CHNG 1 CU TO MT NG V TRNH T CHUNG XY DNG MT NG T

$1. CU TO KT CU MT NG V CC YU CU I VI CNG NGH THI CNG MT NG 1. Cu to v cc yu cu chung 2. Cu to v cc yu cu i vi kt cu o ng mm Nguyn tc cu to: Phn tch tnh cht ca ti trng tc dng ln kt cu mt ng (Hnh 1) cho thy: + Lc thng ng: Theo chiu su tc dng th ng sut thng ng gim dn t trn xung di. Do vy kinh t th cu to kt cu mt ng gm nhiu tng lp c cht lng vt liu (Eh) gim dn t trn xung ph hp vi qui lut phn b ng sut thng ng. + Lc nm ngang (lc hm, lc ko) gim rt nhanh theo chiu su. Do vy vt liu lm tng, lp trn cng phi c kh nng chng li lc y ngang (chng trt).
P

1 2 x x 3 Tng mt

4 Tng mng

z z Hnh 1 Nn ng

Hnh 3: Cu to o ng mm

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Kt cu o ng mm: + o ng mm l loi o ng c kh nng chng bin dng khng ln, c cng nh (nn cng chu un thp). Tr mt ng bng BTXM th tt c cc loi o ng u thuc loi o ng mm. + Cu to hon chnh o ng mm nh Hnh 2, hnh 3 gm c tng mt v tng mng, mi tng li c th gm nhiu lp vt liu

Lp bo v, lp hao mn hoc lp m. trn Tng mt Kt cu mt ng Kt cu tng th Nn mt ng Loi mm ( o ng) Mng nn t lp mt di ( c th lp trn v lp di) Tng mng Lp mng trn Lp mng di

Lp y o ng t lng ng ( t nn cho n ht Khu vc tc dng)

Hnh 2 * Tng mt: trn, chu tc dng trc tip ca ti trng bnh xe (gm lc thng ng v lc ngang, c gi tr ln) v cc nhn t thin nhin (nh ma, nng, nhit ,...) Yu cu tng mt phi bn trong sut thi k s dng ca kt cu o ng, phi bng phng, c nhm, chng thm nc, chng c bin dng do nhit cao, chng c nt, chng c bong bt, phi c kh nng chu bo mn tt v khng sinh bi. t c yu cu trn, tng mt thng cu to gm c 3 lp: ./ Lp 3: lp chu lc ch yu. ./ Lp 2: lp hao mn. ./ Lp1: lp bo v. Lp chu lc ch yu li c th cu to t mt hoc nhiu lp vt liu. Do tnh cht chu lc (chu nn, chu un v chu ct) nn lp chu lc ch yu phi cu to t vt liu c cng cao, c kh nng chng trt nht nh. Thng thng l hn hp -nha (BTN, trn nha,...), dm gia c xi mng, cp phi dm hay dm nc c chm chn v lu ln cht.

Trang 2

Lp bo v v lp hao mn c b tr trn lp chu lc ch yu cng c tc dng lm gim tc ng ca lc ngang, tng cng sc chng bo mn cho tng mt. Nhng tc dng ch yu l gim bt tc ng ca lc xung kch, chng li s mi mn trc tip ca bnh xe v thin nhin (v d nh: lp lng nha c tc dng chng nc thm vo lp chu lc ch yu, gi cho lp ny n nh cng ,...). Ngoi ra, chng cn tng cng bng phng, tng nhm cho mt ng Lp hao mn thng l mt lp mng dy t 1 - 3 cm, ngay trn lp mt ch yu v thng lm bng vt liu c tnh dnh: lp lng nha, BTN cht, ht mn hay BTN ct. Lp bo v cng l mt lp mng 0.5 - 1 cm, bo v cho lp di khi cha hnh thnh cng (lp ct trong mt ng m nc,....). i vi mt ng BTN v c x l nha th khng c lp ny. Lp hao mn, lp bo v l cc lp nh k phi khi phc trong qu trnh khai thc. * Tng mng: Khc vi tng mt, tng mng ch chu tc dng lc thng ng. Nhim v ca n l phi phn b lm gim nh ng sut thng ng truyn xung nn ng ti mt gi tr t nn c th chu ng c m khng to nn bin dng qu ln. Do lc thng ng truyn xung ngy cng b i nn tit kim tng mng c cu to gm nhiu lp vt liu c cng gim dn t trn xung. Thng thng c 2 lp: lp mng trn v lp mng di. Do khng chu tc dng bo mn trc tip, tc dng lc ngang m ch chu lc thng ng nn vt liu lm tng mng khng yu cu cao nh tng mt v c th dng cc vt liu ri rc, chu bo mn km nhng ch yu li i hi c cng nht nh, t bin dng. Tng mng thng lm bng cc loi vt liu nh: Lp mng trn: cp phi dm loi 1, cp phi gia c xi mng, dm lng nha, dm tiu chun, .....Lp mng di: cp phi dm loi 2, t, ct gia c xi mng, t gia c nha, cp phi si sui, cp phi si ong, cp phi si sn (cp phi i).... - Khng phi bao gi mt kt cu mt ng mm cng bao gm y cc tng, lp nh trn m tu theo yu cu xe chy, tu theo iu kin c th n c th ch gm mt s tng lp no . V d: nh vi ng cp thp, o ng ch c th ch gm tng mt. Khi ny tng mt kim lun chc nng ca tng mng. Vi ng cp cao th kt cu o ng thng c nhiu tng lp nh trn. - Hiu r chc nng ca mi tng lp trong kt cu o ng mi c th chn c cu to, chn vt liu s dng trong mi tng lp c hp l v mi xut ng n cc yu cu thi cng c th i vi mi tng lp .

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3.Cu to v cc yu cu i vi kt cu o ng cng (gii thiu mt ng BTXM) $2. CC NGUYN L S DNG VT LIU XD MT NG Vt liu lm mt ng thng gm c 2 loi: ct liu v cc cht lin kt. Ct liu l ton b cc ht khong vt kch c t 0 - 80mm, bao gm cc ht mn, ct, si sn, dm, cp phi, c tc dng lm b khung ca lp kt cu. Cn cht lin kt thng c trn hoc ti vo ct liu vi mt t l nht nh dnh kt cc ht ct liu nhm tng cng v tnh chng thm nc ca hn hp. Cc cht lin kt gm c: cc cht lin kt rn trong nc v puzlan (nh xi mng cc loi, vi tro bay, vi puzlan), cc cht lin kt hu c hoc cht lin kt hyrccbon (nh nha bitum, gruon, nh tng ca bitum hoc gruon) v vi. Ngoi ra vi mt ng qa cn dng t dnh lm cht lin kt, tuy nhin t dnh km n nh vi nc, v vy ch thch hp lm lp a) mng ca cc kt cu mt ng c lp mt hon chnh. Vic s dng vt liu xy dng mt ng hin nay u da vo mt trong cc nguyn tc sau nay: b) 1. Nguyn l lm mt ng theo kiu lt: Cng ca lp mt ng ny ch yu da vo cng ca bn thn cc phin nh 1-2: L p m t ung l m theo (hoc tm b tng) v s chn kht gia cc H p phin vi nhau cng nh cng ca lp nguyn l lt, x a) Khng c vt li u lin k t mng hoc nn t pha di. Nh vy cc b) C d ng thm vt li u lin k t phin phi c gia cng c hnh dng ging nhau, b mt bng phng v phi cng . Nhc im ln nht ca k thut xy dng mt ng lt l hin vn cha c gii ha c cng tc lt mt ng, vic gia cng cc phin lt kh phc tp v rt tn cng v ch yu u phi lm bng tay. V vy vic lm cc mt ng lt hin nay rt hn ch. 2. Nguyn l lm mt ng theo kiu chn mc ( chn ): Theo nguyn l ny, ct liu l dm c kch c ng u, c ri thnh tng lp v lu ln cht, trong qa trnh lu ln c chn cc hn nh vo khe h gia cc hn ln. Nh vo tc dng chn mc v ma st gia cc hn vi

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Theo nguyn l ny, ct liu l dm c kch c ng u, c ri thnh tng lp v lu ln cht, trong qa trnh lu ln c chn cc hn nh vo khe h gia cc hn ln. Nh vo tc dng chn mc v ma st gia cc hn vi

a)

b)

H nh 1-3: L p m t ung lm theo nguyn l ch n a) Khng c vt li u lin k t b) C d ng thm vt li u lin k t nhau nh vy m hnh thnh c cng chng li bin dng thng ng v chu c tc dng ca cc lc ngang nht nh. u im chnh ca nguyn l lm mt ng ny l cng ngh thi cng n gin, thch hp vi phng php sn xut bng th cng. Nhc im l rt tn cng lu v khng khng ch cc giai on lu tt th d b v nt, trn cnh, ph v nguyn l lm vic ca loi mt ng ny. Ngoi ra kh nng chu lc ngang km, mt ng d b bong bt, nht l cc on cong, on dc, v vy ngi ta thng dng thm cht lin kt di hnh thc ti hoc trn tng cng sc chng trt. 3. Lm mt ng theo nguyn l cp phi: Theo nguyn l ny ct liu s gm nhiu c ht to nh khc nhau, phi hp vi nhau theo mt t l nht nh v sau khi lu ln s t c mt cht nht nh. cht ca hn hp vt liu sau khi lu ln cng ln th cng ca lp vt liu cng cao. Ngoi ra tng thm cng cn trn thm cc cht lin kt v c hoc hu c v khi s c cc lp mt ng c cng cao nh mt ng b tng xi mng, mt ng b tng nha. u im chnh ca phng php lm mt ng theo nguyn l cp phi l c th c gii ho c v t ng ha ton b qa trnh cng ngh sn xut vt liu, bn thnh phm v thi cng cng nh kim tra v nghim thu cht lng thi cng cc loi mng v mt ng ny. V vt hu ht cc loi mng v mt ng hin nay nh cp phi dm, cp phi dm gia c xi mng, cp phi dm en, b tng xi mng, b tng nha u c s dng theo nguyn l cp phi. 4.Nguyn l gia c t lm mng v mt ng: Dng cc cht lin kt, cc cht ph gia v cc phng php l ha khc nhau gia c t, nhm thay i mt cch c bn tnh cht c hc v cu to ca n (m trc ht l tc ng nn cc thnh phn ht st), lm cho cc c trng c hc ca
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n tt hn, t thay i v n nh vi nc, thch hp lm mng v mt ng (mt ng qa , trn c ri lp hao mn). Ring vi ct (v cc loi t ri khc) th gia c bng cc cht lin kt hu c hoc v c nhm dnh cc ht t vi nhau thnh mt lp ton khi c cng cao v n nh i vi nc. Do t l vt liu ti ch v c sn mi ni nn phng php gia c t rt thch hp lm mt ng nhng ni thiu vt liu . $3. TRNH T CHUNG XY DNG MT NG V CNG TC CHUN B THI CNG 1. Cng tc chun b: - Cm li h thng cc tim, cc hai bn mp phn xe chy xc nh c v tr ca mt ng phc v cho vic thi cng lng ng. - Thi cng lng ng. - Chun b vt liu xy dng cc tng lp mt ng. 2. Cng tc ch yu: - Xy dng tng m ct v h thng thot nc lm kh mt ng v phn trn ca nn ng (khi c thit k). - Ln lt xy dng cc tng lp trong kt cu mt ng. 3. Cng tc hon thin: Tu b b mt phn xe chy v sa cha li l ng nhng ch cha m bo cht lng hoc b ph hng do hot ng ca xe, my hay do cha vt liu trong qa trnh thi cng. Thi cng lng ng: Cc yu cu i vi lng ng: - Phi m bo ng kch thc v b rng v chiu su. - y ca lng ng phi c hnh dng ng vi mui luyn thit k v nhng on ng cong th y lng ng cng phi o c siu cao. - y lng ng phi c tng cng m nn tng cng ca c kt cu mt ng v thng qua qa trnh m nn li c th pht hin nhng ch lng ng b yu, b cao su kp thi x l khi xy dng mt ng. - Hai bn thnh ca lng ng phi vng chc v thng ng. Phng n xy dng lng ng: - Phng n p l hon ton: thch hp vi nn p v tit kim c khi lng p v m nn c phm vi phn xe chy, cng nh thch hp vi trng hp ci to tn cao mt ng c.

