BI TP V KIM LOI TC DNG VI DUNG DCH MUI 1) Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui: - iu kin kim loi

i M y c kim loi X ra khi dung dch mui ca n: xM (r) + nXx+ (dd) xMn+ (dd) + nX (r)

+ M ng trc X trong dy th in cc chun + C M v X u khng tc dng c vi nc iu kin thng + Mui tham gia phn ng v mui to thnh phi l mui tan - Khi lng cht rn tng: m = mX to ra mM tan - Khi lng cht rn gim: m = mM tan mX to ra - Khi lng cht rn tng = khi lng dung dch gim - Ngoi l: + Nu M l kim loi kim, kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba) th M s kh H+ ca H2O thnh H2 v to thnh dung dch baz kim. Sau l phn ng trao i gia mui v baz kim + trng thi nng chy vn c phn ng: 3Na + AlCl3 (khan) 3NaCl + Al + Vi nhiu anion c tnh oxi ha mnh nh NO3-, MnO4-,th kim loi M s kh cc anion trong mi trng axit (hoc baz) - Hn hp cc kim loi phn ng vi hn hp dung dch mui theo th t u tin: kim loi kh mnh nht tc dng vi cation oxi ha mnh nht to ra kim loi kh yu nht v cation oxi ha yu nht - Th t tng dn gi tr th kh chun (Eo) ca mt s cp oxi ha kh: Mg2+/Mg < Al3+/Al < Zn2+/Zn < Cr3+/Cr < Fe2+/Fe < Ni2+/Ni < Sn2+/Sn < Pb2+/Pb < 2H+/H2 < Cu2+/Cu < Fe3+/Fe2+ < Ag+/Ag < Hg2+/Hg < Au3+/Au 2) Mt s ch khi gii bi tp: - Phn ng ca kim loi vi dung dch mui l phn ng oxi ha kh nn thng s dng phng php bo ton mol electron gii cc bi tp phc tp, kh bin lun nh hn hp nhiu kim loi tc dng vi dung dch cha hn hp nhiu mui. Cc bi tp n gin hn nh mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mt mui, hai kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mt mui,c th tnh ton theo th t cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra - S dng phng php tng gim khi lng tnh khi lng thanh kim loi sau phn ng, - T s mol ban u ca cc cht tham gia phn ng bin lun cc trng hp xy ra - Nu cha bit s mol cc cht phn ng th da vo thnh phn dung dch sau phn ng v cht rn thu c bin lun cc trng hp xy ra - Kim loi kh anion ca mui trong mi trng axit (baz) th nn vit phng trnh dng ion thu gn - Kim loi (Mg Cu) y c Fe3+ v Fe2+. V d: Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+ ; Cu + 2Fe3+ Cu2+ + 2Fe2+ - Fe + 2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag. Nu Fe ht, Ag+ cn d th: Fe2+ + Ag+ Fe3+ + Ag 3) Mt s v d minh ha: V d 1: Nhng mt thanh kim loi M ha tr II nng m gam vo dung dch Fe(NO3)2 th khi lng thanh kim loi gim 6 % so vi ban u. Nu nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch AgNO3 th khi lng thanh kim loi tng 25 % so vi ban u. Bit gim s mol ca Fe(NO3)2 gp i gim s mol ca AgNO3 v kim loi kt ta bm ht ln thanh kim loi M. Kim loi M l: A. Pb B. Ni C. Cd D. Zn Hng dn: Gi nFe2+p = 2x mol nAg+p = x mol M + Fe2+ M2+ + Fe 2x 2x 2x

 m = 2x.(M 56) %mKl gim = M + 2Ag+ M2+ + 2Ag 0,5x x x m = 0,5x.(216 M) %mKl tng = - T (1) ; (2)

(1)

(2)

