T HN HN XT T GC CI NGUN

L KNH HIN () 1

Ting Hn l mt trong nhng ngn ng c nhiu t vay mn t ngn ng ca cc quc gia khc, v iu ng ch l s lng t ngoi lai cn vt tri hn nhiu so vi t bn ng. Trong s cc loi t ngoi lai th t ng gc Hn chim t l ln hn c trong ngn ng thuc loi hnh chp dnh ny, thm ch cn p o t bn ng(t thun Hn) v s lng. Theo thng k th t Hn Hn chim t l dao ng trong khong t 50% n 70% vn t vng ting Hn 2. iu ny cho thy tm quan trng ln lao ca lp t vay mn ny. Lch s vay mn ca lp t ny cng thuc din lu i bc nht, tnh n nay hn hai nghn nm. T ng gc Hn xm nhp vo bn o Hn kh sm nhng vic xc nh thi gian du nhp ban u l mt vic khng h n gin cht no. Tuy nhin, nu cn c theo c liu lch s th c th xc nh c ci mc du nhp chnh thc tng i chnh xc l vo nm 108 trc CN, thi im nh Hn thit lp 4 qun trn bn o Hn v c gi l (Hn t qun)3. Xt v gc ci ngun th t mn Hn trong ting Hn c th chia lm ba loi ln l t Hn Hn c du nhp t Trung Quc, t Hn Hn c du nhp t Nht Bn v t Hn Hn t to ti Hn Quc. Nu xt v nin i th cc loi t Hn Hn c ngun gc t Trung Quc c lch s lu i nht v c nhp vo bn o Hn t thi k u cho n tn thi cn i, t Hn Hn gc Nht Bn c du nhp ch yu trong sut thi k Nht Bn h bn o Hn t nm 1910 n 1945. Bn cnh , t Hn Hn t to ti Hn Quc c xem l sn phm mang tnh sng to kh c o ca dn tc Hn thng qua qu trnh s dng v lnh hi ch Hn cng nh t ng Hn. Sau y s ln lt xem xt cc loi t Hn Hn va nu cng nh cc tiu loi ca chng. 1. T Hn Hn c ngun gc Trung Quc Loi ny c s lng ln nht, chim hn na s lng t vng ting Hn 4. S lng t khng l ny trng tn v gn lin vi i sng vn ha tinh thn ca
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Thc S, Ging vin Hn ng hc, H KHXH & NV, HQG TPHCM T l cc loi t vng ca ting Hn trong T in ln(Hc hi Hangeul, 1957) v i t in quc ng(Lee Hee Seung, 1961) nh sau: T bn ng T Hn Hn T ngoi lai khc T in ln 45,46% 52,11% 2,43% i t in quc ng 24,40% 69,32% 6,28% Trong khi Nam Vit, Hn v cng thit lp 9 qun trc thuc chnh ph trung ng vo nm 112 TCN. Sim Jae Gi(1981, tr. 363)
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dn tc Hn sut hn hai nghn nm qua. Nhm t mn Hn ny c th chia ra lm ba tiu loi l t Hn Hn gc vn ngn, t Hn Hn gc Pht gio v t Hn Hn gc Bch thoi. 1.1. T Hn Hn gc c vn y l loi t gc Hn c ngun gc t cc th tch c ca Trung Quc nh cc loi kinh th, sch s, vn tp Vo thi Silla(, Tn La, 57TCN - 935), sau khi Quc hc c thit lp vo nm 682, Lun ng v Hiu kinh c dng dy v hc thi tam khoa(ta nh ch khoa c Vit Nam). Ngoi ra cn c L k, T truyn, Thng th, Chu dch, Vn tuyn chnh v vy m cc t mn Hn xut hin trong cc th tch ny c xem nh l nhng t ng Hn c mt trong x hi Hn Quc sm nht. Sau y l mt s v d v nhng t c ngun gc t T truyn, Vn tuyn, Hiu kinh vn cn c s dng ph bin cho n tn ngy nay. C th k ra mt s t tiu biu nh trong T truyn c (, quc gia), (, ng minh), (, th lnh), (, y phc), (, thng minh); trong Vn tuyn c (, bn cng), (, sinh mnh), (, thc vt), ( , a th), ( thin bin vn ha), ; trong Hiu kinh c (, cung knh), (, bt knh), (, phi php), (, x tc), (, tu thn), (, thin a), C th d dng nhn thy nhng t ng ny phn nh kh r nt h t tng Nho gio, t t tng l nhc, s phc tng v trung thnh i vi vua cha, tm lng hiu tho i vi cha m, n s thnh chnh tm v mt tinh thn, tu thn Nhng t ng ny trng tn cng vi ngi Hn sut hn hai thin nin k, chim mt v th ng k trong ngn ng Hn nh mt th kim ch nam xuyn sut trong t tng, nh ngi bn ng hnh trong mi hnh ng ca dn tc