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Trc khi thi cng lng ng, nn ng phi b rng bng B + 2 a (trong B l b rng nn ng thit k). ng thi cao nn ng thp hn cao thit k 1 tr s h. h = h v a = m.h (1-1) Trong : h: chiu dy kt cu o ng; 1:m l dc mi ta luy nn ng.
a)
h

i0 im
a a h

m 1:

Hnh 1-4: Phng n p l hon ton

- Phng n o lng ng hon ton: thch hp vi nn o. Trong nhng trng hp kt cu mt ng tng i mng, chiu su lng ng nh, cng nh trong trng hp nn p lu mi xy dng tip mt ng, qua thi gian trn mt nn b ph hoi h hng nhiu.
b)
m 1:

i0 im
h

Hnh 1-5: Phng n o lng ng hon ton - Phng n p l mt phn: c th s dng cho c nn o v nn p.
h = SA v a = m.h B

(1-2)

Trong : B: b rng nn ng theo thit k. S = b.h (b: b rng phn xe chy; h: chiu dy kt cu o ng).
b 2 .im A = a .i0 + a.b.i0 + 4
2

(1-3)

a, i0: b rng v dc l ng theo thit k. im: dc mui luyn lng ng.

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c)
h

i0 im
a a

Hnh 1-6: Phng n p l mt phn

m 1:

h b

CHNG 2 CNG TC M NN LM NH T V TRN VT LIU TRONG XY DNG MT NG $-1. L thuyt v m nn mt v mng ng Cng tc m nn l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh cng ngh xy dng mt v mng ng. Cht lng m nn c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng s dng ca cc tng lp vt liu trong kt cu mt ng. S d l nh vy l do: bt c s dng loi vt liu g, xy dng cc tng lp o ng theo nguyn l no, cui cng cng phi thng qua tc dng c hc ca m nn th trong ni b vt liu mi hnh thnh c cu trc mi, m bo cng , n nh v t c mc bn vng cn thit. Ngoi ra, ng v mt thi cng m xt th cng tc m nn l mt khu cng tc ch yu c phn khng ch i vi nng sut, tc thi cng. ng thi cng l khu kt thc qu trnh cng ngh thi cng nn i hi c s tp trung ch o v ch trng kim tra cht lng. 1.1. Mc ch ca m nn: Vt liu lm cc lp mt ng thng l nhng hn hp gm 3 pha: rn, lng, kh. Qu trnh m nn s lm cho kh thot ra ngoi (khc vi qu trnh c kt l thot nc) lm cho cht ca hn hp tng ln. Nh vy s tng din tip xc, tng s lng lin kt trong mt n v th tch. Kt qu l trong ni b vt liu s hnh thnh mt cu trc mi khc vi lc cha lu ln v lc dnh, lc ma st, tnh dnh nht ca bn thn vt liu s tng ln, tnh thm nc, ht m s gim i do to nn c cng cao, n nh v cng ln cho cc tng lp vt liu lm mt ng. 1.2.Qu trnh n nn:

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+ Di tc dng ca ti trng m nn, trong lp vt liu s pht sinh sng ng sut - bin dng. cht v m uyn n hi cng ln th sng ng sut-bin dng lan truyn cng nhanh. + Di tc dng ca p lc lan truyn , trc ht cc ht khong cht v mng cht lng bao bc n s b nn n hi. Khi ng sut tng ln v ti trng m nn tc dng trng phc nhiu ln, cu trc ca cc mng mng s dn dn b ph hoi, cng ca cc mng mng s gim i. Nh vy cc tinh th v cc ht kt c th trt tng h v di chuyn ti st gn nhau, sp xp li i n cc v tr n nh (bin dng khng hi phc tch lu dn), ng thi khng kh b y thot ra ngoi, l rng gim i, mc bo ho cc lin kt trong mt n v th tch tng ln v gia nhng tinh th s pht sinh cc tip xc v lin kt mi. Qua giai on ny, nu tip tc tng ng sut ln p th nhng mng mng ni tip xc gia cc tinh th v gia cc ht kt vn tip tc b nn thm. Tuy rng khng lm cht tng thm ng k na nhng ring i vi cu trc keo t th chnh lc ny cng ca vt liu li tng nhiu v mng cht lng b nn thm s to iu kin lin kt bin cng, tng ma st v lc dnh, dn n thay i cht lng ca lin kt. + Nh vy, m nn c hiu qu th cng m nn phi khc phc c sc cn ca vt liu pht sinh trong qu trnh m nn. Qua hin tng trnh by trn, ta thy sc cn m nn bao gm: ./ Sc cn cu trc: sc cn ny do l do lin kt cu trc gia cc pha v thnh phn c trong hn hp vt liu gy ra. Lin kt cu trc gia cc thnh phn cng c tng cng v bin cng th sc cn cu trc cng ln v n t l thun vi tr s bin dng ca vt liu. c th l, trong qu trnh m nn cht ca vt liu cng tng th sc cn cu trc cng ln. ./ Sc cn nht: sc cn ny l do tnh nht ca cc mng pha lng bao bc quanh cc ht (hoc ht kt) vt liu do s bm mc nhau gia cc ht (hoc ht kt) khi trt gy ra. Sc cn nht t l thun vi tc bin dng tng i ca vt liu khi m nn v s cng tng khi cng m nn tng v nht ca cc mng lng tng. ./ Sc cn qun tnh: sc cn ny t l thun vi khi lng vt liu v gia tc khi m nn. - Sc cn m nn ca vt liu ln hay nh v quan h gia cc thnh phn ni trn nh th no l tu thuc vo cu trc ca vt liu, tu thuc vo gc ma st, cng lc dnh v tnh nht ca vt liu. R rng l ng thi vi s tng cht v cng ca vt liu th trong qa trnh m nn sc cn m nn cng s tng ln. Nh vy cn phi nghin cu chon cc thng s, phng thc v ch m nn sao cho khc phc c sc cn m nn, bo m hiu qu m nn l cao nht v chi ph m l r nht.

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$2. Chn cc phng tin m nn v cng tc m nn mt ng.

Yu cu: Cng tc m nn mt, mng ng cn t c cc yu cu sau: - Lp mt ng phi t c cht v cng cn thit sau khi kt thc qu trnh m nn. - Trong qu trnh m nn, ti trng m nn khng ph hng cu trc ni b ca lp vt liu. - Kt thc qu trnh m nn, lp mt ng phi bng phng, khng c hin tng ln sng, khng li vt bnh lu. - Tn t cng lu ln nht, c nh vy mi t hiu qu kinh t cao. 2.1. Cc phng tin m nn v chn loi cng c m nn: Hin nay, c 3 phng php m nn cc lp mt ng: dng ti trng tnh (lu bnh cng, lu lp), dng ti trng chn ng (lu chn ng, my m rung) v phng php p-chn ng thc hin bng c cu p-chn ng trang b lin thnh mt b phn ca nhng my ri (my ri BTN, BTXM). Ph bin nht trong cc phng php trn l s dng cc loi lu m nn. S dng lu c th t c nhng yu cu trn mt cch tin li v r, thch hp vi hu ht cc loi tng lp vt liu lm mt ng. Nguyn tc chn lu: * Chn p lc lu: chn lu quan trng nht l chn p lc lu hp l. - p lc tc dng ln lp vt liu sao cho va khc phc sc cn m nn to c bin dng khng hi phc trong vt liu khi lu ln >q Nhng p lc m nn cng khng c ln hn qu nhiu so vi sc cn m nn. v nh vy s xy ra hin tng ph hoi trt, tri trong lp vt liu, gy nn hin tng nt, v vn , trn cnh, ln sng trn b mt do khng th nn cht c vt liu n cht cn thit. Theo nguyn tc trn, trong giai on u ca qu trnh m nn chn p lc lu ln hn sc cn m nn ban u mt t ( > q), trong giai on cui, chn p lc lu nh hn tr s sc cn m nn tng ng thi k ny mt t ( < qk) Gi tr q, qc tng ng vi gi tr c, ca vt liu tng ng vi cc thi k u , cui qu trnh m nn. C th tham kho bng sau: Bng 2 Lp vt liu o c ck q qk 2 2 2 (kg/cm ) (kg/cm ) (kg/cm ) (kg/cm2) - Lp mt dm nc 50 0.2 1.3 7 45 - Cp phi si sui 35 0.15 0.75 3 15 - Thm nhp nha 45 0.3 1.5 9 45
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- BTN ri nng 35 0.2 1.5 4 30 - t gia c xi mng 400.2 2.0 5 50 - Cp phi si sn (cp phi 45 0.15 0.6 2 8 i) 25 0.1 0.25 1.5 4.0 - Ct ht nh 30 - Trong qua trnh m nn, sc cn m nn tng dn do vy p lc m nn cng phi c tng ln tng ng u tin dng lu nh, sau dng lu nng. - p lc lu truyn xung lp mng phi nh hn sc chu ti cho php ca lp mng h []cp h: p lc m nn truyn xung lp mng di (kg/cm2) []cp: sc chu ti cho php ca vt liu lm lp mng (kg/cm2). * Din tip xc ca bnh lu vi lp vt liu: Din tip xc ny cng ln th thi gian tc dng ti trng m nn s cng ln v nh vy cng c li khi m nn cc lp vt liu c tnh nht cao; ng thi n hn ch s n hng ca vt liu nn iu kin m nn cng c li. * Xc nh p lc lu: - Vi lu bnh cng: ./ p lc tc dng trn 1 n v chiu di ca b rng bnh lu p (kg/cm), xc nh nh sau: Lu 2 trc, 2 bnh: p = 2/3. Q/l . 1000 kg/cm Lu 2 trc, 3 bnh: p = 1/3. Q/l. 1000 kg/cm Trong : Q: trng lng ca ton b lu (tn) l: chiu rng ca 1 bnh sau (cm) ./ B rng din truyn p lc lu xung mt ng b
b = 2 pD E td

