TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).

2010

THIT K BNH NG T CAO TC THEO QUAN IM AN TON GIAO THNG V M HC CNG TRNH
EXPRESSWAY PLANNING ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CLOTHOID ROAD AND SAFETY OF TRAFFIC CRITERA

Phan Cao Th
Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng

Ng c Thnh
Hc vin cao hc kho 2008-2010

TM TT Bi bo trnh by phng php thit k bnh tuyn ng t cao tc theo ng cong Clothoid, ng thi xut cc ch tiu k thut nh gi cht lng bnh tuyn thit k trn quan im an ton giao thng v thm m ca tuyn ng. Mt phn mm thit k k thut tuyn Clothoid c xy dng gip cho cc K s thit k c c nhiu phng n la chn thng qua nhm cc ch tiu m bo an ton giao thng v m hc. Kt qu nghin cu vi mong mun p dng hiu qu cho ng t cao tc, ng cp cao ni chung nc ta hin nay. ABSTRACT This article presents a method for designing the plan of an expressway with Clothoid curve and deals with the technological parameters for assessing the quality of designed road plan based on traffic safety and highway aesthetics. A software is made to design Clothoids technologies, which helps designing engineers to select a variety of plans through a number of targets on ensuring the roads traffic safety and aesthetics. It is hoped that this research can be effectively applied to expressway and high-level street planning in our country nowadays.

1. t vn Pht trin h thng ng b cao tc ng ngha vi i hi phi thit k v xy dng mt tuyn ng t t cht lng cao, th hin qua tnh tin nghi, thun li, xe chy an ton, tc cao, ng thi tuyn ng tho mn tt nht s hi ho vi a hnh t nhin hay ni khc l phi c tnh thm m cao tng ng vi ng tin m chng ta phi b ra xy dng ng. Bc thit k bnh c ngha khai sinh ra tuyn ng, gp phn quan trng i vi cht lng ca ng khi a vo khai thc s dng. Nu vn thit k bnh tuyn theo nhng nguyn tc thng thng nh t trc n nay, s khng p ng c y i hi trn. Vic xem xt, nghin cu phng php thit k bnh tuyn sao cho tho mn c cc yu cu, ng thi nh gi c cht lng ca tuyn thit k l ht sc cn thit i vi cng tc thit k ng t cp cao ni chung v vi ng t cao tc ni ring. Vi nhng l do , bi vit trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu bc u v phng php thit k bnh tuyn Clothoid v nh gi cht lng tuyn thit k t quan im m bo an ton giao thng cng nh tnh
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thm m ca cng trnh, xy dng phn mm thit k vi mong mun a kt qu vo p dng cho ng t cao tc, ng t cp cao nc ta hin nay. 2. Cc kt qu nghin cu 2.1. C s l thuyt: Thit k bnh tuyn theo TCVN 4054-05 hay TCVN 5729-97 l nguyn tc thit k tuyn thng thng vn c cc k s cc n v T vn thit k nc ta nhp tm v thc hin t trc n nay. Tuyn trn bnh c to thnh bi 3 yu t hnh hc l ng thng, ng cong trn v ng cong chuyn tip, trong on chuyn tip thng s dng ng cong Clothoid. Vi nguyn tc , on chuyn tip Clothoid ch l yu t ph chim mt chiu di ngn, v ch xem l mt yu t ph nn ngi thit k ch vic p dng ng cong ny lm ng cong chuyn tip trong phm vi cc bn knh gii hn theo ng quy trnh quy phm, hon ton khng cn quan tm n cc vn khc. Thc t trn th gii, c nhiu nghin cu thc nghim v qu trnh cm th th gic ca li xe khi xe ang chy trn ng, ngi ta dng hnh phi cnh ca tng on tuyn v xy dng phng php thit k khng gian cho ng t. Kt qu cho thy rng, tuyn c cu to bi cc ng cong Clothoid lin kt vi nhau v lin kt vi cc ng cong trn s to thnh mt tuyn ng trong khng gian tho mn tt nht v bng phng quang hc, m thun v mt th gic, li xe c th yn tm cho xe chy an ton vi tc cao, tuyn ng un ln mt cch hi ho theo a hnh khng ph v cnh quan, i qua c nhng v tr mong mun, v t ch c mt tuyn cng nay tr thnh mt tuyn mm ln theo a hnh 1[1]:
3 2 2 3 3 1 1 3