Hn. 1.2. T Hn Hn gc Pht gio Loi t ny cng c du nhp vo bn o Hn thng qua cc th tch, sch v ca Trung Quc nhng cn lu rng chng l nhng t c ngun gc t ngn ng Phn bn n ch khng phi l nhng t ng Hn thng thng c to ra Trung Quc. Loi ny c th chia thnh hai loi nh l t dch m v t dch ngha t ting Phn. Nhng t dch m gc Pht gio c tip nhn vo bn o Hn thng qua b lc ca h thng ng m ting Trung Quc nn lc u thng b ng nhn l t gc Hn thay v l t gc ngn ng Phn, dn d cc nh nghin cu mi nhn ra nhng t ng ngha gc ting Phn do s tn ti song song ca nhng t dch ngha kiu Trung Quc. Tt nhin khng th b qua kh nng lc ny mt t th hin mt khi nim c du nhp ng thi vo bn o Hn di dng t dch m v t dch
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ngha. R rng phi nhn thc cho ng n rng y khng phi l nhng t Hn Hn gc Trung Quc n thun. Nhng t dch m thng dng c th k n nh (, c sa, c gc l t kasaya), (, b , c gc l t bodhi), (, Pht , c gc l t Buddha), (, x li, c gc l t sari), Nhng t dch m ny ngy nay hon ton c th c thay th bng cch dng ch Hangeul ghi li trc tip m ting Phn nh trng hp cc t ngoi lai gc phng Ty trong ting Hn. i vi t dch ngha, tiu biu c (, th gii, c gc l t cokdhatu), (, thc, c gc l t manovi jnana), (, nhn gian, c gc l t masusyd), (, chng sinh, c gc l t jagat), (, cung dng(cng dng), c gc l t pujana) 1.3. T Hn Hn gc Bch thoi Loi t vay mn ny c du nhp vo bn o Hn t Trung Quc thng qua con ng khu ng trong qu trnh giao dch gia cc doanh nhn hay quan dn hai pha ch khng phi thng qua th tch, chnh v vy chng ch yu l nhng t ch tn gi s vt, vt phm. Nhng t thuc loi ny xt v nin i c th ni tri qua mt qu trnh lu di t thi c i cho n tn thi cn i. Tuy nhin tht kh xem xt kh nng chng c nhp vo trc c th tch c cho nn y ch cp n hai loi t l t mn Hn c hnh thnh qua qu trnh vn vt phng Ty kinh qua Trung Quc v loi t mn Hn c gc Bch thoi tiu biu cho khu ng. Cc tri trc v vn vt phng Ty ban u c du nhp vo bn o Hn l thng qua nc Minh bn Trung Quc. Sch s ghi chp li vic cc s thn Triu Tin i s sang Minh mang v bn chu u do ngi Trung Quc v. Vo thi Injo(, Nhn T), Jeong Duwon(, Trnh u Nguyn) i s sang nc Minh mang v nhng th nh ha pho, knh thin l, ng h bo thc Ngy nay a s nhng t ch vt ny li bc khng cn sc sng na, thay vo l nhng t Hn Hn ch t tng v vn vt phng Ty ch yu c ngun gc Nht Bn ch khng phi Trung Quc. Mt khc, khng th b qua mt iu l trong s cc t gc Bch thoi c hnh thnh qua vic biu k ha khu ng, c mt b phn t ng c du nhp vo ting Hn di dng t Hn Hn ch khng phi ting Hn. Tnh thu sut(transparency) v mt hnh thi hc ca t Hn Hn v nh hng ca nn gio dc Hn vn mang tnh c in ca x hi Joseon(Triu Tin) khng dng li vic tip nhn ting Hn t Trung Quc i lc nh nhng t ngoi lai n thun m lm cho chng ha nhp hon ton vo trong h thng ting Hn tr thnh nhng t Hn Hn thc th. C th k ra mt s t Hn Hn c ngun gc Bch thoi thng
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dng nh (, a thiu), (, dung d), (, t ti), (, im kim), (, s u) 2. T Hn Hn c ngun gc Nht Bn y l loi t mn Hn c nhiu im ng ch nht. Nht Bn vn l quc gia tin hnh duy tn t nc sm nht phng ng thng qua phong tro Minh Tr Duy Tn, trong qu trnh hc hi v tip nhn nhng thnh tu khoa hc k thut ca phng Ty thng qua vic c nhng ngi c chuyn mn i du hc sang cc quc gia u M, nhng ngi Nht ny khi quay v kho lo s dng ch Hn dch nhng thut ng thuc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau y sang ting Nht. Mt