(cm)
D

b trong : D: ng knh bnh lu z Et: m uyn n hi tng ng ca cc lp mt ng tnh t lp c m nn tr xung. Hnh 4 Vy p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu tc dng trn mt lp vt liu lu ln l

p = b

pE td 2D

kg/cm2

Nhn vo cng thc trn ta thy, mun tng p lc lu c th gim D hoc tng Et. Nhng gim D khng c li v bnh lu nh qu d gy hin tng y trt ph hoi vt liu ang m nn. Cn tng Et, ngha l bo m cho mng ca lp vt liu ang m nn c cnmg cao, iu ny r rng c ngha thc tin: dng lu

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nng trn lp mng yu c th s km hiu qu hn khu dng lu nh trn lp mng cng. - Vi lu bnh lp: ./ p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu tc dng xung lp vt liu lu ln: = Q/ S S = .ab/ 4 Q a = 2. (d. )1/2. Thay vo ta c:

= b

QK c d

kg/cm2

Trong : b: b dy ca 1 bnh lu lp (cm) a Q: ti trng ln 1 bnh lp (kg) b Kc: h s cng ca lp, kg/cm, ph thuc b b vo loi lp, p lc kh trong sm. Hnh 5 b d: ng knh ca bnh lp d = a2/4. vi = Q/Kc , bin dng cc i ca lp a: b rng din tip xc ca bnh lu vi mt ng ./ p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu lp cng c th tnh theo cng thc sau: = pk/ (1 - ) kg/cm2 trong : pk: p lc kh trong sm ca bnh lu (kg/cm2) : h s xt n cng ca lp, ph thuc vo pk theo bng Bng 3 2 pk (kg/cm ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 + So snh: Din truyn p lc v p lc ca lu bnh lp khng ph thuc iu kin nn mng cng nh cng ca lp vt liu m nn v do hu nh khng thay i trong qu trnh m nn. Mt khc din truyn p lc ca ca lu bnh lp ln hn lu bnh cng nn thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m nn cng lu hn. ng thi din truyn p lc ny khng phi cng ngy cng nh i nh lu bnh cng nn ti trng bnh lu truyn xung di su u hn, khin cho lu bnh lp c th m nn cc lp vt liu dy hn. Lu bnh lp v bnh cng u c th s dng m nn mi loi mt ng. Tuy nhin vi nhng c im trn, lu bnh lp c bit thch hp vi cc lp vt liu c sc cn m nn khng cao lm nhng tnh nht ln (v d: cc lp t gia c, mt dng nha). Cn lu bnh cng thch hp vi vt liu c sc cn m nn cao nhng tnh nht thp ( dm nc).

b b b b

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Trong trng hp khng c lu bnh lp khi lu bnh cng m nn vt liu c tnh nht ln th cn tng thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m nn bng cch gim tc lu, tng s ln lu,.... tuy nhin khi ny nng sut lu s gim. * m bo iu kin khng ph hoi mng: h []cp h: p lc lu truyn ln b mt lp mng di qua chiu dy h ca lp vt liu ang m nn (kg/cm2) []cp: sc chu ti cho php ca vt liu lm lp mng (kg/cm2). - Vi lu bnh cng: h = K.p/ h (kg/cm2) - Vi lu bnh lp c ng knh vt tip xc tng ng D=30 cm: h = 1,5 po.K/ (1+2,5h/ 30) (kg/cm2) trong : p: p lc lu bnh cng trn mt n v di ca b rng bnh lu (kg/cm) h: b dy lp vt liu m nn (cm) po: p lc ca lu bnh lp trn mt lp m nn (kg/cm2) K: h s vt liu. K = 0.64 khi vt liu c dm nn cht K = 1 khi vt liu cn ri rc - p lc truyn xung lp mng theo cng thc trn r rng s ln hn khi vt liu cn ri rc. Do m bo iu kin khng ph hoi mng, mt ln na cho thy trong qua trnh m nn giai on u cn dng lu nh, sau tng ln dng lu nng hn. * Lu chn ng: Lu chn ng thng thch hp m nn BTXM, hn hp nha (BTN, trn nha,..) Nguyn l: Khi chn ng vt liu s chuyn ng dao ng theo, do lc ma st, lc dnh trong ni b vt liu s gim i, cc mng nht s b ph hoi. Kt qa l di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn vt liu ht v ti trng chn ng cc ht s di chuyn v lp vt liu t c cht cn thit. Hiu qu m nn ph thuc vo lc lch thch. Lc ny thay i theo tn s, bin dao ng v trng lng ca b phn gy chn ng. Lc kch thch Q ca cc my m chn ng c th xc nh theo cng thc sau: Q = n2.p.r/ 9000 (kg) trong : n: s vng quay ca trc my trong 1 pht (v/ph) q: trng lng khi lch tm ca my (kg) r: khong cch t trng tm khi lch tm n trc quay (cm) Chn loi my chn ng m nn mt ng cn da vo lc kch thch Q tu thuc vo loi, tnh cht ca hn hp vt liu cn m nn. Vi mt ng
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BTXM, theo nghin cu ca N.Ia. Khackhut, tr s Q cn thit khi dng m chn ng l Q = k1 (G + k2F/ 160) (kg) trong : k1: h s ph thuc tn s dao ng v nht ca hn hp BTXM, theo bng 5 k2: h s ph thuc t s N/ X, khi N/ X = 0.45 th k2 = 15 khi N/ X 0.5 th k2 = 11 G: trng lng my m chn ng (kg) F: din tch tip xc ca hn hp vi my m (cm2) H s k1 Bng 4 Tn s dao ng (s ln/s) T s N/ X > 0.5 < 0.5 2000 - 3000 0.5 - 0.7 0.7 - 0.9 300 - 5000 0.7 - 1.0 1.0 - 1.4 Ngoi ch tiu trn ra, khi chn thit b chn ng cn phi xt n p lc n v trng thi tnh ca thit b chn ng ln mt lp vt liu m nn p: p = G/ F (kg/cm2) Thng yu cu p> 2000 kg/cm2 i vi trng hp m nn hn hp nha, p = 2000 kg/cm2 i vi dm, p = 500 - 1500 kg/cm2 vi nn t. i vi cc lu chn ng thng yu cu c t s gia lc kch thch Q vi trng lng trch bnh chn ng (G) khong t 4 - 6 ln v bin dao ng khong 0.75 - 0.85 mm. 2.2. B dy ln p B dy hp l ca lp vt liu ln p c xc nh theo yu cu sau: - B dy ln p khng qu ln m bo ng sut do p lc lu truyn xung khc phc sc cn m nn mi v tr ca lp vt liu. Nhm trnh hin tng khi lu ln trn cht nhng di khng cht, bo m hiu qu m nn tng i ng u t trn xung di. - B dy ln p khng nh qu m bo ng sut do p lc m nn truyn xung y khng ln hn kh nng chu ti ca tng mng pha di. h []cp - B dy m nn c xc nh theo 2 yu cu trn. Thng thng, b y m nn c hiu qu thng xp x bng b rng tip xc (hay b rng truyn p lc) ca cng c m nn (b: lu bnh cng, a: lu lp). Ch : b dy ln p c hiu qu trn hon ton khng phi l b dy ti a m p lc ca cng c m nn c th truyn xung c.

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- B dy m nn hp l ca lu rung cng ly theo b rng tip xc ca bnh lu vi mt ng.

2.3. Tc m nn.
Tc m nn c nh hng trc tio n hiu qu m nn v cht lng m nn. Tc lu cng chm th thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m nn cng lu, s khc phc c sc cn m nn tt hn (nht l vi vt liu c tnh nht cao), ng thi to iu kin thun li hnh thnh cu trc mi trong ni b vt liu c cng cao hn. Nhng nh vy nng sut cng tc ca lu s gim. Ngc li, tc lu nhanh qu c th gy nn hin tng ln sng trn b mt vt liu (nht l vt liu do khi cha hnh thnh cng ). Do vy tc lu phi ph hp vi tng giai on m nn: Trong giai on u, vt liu mi ri, nn dng lu nh vi tc chm, sau tng n ln khi vt liu cht hn. Cui cng li gim tc lu mt s hnh trnh cui cng nhm to iu kin cng c, hnh thnh cng cho lp vt liu m nn. Lu bnh lp c din tch tip xc ln hn lu bnh cng nn tc lu c th cao hn m vn m bo thi gian tc dng ti trong tng ng. ay l mt im ca lu lp.