Tuyn cng

Tuyn mm

Hnh 1. S dng cc ng cong trong thit k bnh

Xy dng thnh cng mt tuyn ng t cao tc cng ng ngha vi nng cao tnh an ton giao thng (ATGT) cng nh t c tnh thm m ca con ng. Hin nay nc ta vn ATGT ang l mt vn c c x hi c bit quan tm, nng cao tnh ATGT ca mt tuyn ng ngi ta ch ch trng vo vic ci to hoc nghin cu gii php t chc giao thng trn tuyn ng , m cha h quan tm, xem xt k ngay bc thit k bnh tuyn. Vic thm nh h s thit k ca Ch u t B, S cng cha xt ti cht lng ca n thit k tuyn m bo tnh ATGT, dn n ngi thit k ch vic la chn cc ch tiu k thut mt cch my mc theo nhng quy nh v ch dn ca tiu chun, quy phm. Trong khi , cc ch tiu k thut thit k bnh tuyn c nh hng rt ln n an ton xe chy, c bit l vic
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la chn bn knh ng cong nm, chiu di, gc ngot, mc thay i ngot, quan h gia cc bn knh cong k lin, v tr v tn sut b tr cc ng cong trn bnh , b tr siu cao trn ng cong,Trn th gii c nhiu nghin cu v kho st thc nghim cc nc khc nhau nh c, M, Canada, Nga, Anh, Php ...[1,6,7] v nh hng ca cc ch tiu k thut thit k bnh n ATGT nh h s thay i ngot ng cong, quan h gia tng ng cong ring bit vi thay i cong ton tuyn, vn bo m n nh ng lc cho xe chy an ton trn ng cong thng qua s chnh lch h s lc ngang xut hin khi xe chy trn ng cong c b tr siu cao so vi h s lc ngang thit k. 2.2. Kt qu nghin cu 2.2.1. Phng php thit k bnh tuyn Clothoid 2.2.1.1. c im ng cong Clothoid trong thit k bnh tuyn: (i) C dng phng trnh ton hc tho mn tt nht vai tr ng cong chuyn tip:
C
L

4 1 C

2 3 1

4 1 3

VR
3 2

1
Vt
1

Hnh 2. S thay i ca lc ly tm khi xe vo ng cong, khi c v khng c ng cong chuyn tip.

Hnh 3. M phng iu kin xe chy trn ng cong chuyn tip. Thit lp c phng trnh dng to cc: S =

, S=L,

=R L = C C = RL (1) R
y
y

R = 0

2 3 1
-L + L R = 4 50
x

4 50
x

Hnh 4. Cc dng ng cong ton hc c th tho mn c nhiu hay t phng trnh (1): 1-ng xon c bc x Clothoid; 2-ng Parabol bc ba; 3-ng hoa th Lemniscat Becnulli. 92

Hnh 5: ng cong Clothoid c phng trnh dng to cc: =

A2 S

t: A2 = C = RL A = C = R.L (2) Phng trnh (2) hon ton ph hp vi (1).

R=R

R =

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

(ii) C hnh dng ton hc (Hnh 5) th hin c tnh u vit trong thit k tuyn: - Bn knh cong thay i dn t = n =R, to cho ng cong Clothoid c dng nh mt ng cong thng. B tr siu cao s to nn s cn bng gia cc thnh phn lc ly tm v trng lng thnh phn ca t, gip li xe gi c qu o mong mun. - cong thay i lin tc, to cho ng cong Clothoid kh nng theo bm a hnh. C th trnh c nhng v tr o su, p cao, nhng ni a cht khng tt, i qua c cc im mong mun, cho php trin khai tuyn theo a hnh rt t nhin. - Cc bn knh cong ln v thay i, to cho ng cong Clothoid kh nng un ln lin tc mt cch mm mi. Ci thin tm nhn ca li xe nht l xe chy ngc chiu, li xe yn tm iu khin xe chy vi tc ln nht v nng cao an ton xe chy. 2.2.1.2.Phm vi s dng ng cong Clothoid trong thit k bnh tuyn:
A1 < A2 < A3
0,5
0,7 1

R2 R1 L3

R3

0 1,

1,5

r = 10,0

2,0

4,0

8,0

5,0

3,0

L2

1
3

R=

L1

= 0,5rad

Hnh 6. Cc ng cong Clothoid c chiu di L, thng s A khc nhau, nhng ng dng v mt hnh hc v L thay i t l thun vi A, cho php xc lp cc im c trng Clothoid.

Hnh 7. Cc im c trng ca Clothoid. Ch s dng ng cong Clothoid vi cong ph hp trong on t im c trng 1 n 4 ( = 0,5).