s lng ln thut ng mi c to ra bi ngi Nht c du nhp t vo bn o Hn vo u th k 20 trong sut thi k Nht Bn h Joseon(1910-1945). Tt nhin trong cng vic chuyn i tn gi ca vn vt phng Ty sang t ng Hn, ngi Trung Quc cng tin hnh cng tc dch thut cc thut ng theo kiu ca mnh, ngi Nht tip nhn mt s t dch ca Trung Quc tham kho ri to ra nhng thut ng mi. Vo thi k ny, khng phi Hn Quc khng c tinh thn ci bin sng to nh th ny. Vo khong nm 1870, thi k m phong tro Khai ha mi bt u, t Hn Hn mi ch ca Trung Quc v t Hn Hn do ngi Hn t ch cng tr nn kh thng dng bn o Hn nhng bc sang u th k 20, dn dn mt s lng ln nhng t ng ny c thay th bi t Hn Hn gc Nht. V vy a s nhng t Hn c pht trin vo na cui th k 19 bin mt nh nhng t ng th hin mt chng ng lch s tng i ngn ngi m thi. Sau khi bn o Hn c gii phng khi ch h ca Nht Bn vo thng 8 nm 1945, din ra thi k cao tro ca cuc vn ng trong sch ha quc ng xa b mt cch c thc v trit b phn t Hn Hn gc Nht cng nh khng s dng ting Nht. Loi tr s tn ti an xen ca ting Nht trong ting Hn l mt cng vic khng kh lm nhng cn t Hn Hn gc Nht bm r kh chc trong ting Hn nn khng nhng khng b trit tiu m nhiu t vn cn c tip tc s dng mi tn sau ny. Thm ch mt b phn t Hn Hn gc Nht y li nhng t Hn Hn t to thng qua qu trnh xung t dn khng nh ch ng ca mnh v tr nn thng dng trong ting Hn. C th k ra mt s t thuc loi ny nh sau: (, tng h) thay cho (, h tng), (, np c) thay cho (, l gii), (, tng m) thay cho (, tng ngh), (, c thc) thay cho (, ngn c), (, n ni) thay cho (, dn o). Bt k phong tro trong sch ha quc ng ch trng qut sch t ng Nht trong ting Hn, vic nhng t trn vn ngang nhin tn ti ng vai tr ca nhng t ng th hin chng c lch s khi gi vt thng lng t chnh sch ng ha ca
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quc Nht trong sut 30 nm, mt khc l v sc to t mnh m ca ch Hn trn c s mt t mt ngha bt k c phi c to ra ti Nht hay khng v v c tnh d c hp thu vo cng chng ca lp t ny. C mt s tht hin nhin l mi mt ch Hn trong trng hp cn thit th bt c lc no v bt c u u c kh nng to t mi. iu th v y nm ch s tip nhn v tn vong ca t Hn gc Nht, nhng t c cch c kiu ting Nht phn ln b loi b, trong cng c nhng t cn tn ti nhng c chuyn sang cch c Hn Hn hoc phi xem nh nhng t c dng t trc. 3. T Hn Hn c ngun gc Hn Quc Sau cng l loi t Hn Hn do chnh ngi Hn Quc l ch nhn sng ch nn. Lch s Hn Quc lun song hnh vi qu trnh du nhp v pht trin m rng ca ch Hn bn o Hn, s pht trin v bin thin ca nn vn ha i i vi s gia tng ca vn t Hn Hn. Vn ha Hn Quc n na cui thi k Joseon c th c gii thch theo quan h i ng song hnh cng vi t ng Hn. Tuy nhin khi nim mang tnh t vng hc l (Hn t ng, tc t ch Hn) khng tn ti cho n trc khi xy ra phong tro Ngn vn nht tr vo Thi k Khai ha( -Khai ha k) din ra vo cui th k 19. V vy t ch Hn trc Thi k Khai ha l nhng t c gi nh tn ti trong khu ng, cng vi c tnh ring bit ca vn ha Hn Quc, trong s nhng t ny th ngun gc hnh thnh ca chng nm t th Hn Quc l iu khng cn bn thm. Nhng t c xem l t Hn Hn t to c th k n l (, cm kh), (, kh sinh), (, phc c phng), (, t tr), (, hn tm) Trn y khi qut cc loi t mn Hn trong ting Hn t gc nhn ci ngun ca chng. Xt theo ngun gc hnh thnh ca lp t ny, c th phn ra 3 loi ln l t Hn Hn c du nhp t Trung Quc, t Hn Hn c nhp t Nht Bn v t Hn Hn t to. Trong t Hn Hn c du nhp t Trung Quc c th chia tip ra thnh t c ngun gc c vn Trung Quc, t c ngun gc Pht gio, t c ngun gc Bch thoi.
TI LIU THAM KHO

