t1, BA c th b sung cho ng turbine mt lng nc W1, t n t im A trn ng WG = f(Z) v dng tm c v tr mc nc cui thi on t1 l Z1. Kt hp (Z1 - Z0) vi ng V = f(Z - htt) ta c im II u thi on t2, v o c W2. t W2 ln ng WBD = f (Z) tm c mc nc Z2 cui thi on t2. Sau tin hnh gii lp li v ni cc im I, II, ..., VIII c ng mc nc 4 trong BA, mc nc cui cng giao ng quanh im B ng vi VT.C = QT.C/f. Ta tm c mc nc thp nht trong BA l Zn (im VIII) v xc nh c th tch nc ln nht ca bung di l WBD trn ng WBD = f (Z) WBD = f (Z) hnh (15-15,b).
XV. 6. VN N NH H THNG BUNG IU P Trong vn hnh TT thng xy ra hin tng mc nc giao ng nh gy nn do ph ti thay i nh, lm thay i ct nc dn n cng sut pht ra khng n nh. Do vy vn n nh mc nc trong BA c nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu, kt qu ng ch l ca nh khoa hc Tma cng b nm 1910. Vi cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh Tma a ra mt s iu kin ca BA Trm thu in lm vic n nh, l: din tch gii hn mt ct ngang ca bung iu p v tr s tng tn tht ct nc ca h thng ng p lc cn t c bo m TT lm vic n nh. 1. Tr s din tch gii hn Tma xt trng hp v mt l do no mc nc trong BA thay i mt lng nh Z, thit b iu tc phi thao tc iu chnh tng hoc gim lu lng mt lng Q m bo gi cho cng sut pht ra l hng s. Tma da vo nhng iu kin ny gii bi ton v a ra cng thc xc nh din tch phn gii sau: a- Khi TT lm vic c lp: Lf (1 + ) F pg = (15-34) ' 2 ga H 0 2htt .0 (1 + ) b- Khi TT lm vic trong h thng: Lf (1 + ) F pg = (15-35) ' 2 ga H 0 2htt .0 (1 + ) Trong cc cng thc: a l h s tn tht: trong cng thc htt = aV2; H0' = H0 - httd - htt.0 , (khi Q0 = Qmax) ( httd, htt.0 - tng ng l tn tht trong ng dn v trong ng turbine) H = 0 0 H Trong : 0 l hiu sut turbine ng vi H0 v vng quay nh mc; / H tm trn ng c tnh toongr hp chnh ca turbine.

[ [

] ]

246

1 N lm , (trong : Nht l tng cng sut lp my ca h thng). N ht

2. Tr s tn tht ct nc

Tng tn tht ct nc trn ng dn (httd) v tn tht trong ng ng turbine (htt.0 ) phi nh hn mt phn ba ct nc tnh (H0) l iu kin n nh th hai trong (15-36) BA l: httd + htt.0 < H0 / 3 C tit din gii hn (Fpg), ta chn tit din ngang ca BA (F) theo iu kin: F (1,11,15) Fpg v m bo iu kin (15-36) th bo m lm vic n nh .
XV. 7. KHI QUT V THIT K BUNG IU P Ni dung v cc bc la chn v thit k BA gm nhng phn sau: 1. Da vo hng s qun tnh T1 ca h thng dn nc p lc xt c cn a phng n xy bung iu p vo thnh phn h thng dn nc hay khng; 2. Theo iu kin a hnh, a cht, vt liu xy dng, iu kin lm vic ca TT tin hnh b tr v tr v chn loi BA thch hp; 3. nh kch thc tit din ngang (F) ca BA ti thiu da vo iu kin n nh mc nc ca Tma ( theo cc cng thc15-34, 15-35 v 15-36), t a ra mt s phng n v kch thc BA; 4. Tnh ton thu lc xc nh cc mc nc ln nht v nh nht xc nh nh bung v cao trnh t ng dn v ng turbine; 5. Tnh ton kt cu BA v tnh ton kinh t - nng lng chn phng n BA. Khi thit k BA nn ch mt s vn sau: - BA nn chn hnh thc o mt phn trong li dng ni tham gia chu lc cng vi v BA s kinh t hn. i vi TT sau p nn chn BA l thin, i vi TT ng hm dn nc di qua chc nn dng loi BA hai bung; - V tr t BA dung ho gia khi lng BA v tr s p lc nc va nn t trc ni giao ga tim ng dn v ng turbine hoc ni r nhnh cc ng ng. y BA cao hn nh ng hm t 2 n 3m bng on ni; - Tnh ton kt cu BA theo ba trng hp sau: + Mc nc trong BA cao nht, do p lc v trng lng nc ln nht; + Mc nc trong BA thp nht, trng hp ny p lc nc bn ngoi cao nht hoc p lc va phun cng p lc ch ng ca nham thch quanh BA v lc y t di y ln l cao nht; + Nhng trng hp trn cng thm ng lc nhit v co ngt trong tng ng Tnh ton kt cu BA ch yu l tnh phn thn b v tm y ca BA.

247

Phn II.b

NH MY CA TRM THU IN
Chng XVI. NH MY T. V CC THIT B

TRONG NH MY THU IN
Nh my ca trm thy in l ni cha cc thit b ng lc chnh (turbine, my pht in) ngoi ra cn b tr cc thit b ph m bo vn hnh an ton cho cc thit b chnh nh: h thng cc thit b in: t iu khin, thit b t ng, thit b bo v, thit b phn phi in, my bin p; cc h thng ph thu lc; cc xng sa cha v th nghim ... Tt c cc thit b trn cn phi b tr mt cch hp l v thun tin, yu cu qu trnh vn hnh tn km t nht, an ton, c h s li dng cc thit b cao nht.
XVI. 1. KHI QUT V THNH PHN NH MY T XVI. 1. 1. Nh my T v b tr thit b trong nh my Nh my thy in c chia lm hai phn, ly cao trnh sn my pht lm ranh gii phn chia: phn di nc v phn trn kh. Phn trn l kt cu nh cng nghip thng thng cha h thng cu trc, cc phn trn ca my pht in, t iu khin t my v thit b iu tc... Phn di nc ch yu cha cc b phn di ca my pht, ng p lc, bung turbine, BXCT, ng x v b tr h thng thit b thit b ph c in.

Hnh 16-1. Cc b phn cng trnh v thit b ca nh my thu in.

1- Gian my. 2- Cu trc gian my. 3- Nh t van. 4- Li chn rc. 5- Rnh van. 6- Bung xon. 7- Ging turbine. 8- BXCT ca turbine. 9- ng x. 10- Phng phn phi. 11- My pht in kiu 12- Ct ngang dm cu trc. 13- Ct dm cu trc. 14-MBA; 15- ng c tip lc.

Hnh (16-1) l mt ct ngang nh my thy in ngang p, m t cc b phn chnh v v tr t cc thit b ca mt nh my thu in.Trong nh my, ngoi cc t my pht in cn c cu trc dng lp rp v vn chuyn cc cm ln ca turbine,

248

my pht in, my bin p ng lc v cc thit b ph trong nh my, trong gian my thng dng cu trc cu. Ngoi gian my chnh thng dng cn trc ch mn hoc cc loi my trc khc nh ti, my nng kch thy lc... t ti ch. Ca ly nc v ng x cn c trang b li chn rc, cc ca van v trang thit b c kh thu cng khc. Trm My bin p t song song thng hoc h lu cc t my rt ngn chiu di cc thanh ci my pht, trong iu kin nh my ngang p c ng x di t trm bin p pha h lu nh my rt thun tin v kinh t. XVI. 1. 2. Phn loi nh my thu in Nh my thu in c phn loi theo cc cch sau: 1. Phn loi theo cng sut lp my Phn loi theo cch ny mang tnh tng i v n tu thuc vo mc pht trin kinh t - k thut ca tng quc gia v mi quc gia cng tu theo tng thi k. Ni chung thng phn ra mt cch tng i cc loi nh my sau: Trm thu in nh, khi: cng sut lp my N lm < 5.000 kW; Trm thu in trung bnh, khi: N lm = 5.000 - 50.000 kW; Trm thu in ln, khi: N lm > 50.000 - 1.000.000 kW. Theo TCVN 285 - 2002 phn ra cc cp TT sau: Trm thu in cp V, khi: N lm < 200 kW; Trm thu in cp IV, khi: N lm < 5.000 - 200 kW; Trm thu in cp III, khi: N lm < 50.000 - 5.000 kW; Trm thu in cp II, khi: N lm < 300.000 - 50.000kW; Trm thu in cp I, khi: N lm 300.000 kW; Khi TT c N lm > 1.000.000 kW thng c coi l TT cp c bit. 2. Phn loi theo iu kin nh my chu p lc nc thng lu Phn loi theo cch ny ta c: Nh my thu in ngang p (nh my trc tip chu p lc nc thng lu); Nh my thu in sau p v nh my ng dn ( khng trc tip chu p lc nc thng lu). 3. Phn loi theo ct nc ca trm Thu in Phn loi theo cch ny ta c: Trm thu in ct nc thp, khi: H max < 50 m; Trm thu in ct nc trung bnh, khi: 50 m H max 400 m; Trm thu in ct nc cao, khi: H max > 400 m. Vi ct nc cao di 500 m thng c th dng turbine Tm trc t tc thp hoc turbine Go, trn 500 m s dng turbine Go.
4. Phn loi theo kt cu nh my Theo cch phn loi ny ta c nhng loi nh my sau: Nh my thu in khng kt hp x l (cng trnh x l nm ngoi nh my); Nh my thu in kt hp x l (cng trnh x l nm trong nh my); Nh my thu in kt hp v kt cu (nh my trong thn p, nh my trong cc m tr, nh my trong thp x nc ....); Nh my ngm v na ngm; Nh my thu in tch nng; Nh my thu in thu triu ...

249

XVI. 2. C IM V CU TO CA CC LOI NH MY T.IN Trong phn Thy Nng chng ta bit c nhng loi TT c bn v trong li c nhng loi trm c bit, chng tun theo nhng yu cu chung song mi loi cng s c nhng nt c bit ring. 1. Nh my thy in ngang p Nh my thu in ngang p (hnh 16-2) l mt phn ca p dng do vy n trc tip chu p lc nc thng lu, ng thi cng l cng trnh ly nc trc tip vo turbine. V vy loi nh my ny c s dng thng vi ct nc nh (H 30 40 m). Cc nh my ln v trung bnh thng dng turbine cnh quay trc ng. Nhng t my ln c ng knh BXCT D1 = (10 - 10,5) m (V d TT thu in Xaratop, Lin x c c D1 = 10,3m), NTB = (120 - 150) MW, QTB = (650 - 700) m3/s. Phn di nc ca nh my loi ny trong trng hp lm vic bt li hn cc loi sau p v ng dn. p lc nc t mt pha i hi nh my phi n nh khng b trt theo theo , v khi xy dng trn nn khng phi cn phi tnh n nh ca nn v chng ln, nh mt cng trnh chn nc. V cn bo m tnh vng chc v n nh, cng nh v kch thc ln v hnh dng phc tp ca bung turbine v ng x, phn di nc ca nh my thy in ngang p, loi t ngay tuyn cng trnh thng l phn t tin nht ca cng trnh. Ca ly nc t ngay trc bung turbine, c b tr cc rnh th li chn rc, rnh van sa cha, rnh van cng tc. Dng cu trc di ng bn trn nng h li v van. Trong trng hp c vt ni ln nguy him, c th t thm tng ngc 10 chn (hnh 16-2); b tr rnh 5 th van cng tc khi cn ngn nc vo bung xon. Nu c x l kt hp trong nh my th t rnh van s cha 9 ca cng trnh trn c p 3; cui ng x t van x trn 4. Vic b tr cng trnh x l trong nh my s lm tng thm ct nc ca trm vo ma nc l v gim bt chiu rng p trn, dn n gim khi lng cng trnh trm. Pha trn on khuch tn ca ng x di, b tr thit b ph, phng phn phi in cp in p my pht, trn n l trm my bin p ... thao tc van h lu, hnh trn cng dng cn trc cng. ng t 6 v ng tu la 7cng c t pha trn phn ra ca ng x. Trm phn phi cao p t phn trn ng x v phn trn nh my.

250

Hnh 16-2. Nh my thy in ngang p c kt hp x l.

2. Nh my Thy in sau p: Nh my thy in sau p thng dng cho cc trm c p kh v p trn vi ct nc trung bnh v cao. Vi nh my sau p, thng dng bung xon kim loi mt ct trn. Nh nhng thay i kt cu ca nh my m phn di nc gim i nhiu. Phn trn c th dng cc kt cu khc hoc ging nh trong nh my ngang p. Hnh (16-3) trnh by loi nh my c kt cu hon ton c lp, t sau p khng trn. Loi nh my ny, ng x khng di thng khng chiu rng t my bin p, do vy tn dng khong trng gia p v nh my t trm bin p l thch hp . Ct in cao th c th t trn thn p b tng. Nh my thu in sau p thng dng vi ct nc t (30 - 45) m H (250 - 300) m. Turbine c s dng thng l turbine tm trc, turbine cnh quay ct nc cao hoc turbine hng cho. gim nh hng ln khng u, gia p b tng v nh my t khp ln. Hnh (16-4,a) l mt v d v nh my thy in sau p, nh my nm sau p trn b tng. Trong trng hp ny, cc phn thit b in kh b tr, thng b tr phng phn phi v trm bin p p gia gian my v p. Hnh (16-4,b) trnh by nh my thy in kiu p vi nh my nm trong thn p btng kh. Vic t gian my trong thn p s rt ngn chiu di ng ng p lc do vy gim bt tn tht ct nc,

251

Hnh 16-3. Nh my thy in sau p ci thin iu kin vn hnh ca t my lm vic mi trng m v nhit n nh, gim bt khi lng btng. Tuy nhin, iu kin thng gi, nh sng, chng m phi c ch gii quyt. Vic thng thng vi bn ngoi v t my bin p bn trong cht chi, phi b tr ng hm thng ra ngoi v t my bin p bn ngoi v pha h lu nh my.

Hnh 16-4. Nh my thu in sau p trn v trong thn p.

252

3. Nh my thy in kiu ng dn: Nh my thy in kiu ng dn v c bn ging nh my thy in sau p, song ch khc l kch thc phn di nc ca nh my gim nh hn do ng knh turbine nh, nht l khi lp turbine go. nhng trm ng dn ct nc cao, s dng turbine tm trc th trong mt s trng hp s dng ng x thng hnh chp hoc ng x loa kn nn kt cu phn di cng n gin hn, nc sau khi ra khi ng x chy v knh x h lu. Hnh (16-5) m t kt cu ca khu trm ca TT ng dn l thin.