2.2.1.3. Nguyn tc thit k tuyn Clothoid: Thay th cc ng thng bng ng cong trn bn knh ln kt hp vi cc ng cong Clothoid. S dng ng cong Clothoid c chiu di ln hn nhiu so vi tiu chun ng cong chuyn tip, ng cong Clothoid by gi c xc nh khng ch xut pht t iu kin cho php v tng h s gia tc ly tm, m cn thm yu cu ca tuyn trong khng gian, m bo xe chy an ton, tc cao.
g on Du

Khi ta khng th p dng bng cm cong thng thng nh cm ng cong chuyn tip Clothoid. vch c mt ng cong Clothoid c chiu di chn tu v xc nh c cc thng s Clothoid, ta cn lp bng tnh chi tit i vi ng trn n v R = 1, t bng tra xc nh cc thng s Clothoid khi bit bn knh R v chiu di L theo s Hnh 8.

ng co

R
y0

oid Cloth

Duong thang

t Ta x0

Hnh 8. S cc yu t ca Clothoid 93

TM

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

2.2.1.4. Phng php thit k tuyn Clothoid: Thc hin trn bnh t l 1/1000 (TL1/2000), vi cc bc nh nguyn tc thit k bnh tuyn thng thng. Trong , ta cn kt hp cc ng cong Clothoid vi nhau v ni chng vi cc ng cong trn cng chiu hay ngc chiu sao cho bnh tuyn thay i mt cch u n. Mt s dng kt hp c bn nh sau:

(i) Kt hp trc tip dng khng i xng:

Z1

R=

2 A12 + A2

28,650

C
1

T1

T1
T
d2

x01

y01cotg1

A
Td1

TM1

B
TM2
Rmin

Y01 Y02 Sin 2 sin + sin 1 2 sin

T2

x02

y02cotg2

Y01 Y02 Sin 2 sin + sin 1 2 sin

Hnh 9. Cc yu t ca Clothoi dng ni tip khng i xng (L1 L2, A1 A2; T1 T2)

(ii) Kt hp trc tip dng i xng:

z

C
T
x0

uong tang chung

y0

Ti im tip xc 2 ng cong Clothoid c cng bn knh cong R1 = R2 = Rmin v c chung ng tang. Vi l gc ngot th chiu di ng tang: T = x0 + y0tg . 2

Rmin

Ri

k =1/Rmin k=0

Li

ki = 1/R = L /A i i

Hnh 10. Cc yu t ca Clothoi v ng biu din cong ca t hp 2 Clothoid ni tip i xng.

(iii) Kt hp hai ng cong Clothoid c on chm trn gia: Thng p dng 2 ng cong Clothoid c chiu di v thng s khc nhau (L1L2, A1A2).
Cc im trung gian ca phn cong trn chm gia ny c chia thnh cc on l c khong cch tu thuc vo bn knh R: R < 100m l = 5m; R

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Y Y'

= 100 500m l =10m; R >

o
R
R
R1

R1

B
X'

y0

A
Tk
X

500m l = 20m. To ca cc im trung gian (xi, yi) ca ng cong trn ny c xc nh trn h to XOY nh sau: + Gc chn cung c chiu di l l bng: i = . R + Ti im th n c chiu di l nl (n = 1, 2, 3) v c to :
' xi = R sin(n i ) ' y i = R[(1 cos(n i )]

t x0

Hnh 11. Ni 2 Clothoid c on chm trn gia

T1 = (R + p1)tg + p 2 p1 + t1 ;
2

sin

T2 = (R + p1)tg (p2 p1) cotg + t2

2
0 = - (1 + 2) K = R. . . 0

180

xc nh cc yu t ca ng cong Clothoid ta c th s dng bng tra hoc tnh ton t s hnh hc phng. tin li cho vic cm ng cong Clothoid ta chuyn phng trnh t to cc sang to Descarte nh sau [2,3]:
x=S S5 S9 S 13 S3 S7 S 11 S 15 + + ... ; y = 2 + + ... 2 8 12 40 A 3456 A 599040 A 6A 336 A 6 42240 A10 9676800 A14

(Cc chui x v y hi t rt nhanh nn khi cm cong ch cn tnh n hai s hng u l ).