2.4. Yu cu v s ln tc dng cn thit ca Cng c m nn

- m nn l mt qua trnh tc dng ti trng trng phc nhm to nn bin dng d trong lp vt liu. Theo nghin cu thc nghim, tng bin dng tch lu Z t l vi s ln tc dng ca cng c m nn: Zn = Z1 + lgn (1) trong : Z1: bin dng d ngay sau khi mi tc dng ti trng ln u tin. N ph thuc vo tr s ti trng m nn, kt cu v cng lp vt liu cng nh iu kin n hng, iu kin nn mng di lp m nn. : h s, c trng cho qu trnh tng bin dng. Zn: tng bin dng tch lu sau n ln m nn. Nu bit cht yu cu sau khi m nn yc v cht ban u trc khi m nn 0 ca vt liu th : 0 Z n = yc h (2)

yc

h B dy lp vt liu lc cha m nn

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V l thuyt ta c th xc nh s ln tc dng ca cng c m nn n yc cn thit theo (1) v (2) nu bit Z 1 v . Cc gi tr Z1 v xc nh theo thc nghim. Nh vy, vi cng mt p lc m nn v iu kin m nn th nhng ln lu sau cng km hiu qu v hu nh khng c hiu qu g ng k sau mt s ln m nn bng nhq no . Khi ny mun tip tc tng bin dng tch lu th cn phi i loi phng tin m nn. Gi tr n hq gi l s ln lu ln c hiu qu ng vi mt p lc lu v iu kin m nn nht nh. R rng rng, khi dng mt loi lu m nn mt ng vi bin php tng s ln lu l mt cch lm khng hp l v khng kinh t. - S ln lu ln cn thit nyc: (ln/im), l s ln lu cn thit phi i qua mt im t c tr cht v cng yu cu i vi lp mt ng. Gi tr nyc i vi mt tng lp vt liu lm mt ng no xc nh bng thc nghim tu thuc vo cht lng vt liu, sc cn m nn, loi cng c m nn v iu kin m nn. - Cng m nn T: (t.km/m3) T = (Q.l)/ (h. L. B) t.km/m3 trong : Q: trng lng my lu (tn ) h: b dy lp vt liu khi mi ri (m) B: b rng mt ng (m) L: chiu di on cng tc ca lu (m) l: tng chiu di lu phi i ln p mt ng trn on di L (km). Khi dng nhiu loi my lu, tnh cng lu cho tng loi ri cng li. Nu gi N l tng s hnh trnh m lu phi i t khi bt u n khi kt thc qu trnh m nn trn ton on cng tc L. C l = 0.001 N L Thay vo: T = 0.001Q N/ (h.B) (t.km/m3) Nh vy, nu qui nh cng lu cn thit t c yu cu m nn th c th tnh ra c s hnh trnh N. Khi bit s lu, t gi tr N ta tnh ra c s ln lu ln yu cu nyc 2.6. S lm vic v t chc cng tc m nn mt ng ( Hnh 2-7 trang 56) Vic thit k s m nn hp l s nh hng quan trng n nng sut v cht lng cng tc m nn. Mt s m nn(s luv) hp l phi t cn phi t c cc yu cu sau:

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- S ln m nn phi m bo ng u i vi tt c mi im trn trn mt ng, ng thi phi m bo mt ng bng phng sau khi lu ln. Nu s ln m nn tc dng tp chung qu nhiu vo mt ch th gy lng ph cng lu, gim nng sut lu m cha chc ti t cht cao, tri li mt ng c th b ph hoi. bo m yu cu trn, phi thit k sao cho ln tc dng qua 1 im sau mi chu k lu l u nht. Vt lu sau phi ln vt lu trc t nht t 15 - 25 cm bo m yu cu bng phng. Cn ch ti nhng ch tip xc gia cc on thi cng. - Khi lu cc lp mng di, lu li vo trong t nht 10 cm nhm trnh ph hoi l ng. Khi lu lp mt trn cng, lu chm ra l t nht 20 - 30 cm nhm m bo m nn cht ti ch tip xc vi l ng. - Phi b tr th t lu ln sao cho to c hiu qu m nn nhanh nht, ng thi to c hnh dng trc ngang mt ng (mui luyn, siu cao) v khng ph hoi l. Nh vy: Lu dn t thp ln cao: nhm trnh hin tng vt liu b x, dn. Vy phi lu t hai mp ln dn vo trong tim ng. Vi on siu cao, lu t bng ng cong lu dn ln trn. t c cc yu cu ni trn, khi s dng cc loi lu m nn th cn phi thit k trc cc s lm vic (thng gi l s lu). Mt s lu hp l l s b tr cc hnh trnh v trnh t m nn ph hp nht vi cc yu cu ni trn. i vi mt b rng mt ng c th chn nhiu loi lu khc nhau ( bnh lp, bnh thp, lu rung, lu hai trc hai bnh hoc hai trc ba bnh) v thay i phm vi chng vt lu nhm tho mn cc yu cu ni. Tuy nhin d dng iu khin lu theo ng s vch, khi thit k s lu khng c thay i tu tin phm vi ln chng cc vt lu trong mt chu k lu, m thng b tr phm vi ln chng vt lu t u n cui l c nh. Pha di s lu phi v biu s ln tc dng trn mt im t c sau mt chu k lu. Chiu di on cng tc L Quyt nh chiu di cng tc L da vo cc im sau: - K thut thi cng ca tng loi vt liu lm mt ng: V d: khi thi cng BTN ri nng th L khng th qu di, v nu khng sau mt s hnh trnh BTN s b ngui m vn cha t c cht yu cu. Hoc khi thi cng mt ng b tng xi mng, nu L qu di th sau mt s hnh trnh, xi mng bt u ninh kt m vn cha lu ln xong - Chiu di L phi phi hp hi ho vi cc khu khc trong dy chuyn thi cng mt ng, nu L di qu th cc khu khc tin hnh khng kp.
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trong iu kin hp l c th th nn tng chiu di lu L. V nh vy s gim c t l thi gian sang s, quay u lm gim nng sut lu. Nng st lu.

Plu =

T .K t .L , km / ca L + 0.01.L N . V

trong : T: thi gian lm vic trong 1 ca (gi) Kt: h s s dng thi gian, Kt = 0.7 - 0.8 L: chiu di on cng tc (km) : h s xt n nh hng do lu chy khng u, = 1.2 - 1.3 N = nck. nht ; nck = nyc/ n nyc: s ln m nn yu cu (ln/ im) n: s lt m nn t c sau 1 chu k (ln/ im) nht: s hnh trnh m lu phi thc hin trong mt chu k t c n ln m nn qua 1 im Gi tr n, nht c xc nh cn c vo s lu ln.

CHNG 3 Cc lp o ng bng vt liu ht khng s dng cht lin kt

3 1 c trng ca vt liu ht khng s dng cht lin kt I. inh ngha v phn loi vt liu ht 1. vt liu ht nghin 2. vt liu ht khng nghin 3. vt liu ht x ph thi cng nghip II. Thnh phn cp phi ca vt liu ht (70) III. cng sch v hnh dng ca vt liu ht (73) 3-2 L thuyt v cp phi c cht ln nht v cc cch to ra vt liu ht c thnh phn cp phi tt nht (tham khao78 )

3 3 . CNG NGH THI CNG CC LP O NG BNG VT LIU HT

I. Cng ngh thi cng lp o ng cp phi thin nhin (cp phi i, cp phi sng sui, cp phi si ong) - theo 22TCN 304 03, trang 86 - Phm vi s dng - Yu cu v vt liu ( k tn cc ch tiu k thut bng 3- 4 trang 81)
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- Trnh t v cc yu cu v cng ngh thi cng( Chun b vt liu, San cp phi, Lu ln, bo dng) - Cng tc kim tra v nghim thu cht lng thi cng

II. Cng ngh thi cng lp o ng cp phi dm(theo 22TCN 334 06)
1. Quy nh chung: 1.1. Cc nh ngha v thut ng Cp phi dm (CPD) l mt hn hp ct liu, sn phm ca mt dy chuyn cng ngh nghin (si), c cu trc thnh phn ht theo nguyn l cp phi phi cht lin tc. L loi vt liu thch hp v c s dng nhiu trong xy dng mng ng t. CPD dng lm mng ng c chia lm hai loi: CPD loi I v loi II. CPD loi I: l cp phi ct liu khong m tt c cc c ht c nghin t nguyn khai. CPD loi II: l cp phi ct liu khong c nghin t nguyn khai hoc si cui, trong c ht nh hn 2,36 mm c th l khong vt t nhin khng nghin nhng khi lng khng vt qu 50% khi lng CPD. Khi CPD c nghin t si cui th cc ht trn sng 9,5 mm t nht 75% s ht c t hai mt v tr ln. 1.2. u nhc im, phm vi s dng ca lp mng lm bng CPD: 1.2.1. u im: CPD lm mng ng c cc u im sau y. - Cng tng i cao (2000 - 3000) daN/cm2. - n nh vi lc y ngang, tc t b bong bt, hn so vi mt ng dm nc rt nhiu. - Tnh thm nc v thm hi nh - tn cng lu ln hn mt ng dm nc. Nhng khi lu ln phi rt ch lu cp phi m tt nht. - Ngun cung cp y v di do. - C th c gii ha c hu ht cc khu thi cng do thun li cho cc cng tc t chc thi cng v qun l, kim tra cht lng thi cng. - S dng lm c c lp mng di v mng trn trong tt c cc loi kt cu o ng. 1.2.2. Khuyt im:

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- Km n nh vi nc hn so vi mt ng dm nc. Tuy nhin khi lu ln cht th kh nng n nh i vi nc cng tng i cao. - Yu cu vt liu cao, vic ch to CPD i hi phi c thc hin trong x nghip vi dy chuyn cng ngh rt hin i, do vy gi thnh tng i cao. - Cng tc vn chuyn v thi cng d xy ra hin tng phn tng lm nh hng n s lm vic ng nht v cht lng mng ng. - Khi thi cng ch cng tc m ln phi t m tt nht do kh khn trong vic khng ch m v chu nh hng nhiu vo iu kin thi tit khi thi cng. 1.2.3. Phm vi s dng v nhng tn ti vic s dng cp phi dm: CPD thng c s dng lm lp mng ca kt cu o k c i vi trng hp lm mi v tng cng trn mt ng c. Trong hn mt thp nin qua CPD c lm mng rt nhiu cng trnh. Thc t xy dng hin nay CPD vn l loi vt liu lm mng ng thng dng nht. Hu ht tt c cc cng trnh ng k c cc d n ln ln cc d n nh u s dng lm mng trn hoc mng di trong kt cu o ng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng vt liu CPD vn cn nhng tn ti cn xem xt: v tn gi trong thc t vi cch phn loi trong tiu chun; trong thit k tnh ton mi n v t vn thit k kt cu o ng mm c s dng CPD vi cc chc nng v thng s thit k khc nhau, iu ny gy rt nhiu kh khn khi thit k, thi cng, kim tra v nghim thu; quy trnh cng ngh thi cng thc t (my mc) so vi yu cu ca tiu chun. CPD loi I c s dng lm lp mng trn (v mng di, trn c s xem xt yu t kinh t, k thut) ca kt cu o ng mm c tng mt loi A1, A2 theo "Quy trnh thit k o ng mm" 22 TCN 211-06 hoc lm lp mng trn theo "Tiu chun thit k mt ng mm" 22 TCN 274-01. CPD loi II c s dng lm lp mng di ca kt cu o ng c tng mt loi A1 v lm lp mng trn cho tng mt loi A2 hoc B1 theo "Quy trnh thit k o ng mm" 22 TCN 21106 hoc lm lp mng di theo "Tiu chun thit k mt ng mm" 22 TCN 274-01. Ghi ch: Khi thit k o ng mm theo "Quy trnh thit k o ng mm" 22TCN 211-06 c th tham kho tr s m un n hi tnh ton ca vt liu CPD ph lc A. 2. Yu cu k thut i vi cp phi dm: 2.1. Thnh phn ht ca vt liu CPD: -Thnh phn ht ca vt liu CPD c quy nh ti Bng 3-3. - Vic la chn loi CPD (theo c ht danh nh ln nht D max) phi cn c vo chiu dy thit k ca lp mng v phi c ch
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r trong h s thit k kt cu o ng v ch dn k thut ca cng trnh: a) Cp phi loi Dmax = 37,5 mm thch hp dng cho lp mng di; b) Cp phi loi Dmax = 25 mm thch hp dng cho lp mng trn; c) Cp phi loi Dmax = 19 mm thch hp dng cho vic b vnh v tng cng trn cc kt cu mt ng c trong nng cp, ci to. Thnh phn ht ca cp phi dm Bng 3-3. Kch c mt sng vung (mm) 50 37,5 25 19 9,5 4,75 2,36 0,425 0,075 T l lt sng % theo khi lng Dmax = 37,5 mm 100 95 - 100 58 - 78 39 - 59 24 - 39 15 - 30 7 - 19 2 12 Dmax = 25 mm 100 79 - 90 67 - 83 49 - 64 34 - 54 25 - 40 12 - 24 2 - 12 Dmax = 19 mm 1 00 90 - 100 58 - 73 39 - 59 30 - 45 13 - 27 2 - 12

2.2. Cc ch tiu c l ca vt liu CPD: Cc ch tiu c l yu cu ca vt liu CPD c quy nh ti Bng 3-4. Cc ch tiu c l yu cu ca vt liu CPD Bng 3-4 T T 1 Cp phi dm Loi I 35 Loi II 40 Phng php th nghim 22 TCN 318 04

Ch tiu k thut

hao mn Los Angeles ca ct liu (LA), %

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Ch s sc chu ti CBR 100 ti cht K98, ngm nc 96 gi, % Gii hn chy (WL), % Ch s do (IP),% Ch s PP = Ch s do I p x % lng lt qua sng 0,075 mm Hm lng ht thoi dt, % cht m nn (Kyc), % 25 6 45

Khng quy nh 35 6 60

22 TCN 332 06 AASHTO T8902 (*) AASHTOT9002 (*)

3 4 5

6 7

15 98

15 98

TCVN 1772 87(**) 22 TCN 33306 (phng php II-D)

Ghi ch: (*) Gii hn chy, gii hn do c xc nh bng th nghim vi thnh phn ht lt qua sng 0,425 mm. (**) Ht thoi dt l ht c chiu dy hoc chiu ngang nh hn hoc bng 1/3 chiu di; Th nghim c thc hin vi cc c ht c ng knh ln hn 4,75 mm v chim trn 5% khi lng mu; Hm lng ht thoi dt ca mu ly bng bnh qun gia quyn ca cc kt qu xc nh cho tng c ht.

3. Cng ngh thi cng lp mng ng bng cp phi dm:

3.1. Cng tc chun b thi cng: Cng tc chun b vt liu CPD: - Phi tin hnh la chn cc ngun cung cp vt liu CPD cho cng trnh. Cng tc ny bao gm vic kho st, kim tra, nh gi v kh nng p ng cc ch tiu k thut, kh nng cung cp vt liu theo tin cng trnh lm c s T vn gim st chp thun ngun cung cp vt liu. - Vt liu CPD t ngun cung cp phi c tp kt v bi cha ti chn cng trnh tin hnh cc cng tc kim tra, nh gi cht lng vt liu lm c s T vn gim st chp thun a vt liu vo s dng trong cng trnh.
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+ Bi cha vt liu nn b tr gn v tr thi cng v phi tp kt c khi lng vt liu CPD ti thiu cho mt ca thi cng; + Bi cha vt liu phi c gia c : khng b cy xi, xo trn do s i li ca cc phng tin vn chuyn, thi cng; khng b ngp nc, bn t hoc vt liu khc ln vo; + Khng tp kt ln ln nhiu ngun vt liu vo cng mt v tr; + Trong mi cng on vn chuyn, tp kt, phi c cc bin php nhm trnh s phn tng ca vt liu CPD. Cng tc chun b mt bng thi cng: - Tin hnh khi phc, kim tra h thng cc nh v tim v mp mng ng. - Vic thi cng cc lp mng CPD ch c tin hnh khi mt bng thi cng c nghim thu. Khi cn thit, phi tin hnh kim tra li cc ch tiu k thut quy nh ca mt bng thi cng c bit l cht lu ln thit k. - i vi mt bng thi cng l mng hoc mt ng c, phi pht hin, x l trit cc v tr h hng cc b. Vic sa cha h hng v b vnh phi kt thc trc khi thi cng lp mng CPD. Khi b vnh bng CPD th chiu dy b vnh ti thiu phi ln hn hoc bng 3 ln c ht ln nht danh nh Dmax. Cng tc chun b thit b thi cng ch yu v thit b phc v thi cng: - Huy ng y cc trang thit b thi cng ch yu nh my ri hoc my san, cc loi lu, t t chuyn ch vt liu, thit b khng ch m, my o c cao , dng c khng ch chiu dy..., cc thit b th nghim kim tra cht, m ti hin trng... - Tin hnh kim tra tt c cc tnh nng c bn ca thit b thi cng ch yu nh h thng iu khin chiu dy ri ca my ri, h thng rung ca lu rung, h thng iu khin thy lc ca li ben my san, h thng phun nc... nhm bo m kh nng p ng c cc yu cu k thut thi cng lp vt liu CPD. - Vic a cc trang thit b trn vo dy truyn thit b thi cng i tr phi da trn kt qu ca cng tc thi cng th im. 3.2. Cc yu cu v thi cng lp mng ng bng vt liu CPD: Cng tc tp kt vt liu vo mt bng thi cng: - Vt liu CPD, sau khi c chp thun a vo s dng trong cng trnh, c tp kt n mt bng thi cng bng cch:
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+ trc tip vo phu my ri hoc + thnh cc ng trn mt bng thi cng (ch i vi lp mng di v khi c T vn gim st cho php ri bng my san) vi khong cch gia cc ng vt liu phi c tnh ton v khng qu 10 m; + S vn hnh ca cc xe tp kt vt liu, khong cch gia cc ng vt liu phi c da vo kt qu ca cng tc thi cng th im. - CPD c vn chuyn n v tr thi cng nn tin hnh thi cng ngay nhm trnh nh hng n cht lng v gy cn tr giao thng. Yu cu v m ca vt liu CPD: - Phi bo m vt liu CPD lun c m nm trong phm vi m ti u (Wo 2%) trong sut qu trnh chuyn ch, tp kt, san hoc ri v lu ln. - Trc v trong qu trnh thi cng, cn phi kim tra v iu chnh kp thi m ca vt liu CPD. + Nu vt liu c m thp hn phm vi m ti u, phi ti nc b sung bng cc vi ti dng ma v khng c nc ra tri cc ht mn. Nn kt hp vic b sung m ngay trong qu trnh san ri, lu ln bng b phn phun nc ang sng gn km; + Nu m ln hn phm vi m ti u th phi ri ra hong kh trc khi lu ln. Cng tc san ri CPD: - i vi lp mng trn, vt liu CPD c ri bng my ri. - i vi lp mng di, nn s dng my ri nng cao cht lng cng trnh. Ch c s dng my san ri vt liu CPD khi c y cc gii php chng phn tng ca vt liu CPD v c T vn gim st chp thun. - Cn c vo tnh nng ca thit b, chiu dy thit k, c th phn thnh cc lp thi cng. Chiu dy ca mi lp thi cng sau khi lu ln khng nn ln hn 18cm i vi mng di v 15cm i vi lp mng trn v chiu dy ti thiu ca mi lp phi khng nh hn 3 ln c ht ln nht danh nh Dmax. - Vic quyt nh chiu dy ri (thng qua h s lu ln) phi cn c vo kt qu thi cng th im, c th xc nh h s ri (h s lu ln) s b K*ri nh sau: K*ri =
k max K yc
kr

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Trong : l khi lng th tch kh ln nht theo kt qu th nghim m nn tiu chun, g/cm3; kr l khi lng th tch kh ca vt liu CP trng thi ri (cha m nn), g/cm3; Kyc l cht yu cu ca lp CPD. - bo m cht lu ln trn ton b b rng mng, khi khng c khun ng hoc va, phi ri vt liu CPD rng thm mi bn ti thiu l 25 cm so vi b rng thit k ca mng. Ti cc v tr tip gip vi vt ri trc, phi tin hnh loi b cc vt liu CPD ri rc ti cc mp ca vt ri trc khi ri vt tip theo. - Trng hp s dng my san ri vt liu CPD, phi b tr cng nhn li my lnh ngh v nhn cng ph theo my nhm hn ch v x l kp hin tng phn tng ca vt liu. Vi nhng v tr vt liu b phn tng, phi loi b ton b vt liu v thay th bng vt liu CPD mi. Vic xc lp s vn hnh ca my san, ri CPD phi da vo kt qu ca cng tc thi cng th im (khon 3.3). - Phi thng xuyn kim tra cao , bng phng, dc ngang, dc dc, m, ng u ca vt liu CPD trong sut qu trnh san ri. Cng tc lu ln: - Phi la chn v phi hp cc loi lu trong s lu ln. Thng thng, s dng lu nh vi vn tc chm lu nhng lt u, sau s dng lu c ti trng nng lu tip cho n khi t cht yu cu. - S ln lu ln phi m bo ng u i vi tt c cc im trn mt mng (k c phn m rng), ng thi phi bo m bng phng sau khi lu ln. - Vic lu ln phi thc hin t ch thp n ch cao, vt bnh lu sau chng ln vt lu trc t 20 - 25cm. Nhng on ng thng, lu t mp vo tim ng v cc on ng cong,lu t pha bng ng cong dn ln pha lng ng cong. - Ngay sau giai on lu ln s b, phi tin hnh ngay cng tc kim tra cao , dc ngang, bng phng v pht hin nhng v tr b li lm, phn tng b ph, sa cha kp thi: + Nu thy c hin tng khc thng nh rn nt, gn sng, x dn hoc ri rc khng cht... phi dng lu, tm nguyn nhn
kmax