Hnh 16-5. Nh my thu in ng dn.

1- thp no ca m no ; 2- m no h trn; 3- khp nhit ; 4- m ; 5- m no di; 6- c thp; 7- tng p lc ca BAL

S ny bao gm tng p lc 7 ca b p lc, ni tip t b p lc v nh my l ng ng thp p lc c ai, nh my dng turbine tm trc ct nc khng cao. M no trn 2 ca ng nm kt hp trong thnh phn tng p lc ca b p lc, m no dng h. M no di 5 l thnh phn ca phn di nc nh my, dng m no dng kn. Khp nhit 3 c t st sau m no trn. y dng phng thc cp nc ring l, chiu di ng ngn. Trm my bin p v trm phn phi cao p t khu vc ring, mt u nh my. Nhn chung nh my kiu ng dn c kt cu khng c g c bit so vi nh my thy in sau p. 4. Nh my thy in ngm: S khc bit gia nh my ngm v loi nh my khc l ch ton b nh my u c t ngm trong lng t , lin h gia nh my vi bn ngoi bng cc ng hm v ging ring. Ty thuc vo cng ca a cht bao quanh nh my m kt cu c khc: nu nh my c t trong khi cng chc th khng cn lp o chu lc, nu khi yu th phi c lp o chu lc bao quanh (hnh 16-6). bo v gian my khi nc thm v nc ngng t xut hin trn b mt hoc lp trn lp o btng, tng vm ... thng xy lp o, gia o v lp l khng kh. Dng thit b thng gi thi qua khong khng y loi b nc m. trm thy in ct nc thp v trung bnh c kch thc turbine ln, ng thi nh my t trong yu v nt n, do vy trong nh my ch t turbine, my pht v cu trc cu.

253

Hnh 16-6. Bnh mt bng nh my thy in ngm.

1- Xng c kh. 2- Thng du. 3- Sn lp rp. 4- Ging thng gi. 5- ng ray vn chuyn cc on ng. 6- Ca t ng. 7- MBA t dng. 8- Phng iu khin TT. 9- My ngt. 10- Tuy nen dn cp; 11- tuy nen MBA. 12-MBA d tr. I- Nhm MBA th nht. II- Nhm MBA th hai.

Ca van s c t cui ng dn v sa cha ng x c th b tr trong ng hm ring dc theo nh my. Khi nh my t khng su so vi mt t th my bin p c th t trn mt t. Dng ng hm dn dy in t my pht n my bin p. Vic sa cha my bin p c th tin hnh ti trm phn phi cao p, hoc c th dng ng hm a my bin p vo sn lp rp trong nh my sa cha. i vi nhng nh my t kh su di mt t th my bin p c b tr trong mt ng hm ring chy song song nh my (xem hnh 16-6).

254

i vi nh my c ct nc cao dng turbine tm trc c s vng quay ln, do kch thc t my gim th my bin p c th t trc tip gn gian my trong cng mt khoang v c tng ring bo v. Nh vy gim c tn tht in nng t thanh ci my pht n my bin p, n gin s u dy v iu kin lm vic ca khi xung quanh nh my c n nh v s ng hm o trong t.. bo m nhit v m thch hp cho nhn vin vn hnh v iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca thit b, trong nh my ngm cn phi c h thng iu ha khng kh , h thng thng gi v ht bi, c th dng nhit ca my pht v my bin p si m gian my v ma lnh. 5. Nh my thy in tch nng:

Hnh 16-7. Nh my thu in tch nng vi "t my ba my".

1- ng c - my pht; 2- turbine tm trc; 3- khp li hp; 4- turbine go ng b; 5- my bm a cp; 6- ta.

Kt cu nh my T tch nng, nhn chung cng ging nhng nh my khc, ch c phn di nc l khc. m bo chu trnh lm vic, trong nh my t c turbine v my pht. Trong mi trng hp, ct nc lm vic ca turbine nh hn ct nc m my bm to ra mt t. C th dng cc loi turbine tm trc, cnh quay, turbine cnh cho ng thi lm my bm. lm iu cn thay i hng quay, cn my pht chuyn thnh ng c in. Cc t my nh th l t my thun nghch, cho php n gin ha s b tr nh my, gim kch thc v gi thnh xy dng. Khi ct nc H = (1215) m th turbine cp xun thun nghch trc ngang l hiu qu hn c. Dng t my c turbine thun nghch v my pht - ng c gi l t my hai my . Khi ct nc cao hn 100 - 150 m, dng rng ri t my ba my gm turbine, my bm, my pht - ng c (xem hnh 16-7). My bm t su hn turbine. Gia trc ni ca turbine v trc my bm dng mt khp ly hp ngt turbine hoc my bm khi lm vic ch tng ng. Di khp ly hp b tr mt turbine go ng b ph 255

dng khi a t my bm vo hot ng m khng phi dng tm thi ng c. S ny cho php nng cao hiu sut t my. gim bt lc dc trc tc dng ln chu lc ca my pht - ng c, di my bm b tr ta trng lng my bm. Ngoi nhng loi nh my trn, trong thc t xy dng thy in cn nhng loi nh my khc (nh nh my l thin, nh n ngm, nh may trong tr, ...) rt a dng.
XVI. 3. CC THIT B TRONG NH MY THU IN

Hnh 16-8. S cng ngh b tr cc thit b thu in

1-turbine; 2- my pht; 3- van trc turbine; 4- my bin p; 5- cp dn in; 6- thit b lm mt mpht; 7- h thng o lng v iu khin; 8- h thng cp nc k thut; 9- h thng kh nn; 10- h thng kch t; 11- h thng du; 12- cu trc; 13- phng iu khin TT; 14- trm phn phi; 15- ng dy ti thuc trm; 16- ca van ng x; 17- kt du p lc; 18- t iu tc; 19- CTL; 20- h thng thot nc.

Thit b ca trm thu in c th c chia ra cc loi: thit b ng lc (gm turbine v my pht in), thit b c kh, thit b ph, thit b in. hiu khi qut v mi quan h gia chng c th xem s khi qut (hnh 16-8) trang trn. Sau y ln lt h thng li nhng thit b lin quan hc cc mn hc v b sung cn thit. Ring v turbine thu lc v cc h thng thit b ph c - thu lc va cp phn I ca gio trnh ny, nn khng trnh by li.
XVI. 3. 1. My pht in ca TT My pht in l thit b bin c nng ca turbune thnh in nng cung cp cho h thng in, n l loi my pht ng b ba pha c vng quay thng thp, cc li. Cc b phn chnh ca my pht l: phn quay rotor, phn tnh stator, h thng kch t, h thng lm ngui my pht, h thng chng chy, nn nc ... Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht trnh by mn hc in k thut, my pht c th lp trc ngang hoc trc ng, trc xin. Trong phn ny chng ti ch trnh by phn my pht trc ng, gp nhiu trong xy dng thu in va v ln.

256

1. Phn loi v cc b phn ca my pht in thu lc Da vo v tr tng i gia rotor v trc chia my pht ra hai kiu chnh: - My pht in kiu treo (hnh 16-9): t trn gi trn, nm trn rotor; - My pht kiu (hnh 16-10): t di rotor; kiu ny li chia hai kiu na l : kiu thng vi t trn gi di, kiu thp vi t trc tip ln np turbine- hnh (16-10) trnh by my pht kiu thp - khng c gi di. Hnh (16-9) v (16-10) trnh by cu to cc b phn ca hai kiu my pht. Rotor ca my pht: Rotor 1 gm c may 3 gn trn trc 4, khung 5 v vnh bnh 6 gn cc cc t 7. Mi cc t gm c li thp v cun dy in ly in t my kch t 19 qua vng gp 8 v v tr thnh nam chm in khi quay. cc my pht hin i, vnh 6 c lm t cc l thp vng dy 3-4 mm. Li thp ca cc cc t c lm t nhng l thp dp dy 1,5 -2 mm, s lng cc t xc nh qua tnh ton. Stator ca pht pht: Stator 2 ca my pht gm: thp t 9, cun dy 10 (trong hnh v l phn dy a ra bn ngoi ca n) v thn 11 gn cc t. tng kh nng lm mt, trong cc thp t c cc rnh thng gi. Thn ca stator c t ln b my v c gia c chc chn. Kt cu trc ca rotor my pht gm c hai loi vi hai chc nng khc nhau: trc hng tm 12 nhn ti trng vung gc vi trc nh hng trc; cn trc 13 ( chn) nhn ti trng theo chiu dc trc. Cc my pht trc ng th nh hng chu ti trng nh, nhng phi nhn tt c cc ti trng ca trng lng phn quay t my v lc dc trc t BXCT ca turbine truyn ti ( cc t my pht ln ti trng ny c th ti 2500 tn v hn). Ring turbine trc ngang th hng tm cn lm nhim v c trng lng bn thn ca cc phn quay t my, trng hp ny chn ch chu ti trng ng hng dc trc t BXCT turbine truyn ti. c ng lt a gn cht vo trc quay, phn di ca n l a thp b c mt di c ch to rt cn thn (gi l "gng") b l mt tip xc ng vi mt tip xc c nh c ca trc . Cc tm vng c nm trn cc bulng d, truyn ti trng xung kt cu chu lc bn di. Mt trn ca cc tm vng (xc mng) ny l mt trt c

257

Hnh 16-9. My pht in kiu treo (70.000 kVA, n = 428,6 v/ph) ph lp babt. Cc bulng ta d m bo phn u ti trng gia cc xc mng. a b v xc mng c c t trong hp du bi trn , trong hp c cc ng dn nc lm mt . Khi a b chuyn ng, du c ko vo cc rnh h ca cc phn quay to nn

258

Hnh 16-10. My pht in kiu thp (120.000 kVA, n = 62,5 v/ph). nhng nm du c p lc ln hi nhc phn quay ln khi quay. Khi dng my, vng quay t my gim dn, lc ny lm vic ch nng n nht, do vy bn di r to t my hm 14 hm my pht. Thng khi vng quay rotor cn li t 3540% vng quay nh mc l my hm phi tc ng dng my, khng ko di thi gian chy my vi vng quay thp.

259

 my pht kiu treo (hnh 16-9) nm bn trn rotor my pht. Ti trng dc trc s truyn qua gi trn 15 truyn xung v c theo phng ngang nh kch 16. Gi ch thp 15 c kch thc ln, nn chiu cao gian my s ln. my pht kiu , 13 c t ln gi di, bn di rotor, i vi kiu thp (hinh 1610) khng c gi di ring m c t trc tip ln np turbine, v vy kiu c gi trn nh ch nh hng, v vy chiu cao my pht kiu thp hn kiu treo. Thit b lm ngui my pht : gim nhit thp t v cun dy my pht, thng ngi ta dng thit b lm ngui bng khng kh. Trn rotor c gn cc cnh qut 17 ht gi vo lm mt my. i vi my pht trung bnh v ln th phi c h thng lm mt ring. B tr xung quanh thn stator cc thng lm ngui bng ng dn nc 18, khng kh nng t rotor i qua thit b ny s h nhit v li quay v rotor. Hnh (16-11) trnh by mt s s h thng lm ngui my pht. Khi my pht c cng sut nh c th dng h thng lm ngui trc tip (s I): ly khng kh mt bn ngoi nh my, a vo my pht lm mt, sau kh nng li c tho ra ngoi. Cc s II dng phng php lm mt bng h thng kn cho my pht ln, trong s II,a c s dng rng ri hn c.

Hnh 16-11. Cc s h thng lm ngui my pht.

H thng kch t: H thng kch t lm nhim v cung cp dng in mt chiu cho rotor my pht chnh to nn t trng cn thit cho rotor, t trng quay t rotor s qut ln cun dy ca stator dng in cung cp cho li. Trc y ngi ta thng s dng h thng kch t trc tip t trc my pht chnh. Trong h thng ny, trn rotor my pht c t my pht in mt chiu - kch t 19, phn quay ca n ni vi trc my pht. Dng in mt chiu s c dn n vng tip xc 8 ca rotor. Hin nay, c bit l my pht ln, thng dng kch t gin tip c ngun in mt chiu t my pht. C th dng h thng gm ng c d b v my pht mt chiu hoc h thng kch t ion bng chnh lu thu ngn hay bn dn. H thng kch t gin tip tin li hn v mt b tr nh my do gim c phn trn ca my pht, cn vi my pht t tc thp th r hn. 2. S b xc nh cc thng s v kch thc my pht a - Cc thng s c bn ca my pht - Cng sut nh mc l cng sut tc dng ln nht ca my pht NMP, (kW); - Cng sut biu kin : S = NMP/cos = 3 UI, (kVA)
- Cng sut v cng : Q = S sin =
3 UI sin, (var)

260

Vi cc loi turbine thng thng th in p my pht c chn thit k theo thng k sau y tu thuc vo cng sut ca my pht: Khi NMP < 4 MW th in p my pht : UMF = 3,15 kV; UMF = 6,3 kV; NMP 15 MW th in p my pht : NMP 70 MW UMF = 10,5 kV; UMF = 18 kV. NMP > 70 MW b - Cc kch thc c bn ca my pht Kch thc c bn nht ca my pht l ng knh ngoi ca li thp t stator D a v chiu cao li thp t l a , trong nhn hiu my pht thng c ghi cc kch thc ny v s cc t ( V d nhn hiu my pht ca Lin x c ghi: CB 940/235 - 30, ngha l my pht ng b- C; trc ng - B; D a = 940 cm; l a = 236 cm; c 2p = 30 cc t). Trong thc t chn my pht chng ta da vo phng thc lp trc, cng sut nh mc v vng quay ca my pht ly bng vng quay ca turbine. Vi my pht c sn xut, chn c s tra c cc thng s v kch thc ca chng.Tuy nhin cng c trng hp khng tra c my pht thch hp, nht l khi my pht c cng sut ln ( N 20 MW) c ch to n chic cho cng trnh c th phi t hng. Trong giai on thit k ban u, c kch thc v trng lng phc v thit k ta cn da vo s liu thng k tnh ra thng s theo cc cng thc s b theo cc cch sau: - Trc tin da vo vng quay ng b chn kiu my pht: kiu treo khi vng quay n 150 v/ph, kiu khi n 75 v/ph. - Xc nh s b kch thc c bn D i , l a theo cch: + Tra th (hnh 16-12) sau y: da vo cng sut biu kin S (MVA) v vng quay n (v/ph) tra c im tng ng v c c l a , ly trn l a theo tiu chun sau ri tra tip D i : l a = 330; 360; 400; 450; 500; 550; 600; 670; 750; 820; 900; 1000; 1100; 1220; 1350; 1500; 1650; 1820; 2000; 2200; 2450; 2700; 3000 (mm). + Hoc tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim di y: 13,9 4 S 160 S v l a = 2 (16-1) Di = 3 n Di n Trong : S - cng sut biu kin (kVA); n - vng quay ng b (v/ph); l a , D i tnh ra (m). Quy trn kt qu tnh ton theo tiu chun. + Khi chn my pht in c sn xut ( c l a , S, n) nhng cc thng s ca
* * my tra c khc vi cc thng s ca my cn xc nh (tc l* a , S v n ) th ta tnh

chiu cao thp t l* a theo cng thc:

l* a = la n S* n *S

(16-2)