2.2.2. nh gi cht lng n thit k tuyn theo cc tiu chun ATGT: 2.2.2.1. xut cc ch tiu k thut thit k bnh theo tiu chun ATGT:
(i) H s thay i ngot ca ng cong CCR (Curvature Change Rate). Ti mi mt ng cong h s thay i ngot CCRS c xc nh theo cng thc [5,7,8]: CCRS =

63700
L

o , gon/km (1gon = 0,9o v 63,7gon = 400 ).

Trng hp ng cong trn n:

Trng hp 3 ng cong bt k kt hp lin tip nhau (1, 2, 3):

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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

K 63,7 (gon); L = K (m) R

= 1 + 2 + 3 ; L = L1 + L2 + L3
Trng hp ng cong phi hp ba bn knh (R1, R2, R3):

Trng hp ng cong trn R phi hp vi 2 ng cong Clothoid c A1 A2:

L1 K L2 + + ; L = L1 + K + L2 2R R 2R

K1 K 2 K 3 ; + + 2R R 2R

L = K1 + K2 + K3 Trng hp 2 ng cong trn (R1 > R2) phi hp nm gia 2 ng cong Clothoid hai u v 1 ng Clothoid chm gia:

L1 K1 A 2 A2 K L + + E2 E2 + 2 + 2 2 R 1 R 1 2 R 2 2R 1 R 2 2R 2 L = L1 + K1 + LE + K2 + L2 =
(A1, A2, AE - Thng s ca ng cong Clothoid hai u v gia; L1, L2, LE Chiu di tng ng ca ng cong Clothoid hai u v gia, m). Trng hp trn cc on thng: Do R = nn CCRS = 0 (gon/km).

(ii) Tc khai thc vi sut bo m 85% (V85): nh gi ATGT ta s dng tc tnh ton l tc bo m yu cu ca 85% (khng phi l tc thit k). Kt qu quan trc thng k dng xe cho thy ng tn sut phn b tc trong dng xe c dng khng i xng, chng t phn ln ngi li cho xe chy vi tc in hnh nht i vi on ng ang xt hoc chnh lch vi tc l khng ng k (Hnh 12).
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Hnh 12. Tn sut xut hin

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

Biu Hnh 12 cho thy s xe i vi tc nh hn tc quy nh c dng hnh ch S, ch bt u un dc ph bin thng ng ngay gi tr 85%, cho nn on un dc phn trn ca ng cong c ngha tch ring phn t cn li ca dng xe khng tun theo quy lut chung. V vy, tr s tc 85% ny phi l s liu xut pht v biu xe chy trn ng v thit k cc yu t hnh hc ca ng v cc t i vi tc nhanh hn s buc phi tun theo k lut chung ca dng xe [3,4] Vi c s l lun , nhiu nc trn th gii xy dng cc cng thc thc nghim xc nh V85 t cc ch tiu CCRS c th tham kho nh sau: + c: V85 = + M: + c:
10 6 8270 + 8,01 CCRS

V85 = 93,85 0,05 CCRs V85 = 101,2 0,043 CCRs

102 CCRS 1,5 1 + 346 ( ) 63,7
( 4 , 5615 , 27.10 3 CCR s )

+ Php: V85 =

+ Canada: V85 = e

Hnh 12. Tn sut tch lu

2 (iii) H s lc ngang thit k: fRA= Vd

127 R

i SC , (Vd l tc thit k, km/h) v

h s lc ngang yu cu: fRD= vi V85).

2 V85 i SC , (fRD l h s lc ngang cn thit tng ng 127 R

2.2.2.2 xut khung tiu chun nh gi cht lng bnh tuyn m bo ATGT: Cc ch tiu nh gi TT Kt lun v cht lng n thit k CHP NHN C XU, KM

Theo tiu chun an ton th nht

V85i Vd
CCRsi CCRs

10 180

10 < 180 <

V85i Vd

20 360

> 20 > 360

CCR si CCR s

Theo tiu chun an ton th hai

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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

V85i V85i +1

10 180

10 < 180 <

V85i V85i +1

20 360

> 20 > 360

CCR si CCR si +1

CCRsi CCRsi +1

Theo tiu chun an ton th ba CCRsi 180 0,01 180 < CCRsi 360 -0,04 f i < 0,01 > 360 < -0,04

f i = f RAi f RDi

2.2.3. Xy dng phn mm phc v cng tc thit k tuyn Clothoid: - Nu thit k tuyn Clothoid ch vi s h tr ca ACAD, Nova-TND th rt kh khn. Vi mong mun gp phn cng cc k s thit k tip cn vi phng php tuyn Clothoid p dng cho cc loi ng t cao tc, ng t cp cao nc ta hin nay, cc tc gi xy dng mt phn mm tin ch thit k bnh tuyn Clothoid, nh gi cht lng tuyn thit k trn quan im an ton giao thng v m hc cng trnh. - S khi tng qut thit k phn mm:
Bt u.