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v x l trit ri mi c lu tip. Tt c cc cng tc ny phi hon tt trc khi t c 80% cng lu; + Nu phi b ph sau khi lu ln xong, th b mt lp mng CPD phi c cy xi vi chiu su ti thiu l 5 cm trc khi ri b. - S cng ngh lu ln p dng thi cng i tr cho tng lp vt liu nh cc loi lu s dng, trnh t lu, s ln lu phi c xy dng trn c s thi cng th im lp mng CPD. Bo dng v lm lp nha thm bm: - Khng cho xe c i li trn lp mng khi cha ti nha thm bm v phi thng xuyn gi m trn mt lp mng CPD trnh cc ht mn b gi thi. - i vi lp mng trn, cn phi nhanh chng ti lp thm bm bng nha pha du loi MC-70 (ph hp vi tiu chun ASTM D2027) hoc nh tng nha ng loi SS-1h hoc CSS-1h (ph hp vi tiu chun ASTM D997 hoc ASTM D2397). + Trc khi ti nha thm bm, phi tin hnh lm v sinh b mt lp mng nhm loi b bi, rc, vt liu ri rc bng cc dng c thch hp nh chi, my nn kh nhng khng c lm bong bt cc ct liu ca lp mng; + Khi ti nha thm bm, phi m bo vt liu c nhit lm vic thch hp (khong 30 - 65 oC i vi MC70 v 25 - 70 oC vi SS-1h hoc CSS-1h) v nhit khng kh ln hn 80C; + Tin hnh phun ti lp nha thm bm ng u trn ton b b mt lp mng bng cc thit b chuyn dng vi p lc phun t 2 - 5 at vi nh mc l 1,2 0,1 lt/m2. - Nu phi bo m giao thng, ngay sau khi ti lp thm bm, phi ph mt lp mt kch c 0,5 cm x 1,0 cm vi nh mc 10 1 lt/m2 v lu nh khong 2 - 3 ln/im. ng thi, phi b tr lc lng duy tu, bo dng hng ngy nh: thot nc b mt, b ph, qut gt cc ht b vng dt v lu ln li nhng ch c hin tng b bong bt do xe chy. 3.3. Thi cng th im: Yu cu i vi cng tc thi cng th im: - Vic thi cng th im phi c p dng cho mi mi thi cng trong cc trng hp sau: + Trc khi trin khai thi cng i tr; + Khi c s thay i thit b thi cng chnh nh: lu nng, my san, my ri;

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+ Khi c s thay i v ngun cung cp vt liu hoc loi vt liu CPD. - Cng tc thi cng th im l c s ra bin php t chc thi cng i tr nhm bo m c cc yu cu v k thut, cht lng v kinh t. Do vy, vic thi cng th im phi a ra c cc thng s cng ngh ti u sau: + S tp kt vt liu, s vn hnh ca my san hoc my ri; + H s lu ln, chiu dy ti u ca lp thi cng; + S lu ln ca mi loi lu vi th t v hnh trnh lu, vn tc v s ln lu qua mt im; + Cc cng tc ph tr nh b ph, x l phn tng v cc bc kim tra, gim st cht lng v tin thi cng. - Ton b cng tc thi cng th im, t khi lp cng cho n khi xc lp c dy chuyn cng ngh p dng cho thi cng i tr, phi c s kim tra v chp thun ca T vn gim st. Lp bin php t chc thi cng th im: - Cc phn on c la chn thi cng th im phi i din cho phm vi thi cng ca mi mi thi cng v: loi hnh kt cu ca mt bng thi cng, dc dc, dc ngang, b rng lp mng... Thng thng, chiu di ti thiu ca mi phn on th im l 50 m. - Cn c vo yu cu v tin thi cng, v tin cung cp vt liu, iu kin thc t v mt bng, v kh nng huy ng trang thit b thi cng v cc yu cu, tin hnh lp t nht 2 s cng ngh thi cng th im ng vi 2 phn on c la chn. - Khi lp cc s cng ngh thi cng th im phi xem xt y cc c tnh k thut ca cc thit b thi cng hin c, kt hp vi kinh nghim thi cng c tch ly v iu kin thc t v nng lc thit b, hin trng. Trong s cng ngh thi cng th im, phi nu r cc vn sau: + Tun th theo quy nh khi xc nh s b chiu dy ca mi lp vt liu CPD sau khi ri hoc san (ban u c th tm ly h s lu ln l 1,3). Lp s vn hnh ca phng tin tp kt, san ri vt liu. Cn xc nh s b c ly gia cc ng vt liu khi thi cng bng my san; + La chn v huy ng cc chng loi lu thch hp; + Lp s lu cho mi loi lu, trong nu r trnh t lu ln, s lt v tc lu qua mt im, s phi hp cc loi lu...;
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+ Xc lp s b cc cng vic ph tr, cc bc v thi im tin hnh cc cng tc kim tra, gim st cn thc hin nhm m bo s hot ng nhp nhng ca dy chuyn thi cng v m bo cht lng cng trnh. Tin hnh thi cng th im: - Tin hnh thi cng th im theo cc s cng ngh lp trn cc phn on th im khc nhau, ng thi ghi li cc s liu c bn ca mi bc thi cng thc hin nh: + S lng, khi lng vt liu chuyn ch ca phng tin tp kt vt liu n cng trng. Khong cch gia cc ng vt liu CPD (i vi lp mng di, khi c php thi cng bng my san); + Bin php b ti nc b sung t c m trong v sau khi san hoc ri; + Cao trc v sau khi san hoc ri vt liu CPD; + Cc hin tng phn tng, ln sng, bng phng v vic b ph... (nu c ); + Trnh t vo, ra ca cc loi lu, s lt v vn tc lu qua mt im; + Kt qu th nghim xc nh cht, m thi cng ( giai on cui ca qu trnh lu ln) ng vi s lt i qua ca mi loi lu ti v tr th nghim; + Cao sau hon thin cng tc lu ln lp mng CPD; + Thi gian bt u, kt thc, iu kin thi tit khi th im. - T cc s liu thu nhn, tin hnh tnh ton v hiu chnh li cc thng s nh: + H s ri (h s lu ln) Kri c xc nh a vo cc s liu cao trn cng mt mt ct ti cc im tng ng nh sau: Kri = Cri - Cmb Clu - Cmb

Trong : Cmb l cao mt bng thi cng, m; Cri l cao b mt lp CPD sau khi ri, m; Clu l cao b mt lp CPD sau khi lu ln xong ( t cht yu cu), m. + Tng quan gia s ln lu ln (hoc cng lu) v cht t c;

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+ S lng phng tin vn chuyn tham gia vo dy chuyn, c ly gia cc ng vt liu (nu ri bng my san). - Tin hnh hiu chnh s thi cng th im p dng cho thi cng i tr. 4. Yu cu i vi cng tc kim tra, nghim thu 4.1. Quy nh v ly mu vt liu CPD: - Mt ly mu, th nghim c quy nh trong Quy trnh ny l ti thiu. - phc v cng tc kim tra nghim thu, khi lng ti thiu ly mu ti hin trng th nghim c quy nh ti bng 3-5. Yu cu khi lng ti thiu ly mu ly ti hin trng Bng 3-5 C ht danh nh ln nht Khi lng mu ti thiu Dmax = 37,5mm 125 Kg Dmax = 25mm 100 Kg Dmax = 19 mm 75 Kg

- Mu th nghim c ly phi i din cho l sn phm hoc on c th nghim, kim tra. Ty thuc vo mc ch kim tra v iu kin c th, vic ly mu c th c thc hin theo cc phng thc khc nhau v tun th cc yu cu c bn sau: + Khi ly mu ti ca x, phi bo m ly trn vn ton b vt liu x ra, khng c ri vi; + Khi ly mu trn bng ti, phi ly ht vt liu trn ton b mt ct ngang ca bng ti, c bit ch ly ht cc ht mn; + Khng ly mu vt liu ti ca x hoc trn bng ti ca dy chuyn sn xut khi dy chuyn mi bt u ca sn xut, cha n nh; + Khi ly mu vt liu ti cc ng cha, vi mi ng, gt b vt liu pha trn thn ng thnh mt mt phng c kch thc khng nh hn 50 cm x 50 cm v o thnh h vung vn sao cho khi lng vt liu theo quy nh thnh mt h; + Khi ly vt liu trn lp mng ri, phi o thnh h thng ng v ly ht ton b vt liu theo chiu dy kt cu. 4.2. Kim tra, nghim thu cht lng vt liu: Cng tc kim tra, nghim thu cht lng vt liu CPD phi c tin hnh theo cc giai on sau: Giai on kim tra phc v cho cng tc chp thun ngun cung cp vt liu CPD cho cng trnh:
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- Mu kim tra c ly ti ngun cung cp, c 3.000 m 3 vt liu cung cp cho cng trnh hoc khi lin quan n mt trong cc trng hp sau, tin hnh ly mt mu: + Ngun vt liu ln u cung cp cho cng trnh; + C s thay i ngun cung cp; + C s thay i a tng khai thc ca nguyn khai; + C s thay i dy chuyn nghin sng hoc hm nghin hoc c sng; + C s bt thng v cht lng vt liu. - Vt liu phi tha mn tt c cc ch tiu c l yu cu c quy nh ti Bng 3-3, Bng 3-4. Giai on kim tra phc v cng tc nghim thu cht lng vt liu CPD c tp kt ti chn cng trnh a vo s dng: - Mu kim tra c ly bi cha ti chn cng trnh, c 1.000 m3 vt liu ly mt mu cho mi ngun cung cp hoc khi c s bt thng v cht lng vt liu. - Vt liu phi tha mn tt c cc ch tiu c l yu cu quy nh ti Bng 3-3, Bng 3-4 v ng thi th nghim m nn trong phng.

Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng: Trong sut qu trnh thi cng, n v thi cng phi thng xuyn tin hnh th nghim, kim tra cc ni dung sau: - m, s phn tng ca vt liu CPD (quan st bng mt v kim tra thnh phn ht). C 200m 3 vt liu CPD hoc mt ca thi cng phi tin hnh ly mt mu th nghim thnh phn ht, m. - cht lu ln + Vic th nghim thc hin theo "Quy trnh k thut xc nh dung trng ca t bng phng php rt ct" 22 TCN 13-79 hoc tiu chun AASHTO T191 v c tin hnh ti mi lp mng CPD thi cng xong. + n giai on cui ca qu trnh lu ln, phi thng xuyn th nghim kim tra cht lu ln lm c s kt thc qu trnh lu ln. C 800 m2 phi tin hnh th nghim cht lu ln ti mt v tr ngu nhin. - Cc yu t hnh hc, bng phng
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+ Cao , dc ngang ca b mt lp mng c xc nh da trn s liu o cao ti tim v ti mp ca mt mng. + Chiu dy lp mng c xc nh da trn s liu o c cao trc v sau khi thi cng lp mng ti cc im tng ng trn cng mt mt ct (khi cn thit, tin hnh o h kim tra). + B rng lp mng c xc nh bng thc thp. + bng phng c o bng thc 3 m theo "Quy trnh k thut o bng phng mt ng bng thc di 3 mt" 22 TCN 16-79. Khe h ln nht di thc c quy nh ti Bng 3-6. + Mt kim tra v cc yu cu c th c quy nh ti Bng 3-6.

Yu cu v kch thc hnh hc v bng phng ca lp mng bng CPD Bng 3-6 T T 1 2 3 Ch tiu kim tra Cao dc ngang Chiu dy Gii hi cho php Mng di - 10 mm 0,5% 10 mm Mng trn -5 mm 0,3% 5 mm

Mt kim tra

C 40 - 50 m vi on tuyn thng, 20 - 25 m vi on tuyn cong bng hoc cong ng o mt trc ngang.

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4 5

B rng

- 50 mm

- 50 mm 5 mm C 100 m o ti mt v tr.

bng phng: 10 khe h ln nht mm di thc 3m

+ Cc s liu th nghim trn l c s tin hnh nghim thu cng trnh. Kim tra nghim thu cht lng thi cng: - i vi cht lu ln: c 7.000 m 2 hoc 1 Km (vi ng 2 ln xe) th nghim kim tra ti 2 v tr ngu nhin (trng hp ri bng my san, kim tra ti 3 v tr ngu nhin). - i vi cc yu t hnh hc, bng phng: mt kim tra bng 20% khi lng kim tra trong thi cng.

$ 3 4. Cng ngh thi cng lp o ng dm nc (Mt ng dm nc) trang 97

1. u nhc im v phm vi s dng o ng dm nc c t th k th 19 c t u th k th 19 do k s ngi Anh tn John London Macadam c tn mt ng Macadam v c cc tn . 2. yu cu v vt liu 3. Trnh t v cng ngh thi cng ( ch yu lm lp mng, lu cc giai on lu v trong qu trnh c ti nc, trng hp lm mt ng cp thp th phi lm lp bo v v phi lu hnh thnh lp v mt) 4. Cng tc kim tra v nghim thu ( ring cht, v cht lp DN khng ng u nn khng p dng c phng php rt ct. Ch kim tra trc quan cho lu 10 12 tn ln qua lai trn phn xe chy, nu khng li vt hn bnh trn mt lp dm l c.

CHNG 4
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CC LP O NG BNG T V VT LIU HT C GIA C CC CHT LIN KT

4 1. Lp kt cu o ng bng cp phi ( si cui) gia c xi mng trang 133 1. c im v phm vi s dng 2. yu cu i vi cc thnh phn vt liu - yu cu i vi ( si, cui) - yu cu i vi xi mng v lng xi mng - yu cu i vi nc dng trn 3. yu cu i vi cng (si, cui) gia c xi mng 4.Cng ngh thi cng lp cp phi (si, cui) gia c xi mng a. Cng tc chun b thi cng - Chun b trm trn ch to hn hp (si, cui) gia c xi mng - Chun b cc thit b thi cng b. ch to hn hp (si, cui) gia c xi mng trm trn c. Ri v lu ln ti hin trng d. Yu cu bo dng, thi gian yu cu ch 7 ngy 5. Yu cu i vi vic kim tra v nghim thu lp (si, cui) gia c xi mng a. Kim tra hn hp ct liu trc khi a vo my trn b. Mi ca sn xut u phi kim tra m ct liu bng.. c. Kim tra cht sau khi lu ln

$4 . 2. MT NG DM THM NHP VA XI MNG CT( Mt ng dm kp va XM)

y l loi mt ng dm kch c ng u c lu ln n nh ri dng va xi mng ct thm nhp vo cc ch rng, sau li tip tc lu cht. V khi thi cng dng phng php ti thm t trn xung nn k thut thi cng n gin, tng t nh thi cng mt ng dm bn. Loi mt ng ny c s dng kh ph bin cc nc Ty u t nhng nm 30 ca th k ny. Do lng xi mng s dng ch vo khong 100 160Kg/m3 (ch bng 30 - 50% so vi mt ng b tng xi mng thng thng) nn gi l mt ng b tng tit kim xi mng. nc ta loi mt ng ny c lm nhiu ni H Ni, H Ty. Kinh nghim cho thy loi mt ng ny rt thch hp vi ng nng thn v gi thnh h, cng cao v n nh vi nc, li khng cn duy tu sa cha nhiu. 1. Yu cu i vi vt liu: - Xi mng: C th dng cc loi xi mng, nhng thng dng xi mng poclng M400. - Ct: Dng loi ct cng v c thnh phn ht nh bng 4-3.
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Bng 4-3 Loi ct Kch c mt sng (mm) 5,0 1,5 0,3 2,5 1,5 0,3 2,5 1,5 0,3 T l % lt sng (theo trng lng) 95 - 100 60 - 80 10 - 20 95 - 100 70 - 90 10 - 30 100 90 - 100 15 - 30

Ct to

Ct va

Ct nh

C th dng 1 trong 3 loi ct ni trn, nhng loi no thch hp nht th phi qua th nghim st ca xi mng - ct quyt nh. - dm: nh i vi mt ng dm kt t dnh. st ca xi mng ct ph thuc vo t l xi mng, ct v nc. m bo cho va xi mng c st thch hp thng dng cc t l l xi mng ct sau y: 1:1,75; 1:2 hay 1:2,25 (theo th tch) - Lng nc tt nht ca va c xc nh bng th nghim. 2. Thi cng: Trnh t thi cng mt ng dm thm nhp va xi mng ct nh sau: 1) Chun b lng ng v lp mng: Yu cu lp mng phi cht ch t k h v c dc ngang ng vi thit k. 2) t vn khun hai mp ng: Vn khun c th lm bng thp hoc g Nu l bng g th chiu dy nn vo khong 6 - 8cm. Nu thi cng theo phng php p l trc th khng cn vn khun. 3) Ri dm v lu ln Dng lu nh v lu va lu ln cho n nh. Theo kinh nghim s cng lu trung bnh khong 3 - 4,2 t.km/m 3 v cht t c bng khong 50 - 60% cht quy nh khi lu mt ng dm nc. T lt lu th ba tr i phi ti nc chng v , trn cnh. Sau khi lu ln xong phi m bo chn mc tt, t b v, khe h thm va c u. 4) Ti thm va v lu ln: Va xi mng ct phi c trn u bng my trn va hoc bng tay. Khi trn bng tay phi trn kh xi mng v ct trc ri mi cho nc vo trn trong 5 pht. Va dng n u, trn n y, trn xong phi ti ngay khng qa 30 pht.
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Nu kh, trc khi ti phi ti nc lm m mt . Dng lu nh 5 - 6tn qua mt ch cho ti khi mt ng cht v phng. Trong qa trnh lu ln cn ti b vo cc ch thiu va, b cc ch lm, bo m cho mt ng bng phng va thm xung u. Tt nht l dng lu chn ng hoc m chn ng cng sut ln lu. Khi dng lu chn ng th c th dng va c st cao, v cht lng ca mt ng s tt hn v va thm xung n tn y. Lng va cn thit vo khong 25 - 35 lt/m 2 cho mt ng dy 10 -12 cm v t 30 - 40 lt/m2 cho mt ng dy 15 - 20 cm. (Khi dng lu hoc m chn ng th dng gii hn thp). 5) Hon thin: Cn tin hnh khu hon thin ngay sau khi lu ln xong. Mc ch ca cng tc hon thin l lm cho mt ng bng phng, t dc ngang cn thit. Khi hon thin cm khng c trt mt lp va dy ph kn u . Nu dng lp dm thm nhp va lm lp mng th khng cn lm bc ny. 6) Bo dng: tin hnh nh i vi mt ng b tng xi mng. Tt nht l sau khi va bt u se mt th phun mt lp nh tng s lng 0,8lt/m 2 gi cho nc trong dm thm nhp va chm bay hi. ==========//==========

CHNG 5 CC LOI MT NG C S DNG NHA $1 Khi nim chung v mt ng c s dng nha.