261

Hnh 16-12. Biu xc nh s b cc kch thc c bn ca my pht. - Sau khi xc nh cc kch thc c bn l a , D i ca my pht, s dng cc cng thc kinh nghim sau y s b xc nh cc kch thc khc ca my (hnh 16-13): + ng knh ngoi ca li thp t stator: D a = D i + ( 0,5 0,9) m; + Chiu cao my pht: h st = l a + 0,75m (hoc 1,5m); + ng knh stator: D st = (1,15 + 0,0007nO) Di (khi nO < 250 v/ph); D st = (0.92 + 0,0016nO) Di (khi nO > 250 v/ph); D st = (1,05 + 0,0017nO) Di (i vi my pht kiu ); + Chiu cao gi trn: h1 = (0,2 = 0,25).Di (i vi my pht kiu treo); = (0,1- 0,12).Di (i vi my pht kiu ); + Dng knh gi trn: D1 = D st ; + Chiu cao gi di: h2 = (0,1 - 0,12).Dg ( i vi my pht kiu treo; h2 = 0,25 - 0,3).Dg ( i vi my pht kiu ); + ng knh gi di: D2 = Dg + 0,4m; + Khong cch : a = (0,2 - 0,3)m ( i vi my pht kiu treo); = (0,4 - 0,5)m (i vi my pht kiu ); + Khong cch trc: c = (0,8 - 1) m; + Chiu cao trc : h3 = (0,2 - 0,25) Di (i vi my pht kiu treo); = (0,15 - 0,2) Di (i vi my pht kiu ); + ng knh trc : D3 = 9,4 - 0,5) Di; + Chiu cao chp my pht: hO = (0,3 - 0,5) m; + ng knh chp my pht: dO = (0,2 - 0,25) Di; + ng knh h my pht: Dh = (1,5 - 1,85) Di (i vi my pht kiu treo; = (1,4 - 1,5) Di ( i vi my pht kiu ); + Chiu dy thiu b lm ngui my pht: t = (0,35 - 0,375) m;

262

+ Khong trng i li h my pht: b > (0,4 - 0,5) m.

Hnh 16-13. Cc kch thc c bn ca my pht

a) my pht kiu treo; b) my pht kiu thng. - Trng lng chung ca my pht c xc nh gn ng theo cng thc:

G = A.Di la , (Tn) (h s A = 35 - 45T/m2) i vi Di, la (m). i vi my pht kiu thp khng c gi di th trng lng ca my pht gim bt 6-7%. Trng lng rotor cng trc ly bng (45 - 50)% trng lng chung ca my pht.. XVI. 3. 2. Cu trc trong nh my thu in Trong nh my T phc v cho vic lp rp v sa cha t my cn phi c cu trc. Thng thng cu trc chnh b tr trong gian my chnh, tm hot ng ca n phi bao qut ton b gian my v sn lp rp. cc gian my ph c th t thm my nng h ring phc v cho thit b ti ch. Hnh (16-14) trnh by v h thng cu trc cu trong gian my ca nh my thu in. Cu trc cu gm mt dn thp 3, hai u c t cc bnh xe ln 4 chy trn ray thp 5 ca dm cu trc t dc nh my, trn dn thp c xe nh 6 chy trn ray dc dn thp. Xe nh ny cha cc ti nng h mc cu trc cu v di chuyn vt cn

263

Hnh 16-14. S nng thit b bng ghp hai cu trc trong nh my. nng theo hng ngang ca nh my. S dch chuyn phi hp gia dn thp v xe nh khng ch cc v tr ca vt cn nng. Mc cu trc c hai c: mc chnh 8 tho lp thit b nng (nh BXCT hoc rtor my pht, my bin p..v..v.. ), mc ph 7 c tc thao tc nhanh hn dng tho lp cc thit b nh, nh hn. Trong hnh (16-14) trnh by cch cu rtor my pht v trc, do vt qu nng phi ghp hai cu trc li v dng mt dm ngang 1 lin kt vic cu vt 2. Thng thng khi trng lng vt nng khng vt qu kh nng cu ca mt cu trc th mc chnh trc tip cu thit b nh (hnh 16-15), trn hnh ang nng BXCT ca turbine tm trc. Hnh 10-7 ( chng 10), trnh by v mt lai cu trc cng ngoi gian my: Kt cu cu trc cng c nhiu dng khc nhau: khng c cng xon, c 1 hoc 2 cng xon. Cc thit b nng h vt nng t trn nh cn trc, cc ng c lm dch chuyn cn trc t chn khung cn trc. Cc bnh xe cn trc ln trn ng ray. Cn trc cng (cn gi l cu trc ch mn hay cu trc chn d) thng c dng nng h, vn chuyn cc ca van thng, h lu nh my hoc cc ca van ca p trn. Thng dng mt cn trc chung cho nhiu khoang p trn v ca ly nc ca TT ngang p, hoc b tr cho cc van h lu nh my. Cc thit b nng tnh ti thng dng my ti hoc my nng thu lc (xem hnh 10-8, chng 10). Chn cu trc trong nh my cn c vo trng lng v kch thc vt nng ln ln nht (rotor my pht + trc, BXCT turbine + trc, MBA ...) v kch thc b tr cc thit b v i li theo b rng gian my, c s kt hp vi nhp cu trc LK c sn Trng hp khng c cu trc sn xut th mi t hng ch to n chic, v ch to n chic s lu v t hn..

264

Hnh 16-15. Cu v vn chuyn BXCT turbine trong nh my.

XVI. 3. 3. My bin p Vic truyn ti in nng i xa c tin hnh vi in p cao nhm gim tn tht trn dy ti v gim tit din dy ti, khong cch ti cng xa v cng sut ti cng ln th in p cng phi cao. V d ti 500 MW i xa 100 - 200 km cn phi c in p 220 kV. Khi nng p ti in i xa th cui ng dy li phi h p xung 3 n 6 kV, v thng nht l 380 V cp cho cc h s dng in. Do vy my bin p phi lm nhim v nng v gim in p. My bin p hin i thng c hiu sut cao (n 99% v hn), tuy nhin tn hao chung cho cc trm bin p vo khong 4 - 6% in nng hng nm ca cc trm in sn ra. My bin p c th phn loi theo s cun dy: My bin p hai dy cun (dng nng in p ln mt cp) v my bin p ba dy cun (dng nng in p ln hai cp in p trung p v cao p cho hai h thng khc nhau). Hoc phn loi theo s pha: my bin p ba pha v my bin p mt pha. Cng vi my bin p ba dy cun, trong TT cn c th s dng my bin p t ngu, im khc c bn ca n l trong n khng ch c quan h v in t m cn c quan h v in gia cc cun dy trung p v cao.p. Loi ny c nhiu u im trong vn hnh v cho php gim in p ngn mch c th xy ra gia cun thp p v mt pha no trong cun cao p. Cu to ca my bin p: nng cao mc cch in v ci thin kh nng lm ngui, li thp t v cc cun dy my bin p c t ngp trong thng du my bin p 1 (hnh 16-16). Bn trn thng du cn b tr thng gin du 5 (c th tch 8-10% th tch thng du 1) thng vi thng 1 qua ng dn, gin du khi nhit du tng khi n. Van 8 c tc dng pht du s c do nhit lm gin th tch du qu mc. Cc u dy t phng phn phi my pht dn n s cch in h p 9 v dy ra in p cao qua s cao p 3ni vi dy ti v trm phn phi cao p. gim nhit du trong

265

Hnh 16-16. Cc b phn v kch thc chnh ca my bin p ba pha.

a) Cc b phn my bin p; b) D th xc nh kch thc v trng lng MBA. Ch : - ng nt t l trng lng phn tho ra ri ca my. - K, M l khong cch gia cc bnh ln.

thng 1 xung quanh thng c lp cc ng ng tn nhit 4 v tng cng h nhit bng cc qut gi 6. Bn di thng 1 c h thng bnh xe ln 2 vn chuyn my bin p trn ray i sa cha, khong cch gia cc bnh xe ln c th l 2000, 2500, 3000 mm. i hng ca bnh xe ta dng kch nng thng 1 ln v quay bnh theo hng mi. Kh nng vt ti tm thi ca my bin p trong vi gi c th t 30 - 40%, cn vt ti lu di c th t 5 - 10%. Lng du s b tnh cho c 1 kVA l 1 kg. chn my bin p da vo yu cu: cng sut ti S (kVA), in p nng Ul ni vi li in v in p thp ni vi my pht UMF.
B B B B

266

XVI. 3. 4. B tr thit b ph trong nh my T Yu cu b tr cc thit b ny l bo m vn hnh an ton, tin li v kinh t. Cn chn s lm vic chc chn v n gin, thao tc thun tin, cc phng c lin quan cn t gn nhau rt ngn ng dy cp in, din tch cc phng va phi, khng lng ph. i vi nh my nh, c th b tr cc phng trong gian my, cn nh my ln c th phi b tr ring bit mi bo m din tch yu cu. 1. Cc thit b thuc nhm cc phng thao tc y l nhm cc thit b in v cc b phn phc v vic vn hnh nh my: a - Phng iu hin trung tm l u no ch huy ca ton trm. Trong phng ny b tr cc bng iu khin, cc t tn hiu o lng v rle bo v. Din tch phng vo khong 80 - 200m2 vi chiu cao 4 - 6 m, khng c ct. Phng iu khin TT cn bo m sng sa, thun tin lin lc vi cc b phn ca trm thng qua cc cp nh th t cc ni dn v. V tr ca phng ny thng t cng cao trnh vi sn my pht rt ngn ng cp nh th. Do trong phng t cc thit b o lng, tn hiu chnh xc nn cn b tr ni yn tnh, trnh rung ng v khch vn lai. sm a t my u vo vn hnh cn t phng iu khin u nh my hoc gn t my u tin. Bn di phng iu khin trung tm l phng cp nh th tp trung cp t cc ni v v phn phi n cc t, bn ca n, gi l phng di ca phng iu khin TT; phng di phi cao t 2 - 2,5 m c th vo ra thay, sa v kim tra cp. b - Nhm phng in mt chiu : c nhim v cung cp dng mt chiu cho cc thit b o lng, tn hiu, iu khin v thp sng khi s c nh my. Cm phng ny gm cc phng c quy, axit v phng my np in cho c quy. Do kh c t c quy v axit nn chng phi t tch bit vi cc phng khc v c cc ca thng gi ring, khng dng chung ca v h thng thng gi vi phng khc. My np nn t cnh phng c quy axit, nu my np c trng lng khng ln hay dng chnh lu thu ngn th c th t tng trn gn phng iu khin TT, tin theo di np in. Din tch phng c quy cn 30 - 60 m2, phng axit 10 - 15 m2, phng np in 20 - 40 m2. c - Phng phn phi cp in p my pht : Phng ny t cc thit b ng, ngt (my ct, dao cch ly, cu ch ...) phn phi in t thanh ci my pht i n trm my bin p, my bin p t dng v ng dy ti khc. rt ngn chiu di thanh ci t my pht n my bin p nn t phng ny gia hai my v gn st my pht, tng xy gh vi gian my pht cng cao trnh sn my pht, hoc tng turbine st my pht. Phng phn phi cn cao ro, bo m an ton i li, rng chng 6 - 8m, di theo gian my. d - Phng in t dng: Phng ny thng b tr my bin p t dng v bng in t dng, c chng 30 - 50 m2. 2. B tr cc phng thuc nhm sn xut y l cc nhm phng bo m s lm vic bnh thng, gm: cc h thng du, cp nc k thut, kh nn ... , cc xng sa cha c kh, k thut in, o lng in, th nghim in cao p ... Nhm cc thit b in c b tr cc tng trn m bo kh ro, an ton. Cc nhm c khi nh du, nc thng b tr tng turbine, dc nh my, phng kh nn v xng c kh thng tng turbine- di sn lp rp, thit b cp nc k thut v bm tho nc thng t gn t my chnh, tng turbine.
P P P P P P P P P P

267

3. B tr trm my bin p chnh ca TT

Hnh 16-17. Cc s b tr my bin p ca trm thy in. gim tn tht in nng trn on gia my pht v my bin p ng lc, ngi ta mong mun t my bin p st gian my (trong mt s trng hp nh trm thy in ngm, thm ch cn t my bin p trong gian my). Vic sa cha v kim tu my bin p c lin quan n vic tho lp tng phn hoc ton b chng, thng s dng cu trc trong gian my lm vic ny.Trng lng my bin p c th t ti 300 tn hoc hn, kch thc ln ca chng cng gy kh khn cho vic chuyn dch chng theo phng ng. Bi vy my bin p thng c t cng cao trnh sn lp rp. Trong hnh (16-17), cc s I, II, III l cc phng n t MBA thng hoc h lu cnh gian my. Vi s I v II vic a my bin p vo sn lp rp thc hin bng ng ray ring t dc gian my. i vi TT kiu ngang p th s II l thch hp nht v tn dng phn trn ca ng x di t my bin p. i vi TT kiu p lm bng vt liu a phng hoc v TT ng dn h khi cng sut my bin p khng ln thng t chng trm nng p ring , nm trong khu nh my (s IV). Trong cc TT kiu p vi cng trnh tho l t trn nh nh my, trnh bi nc thng t my bin p trong gian kn hoc t pha trn cao trnh ngang nh p. Khi sa cha MBA thng phi rt li ca chng bng cu trc gian my, do vy nu cao trnh ca dm cu trc khng cao khi rt li th hoc nng cao trnh dm cu trc hoc trn sn lp rp cn o h th my bin p trnh vic nng chiu cao nh my. Ray vn chuyn my bin p cn t sao cho cc my bin p khi y qua my bin p ang lm vic m khng b vn.