Nhp cc thng s thit k tuyn Clothoid. KHNG T

Tnh ton cc thng s, v tuyn

Tnh ton thng s 3 tiu chun v ATGT. T

nh gi theo 3 tiu chun v

- Xut file bn v BD tuyn. - Xut bng to cm cong. - Xut file *.ntd

Lin kt s dng phn mm Nova TDN

c file *ntd. Nhp s liu a hnh. V Trc dc t nhin. Thit k TD, TN, tnh khi lngbng Nova-TDN .

Dng phi cnh tuyn Clothoid thit k bng NovaTDN

98

Kt thc.

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

- Mt s hnh nh ng dng phn mm thit k bnh tuyn Clothoid:

Nhp s liu thit k Kt qu tnh ta nhnh, ta tuyn Kt qu tnh cc thng s ng cong

nh gi cht lng tuyn thit k T ng v B tuyn trn nn CAD Xut d liu sang Nova

- ng dng thit k bnh ng t cao tc on Gi - Ninh Bnh [6]: Theo H s thit k do TEDI thc hin th phn on Km22-Km26 c thit k chuyn hng ti hai nh vi hai ng cong trn bn knh R1=1000m v R2=2000m. Dng phn mm thit k li ti mi nh bng hai ng cong Clothoid ni tip i xng cng vi R1=1000m v R2=2000m. Kt qu bnh tuyn Clothoid phn on KM22KM26 nh hnh bn, ng thi nh gi cc ch tiu thit k tuyn tho mn tt nht cc tiu ch ATGT.
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TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010

3. Kt lun

1. Thit k tuyn Clothoid trong ng cong Clothoid tr thnh mt yu t thit k c lp, c vai tr nh i vi yu t ng thng, ng cong trn, th lc ny ngoi vai tr l ng cong chuyn tip m ta vn thng dng, n cn thm nhim v lm cho tuyn ng tr nn mm mi, li xe v hnh khch khi s dng ng s c tm trng thoi mi, d chu khng mt mi, nng cao tnh tin nghi ca ng, tha mn c i hi cao v mt k thut cng nh m thut ca cc loi ng cp cao v ng t cao tc. 2. Cn thit phi c nhng kho st v nghin cu thc nghim v cc tiu ch nh gi ATGT i vi thit k bnh tuyn trong iu kin dng xe v giao thng nc ta. Vic p dng ba tiu chun v an ton giao thng nh gi cht lng n thit k bnh ch mang tnh cht tham kho. Trong , tiu chun th nht tha mn s bo m cho n thit k tuyn t cht lng tt, tiu chun th hai bo m t c tc khai thc mong mun vi sut bo m 85% v tiu chun th ba bo m an ton v mt n nh ng hc ca t khi xe chy vo ng cong nhm nng cao an ton xe chy. 3. Xy dng phn mm thit k k thut tuyn Clothoid da trn quan im ATGT, phn mm c kh nng kt xut trc tip vi phn mm Nova-TDN ca Cng ty Hi Ho thit k cc cng on cn li (trc dc, trc ngang tuyn Clothoid), vi mong mun a vo p dng cho cng tc t vn thit k cng trnh ng t cao tc nc ta hin nay.
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] B Chng, o Xun Lm (2003), M hc Cu ng, NXB GTVT, H Ni. [2] Trng nh Giai, hiu nh: Nguyn Quang Chiu (2002), Thit k tuyn ng t cao tc, NXB Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni. [3] Dng Hc Hi (2001), Thit k ng cao tc, NXB Khoa hc K thut. [4] Phan Cao Th (2007), Bi ging thit k cnh quan ng t, HBK H Nng. [5] Nguyn Xun Vinh (2007), Thit k v khai thc ng t - ng thnh ph theo quan im an ton giao thng, Phng php thit k tuyn Clothoid cho ng t cao tc, NXB Xy dng, H Ni. [6] TEDI 2007, D n cao tc Cu Gi - Ninh Bnh. [7] F.BABKOV, Ngi dch: Nguyn Xun Vinh, Hiu nh: Dng Hc Hi (1984), iu kin ng v an ton giao thng, NXB Khoa hc K thut, H Ni. [8] AASHTO 1994, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.
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