Lee Gangro, 1987, , tp ch s 8. L Knh Hin, 1997, Vn quan h gia ngn ng v vn ha trong qu trnh hc ting Hn, Kha lun tt nghip i hc chuyn ngnh Trung Quc hc, H KHXH&NV, HQG TPHCM. 3. L Knh Hin, 2004, Tm hiu Vng vn ha ch Hn, Khoa ng Phng hc - 10 nm xy dng v pht trin(1994-2004), NXB Tng hp TPHCM. 1. 2.
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4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

L Knh Hin, 2005, Vai tr ca t ng gc Hn trong qu trnh ging dy v hc tp ting Hn, bi tham lun cho hi tho Trung Quc vi Vng vn ha ch Hn, H KHXH&NV, HQG TPHCM. L Knh Hin, 2006, Ng php ting Hn hin i, NXB Vn ha Thng tin. L Knh Hin Nguyn Th Tnh, 2007, T in Hn-Vit, NXB Vn ha Thng tin. L Knh Hin Nguyn Th Tnh, 2008, T in Vit-Hn, NXB Moonyealim, Hn Quc. L Knh Hin, 2009, Nghin cu so snh t Hn Hn vi t Hn Vit ng t , Lun vn Thc s Ng vn, H Inha, Hn Quc. L Knh Hin, 2009, Tm hiu v t Hn Hn gc Nht , bi tham lun cho hi tho Thc y Hn Quc hc Vit Nam, H KHXH&NV, HQG H Ni. L Knh Hin, T vng hc ting Hn(bn tho). L Knh Hin, 2009, T in t Hn Hn(bn tho). Nguyn Vn Khang, 2007, T ngoi lai trong ting Vit, NXB Gio dc. Park Yoengseob, 1995, , NXB Parkijeong, Hn Quc. Sim Jae Gi, 1981, , trong K yu mng th TS. Kim Heung Gyu, NXB Iljogak, Hn Quc.

ABSTRACT

SINO-KOREAN WORDS FROM VIEWPOINT OF ORIGIN

Gyeong-hyeon, Lee () Korean is one of the languages which have many borrowed words from other languages, especially the quantity of loan words is significantly much more than those of native words. Among loan words, Sino-Korean words occupy the biggest ratio in this agglutinative language. According to recent statistics, Sino-Korean words occupy about 50%-70% of Korean vocabulary. The percentage proves the importance of this kind of borrowed words in Korean language. The borrowing history of Sino-Korean words is also longest, over 2,000 years till now. From the viewpoint of origon, it can be devided into 3 big kinds of Sino-Korean words, they are Sino-Korean words inflowed from China, Sino-Korean words inflowed from Japan, and Sino-Korean words created by Korean people. In which, Sino-Korean words inflowed from China can be divided into 3 small kinds, they are Sino-Korean words originated from Chinese classics, Sino-Korean words originated from Buddhism, Sino-Korean words originated from colloquial(spoken) Chinese. Regarding history of introduction and acceptance, Sino-Korean words originated from China have longest history because they were imported into Korean peninsula from the early stage until the modern age, Sino-Korean words originated from Japan inflowed during the period that Japan occupied Korean peninsula from 1910 till 1945. Beside that, Sino-Korean words created in Korea is considered as a creative product of Korean people through the process of using and comprehending Chinese characters as well as Sino-Korean words.