268

4. Trm phn phi cao p: Trm ny c din tch rt ln nn thng c b tr ngoi tri, nn gn trm bin p v ng giao thng, cao hn mc nc l ln nht h lu. Thng h thng thanh gp cao p t mt tng v tri rng mt bng, tuy nhin nu a hnh cht hp th c th dng hai n ba tng nhng tn thp hn. Kch thc trm ny tu thuc vo s u dy, s b c th tm ly theo bc (mi bao gm my ct, cu dao cch ly v cc thit b khc tu theo cp in p): U (kV): 35 110 220 330 500 Bc (m): 6 7 11 22 30 Chiu di (m): 40 60 90 120 160 XVI. 4. KT CU V KCH THC NH MY THU IN Nh trn trnh by, nh my T trc ng chia lm hai phn: phn trn v phn di nc. Phn trn mang kt cu ca nh cng ngip thng thng. Phn di nc c kt cu dng khi, chim 80 - 90 % khi lng b tng ca c nh my, c kt cu phc tp kh chn c s lc chnh xc trong tnh ton, vic b tr kt cu v thit b khng hp l s gy lng ph cng ca v lm kh khn cho vn hnh v vn an ton sau ny. Cao trnh sn my pht l ranh gii phn chia hai phn ca nh my. 1. B tr v v kt cu phn trn nh my thu in Hnh (16-18) l mt ct ngang ca mt nh my thy in ng dn, trc ng. Phn trn l kt cu bao che ca mt nh cng nghip thng thng. Cu trc cu chy dc gian my nh cc bnh xe ln trn ng ray thp t trn dm cu trc, dm lm bng btng ct thp hoc bng dm thp, c gi bi cc ct thng ng dng khung hoc ct. thng gi v chiu sng, trn tng gian my c nhiu ca vi tng din tch chim khong 1/3 - 1/5 din tch mt sn. Ca u gian lp rp tu theo kch thc thit b a vo xc nh. Kt mi che c th l dn thp hoc dm mi b tng ct thp lin kt vi ct v khung nh my (xem thm hnh 16-19,a v 16-21).

Hnh 16-18. Kt cu phn trn v phn di nh my T trc ng.

269

Hnh (16-19,b) b tr mt bng phn trn (gian my pht, gian lp rp ... ). Tng ny thng b tr phn trn ca my pht in nh gi trn v trc ca my pht, my kch t (ngy nay cc nh my thy in c xu th ch cn kch t t tng my pht). St my pht, v mt pha b tr cm t iu tc v thit b du p lc (c trng hp chng c a xung cng tng vi stator). T iu tc t gn thit b du v ng c tip lc (ng c ny t trn np tuyrbine ging turbine) rt ngn khong cch ng dn du p lc. Mt pha khc ca gian my t t in iu khin t my v cc dng c o lng v bo v t my. Cc phn in nn t cng pha vi my bin p (ngoi gian my). Phng phn phi in cp in p my pht t phng xy gh gian my pht (hoc nm tng stator ca phn di nh my) gim khi lng cp ng lc. Ngoi ra lin h vi cc tng di, tng ny cn b tr cu thang ln xung cc tng, h th mc cu trc xung cc tng di cu vt khi sa cha, lp rp. Bn ngoi nh my, v pha thng lu li dng khong trng gia nh my v p b tr my bin p ng lc hoc t cc my bin p h lu - trn sn ng x. Dng h thng ng ray vn chuyn MBA a n sn lp rp sa cha. Khi vn chuyn MBA cn m bo khong cch khng va chm gia my em i sa v my ang lm vic. Pha h lu nh my t cu trc cng dng chung cho cc khoang hoc loi thit b nng h khc nh ti in, my nng thu lc... thao tc cnh van h lu khi cn kim tra sa cha ng x hoc tiu nc ng x.

270

Hnh 16-19. Ct dc v mt bng tng trn nh my T trc ng. Sn lp rp thng t cng cao trnh t my bin p tin vn chuyn MBA v c th t cng cao trnh hoc cao hn sn my pht li dng thm phn trng ca gian my pht b tr thit b khi sa cha. Chiu di sn lp rp ly bng chiu rng

271

gian my pht tin dng chung cu trc. Din tch ca sn ny m bo b tr cc cm thit b ln ca mt v MBA sa cha, lp rp (i vi nh my c s t my nh hn hoc bng 10 t); khi s lng my ln hn th din tch b tr sa cha lp lp hai t my cng mt t. Cc cm thit b ln cn b tr sn l: MBA, rtor my pht + trc, gi trn my pht, np turbine, BXCT + trc, trc, thit b du, thit b lm ngui my pht ... (hnh 16-21b). Khi b tr rtor v BXCT cn c l xuyn sn h trc v c nh trc. Trng hp rt c li MBA cn nh my qu cao, thng o h t MBA di sn rt li khi nng cao trnh dm cu trc. vn chuyn thit b vo nh my thun tin, v tr ca sn lp rp c t pha b lng sng. 2. B tr v kt cu phn di nh my thu in Phn di nc ca nh my c kt cu dng khi. Tng trn ca phn di nc b tr cc kt cu di ca my pht (stator, rtor v cc thit b lm ngui my pht, b my pht). Ging turbine l phn ko di ca b my pht n sn np turbine. Tip theo l tng turbine cha: bung xon, np turbine (trn np b tr ng c tip lc iu chnh c cu hng nc), ca vo ging turbine. Ca van trc turbine v cc thit b iu khin n t trc ca vo bung xon, ni bung xon vi ng dn nc p lc. Kt du p lc ca ca van t bn cnh van. tho lp ca van thng dng cu trc th t gian my chnh hoc t my nng ring ti ch. Ngoi cc thit b, tng ny cn c m cc hnh lang, cc phng i li v t ng ng cc loi v cc thit b ph ca nh my nh: thit b lc nc (t quanh ging turbine), cc thng du, my bm tiu nc... , cc h thng ng dy cp in, ng ng cc loi ...v.v.. Di tng turbine l tng ng x, l khi btng ln cha on cong v on khuch tn ca ng x, c hnh lang tp trung nc nhn nc t bung xon, ng x. Dng khon khng gian khot gia khi b tng ca hai t my t bung bm nc tiu t hnh lang tp trung nc v h lu. Ch rng khi lng nc cn tho t, bm c th trc tip tiu nc t bung xon ng x trong thi gian ngn th c th khng cn c hnh lang tp trung nc trong thnh phn tng ny na. Phn ny cn b tr cc h thm v thit b bm t ng tiu nc thm .V pha h lu l cc tr c rnh t van h lu. Nh my thy in trc ngang thng c kt cu v thit b n gin hn so vi nh my thy in trc ng. Thng thng thit b c in c b tr c trn tng my pht in, cn phn di nc ch b tr ng x hnh nn ct v hm x. Phn trn ca nh my trc ngang cng tng t nh nh my trc ng, tuy nhin khi t my qu nh, thit b nh c th khng cn cu trc hoc dng cu trc iu khin tay do vy n gin hn v kt cu cng trnh. Tng my pht t cc t my nm ngang, dng rnh cp nh t chm trn sn dn cp t my pht n phng (thng l t) phn phi v iu khin ca nh my. Thng trm my bin p t trn b, mt u nh my cng trong trm phn phi cao p, iu khin cc trm ny cng thng c b tr chung trong gian my. Hnh (16-20) sau y th hin mt ct ngang v mt bng ca mt nh my thy in trc ngang loi trung dng turbine tm trc, bung turbine l bung xon, turbine v my pht ni trc trc tip; my iu tc loi nh t trc tip bn bung xon. Cc phng iu khin trung tm v phng phn phi in cp my pht t pha thng lu, trong phn xy gh vi gian my chnh. Sn lp rp t mt u gian my chnh c cao trnh t cao hn mt sn gian my pht v cng cao trnh vi ng vo nh my.

272

Hnh 16-20. Kt cu v b tr nh my thu in trc ngang. Bn cnh sn lp rp c phn xng c kh phc v gia cng sa cha nh ca nh my v kho du. Cng cn ch rng trong nh my thu in loi tng i nh, khi dng truyn ng cua roa gia trc my pht v trc turbine, c th li dng khong trng ln gia cc my tho lp sa cha th khng cn b tr gian lp rp ring. Tuy nhin, cng cn xem xt c th i vi nh my c th quyt nh s c mt hay vng mt ca tng hng mc ca nh my d l nh, sao cho m bo yu cu v kinh t - k thut c li nht. Trong nh my trc ngang thng vn b tr sn lp rp ring, v thng dng loi cu trc iu khin bng th cng n gin kiu palng xch. 3. Xc nh kch thc nh my T B tr v xc nh kch thc mt bng nh my cn m bo nhng yu cu sau - m bo kch thc b tr thit b, trnh lng ph khng cn thit;

273

- m bo tin li v an ton trong vn hnh v sa cha, do vy cn khong cch cho nhn vin i li khng vng my mc thit b; khong thng thng ti thiu 1m, khong trng cnh vt th quay hay in cao p th ti thiu phi 1,5m; - Cu trc chuyn thit b ln qua cc t my v cc trang thit b trong gian my khng b va chm. Khi chn kch thc mt bng nh my cn c gng tn dng cu trc c ch to sn; c kch thc, sc nng ph hp nhm gim gi thnh cu trc v y nhanh tc mua sm cu trc, ch n tm hot ng ca mc chnh ca cu trc khi chn kch thc nh my. a - Xc nh cc cao trnh v chiu cao nh my: Chiu cao ca nh my ph thuc vo chiu cao ca t my, thit b, chiu cao ca kt cu cng trnh v chiu cao nng vt nng ca thit b nng. N gn lin vi cc cao trnh chnh sau: - Cao trnh lp turbine ( lm ): cao trnh ny c chn tho mn yu cu phng chng kh thc ca t my thu lc, thng tnh vi mc nc sau nh my l nh nht v tho mn cao ht nc nh hn gi tr cho php. Mt khc nu h cao trnh lp my qu su li v an ton kh thc th s tng khi lng phn di nc, do vy cn phi chn thch ng tho mn yu cu chng kh thc v khi lng xy dng t; - Cao trnh sn my pht ( smp ): l cao trnh mt sn gian my pht. Cao trnh ny c lin quan vi chiu cao phn di tng turbine v phn stator my pht. Khng gian bn di phi chiu cao t thit b v nhn vin vn hnh i li an ton, thng ly t 2,7 - 3 m. Cao trnh sn cn phi m bo cao hn mc nc h lu ln nht, hoc c che chn khng nc trn vo trong mi trng hp; - Cao trnh ray dm cu trc ( dct ): l cao trnh ca mt ng ray di bnh xe ln ca cu trc. iu kin xc nh cao trnh ny l tho mn rt c vt cao v nng nht ca t my v vn chuyn chng trong gian my m khng va qut cc vt khc vi khong cch an ton t vt di chuyn dn cc vt c nh khc 0,25 - 0,5m. Chiu cao phn trn ca nh my k t sn my pht n trn nh H (hnh 1621,a) tu thuc kiu nh my kn (s I, II) hoc kiu na kn (III) hay h (s IV); nc ta ch dng nh my kiu kn thch hp vi thi tit khc nghit. Chiu cao gian my H c quyt nh da vo iu kin nng v vn chuyn vt nng v rt li MBA. Do vy thng qua cao trnh dct v tnh n chiu cao cu trc cng vi khong trng an ton t xe gong n trn chng 500 mm l xc nh c chiu cao gian my.

274

Hnh 16-21. Kt cu phn trn v sn lp rp

1-ray chuyn MBA; 2- MBA; 3- BXCT; 4- trc vi gi ; 5- rotor; 6- gi trn; 7- np turbine; 8- t my; 9- kch t, trc turbine, thit b lm ngui my pht; 1-1- khp ln; 2' - vng lm vic ca mc chnh; 3' - vng lm vic ca mc ph; b4 - phm vi tc dng ca mc chnh; b5 - ca mc ph.

Chiu cao phn di nc c tnh t cao trnh tm y ng ht n vng ta stator my pht (hnh 16-18), bao gm chiu dy bn y (thng ly 0,5-2m trn nn v t 3-5m trn nn mm), chiu cao ng ht chn, chiu dy lp btng ca bung xon (thng ly t 0,8 -1m i vi bung xon kim loi v t 1,2 -1,5m i vi bung xon betng), cao t sn turbine n cao trnh y stator my pht i li v b tr thit b (thng ly t 2,7-3m). b - Xc nh kch thc mt bng nh my: Kch thc mt bng phn di v phn trn c lin quan nhau v tho lp v b tr thit b. Kch thc phn di ph thuc ch yu vo kch thc bung xon v ng x (hnh 16-3), ring nh my ngang p cn ph thuc vo ca ly nc (hnh 16-1 v 16-2). Kch thc phn trn nh my ph thuc vo s lng v kch thc t my, kch thc sn lp rp, phm vi hot ng ca cu trc v li i li cho nhn vin vn hnh. Chiu di ca nh my L: xc nh theo cng thc sau: (16-3) L = n. l + l slr + l Trong : n l s t my ;

275

l - chiu di on t my, hay chnh l khong cch gia hai trc t my cnh nhau, khong cch ny ly bng ng knh h my pht Dh cng thm khong i li v kch thc thit b iu tc (hoc nu kch thc bung xon cng vi b dy phn btng gia hai bung xon, nu bung xon c kch thc ln hn); l slr - chiu rng sn lp rp, thng ly chiu di on t my: (khi s mi ln sa cha mt t my); l slr = (1 - 1,2).l = (1,3- 1,5).l (khi s mi ln sa cha hai t my). l - kch thc tng thm t my cui , thng ly l = 2-5m. Kch thc chiu ngang nh my B: xc nh da vo b tr my pht, thit b iu tc (t iu tc v kt du p lc), bn in bn my, thit b khc v khong i li, kt hp nhp cu trc v phm vi hot ng ca cu trc. 4. Gia c lng sng h lu nh my Dng nc khi ra khi ng x cn nng lng kh ln, cn phi tnh ton gia c bo m an ton cho h lu, nht l i h lu nh my thu in ngang p. Yu cu i vi gia c l: m bo s ni tip thun dng t ca ra ng x vi h lu; loi tr xi l i vi cng trnh trong giai on vn hnh bnh thng, m bo khng dng nc h lu v khng cn ng ra ca dng thm. Cu trc gia c lng sng h lu nh my gm c ba phn sau y (hnh 16-22) - Sn tiu nng: nm ngay sau ng x, c tc dng tiu hao phn ln ng nng t ng x (hoc t l x nh my kt hp x l), y l ni chu tc dng ca dng khng n nh ln nht pha h lu. Kt cu sn tiu nng thng l nhng tm b tng nng ti ch vi b dy t 2,5 - 3m (c c l qua tm tiu nc) v phi qua tnh ton kim tra li, phn ny khng t nm ngang m t dc ngc vi dc 1 : 5 (hnh 16-22a,b,c): - Sn sau: nm tip sau sn tiu nng, c tc dng tiu hao nt phn ng nng cn li v phn b u li lu tc theo chiu su dng chy trc khi nhp vo lng sng thin nhin. Sn sau thng nm ngang v cu to t nhng tm btng c chiu dy thay i vi b dy gim dn t 2 m v n cui l 0,6m. nh my kt hp khi c lu lng n v q 40m2/s th mt phn sn sau nm nghing v c tng rng hay cc c bn di gia c on cui ca n (hnh 16-22,b); chiu di sn sau l LSS. - on gia c sau cng: ni tip gia sn sau v lng sng t nhin bo v cho sn sau. Kt cu ca on ny ph thuc vo a cht lng sng ngay sau n. Chiu q su ch xi l cc b xc nh theo cng thc p = k 1,2 ; v kx Trong : k - h s hiu chnh; v kx - vn tc khng xi l ca t lng sng.
B B P P B B

276

Hnh 16-22. Gia c h lu nh my thu in. a,b) Gia c trn nn t v q = 20 m2/s: 1- cc bn betng 1,5m;2- cc bng btng 1m;
P P

3- tng lc ngc ;4- 0,4m; 5- hc 0,4m, 6- l thot nc b) Gia c nh my khng kt hp nn cng.