M = 65 Zn p n D

V d 2: Cho m gam hn hp bt cc kim loi Ni v Cu vo dung dch AgNO3 d. Khuy k cho n khi phn ng kt thc thu c 54 gam kim loi. Mt khc cng cho m gam hn hp bt cc kim loi trn vo dung dch CuSO4 d, khuy k cho n khi phn ng kt thc, thu c kim loi c khi lng bng (m + 0,5) gam. Gi tr ca m l: A. 15,5 gam B. 16 gam C. 12,5 gam D. 18,5 gam Hng dn: Gi nNi = x mol ; nCu = y mol c trong m gam hn hp Ni + 2Ag+ Ni2+ + 2Ag (1) Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag (2) Ni + Cu2+ Ni2+ + Cu (3) - T (3) (64 59).x = 0,5 x = 0,1 mol (*) - T (1) nAg(1) = 0,2 mol mAg(1) = 21,6 gam mAg(2) = 54 21,6 = 32,4 gam nAg(2) = 0,3 mol y = 0,15 mol (**) - T (*) ; (**) m = 0,1.59 + 0,15.64 = 15,5 gam p n A V d 3: Ha tan hn hp bt kim loi gm 8,4 gam Fe v 6,4 gam Cu vo 350 ml dung dch AgNO3 2M. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l: A. 70,2 gam B. 54 gam C. 75,6 gam D. 64,8 gam Hng dn: nFe = 0,15 mol ; nCu = 0,1 ; nAg+ = 0,7 mol Fe + 2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag (1) 0,15 0,3 0,15 0,3 Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag 0,1 0,2 0,2 Fe2+ + Ag+ Fe3+ + Ag (3) 0,15 0,15 0,15 T (1) ; (2) m = (0,3 + 0,2 + 0,15).108 = 70,2 gam p n A V d 4: Cho 2,24 gam bt st vo 200 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm AgNO3 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,5M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v m gam cht rn Y. Gi tr ca m l: A. 2,80 gam B. 4,08 gam C. 2,16 gam D. 0,64 gam Hng dn: nFe = 0,04 mol ; nAg+ = 0,02 mol ; nCu2+ = 0,1 mol Th t cc phn ng xy ra l: (Fe2+/Fe < Cu2+/Cu < Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Ag+ < Ag) Fe + 2Ag+ Fe2+ + 2Ag (1) 0,01 0,02 0,02 Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu (2) 0,03 0,03 T (1) ; (2) mY = 0,02.108 + 0,03.64 = 4,08 gam p n B V d 5: Cho hn hp gm 1,2 mol Mg v x mol Zn vo dung dch cha 2 mol Cu2+ v 1 mol Ag+ n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt dung dch cha ba ion kim loi. Trong cc gi tr sau y, gi

tr no ca x tho mn trng hp trn: A. 1,8 B. 1,5 Hng dn:

C. 1,2

D. 2,0

- Dung dch cha 3 ion kim loi Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ - ne cho = (2,4 + 2x) mol v ne nhn = 1 + 2.2 = 5 mol - Yu cu bi ton tha mn khi ne cho < ne nhn hay (2,4 + 2x) < 5 x < 1,3 x =1,2 p n C V d 6: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800 ml dung dch hn hp gm Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v H2SO4 0,25M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,6m gam hn hp bt kim loi v V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l: A. 17,8 v 4,48 B. 17,8 v 2,24 C. 10,8 v 4,48 D. 10,8 v 2,24 Hng dn: nCu2+ = 0,16 mol ; nNO3 = 0,32 mol ; nH+ = 0,4 mol - Cc phn ng xy ra l: Fe + 4H+ + NO3 Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O (1) 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,1 0,1 VNO = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt (*) Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+ (2) 0,05 0,1 Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu (3) 0,16 0,16 - T (1) ; (2) ; (3) nFep = 0,1 + 0,05 + 0,16 = 0,31 mol - Hn hp bt kim loi gm Fe d v Cu (m 0,31.56) + 0,16.64 = 0,6m m = 17,8 gam (**) - T (*) ; (**) p n B