Kch thc cc on c tnh ton s b theo cc cng thc sau: a - Gia c khi lng sng trn nn : (hnh 16-22,c).Trong iu kin ny phn gia c ch cn c sn tiu nng vi cc tm btng dy t 1 - 1,5 m, trong cc tm sn tiu nng c cha l thot nc ngm. Chiu di sn tiu nng s b tnh nh sau : L stn = ( 2 3) h 1 h1 l chiu su ti mt ct ca ra ng x ng vi lu lng bnh qun nhiu nm. b - Gia c lng sng trn nn t:(hnh 16-22a,b). Trng hp ny phi c y sn tiu nng, sn sau v phn gia c cui. Cc tm btng sn tiu nng phi cha l thot nc ngm, sn sau l nhng tm btng lt, phn gia c sau cng l nhng lp . Chiu di cc on tnh theo s b cho nhng trng hp sau: h1 + h 2 (i vi nh my khng kt hp c lu lng Chiu di L stn = (2 - 3) 2 n v q 20 m2/s v vn tc trn su sau v = 2,5 m/s); Chiu di sn sau: LSS = (3 - 5) h2; Chiu di phn gia c: LGC = (2 - 3) h3. Trng hp trong nh my c kt hp x l th lu lng n v q s ln hn, lc ny cc chiu di ca cc on gia c s tng hn so vi nh my khng kt hp. Trong thc t phi qua th nghim m hnh gia c h lu nh. Sau y, nu khng c kt qu th nghim th c th tm ly cc kch thc theo bng (16-1) sau:
B B P P B B B B B B B

277

Bng 16-1. Kch thc cc on gia c c trng t Ct St Ct Ct St q (m2/s)

P P

20 20 20 40 60 60 60

Sn tiu nng ( Lstn ) h1 + h 2 ( 2 3) 2 h1 + h 2 ( 2 3) 2 h1 + h 2 ( 2 3) 2

B B

Sn sau ( LSS) ( 3 5) h 2
B B

Tc sn sau (m/s) 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 -

Phn gia c sau ( LGC) ( 2 3) h 3

B B

( 3 5) h 2

( 2 3) h 3

( 4 6) h0 2
(5 7 ) h0 2

( 3 4) h0 3
( 4 5) ( h 0 3 + p)

0+ h0 h1 2 ( 3 4) 2 0 h1 + h 0 2 ( 4 5) 2 0 + h0 h1 2 ( 4 5) 2 0 + h0 h1 2 ( 2 3) 2

(5 7 ) h0 2

( 4 5) ( h 0 3 + p)

Trong bng 16-1: h1, h2 , h3 l chiu su nc cc on ng vi lu lng bnh qun nhiu nm 0 , h 0 , h 0 tng ngl chiu su nc cc on ng vi lu lng l thit h1 2 3 k, dng i vi nh my kt hp x l; p - chiu su xi sau sn sau.
B B B B B B

278

Chng XVII. TNH TON N NH V KT CU

PHN DI NC CA NH MY THU IN
Chng ny nghin cu v tnh ton n nh v kt cu ca nh my thu in, khc nh cng nghip thng thng; nh my thu in c kt cu dng khi rt phc tp. Ton b nh my v tng kt cu ring phi m bo n nh v bn di tc dng ca mi t hp ti trng tnh ln ti trng ng trong giai on thi cng ln giai on vn hnh, sa cha. Tnh ton n nh tin hnh cho c nh my; bn ca mi phn t nh my ngoi vic phi tnh khi n tham gia lm vic chung vi ton nh my cn phi tnh khi n chu ti trng cc b.
XVII. 1. TNH N NH TRT V NG SUT DI BN Y N.M 1. Tnh n nh chng trt nh my Vic tnh ton n nh chng trt ca nh my l iu cn thit i vi nh my kiu ngang p v n trc tip chu p lc nc thng lu; ngoi ra ch tnh kim tra trt cho nh my sau p v nh my kiu ng dn khi c b tr khe ln - co ngt gi p v nh my, hoc pha thng lu hoc bn hng nh my c gia ti ln.

Hnh 17-1. Cc mt trt v s lc tc dng ln nh my ngang p Tnh ton n nh trt ca cng trnh thu cng vi ba dng trt: - Trt phng theo mt tip xc gia cng trnh v nn (mt trt l mt nm ngang cao trnh chn su nht ca tm mng (nh hnh 17-1,a - theo ABCD, ABCDEF, ABCDE hoc theo lp t yu nm di tm y);

279

- Trt hn hp: xy ra khi dch chuyn ngang c ko theo mt phn t nn di y cng trnh (p ph mt phn t nn); - Trt su: xy ra p ph t nn di ton b y nn, thng xy ra nn mm ( nh t ct, st, t vn th ... ). Vic tnh trt ca nh ma thu in ngang p trn nn cng vi H 50m, do tm y c din tch ln nn ph ti tc dng khng gy ra ng sut c th pht sinh bin dng do v p ph, v vy thng ch tnh n nh theo trt phng.Tiu chun tnh n nh l dng trt phng khi tho mn iu kin sau: N = max K (17-1) B Trong : max l ng sut php ln nht trn t nn (T/m2); - trng lng ring ca t (t/m3); B - chiu rng tnh ton ca nh my, theo chiu dng chy (m); K - ch s m hnh khng th nguyn ph thuc vo gc ma st trong v l dnh C ca t. i vi cng trnh cp I, xc nh K theo th nghim m hnh; i vi cc cng trnh cp II, III, IV ly K = 3 khi nn t, ly K = 1 khi nn ct. Nh my T thng c N 3 nn phn ln ch kim tra theo trt phng. iu kin an ton trt phng xc nh nh sau (hnh 17-1,b): f ( G U) + CB + E pH k= > [k] (17-2) (T a + E aB ) ( T H + E aH ) Trong : G l tng cc ti trng thng ng; U - tng p lc y ngc; f - h s ma st gia nn v cng trnh.; C - lc dnh n v ca t; B- chiu rng nn dc theo dng hy; E pH - p lc t b ng h lu khi y b y trt v h lu;
P P P P

E aB , E aH - p lc t ch ng thng lu v h lu; Cc k hiu ti trng khc xem hnh v 17-1,b. i vi nn l th trong (17-2) b hai thnh phn C.B v E pH .

H s an ton cho php [k] tra theo cp cng trnh, bng sau: Bng 17-2. H s an ton cho php [k] Trng hp tnh ton Vn hnh bnh thng c bit Sa cha Cp cng trnh I II 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,17 1,1 III 1,15 1,05 1,05 IV 1,1 1,05 1,05

Cc trng hp tnh ton kim tra n nh trt:: - Trng hp vn hnh bnh thng: Tnh vi mc nc thng lu l MNDBT, cn mc nc h lu ly ng vi lu lng tho mt t my. Cc ti trng tc dng ly y vi trng lng kt cu ca nh my, trng lng cc thit b t ng v tr ca chng, phn chy c trng lng nc, p lc nc thng h lu, p lc thm, y ni, p lc t thng h lu, ...v..v...

280

- Trng hp sa cha: mc nc thng h lu v cc ti trng cng nh trng hp vn hnh bnh thng, nhng cc thit b d i sa cha v phn chy tho cn nc. y l trng hp nguy him nht i vi n nh chng trt. - Trng hp c bit: mc nc thng lu l MNGC, mc nc h l mc nc cao nht. Ngoi ra cn kim tra cc trng hp c th xy ra nguy him, nh ng t, iu kin thi cng ... 2. ng sut di bn y nh my Vic xc nh biu phn lc di bn y nh my nhm phc v cho vic tnh kt cu khi c phn lc di nn tc dng v tnh ln, tnh dch chuyn ngang ca cng trnh v nh gi trng thi gii hn ca nn. Tr s v quy lut phn b ng sut di bn y nh my ph thuc vo: c tnh ca ti trng tc dng bn trn, vo cng v kch thc ca mt bng mng, vo a cht v tnh c l ca t nn cng nh nh hng ca cc cng trnh bn cnh.

Hnh 17-2. S tnh ln v phn lc nn C th tnh phn lc di y nn theo hai phng php: nn l mi trng bin dng tuyn tnh hoc theo phng php h s nn ca Wincle. Trong t s cng ca tm y v nn c ngha quan trng. Cng trnh tuyt i cng th bin dng ca n khng nh hng n s phn b phn lc nn, cn cng trnh c cng hu hn th bin dng ca n c nh hng n s phn b phn lc nn. C th thng qua ch s do t ca hai ng Gorbunp - Pxap nh gi, c th coi tm y l tuyt i E0 l 2 cng khi: t 10 <1 (17-3) E1 h 3 Trong : E0, E1 tng ng l: mun n hi ca vt liu lm cng trnh v nn; l, h - chiu di, chiu cao ca dm (bi ton phng nn b rng b =1). Phn ln phn di nc nh my T trc ng c kch thc ln v dng khi nn thng c th coi l cng trnh cng (tho mn t < 1). a - Cng trnh cng trn nn theo phng php h s nn (Vincle): C s ca phng php h s nn l: ti cc im tip xc gia mng v nn th ln () t l tuyn tnh vi cng ti trng (): = k0 (trong k0 l h s nn). Phng php ny khng k nh hng ca cc ti trng bn cnh, n c p dng thch hp vi t bo ho nc v t khng dnh, kh nng chng trt nh. i vi
B B B B B B B B

281

mng cng, nn ng nht v c b dy hu hn hc khng i hoc c b dy v hn th h s nn c th tnh theo cng thc: 1 0 E0 (17-4) k0 = (1 + 0) (1 2 0) h c Trong : hC = hng s, b dy ca lp nn chu nn; 0 , E 0 l h s pot xng v mdun bin dng n hi ca nn. ln v phn lc theo phng php ng thng sau (hnh 17-2,a): My P Mx x+ y (17-5) + ( x , y) = k0 Jx k 0 F k 0J y Trong : F - din tch y mng; a. b 3 b.a 3 ; Jx = (mng ch nht). M y = P. e x ; M x = P. e y ; J y = 12 12 My P Mx y x (17-6) ( x , y) = F Jx Jy b - Cng trnh cng trn nn bin dng tuyn tnh : C s ca phng php ny l dng m hnh bin dng tnh theo phng php l thuyt n hi. M hnh ny tnh n lc ma st tip xc v s nh hng ca cc cng trnh bn cnh ca cng trnh ang tnh ton. V vy phng php ny phn nh c thc t hn. Theo m hnh bin dng tuyn tnh i vi nn ng cht, phn lc nn phn b theo ng cong v ng sut tng ln hai mp cng trnh tuyt i cng. Khi b qua lc ma st theo tm y, th ng sut php d y cng trnh chu nn lch tm trong bi ton phng xc nh l (hnh 17-2,b): ex P (17-7) x = 1 + 2 2 a a2 x2
B B B B

T (17-7) ta nhn thy X = 0 vin, khi e = a/2, ngha l kch thc li tit din bng khong mt na chiu di mng m khng phi l 1/3 nh nhn c nn lch tm hoc nh kt qu tnh theo phng php h s nn khi nn ng cht. i vi nn mng phc tp hn (v d lp chu nn hC hng s th kO s thay i v c cng thc tnh ring) cn tham kho ti liu c th.
B B B B B B

XVII. 2. TNH TON BN PHN DI NH MY T. Nh my T l mt kt cu khng gian phc tp v chu lc phc tp, hin nay cha c phng php thng nht tnh bn ca n. Tuy nhin cng c mt s quan nim gn ng tnh. Ngi ta cho rng mi phn t kt cu ca nh my, ngoi vic chu lc cc b cn tham gia lm vic chung vi ton th nh my. Do ngi ta tin hnh tnh ton bn nh my theo hai bc: - Tnh ton bn chung ca nh my; y xc nh ng lc trong cc phn t kt cu do bin dng chung ca nh my khi nh my lm vic vi nn; - Tnh ton bn cc b ca phn t nh my lm vic ring l di tc dng ca ti trong cc b tc dng ln n. ng sut trong ca phn t l tng ng sut ca hai bc tnh chung v cc b. XVII. 2. 1. Tnh ton bn chung ca nh my Thu in Vic tnh ton bn chung ph thuc vo kt cu v cc khp xuyn sut.

282

1. Tnh bn chung theo phng vung gc vi dng chy (dc n.my)

Hnh 17-3. S tnh ton bn chung theo phng vung gc vi dng chy. Tnh ton bn chung theo phng vung gc vi dng chy (dc nh my) ph thuc vo cng ca tm y, cng tng p lc (tng bung xon, tng chn nc, tng ng x ... ) v ca sn m quyt nh. Quan nim th nht: coi nh my nh mt dm trn nn n hi c cng khng i v bng cng nh nht hY (hnh 17-3,a). Quan nim ny dng thch hp di vi nh my T khng kt hp x l, nh ma T trong thn p trn, b v nhng nh my ny thng cng phn trn rt nh so vi cng ca tm y. Quan nim th hai: coi nh my nh mt khung phng hay nhiu khung phng song song nhau (hnh 17-3,b). cng ca nh my do tm y, cc tng p lc v mt phn sn to nn. Nh my dc phn thnh cc khu vc c c phn t ging nhau v to c dng khung, l cc vng: vng tng p lc, vng tng bung xon, vng khuu ng x cong, vng tng chn h lu ... S quan nim khung dng thch hp i vi: nh my kt hp x y, phn on gia hai t my, cc phn dn v tho nc to nn dng khung. Cc khung ct theo theo vng c trng c phn trn dy c coi nh dm ngang c EJ = a v s khung tnh. Thng cc mc khung i xng nn ch tnh mt na khung. xt n s lin kt lm vic gia cc khung ta a v khung khng gian phc tp v dng my tnh tnh. 2. Tnh bn chung theo phng dng chy (ngang nh my) Theo phng dng chy th cng ca nh my do tr van chnh v ph ca ng x to nn (hnh 17-4). Tnh theo phng ny cng c hai quan nim v s : a - Quan nim th nht: Tch mt phn t tnh ton vung gc vi trc nh my v coi n nh mt dm tnh nh nm trn dm n hi, chu ti trng ch ng (cc ti trng do trng lng kt cu v thit b) v phn lc nn. Dm tnh ton c th gm mt
B B

283

hoc nhiu tr van (hnh 17-4,a). Quan nim ny thng dng cho nh my khng kt hp v nh my kt hp x y. b - Quan nim th hai: Coi phn t nh mt khung phng ni cc gc tuyt i cng (hnh 17-4,b). Khung c th l mt tr van tch ring, cng c th ring cho mt phn trn hoc cng c th l mt tr van v hai phn trn hai bn tr. Quan nim s ny thch hp cho nh my nm trong thn p trn vi cc cu kin c b dy u nhau

Hnh 17-4. S tnh d bn chung ca n/m p trn dc dng chy. Cc phng php tnh bn chung ch yu p dng l thuyt c hc kt cu h thanh gii, cc kt cu ca cc phn t thng dy nn dng h thanh s gim chnh xc, mt khc cng khng xt n s lm vic khng gian rn but chng. nng cao chnh xc cn s dng my tnh gii cc kt cu h khng gian . XVII. 2. 2. Tnh ton bn cc b phn di nh my T Tnh ton bn cc b ca phn di nc ca nh my trnh by y gm: tnh ton b my pht in, tnh ton kt cu bung xon, ng x - theo khun kh ca chng trnh ngnh. Tnh phn trn c th xem cch gii cc ti liu v c hc kt cu. I. Tnh ton kt cu b my pht in trc ng 1 - Cu to b my pht in v cc ti trng tc dng ln b my - B my pht in c cc dng: dm sn (hnh 17-5,a), thng dng cho nh my thu in trc ngang hoc thu in nh trc ng; b dng ct, trn ct c vnh trn tng n nh cho b (hnh 17-5,b), c dng cho my pht khng ln; - B d my pht in dng tr rng (hnh 17-5,c).Tr rng ny bao quanh trc t my to nn ging turbine v c l thng vi gian turbine, tr c dng mt ct trn hoc bn ngoi dng bt gic. B loi ny c cng ln, chu lc tt, chng xon v chu chn ng tt, do vy loi ny dng cho my pht trung bnh v ln.

284

Hnh 17-5. Cu to b my pht in. Ti trng tc dng ln b my (hnh 17-6) gm c: Ti trng tnh G gm c : Trng lng bn thn b my G1; trng lng sn my pht G2; ti trng di ng trn sn my pht G3; trng lng stator my pht v thit b ph ca n A1; trng lng gi di P1. Ti trng ng A' gm c: Trng lng rotor my ph + trc A3; trng lng 2 H , ( k = 0,9 i vi BXCT + trc turbine A4; p lc nc dc trc A 2 = k D1 4 turbine hng trc; i vi turbine tm trc tra quan h k ~ nS). a ti trng ng v ti trng tnh tng ng tnh l A' = k ( A2 + A3 + A4), (h s ng k = 1,5 - 2). Mmen tc dng gm: Mmen un M do php di lc thng ng v tim b my M ; mmen xon MK do cm ng in t gia stator v rotor gy ra trn stator, trng hp chp mch l nguy him nht. Chng c tnh theo cc cng thc sau: M = G i e i + A i e 'i + P1 e p (xem hnh 17-6) N cos 4 N N cos 4 N , vi N (kVA) M k = 0,975 ' M k = 0,975 ' n n x sk n x sk n 2Mk Lc ngang do MK gy ra m mi bulng phi chu: PK = , (trong cng mD thc m l s bulng, D l ing knh vng trn i qua cc bu lng). Lc sinh ra do nhit . Ch : lc ng thng ng tu tng loi my pht m c v tr t ti trng khc nhau (kiu treo th truyn qua stator, cn loi th truyn qua gi di hoc np tbin)
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

285

Hnh 17-7. S tnh ni lc tnh ca b my pht in. C th dng phng php c hc kt cu tnh ni lc ca b d my pht dng tr. tnh ta tch mt mnh tr b my c cung trn 1 m, u trn lin kt vi sn, an ton coi nh u trn t do, cn du di ngm trong khi btng bung t.bin G + A ' + P1 v cc mmen M v MK (hnh 17-7,a). u trn c lc tp trung P = D a- Tnh ni lc do mmen M v ti trng thng ng P gy ra: Ti mt ct x - x cch nh mt on x c ng sut tnh theo cng thc sau: P M x .c (17-8) x = J b 3 3 = Trong : Mmen qun tnh i vi trc trung ho J = ; 12 12 Mmen mt ct x - x do M gy ra i vi ng rng n hi l:

286

M x = M e x cos x + sin x = M , (vi ( x ) l hm ca x , x

trong

3 (1 2) 4 = R 2 2

; h s poatxng ca btng ly = (1/51/6). Mi mt ct

tnh ra .x ri dng bng tra quan h hm ( x ) , ri tnh ra Mx, ri v th mmen. R nen Nu max th t thp cu to; nu khng th tnh ton t ct thp chu lc. x k b - Tnh ni lc do mmen xon MK gy ra: Di tc dng ca mmen xon sinh ra ng sut tip v iu kin khng t ct thp chu lc (hnh 17-7,b): [ ] R nen Mk R = (17-9) = max = JR 3 k 3 Trong : mmen qun tnh cc ca b my: J R = ( D 4 d 4) . 32 c - Kim tra ng sut cc b ti l vo ging turbine: Ti l khot din tch chu lc b gim (phn gch gch trn hnh 17-7,b), cn kim tra c cn t ct thp chu lc thm hay khng di tc dng ca MK. Ta i MK ra lc dc tng ng: NK = MK/R v tnh c: = NK/F. Nu [] th khng cn t thm thp, ngc li th cn t thp. Cng c th dng cng thc tnh max = k0 0 (trong : 0 l ng sut ko ca tit din khi cha khot l, k0 l h s , i vi l trn k0 = 3), v dt thp theo max . d - Tnh ng sut sinh ra do nhit: - Khi nhit bn trong v bn ngoi tr cng c s thay i nhit t nh nhau th di chn b my (ngm) s snh lc ct Qt v mmen un Mt nh sau: E3 1 (17-10); R t Mt = 2 6 1 2

[ ]

Qt =

1 3 E3 R t 6 1 2

(17-11).

Trong : h s co gin ca btng = 0,00001; cc k hiu khc nh trc. - Khi nhit bn trong t1 khc nhit bn ngoi t2, (t1 > t2) th bn ngoi b my s chu ko v bn trong chu nn. ng sut do nhit sinh ra trng hp ny s l: E ( t1 t 2) = (17-12) 2 (1 ) Hai u b my b gii hn nn tng ng sut ln hn v vy ly = 1,4. 3 - Tnh ton kim tra ng lc b my: Khi t my hot ng, di tc dng ca cc ti trng ng b my b chn ng cng bc v t do, cn phi tnh ton kim tra an ton cng hng ca n. a - Ni dung tnh ton ng lc b my, gm nhng phn sau: - Kim tra cng hng b my: bo m an ton th tn s giao ng ring (n0i) ca b my phi ln hn tn s giao ng cng bc (ni) t (20 - 30)%, c th l: n 01 n 2 + iu kin khng sinh cng hng thng ng: ( 20 30)% ; n2

287

+ iu kin khng sinh cng hng xon: + iu kin khng sinh cng hng ngang:

n 02 n1 ( 20 30)% ; n1 n 03 n1 ( 20 30)% ; n1

- Kim tra bin chn ng ca b my, c th: + Bin chn ng thng ng, iu kin an ton khi: A 1 < (0,1 0,15) mm; + Bin chn ng xon, iu kin an ton khi: A < (0,15 0,20) mm; + Bin chn ng ngang, iu kin an ton khi: A p < (0,15 0,20) mm. - Kim tra h s ng lc: yu cu h s ng lc tnh ra phi h s k =1,5 -2 - Kim tra sc chu ng sut ca bulng nh v b my v iu kin an ton: + ng sut ln nht khi chp mch : ckeo = + + < [ ckeo] bulong + ng sut ln nht khi vn hnh :

ckeo = + < [ ckeo] bulong

b - Cch tnh ton c th cc thng s: - Tn s chn ng cng bc n1 v n2: + Khi t my quay, do lp t khng hon ton ng tm dn n tn s giao ng ngang, ly tn s ny bng vng quay my pht n, tc l n1 = n, (v/ph); + Do hi chuyn gia cnh tbine v cnh hng dng, dn n tn s giao ng cng bc thng ng (i vi t my trc ng). Gi Z1, Z2 tng ng l s cnh hng dng v s cnh turbine, a l c s chung ca ln nht Z1 v Z2 th tn s giao Z1 . Z 2 ng cng bc thng ng l: n 2 = n , (v/ph). a - Tn s chn ng ring (chn ng t do): n 01 ; n 02 , n 03 +Tn s chn ng ring thng ng n 01 : xc nh da vo chuyn v ng v trng lng vt giao ng, theo cng thc sau (hnh 17-8,a): g 60 30 = (17-13) n 01 = 2 G1 1 G 1 1

Trong : G1 = P i + P 0 + P a l ton b ti trng thng ng (Pi), trng lng bn thn b my (PO) , v trng lng tm nh bung xon (Pa); 1 - bin v thng ng ca kt cu di tc dng ca lc n v (bao gm c bin v ng ca b my b nn v bin v ca tm nh bung xon.

Hnh 17-8. Cc s tnh ton tn s giao ng t do ca b my.

288

+ Tn s chn ng ring ngang n 02 (hnh 17-8,b):

n 02 = 60 2 g = G 2 2 30 G 2 2

(17-14)

Trong : G 2 = P i + 0,35 P 0 , (T) 2 l bin v ngang b my khi lc n v tc dng ln u b my. + Tn s chn ng ring xon n 03 (hnh 17-8,c):

n 03 =

60 2

g = I .

30 I .

(17-15)

2 2 P 0 . D0 Ds + 0,35 Trong : I = Q s l mmen qun tnh ca stator v b my; 4 4 H H = = G IR G D4 d 4 32 QS, D S tng ng l trng lng v ng knh bnh qun stator; PO, DO tng ng l trng lng v ng knh bnh qun b my; l gc xon ca kt cu di tc dng ca mmen xon n v; G l mmen n hi chng ct ca btng G = 0,425 Ebt ; H - chiu cao b my. - Bin giao ng b my A 1 , A 2 , A 3 : + Bin giao ng thng ng A 1 : P1 . g (17-16) A1 = 2 2 2 2 2 G 1 1 1 + 0, 2 1 1

trong : P1 - trng lng b phn ng tc dng ln b my; G1 - trng lng bn thn b my v ton b ti trng tc dng ln b; n2 n 01 = 0,104 n 01 ; v 1 = = 0,104 n 2 . 1 = 30 30 + Bin giao ng ngang A 2 : P 2. g (17-17) A2 = 2 2 2 2 2 G 2 2 2 + 0,2 2 2

Trong : P 2 = e m1 2 2 l ti trng chn ng ngang, chnh l lc li tm tc dng ln b my (e l lch tm ca b phn quay, khi n 750 v/ph th e = 0,035 - 0,08 cm; m1 = W1/g - W1 l trng lng phn quay ca my n 02 pht; 2 = l gc quay ca t my khi vn hnh bnh thng; 2 = ) 30 + Bin xon ngang A 3 : M n . R. g (17-18) A3 = 2 2 2 2 2 I 3 3 + 0,2 3 3

Trong : M n = 0,975

N cos l momn xon bnh thng; R - bn knh ngoi n

289

np n 03 ca b my; 3 = ; 3 = vi n p l vng quay lng. 30 30 - Tnh h s ng k: trn kia ta ly tm h s ny t 1,5 - 2, by gi phi kim tra li, nu h s ly tnh ln hn hay bng k tnh theo cng thc sau l c: 1 k = (17-19) 2 n 1 n 0 - Tnh ng sut ct ca bulng c nh b my + Tnh ng sut ct bulng do chp mch gy ra: u Mk R (17-20) = JR Trong : R l bn knh qua l cc bulng; J R = ( D 4 d 4) ; 32 t 1 Ta 2 1 + 1 e T a t1 U= l h s xung kch 0,01 1 + e Ta
30 l thi gian tc dng ca lc xung kch , sec; n xt l hng s qun tnh my pht (sec), do xng ch to cung cp, Ta = 314 r t thng 0,05 sec; x t l in khng chp mch; r t l in tr mch. + Tnh ng sut do lch tm ca my gy ra: C A 2 (17-21) = 4 D2 d 2 3 E1 J1 Trong : = 2 l h s mi ca bulng; C = . P H3 + Tnh ng sut ct do bin giao ng ca mmen xon gy ra: C . A 3 (17-22) = JR 1 Trong : = 2 ; C = . t1 =

290

II. Tnh ton kt cu bung xon 1. Tnh ton kt cu bung xon a gic bng btng ct thp Tnh ton kt cu bung xon btng a gic c th theo hai phng php sau: a - Tnh theo phng php tm v

Hnh 17-9. Cu to bung xon a gic btng ct thp. V kt cu c th gn ng cha bung xon lm ba phn tnh: - Phn tm sn: l tm c l khot (vng vng b), quy c l tm vnh; - Phn thng lu: l cc tr (tng p lc nh my); - Phn tng xon h lu, c hai dng: tng phng dy v tng cong mng. a1. Tnh kt cu tm sn (hnh 17-10,a) Thc t tm sn c dng vnh khn mo, tin tnh ton ngi ta quy n v hnh trn. Vnh ngoi tm sn coi nh c ngm xung quanh, cn vnh trong c th coi nh ngm hoc t do tu theo lin kt vi vng b. Ti trng ln sn gm gm c: - Trng lng bn thn sn v p lc nc phn phi u (q); - Ti trng tp trung do trng lng b my pht v cc ti trng t b my truyn ti, chng c t ti cnh trong ca vnh khn (P); - Mmen do b my phy ngn cn chuyn v xoay ca mp trong tm sn (M).

Hnh 17-10. Cc s tnh kt cu cc phn bung xon a gic btng. Theo l thuyt tm vnh khn c mp trong t do hoc t c lp bng tnh sn. a2 - Tnh kt cu tng h lu bung xon : - Tnh trng hp tng phng dy (hnh 17-9,a) c dy thay i v chiu cao cng khng ging nhau, ch cn tnh phn mng nht (abcd) v tnh nh tm ngm bn cnh, chu ti trng chu ti trng nc hnh thang bn trong. di ca tm trn

291

mt bng do hai ng tip tuyn vi ng cong bung xon v to vi sn bn mt gc 45O, cng c th ly di ab = 0,4 L. - Tnh trng hp tng h lu cong c b dy = const vi bn knh R (hnh 17-9,b). iu kin coi l tng mng khi /R < 0,2. tnh tng ny ngi ta a tng v kt cu na tr trn (hnh 17-10,b) ngm bn pha, coi n l tp hp ca nhiu thanh thng ng c hai u ngm. k n tnh lm vic c rng buc nhau gia cc thanh ngi ta a vo vo mt ai n hi c b rng H/2 to nn lc ko pK lin kt chu lc gia cc thanh ng. Thanh ng chu p lc nc bn trong q1 v q2 v pK ( 2 q1 + H) H 4 Ngi ta gii ra c lc ko theo cng thc: p k = v 64 R 2 2 + 1,625 H 4 tnh c cc mmen un ti hai u ngm A v B theo cng thc sau: 11 2 H2 (5 q1 + 2H ) MA = H pk 60 192 11 2 H2 (5 q1 + 3H ) (17-23) MB = H pk 60 192 7 2 H2 ( 2 q1 + H ) H pk M g.nhip = 192 48
P P

a3 - Tnh kt cu cc tng bn thng lu: (hnh 17-9,a v 17-10,c) Tng bn thng lu bung xon chia hai on (hnh 17-9,a): - on t tng p lc h lu bung xon ly ra 0,75 H (on mnop) coi l tm ngm ba cnh (vi mt trn l sn, vi mt di l mng, v mt pha tung h lu bung xon). - on t mp tr v thng lu (l tr van) c coi l tm ngm hai cnh (cnh trn v cnh di). Tnh tm ngm ba cnh (hnh 17-10,c), ngi ta lp cng thc, h s tra bng: 1 M x = (0,75H) 2 ( x q1 + 'x q 2 ) 9 1 (17-24) M y = H 2 ( y q1 + 'y q 2 ) 9 1 R = ( 0,75H) ( q 1 + ' q 2 ) 3 Cc h s , trong cc cng thc l cc h s mmen v lc ct tra bng. b - Tnh theo phng php gi khung: Phng php tm v tnh chnh xc hn, tuy nhin n c p dng khi m bo l tm mng, v do tm sn l kt cu quy c ch tht ra n khng trn, do vy kt qu tnh ton khng tit kim hn phng php kt cu l my. Do vy vn c th tnh theo phng php gi khung bng cch ct qua tim tng bung xon 1m di v a v bi ton khung phng v dng c hc kt cu tnh, c thin an ton nhng n gin.

292

Hnh 17-11. S tnh bung xon thp phng php gi khung. Bung xon thng t vo vng b turbine nn c th coi nh gi ta n, y bung xon c vi khi btng di nn coi nh ngm (hnh 17-11,a,b). Khi tnh gi khung ta ct 1m di trc bung xon. Chiu di thanh ngang v thanh ng ca khung c chn theo dy tng i ca btng: - Khi H/ > 4 coi l khung mng v chn khung c kch thc: H x L; - Khi H/ < 4 coi l khung dy v chn khung c kch thc : h x l tnh. Ti trng tc dng ln gi khung gm c: - Trng lng bn thn b my bn trn truyn xung: N = Gi, a v tim vng b nn c mmen M do dch v tr dt ti trng; - Ti trng truyn t b my pht (gm: ti trng ng Ag v mmen do di lc v tim vnh b Mg, ch a ti trng ng v tnh ti bng cch nhn vi h s ng). - Trng lung sn bung xon v ngi i li trn sn: q; - Trng lng ng ca gi khung: Q; - Apa lc nc bn trong bung xon, c k nc va; - ng lc nhit v co ngt btng (tnh ring). Cc trng hp tnh ton: - Trng hp vn hnh bnh thng: vi mc nc thng lu l MNDBT; - Trng hp c bit: khi bung xon c nc nhng thit b bn trn tho a i sa cha, gy ko mp trong bung xon; khi bung xon tho cn nc sa cha. -Trng hp c nc va thu lc khi ct b ton b ph ti. 2. Tnh kt cu bung xon kim loi mt ct trn Kh nng s dng chu lc ca bung xon kim loi trn l: - Bung thp chu p lc nc bn trong, btng bn ngoi chu ti trng ngoi; - Bung thp khng chu p lc nc (thp dy 8-10 mm) m do btng chu c; - Bung thp v btng cng tham gia chu p lc nc bn trong.

293

Hnh 17-11*. Cc s tnh kt cu bung xon kim loi

a - Tnh bung xon btng thng thng Do bung xon thp chu ton b p lc nc bn trong, nn phn btng ch chu ti trng bn ngoi. Gia phn trn tip gip gia btng v thp ngi ta t lp n hi dy t 2 n 4cm bung xon thp t do bin dng khng nh hng n lp btng bc ngoi (hnh 17-11,a). Ch cn tnh ton p btng c thp t tm bung xon tr ln, cn p di lin kt thnh khi nn khng cn tnh. Ta chn s lc theo phng php gi khung v dng phng php c hc kt cu tnh (hnh 17-11,a). b - Tnh bung xon trn v khng chu p lc nc m do btng chu: Trng hp ny v thp ch ly b dy t 8 n 10 mm ch chng thm. Phn btng bao quanh mi l phn chu p lc nc bn trong. tnh din tch ct thp cho vng btng trc ht ta coi nh v thp chu p lc nc, da vo cng thc tnh ng sut php v ng sut tip cho v thp chu lc v tnh ra chiu dy v thp tng vng ba im vng c trng l K, H v M (hnh 17-11,b): p . ( R + r ) K = c 2.. r p . ( 2 R + ) (17-24) M = c 2.( R + ) p . H = c Sau thay chiu dy v thp bng din tch ct thp vng ca vng btng bn ngoi trn 1mt di, cc vng tng ng, ta c: 100. p . ( R + r ) FK = 2.. r a 100. p . ( 2 R + ) (17-25) FM = a 2.( R + ) 100. p . FH = a Din tch ct thp dc ca vng btng trn 1 mt chu vi chu ng sut tip: 100. p . (17-26) F doc = 2. a Trong cc cng thc trn: p - p lc nc bn trong c k p lc nc va; - bn knh trong ca mt ct ng; R - khong cch t trc turbine n trung tm mt ct tnh ton; r - bn knh vng b; a - ng sut cho php ca ct thp; c l ng sut
294

php ca thp lm ng. c - Tnh bung xon o thp v btng cng tham gia chu lc: Trng hp ny p lc nc phn chia cho o thp chu p lc nc pC cn li btng chu (p - pC). Trn c s xc nh chiu dy o thp v tnh ra din tch ct thp vng btng. Dng cc cng thc trong phn b nhng thay p bi (p - pC). Cn ch rng cn tnh kt cu thm vi trng lng bn thn bung xon, ti trng ngoi (trng hp thi cng c nh hng dn bn ca bung xon). III. Tnh ton kt cu ng x Tnh ton kt cu ng x thng vi bn phn sau (hnh 17-12,a) - Khi chp di bung xon (l on nn ct ca ng x); - on cong t mt ct i qua tim on cong n u tr van gia; - Dm su (nm bn di tng p lc ca bung xon); - on khuch tn ca ng x. 1. Tnh ton kt cu khi chp Khi chp ca x l kt cu c dy thay i t trn ( 1 ) xung di ( 2 ), mt trn phng, mt di xoy c. n gin tnh ton ta a chp v dng tr (hnh 17-12,b) c chiu cao H (ly ch cao nht) vi bn knh tr ly trung bnh gia R1 v R2 v b dy cng ly trung bnh gia 1 v 2 . tnh ton ta ct 1 mt di theo chu vi tr v coi nh mt dm c u di ngm, u trn ta (hoc t do) vo vng b turbine. S lc v cc ti trng xem (hnh 17-12,b).

Hnh 17-12. Cc s tnh on chp v on cong ca ng x. a - Cc ti trng tnh ton gm: - Ti trng thng ng P gm: ti trng bn thn, ti trng tnh v ng t b my truyn qua vng bh xung chp (ti trng ng nhn k = 1,5 - 2 a v tnh);

295

- Mmen un M do di lc P t nh chp v trung tm tr quy c vi lch tm e = (R1 - R2) /2, vy M = Pi.e; - Lc ngang do p lc nc thng lu (tnh t mc nc thng lu n y chp; p lc nc h lu ly ng vi mc nc h lu ln nht. Tr p lc cho nhau cn li biu p lc nc hnh thang vi q1 v q2. b - Cc trng hp tnh ton: - Trng hp nh my vn hnh bnh thng, mc nc thng lu l MNDBT; - Trng hp ang y ti ngt s c , sinhp lc nc va ln nht; - Trng hp sa cha ng x: h lu khng c nc. 2. Tnh kt cu on cong ng x y l kt cu phc tp, c dy thay i, thng c dng khi, cha c phng php tnh hon chnh. Thng c th tnh nh sau: - Phn trn (hnh 17-12,a):c th coi nh bn hay dm lin kt ngm vi tng bun xon v gi ln chp; hai hng cn li (song song vi dng chy) c th coi l ngm hoc ta ln tr ng x. i vi bung xon kim loi, phn trn rt dy nn khng cn tnh m ch t thp cu to; - Phn di on cong: hin nay ngi ta coi n nh mt tm hnh thang ngm ba pha, ring pha th t (theo dng chy) c th xem l t do (nu khng c tr gia) hoc ta ln tr gia (hnh 17-12,c) ngi chia n thnh nhng di dc, ngang v ti cc giao im cc di t cc lc bng v ngc chiu nhau cng tc dng ln nhau v ti cc giao im c vng cn bng nhau. T tnh ra c gi tr mmen. Nh my ch to kim kh Lenin (Lin X c) c lp sn bng tnh cho hai loi ng x N4 v N5. 3. Tnh kt cu dm su Dm su l phn nm di tng p lc ca bung xon c t s b dy (H) v chiu di nhp (L) ln hn 1/2 (hnh 17-13,a), nn ng lc khng phn b theo quy lut ng thng na, v vy phi p dng l lun dm su tnh vi dm c th l dm n hay dm lin tc. Do dm rt cao nn ti trng tp trung t hng tr truyn qua nh dm n y. Nu theo ng khuh tn 450 n y phn b u n cho nn s tnh ton l mt dm su chu lc phn b u.
P P

Hnh 17-13. S tnh kt cu dm su. a - Ti trng tc dng ln dm su: - Ti trng kt cu bn trn nh, cu trc qua tr v tng truyn xung; - Ti trng ca b my qua thnh tng bung xon truyn xung; - Trng lng bn thn dm su; - Lc y ln ca nc.

b - Tnh ton ni lc dm su: Ngi ta lp sn bn tra cc h s v tnh ton theo cc cng thc: Hp lc ca ng sut ko Z, hoc ng sut nn D, gi chung l Z:
296

Z = . q. L Din tch ct thp: k .Z Fa = T Khong cch t y dm n hp lc: Z0 = .L Trong cc cng thc trn: k - h s an ton; T - ng sut cho php ca thp; cc h s: ; tra bng theo = H / L v = C / H . t ct thp ni t hp lc Z v D, tu iu kin c th x dch mt t. 4. Tnh kt cu on khuch tn ca ng x on khuch tn ng x l mt dm rng c chiu cao thay i (hnh 17-14,b). Khi tnh ton ta ct cc bng di 1 mt theo hng vung gc vi dng nc. y cng l phn ng x c nhiu phng php tnh ton nht. Vic xc nh ng thc t lm vic ca cc khung ph thuc nhiu yu t. i vi nh my kiu kt hp, ngoi vn trnh t thi cng nh hng n kt cu th cc khp xuyn vung gc vi chiu dc nh my nhm bo m thi cng v gim ng sut nhit, ln cng nh hng ln n s lc ca chng. Hnh 17-14,a trnh by mt s khp xuyn va nu trn.

Hnh 17-14. Cc s tnh kt cu on khuch tn ng x. - Khp xuyn sut I, thng t mt hoc hai on t my t mt khp, ni chung khong cch gia hai khp loi I khng qu 40 - 50 m;
297

- Khp xuyn loi II, ch ct n nh sn ng x, thng dng khi hai t my t mt khp loi I; - Khp xuyn loi III, ct sut n tm y, lm yu khi di nc. Thng dng khp xuyn loi I ct cho mt on t my hoc hai on t my. Sau y ly trng hp dng khp xuyn I ct cho mt on t my trnh by cc tnh (trng hp ct qua hai t my s tnh tng t). tnh kt cu on khuch tn thng tnh mt s ch i din sau y:: - Mt ct II-II qua tng p lc ca bung xon (hoc tng sau nh my). Do tng qu dy c cng tng rt ln nn chn s khung h ngm pha trn (b); - Mt ct qua gia (I-I). y dm trn khng qu dy, do vy coi l khung kn. Nu nn l cng th gim nh b dy tm mng ta nn ct tch tm mng ra khi tr. Ta c s khung hai ngn ta bn di (d). Dng c phng php tnh sau y: a - Phng php s khung c nt cng ca Galerkin: y l quan nim s hay c dng Lin X c. Coi on khuch tn l tp hp c khung phng vung gc dng chy, cc khung lm vic c lp nhau. V ti trong khung i xng v ti trng tc dng cng i xng qua tim tr gia, do vy coi nh ngm tr gia. V vy ch cn ct mt na i xng tnh (hnh 17-14,c v17-15,a).

Hnh 17-15. Cc s tnh on khuch tn ng x. Tnh theo khung dy hay khung mng da vo H/ (nu H/ < 4 th l khung dy v chn khung h x l; nu H/ > 4 th l khung mng v chn khung H x L). Vin s
298

Galerkin coi cc nt khung l tuyt i cng (phn gch gch trong I-I trn) n khng b bin dng v I = , kch thc nt cng ly bng na b dy thanh. Mt khc cc tr dch chuyn theo phng ng ca nt l nh nhau. Vic gii khung c nt cng theo bng tra ca phng php chuyn v v phng php phn phi mmen gia cc nt. b - Phng php s khung v gii theo c hc kt cu: Quan nim tnh on khuch tn theo s khung tuy khng chnh xc nh phng php nt cng nhng n gin v s dng phng php c hc kt cu thng thng tnh. tnh, ta cng ct mt bng theo chiu vung gc vi dng chy v cng c khung kn (i vi nn mm), khung h (i vi nn cng). S kt cu nh hnh (17-15,b,c) tng ng vi cc ti trng trong trng hp lm vic bnh thng. Ti trng tnh ton gm: - Trng lng bn thn gi khung; - Trng lng thit b sn ng x (nu c) truyn xung nh : ng c, thng du, my bm nc ..v.v.. ; - p lc nc y ln t di tm y; - p lc nc ng x; - Phn lc nn do tc dng ca ti trng bn trn gy ra v coi nh ngoi lc; - Cc ti trng khc, nu c. Cc trng hp tnh ton: - Trng hp sa cha ng x: bn trong ng x khng c nc, ti trng bn ngoi vn y ; - Trng hp bn trn thit b tho a i sa cha, nh my vn lm vic vi mc nc h lu sau nh my l ln nht. Trn y khi qut mt s cch tnh ton kt cu mt s phn t ca nh my thu in c dng trong thc t thit k nhm gip cho anh ch sinh vin phn no c phng hng khi thit k nh my. i vo tnh ton c th cn gp nhiu vn cn phi tm hiu c th hn hon chnh hn.

299

TI LIU THAM KHO TI LIU TING VIT: 1 - B mn thit b thu in - Trng HTL - Gio trnh Turbine Thu lc, nm 1982; 2 - V S Hunh, Ng. Th Xun Thu - HBK H Ni - Turbin nc, xut bn nm 2005; 3 - L Phu - T sch HXD H Ni - Turbin nc, xut bn nm 1971; 4 - B mn Thu in - HTL H Ni - Cng trnh Trm Thu in, xut bn nm 2003; 5 - Khoa XDTL - T Trng HXD - Trm Thu in (Cc cng trnh trn tuyn nng lng), xut bn nm 1991; 6 - Khoa XDTL - T Trng HXD - Nh my ca Trm Thu in, xut bn nm 1991; 7 -B mn K thut in, HTL - Phn in trong nh my in v trm bin p, 1976; 8 - B mn thit b Thu in, HTL - Thit b ph trong trm thu in, 1971 ; 9 - Nguyn duy Thin v Nguyn duy Hnh - Kho st thit k trm T nh, 1971. TI LIU TING NGA: 1 - P.P. Gubin - Trm Thu in; xut bn nm 1972; 2 - . C. Savelep - Nh my Thu in, xut bn nm 1967; 3 - A. A. Bererni - Nh ng lc ca Trm Thu in, xut bn nm 1964; 4 - L. A. Vladislavlev - Rung ng ca t my thu lc, xut bn nm 1972; 5 - A. A. Umansky - Cm nan thit k cng trnh v nh cng nghip, nh , nh cng cng , xut bn nm 1972; 6 - V. X. Golisman - Tnh ton nh my thu in v p trn, xut bn nm 1968; 7 - I. I. Ulisky - Kt cu b tng ct thp ; 8 - N. N. Kvalp - Cm nan kt cu turbine thu lc, xut bn nm 1971; 9 - V. A. Orlp - Bung iu p ca Trm thu in, xut bn nm 1968; 10 - Tiu chun v nh mc thit k ng ng thp ca Trm thu in TY-951 ; 11 - Ti liu Lin X dch t M nm 1960 - Cm nan Trm thu in ; 12 - G. A. Plonsky - Thit b c kh thu cng, xut bn nm 1959 .

300

MC LC Trang LI NI U Phn I. TURBINE THY LC V CC THIT B T.LC CA TT 1 Chng I. KHI NIM CHUNG V TURBINE THU LC I. 1. Phn loi turbine thu lc ca TT I. 2. Turbine xung kch I. 2. 1. Turbine xung kch go I. 2. 2. Turbine xung kch hai ln I. 2. 3. Turbine xung kch phun xin I. 3. Turbine phn kch I. 3. 1. BXCT ca turbine tm trc I. 3. 2. BXCT ca turbine hng trc I. 3. 3. BXCT ca turbine hng cho I. 3. 4. Turbine dng I. 3. 5. Turbine thun nghch Chng II. CC B PHN CHNH CA TURBINE THU LC 3 4

17

II. 1. Vng b, c cu hng dng, trc ca turbine phn kch 17 II. 2. Thit b dn nc ca turbine 20 II. 2. 1. Loi bung h II. 2. 2. Bung hnh ng II. 2. 3. Bung xon c II. 3. Thit b tho nc ca turbine 31 II. 3. 1. ng x hnh nn ct II. 3. 2. ng x hnh cong II. 3. 3. ng x khuu cong Chng III. HIN TNG KH THC TRONG TURBINE THU LC III. 1. Hin tng kh thc v tc hi 37 37 III. 2. Nhng bin php phng chng kh thc III. 3. iu kin xy ra kh thc v h s kh thc 38 III. 4. Xc nh cao trnh t turbine 39 Chng IV. NGUYN L CNG TC V LUT TNG T CA TB IV. 1. Dng chy trong turbine thu lc 41 IV. 2. Phng trnh c bn ca turbine thu lc 42 IV. 3. Lut tng t v cc i lng quy dn ca turbine 44 IV. 3. 1. Cc iu kin tng t IV. 3. 2. Cc quan h ca hai turbine tng t IV. 3. 3. Cc i lng quy dn IV. 3. 4. Vng quay c trng (t tc) IV. 3. 5. Tnh ton hiu sut ca turbine thc t m hnh

301

Chng V. TH NGHIM M HNH V C TNH TURBINE V. 1. M hnh vt l v h thng th nghim V. 1. 1. H thng th nghim h V. 1. 2. H thng th nghim kn V. 2. ng c tnh ca turbine V. 2. 1. ng c tnh n V. 2. 2. ng c tnh tng hp V. 2. 3. ng c tnh tng hp ca nhm t my V. 3. Xy dng ng c tnh tng hp vn hnh Chng VI. CHN KIU LOI V CC THNG S CA TBTL VI. 1. Vn chun ho TB v phm vi s dng ct nc ca TB VI. 1. 1. Vn chun ho VI. 1. 2. Phm vi s dng ct nc ca cc loi turbine VI. 2. Nhng vn chung khi chn turbine VI. 3. La chn turbine phn kch VI. 3. 1. Chn theo quy cch sn phm VI. 3. 2.Chn theo bng, biu h loi v ng c tnh tng hp VI. 3. 3. Cc kch thc khc ca BXCT turbine phn kch VI. 4. Chn cc thng s c bn ca turbine xung kch VI. 4. 1. Chn thng s c bn ca turbine go VI. 4. 2. Xc nh kch thc ca tbine xung kch hai ln Chng VII. THIT B IU TC CA TURBINE THU LC VII. 1. Nhim v ca thit b iu tc turbine VII. 2. Cc loi thit b iu tc th cng VII. 3. Thit b iu tc t ng VII. 3. 1. S nguyn l iu tc trc tip VII. 3. 2. Cc s nguyn l iu tc n gin tip VII. 3. 3. Cc s iu tc kp gin tip VII. 3. 4. Mt s c cu iu khin ca my iu tc VII. 3. 5 Thit b du p lc ca my iu tc VII. 4. La chn thit b iu tc VII. 4. 1. Chn iu tc loi nh VII. 4. 2. Chn iu tit trung bnh van ln Chng VIII. MT S THIT B KHC CA TT VIII. 1. Ca van trn ng ng p lc VIII. 2. Cc h thng thit b ph thu lc ca TT VIII. 2. 1. H thng thit b du VIII. 2. 2. H thng cp nc k thut VIII. 2. 3. H thng kh nn VIII. 2. 4. H thng tho nc t my
302

50 53

59 65 71 73

81

86 87 88

95

102 105

VIII. 2. 5. H thng cu ho trong nh my Phn II,a. CC CNG TRNH TRN TUYN NNG LNG TT Chng IX. KHI QUT V THNH PHN V B TR TT IX. 1. Cc thnh phn ca trm thu in 111 IX. 2. Cc s b tr TT kiu p 112 IX. 3. Cc s b tr TT kiu ng dn 115 Chng X. CNG TRNH LY NC CA TRM THU IN X. 1. Phn loi cc cng trnh ly nc ca TT X. 2. Cc thnh phn ca cng trnh ly nc X. 2. 1. Li chn rc v thit b dn rc X. 2. 2. Ca van X. 2. 3. Thit b nng h, vn chuyn X. 3. Cng trnh ly nc mt X. 4. Cng trnh ly nc di su Chng XI. B LNG CT CA TRM THU IN XI. 1. Cng dng v phn loi b lng ct XI. 2. Tnh ton thu lc b lng ct Chng XII. CNG TRNH DN NC CA TT 120 121

127 131 140 144

XII. 1. Khi nim v cng trnh dn nc ca TT 150 XII. 2. ng dn nc ca trm thu in 150 XII. 2. 1. Chn tuyn ng dn v hnh dng ng dn XII. 2. 2. Tnh ton kt cu ng hm dn nc ca TT XII. 3. Knh dn ca trm thu in 154 XII. 3. 1. Chn tuyn knh v hnh thc tuyn knh XII. 3. 2. Cu to mt ct knh XII. 3. 3. Knh t ng v khng t ng iu tit XII. 4. Tnh ton thu lc ng dn 159 XII. 4. 1. Tnh thu lc ng dn khng p XII. 4. 2. Tnh thu lc ng dn c p XII. 4. 3. Tnh tn tht thu lc v nng lng ca ng dn TT XII. 5. La chn mt ct kinh t ng dn TT 163 XII. 6. B p lc ca Trm thu in 165 XII. 6. 1. Cu to v cc phn ca b p lc XII. 6. 2. Cc s b tr tng th b p lc XII. 6. 3. Tnh ton xc nh kch thc v n nh b p lc Chng XIII. NG NG TURBINE XIII. 1. Khi qut ng ng turbine XIII. 1. 1. Phn loi ng ng turbine XIII. 1. 2. Chn tuyn v b tr ng ng turbine XIII. 2. ng ng thp
303

171 174

XIII. 2.1.Cu to ng ng thp v cc b phn thit b cng trnh XIII. 2. 2. Tnh ton ng ng thp XIII. 3. ng ng btng ct thp 189 XIII. 3. 1. Phn loi cu to lp t ng ng XIII. 3. 2. Tnh ton kt cu ng btng ct thp Chng XIV. NC VA V CH LM VIC KHNG N NH XIV. 1. Khi nim c bn v nc va v cc ch chuyn tip TT 194 XIV. 1. 1.Hin tng nc va trong ng ng p lc ca TT XIV. 1. 2. Cc ch chuyn tip khi iu chnh t my thu lc XIV. 2. Tnh ton nc va trong ng ng n hi 198 XIV. 2. 1. C s l thuyt ca nc va trong ng n hi XIV. 2. 2. Tnh ton nc va bng phng php gii tch XIV. 2. 3. Tnh ton nc va bng phng php gii XIV. 3. Bin php gim p lc nc va trong ng ng 218 219 XIV. 4. Tnh ton bo m iu chnh t my thu lc Chng XV. BUNG IU P CA TRM THU IN XV. 1. Cng dng v nguyn l lm vic ca bung iu p XV. 2. Cc loi bung iu p XV. 2. 1. Cc loi bung iu p XV. 2. 2. Kt cu bung iu p XV. 2. 3. La chn bung iu p XV. 3. Phng trnh vi phn c bn ca bung iu p XV. 3. 1. Phng trnh ng lc hc XV. 3. 2. Phng trnh lin tc XV. 4. Tnh ton thu lc bung iu p bng phng php g.tch XV. 4. 1. Tnh ton thu lc bung iu p hnh tr XV. 4. 2. Tnh ton thu lc bung iu p c kt cu cn XV. 4. 3. Tnh ton thu lc bung iu p hai bung XV. 5. Tnh ton thu lc bung iu p bng phng php gii XV. 5. 1. gii i vi BA hnh tr XV. 5. 2. gii i vi BA c cn XV. 5. 3. gii i vi BA hai bung XV. 6. Vn n nh h thng bung iu p XV. 7. Khi qut v thit k bung iu p 223 224

230 232

240

246 247

Phn II.b. NH MY CA TRM THU IN Chng XVI. NH MY THU IN V CC THIT B TRONG NM XVI. 1. Khi qut v thnh phn nh my thu in XVI. 1. 1. Nh my thu in v b tr thit b trong nh my XVI. 1. 2. Phn loi nh my thu in
304

248

XVI. 2. c im v cu to ca cc loi nh my thu in XVI. 3. Cc thit b trong nh my thu in XVI. 3. 1. My pht in ca trm thu in XVI. 3. 2. Cu trc trong nh my thu in XVI. 3. 3. My bin p XVI. 3. 4. B tr thit b ph trong nh my thu in XVI. 4. Ku cu v kch thc nh my thu in 1. B tr v kt cu phn trn nh my T 2. B tr v kt cu phn di nh my T 3. Xc nh kch thc nh my T 4. Gia c lng sng h lu nh my T Chng XVII. TNH TON N NH V KT CU PHN DI MY TRM THY IN XVII.1.Tnh ton n nh trt v ng sut di bn y NMT XVII. 2. Tnh ton bn phn di ca nh my T XVII. 2. 1. Tnh ton bn chung ca nh my T XVII. 2. 2. Tnh ton bn cc b phn di ca nh my T I. Tnh kt cu b my pht in trc ng II. Tnh ton kt cu bung xon III. Tnh ton kt cu ng x TI LIU THAM KHO MC LC

250 256

269

NH 279 282

300

305