1.1. Khi nim v mt ng nha. +Dng nha hoc hn hp ca nha vi cc vt liu khc ph ln b mt ca ng m bo cho xe chy m thun. Lp ph ng vai tr ca lp bo v lp hao mn hoc lp chu lc tu theo lng nha, phng php thi cng. + Tu theo thnh phn hn hp nha, cch ch to, cch thi cng,... m ta c th phn ra: - Lng nha: ti nha trn lp mt ng c lu ln cht v bng phng. Sau ri nh ri lu ln. c th lp li 2, 3 ln tu theo yu cu lng mt lp, hai lp hay ba lp. - Thm nhp nha: ti nha trn lp dm c m nn va phi nha th thm vo lp dm n mt su yu cu. Sau ri chn, mt v lu ln. C th ti nha 2,3 hay 4 ln nha tu theo chiu su nha cn thm nhp.
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- Hn hp trn nha: - B tng nha: 1.2. Yu cu vt liu. 1.2.1. Nha. + Trong xy dng ng thng dng cc loi nha ch to t du m hay than . C cc loi sau: * Bi tum: l cc sn phm rn, na rn hoc lng, bao gm: - Bi tum nguyn cht: thu c do lc du m m khng dng ph gia. - Bi tum lng: thng c gi l cut-back l bi tum trn vi mt dung mi d hoc kh bay hi, thu c qua chng ct du m. - Bi tum lng: bi tum ho mm do trn vi dung mi chm bay hi, thu c qua chng ct than . - Bi tum hn hp: gm t nht 50% bi tum v chia ra: ./ Bi tum guron: hn hp ca bitum nguyn cht v guron ./ Bi tum hc n: hn hp ca bitum v hc n than . - Bi tum ci tin: cc loi bi tum trn y c trn thm cht ph gia, thng l mt cao phn t, cc bt khong hoc cc cht n dnh. * Nh tng bi tum: Nh tng bi tum l mt cht lin kt phn tn trong nc, c to nn bng cch s dng nng lng c hc nghin nh bi tum v gi cho bi tum l lng trong nc bng mt tc nhn hot tnh b mt gi l cht nh ho. * Guron: y l sn phm thu c qua vic chng ct thn cc t than nhit cao, gm c: - Guron nguyn cht: khng dng ph gia - Guron ci tin: thng trn thm cc cht cao phn t, bt khong hoc ph gia dnh. - Guron hn hp: gm 50% guron v 50% bi tum nguyn cht. + Tu theo phng php thi cng, vt liu s dng, mt xe v vng kh hu m ta chn loi nha cho thch hp. + Nhng tnh cht c bn ca nha dng trong xy dng ng l: dnh bm vi tt, tnh cht bc tt, n nh vi nhit v chu c nhit cao, n nh vi tc dng ca nc, c kh nng chu bin dng nhit thp, t ho gi, d thi cng trong khi ti, trn vi , ri v m nn. + dnh bm ca nha vi b mt : ph thuc nhiu vo ngun gc v phng php ch bin nha, ph thuc vo hot tnh b mt, vo nht ca nha, ph thuc vo tnh cht v m ca , vo i lc phn t v i lc ho hc ca nha vi .
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Trong cng iu kin, loi nha no c tnh qunh (cn gi l tnh nht) ln (vi nha c: nh gi bng kim ln, l chiu su cm vo bi tum nhit 250C ca kim c trng lng 100g, ng knh 1 mm trong vng 5 giy: kim ln cng thp th tnh qunh cng cao v ngc li, vi nha lng: nh gi bng nht, l thi gian 50 ml bi tum lng chy qua l y ca dng c c ng knh 5mm 60 0C: nht cng cao th tnh nht cng cao) v sc cng b mt ti mt phn gii nha- khi trn cng b th dnh bm ca nha v cng ln. Nhng tnh nht ca nha thay i theo nhit , v th m dnh bm ca nha vi cng thay i. Do vy, nn chn loi nha c tnh nht cao v t thay i theo nhit dnh bm ca nha vi cao v n nh. Nhng xt v mt thun li trong thi cng, nha c tnh qunh cng nh th tnh linh ng co cao, nn cng d thi cng (d bc cc vin , d trn, d ri v m nn). iu ny li tri ngc vi yu cu v dnh bm tt vi . dung ho, ta chn nha c tnh nht cao v khi thi cng th un nng nha n nhit thi cng, lc ny nha s rt linh ng, cho php vic thi cng c d dng v khi ngui i, nha s tr v trng thi ban u, c dnh bm tt vi . + Tc dng ho l gia nha v ng vai tr quan trng trong vic nng cao v gi vng lc dnh bm ca nha vi . Thc t, i vi tt c cc loi th dnh bm ca i vi nc cao hn vi nha. Do vy, khi b m th kh dnh bm vi nha v di tc dng ca mng nc bc xung quanh vin c th lm bong lp nha. V vy lm tng dnh bm ca nha vi , cn dng nha cha nhiu thnh phn c hot tnh b mt cao hoc dng nha c kh nng to nhng hp cht khng b ho tan trn b mt vin . C th lm tng dnh bm vi , tng n nh vi nc bng cch s dng cht ph gia hot tnh b mt pha vo nha hay trn trc vi nhng cht kch ng. + Trong qa trnh s dng, nha s b ho gi dn theo thi gian. Cc cht nh trong nha bay hi, mt s thnh phn ca nha b cc khong vt hp th hoc cc thnh phn du, keo ca nha trng hp to thnh cc cht mi. Do , nht ca nha tng ln, nha b cng li v d dn, kh nng chu bin dng km i. Ngoi ra, do tc dng ca nh sng, bc x mt tri, khng kh, s thay i nhit , m lm ny sinh cc phn ng ho hc tng hp, lm thay i tnh cht ca nha. + Dng nha c v un n nhit thi cng (100 - 160 0C, tu theo loi nha) ng thi rang nng vt liu n nhit 180 - 200 0C l bin php tt nht tho mn cc yu cu trn. V c th dng nha c nht cao tng lc dnh bm, tng tnh n nh vi nhit, n nh vi thi
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gian. ng thi khi trn, vt liu c rang nng trit m, nha c nu chy lng th vin s c bc mt mng nha u n. Hn hp nha trn nhit cao ny c tnh do v linh ng cn thit c th ri, lu ln d dng. + Da vo c tnh, chn nha cho thch hp vi tng loi mt ng, tng phng php thi cng: - Nha c nht cao (nha c) thng c dng trong phng php trn nng, ri nng, khi thi tit kh ro, nhit ngoi tri cao. - Nha lng: thng dng trong phng php ri ngui, vt liu c cng yu, hn hp nhiu ht nh, vng kh hu m t, thi tit lnh. - Nh tng: dng trong vng m t, kh hu lnh. 1.2.2. . + phi sn si, sc cnh. + V c dng nha nn cc yu cu v c nhng c im ring. c cng cao, sc chng bo mn ln nhng dnh bm vi nha khng tt th khng nn dng. c cng yu (trong phm vi cho php) th dng cho lp di, lp c chiu dy ln v dung trong hn hp cht. Mt s loi c cng yu, kho lu ln hay km chu bo mn khng dng c lm mt ng dm nc li c th dng c khi c s dng nha. + cn phi tht kh ro do hu ht cc loi u c i lc phn t mnh vi nc hn nha. Cc loi ho nc: granit, trachit, xinit, thch anh,...dnh bm vi nha khng tt. Cc loi tng i ght nc hn: vi, x, bazan,.. th dnh bm vi nha tt hn. Cc loi ho nc ch nn dng trong hn hp cht, tt hn c l nn cho mt lng ph gia kch ng ( 2% vi hay xi mng) tng thm dnh bm vi nh. + cn phi sch. Bi bn, nht l mng t st bc xung quanh vin s lm cho nha khng dnh bm c vo b mt vin . + mt, bt yu cu phi c cng cng vi chnh.

$2. Mt ng lng nha.

2.1. Khi nim. +Ti, phun mt lp nha trn lp mt ng c, mt ng va mi lm xong, sau ri nh v lu ln cht to nn mt lp v mng, kn, chc, khng thm nc, c kh nng chu c lc y ngang gi l mt ng lng nha mt lp. Lp li qu trnh trn hai hoc ba ln ta c mt ng lng nha hai hoc ba lp. + Lp lng nha, v nguyn tc, c th dng cho mi loi mt ng lm mi hay mt ng c. Nhng thng thng th i vi cc lp mt
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ng BTN ht nh, BTXM lm mi hoc mt ng lt cao cp th khng cn phi lm lp lng nha ln trn. + Lp lng nha c tc dng lm gim bt bo mn ca mt ng, nng cao nhm, gi kn mt ng khng nc mt thm xung do vy ci thin ch thu nhit gip mt ng bn vng hn. ng thi khng gy bi. + Chiu dy lp lng nha thng khng qua 4 cm. Trn mt ng cao cp, lp lng mt dy 1 - 2.5cm. Trn mt ng gin n dng lng 2 n 3 lp, tng dy khong 2.5 - 4cm. + Lp lng nha va mng, va chu tc dng trc tip ca xe c, thi tit nn c thi gian s dng khng lu. Tu theo chiu dy, cht lng vt liu lp lng nha, cng chung ca ton b mt ng, lng xe c, thnh phn xe, iu kin thi tit, iu kin thi cng m lp lng mt c th s dng c t 3 - 6 nm. Thng t 3 - 4 nm phi lm li. + Theo qui nh, lp lng nha khng c tnh vo chiu dy ca kt cu o ng khi tnh ton thit k. + Ngoi thc t thi cng, thng hnh thnh cc khi nim: - Mt ng dm lng nha dy h cm: thc cht l: thi cng lp mt ng dm nc dy h cm, sau thi cng lp lng nha ln trn. - Mt ng cp phi dm lng nha dy h cm: thc cht l: thi cng lp mt ng cp phi dm dy h cm, sau thi cng lp lng nha ln trn,... 2.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh cng . Cng hnh thnh ch yu do lp mng bn di cn lp lng nha ch ng vai tr cht dnh kt b mt. 2.3. Phn loi. + Cn c vo lng tui nha v ra ta chia ra ba loi: - Lng nha 1 lp: ti nha 1 ln v ra 1 ln, h = 1 -1.5cm - Lng nha 2 lp: ti nha 2 ln v ra 2 ln, h = 1.5-2.5cm - Lng nha 3 lp: ti nha 3 ln v ra 3 ln, h = 2.5 3cm + Cn c vo bin php thi cng: - Thi cng lp lng nha bng phng php ti: ti nha ln lp mt ng, sau ra ph kn v lu ln. y l phng php ph bin v n thi cng n gin, ph hp vi iu kin thi cng nc ta - Thi cng lp lng nha theo phng php ri hn hp nha trn sn. + Theo phng php thi cng s dng nha: - Lp lng mt dng nha di hnh thc nha nng.
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- Lp lng mt dng nha di hnh thc nh tng. 2.4. Yu cu vt liu. 2.4.1. : 2.4.1.1. V cng : + dm hay si cui dng trong phng php lng mt cn phi ng nht v cng . Tt nht nn dng loi c cng cao, dnh bm tt vi nha. Nu lng mt nhiu lp th lp lng di c th dng c cng yu hn. + Theo qui trnh, dng lm lp lng nha phi l cc loi t cp I n cp III, c cng t 600 1200daN/cm 2. Loi Cp Yu cu v cht lng Cng khng p mi mn Deval (daN/cm2) (%) mc ma ( granit, 1 1 200 Khng qu 5 % syenit, gabbro, 2 1 000 Khng qu 6 % basaite, 3 800 Khng qu 8 % porphyre,....) 4 600 Khng qu 10 % bin cht ( gneis, 1 1 200 Khng qu 5 % quartzite,....) 2 1 000 Khng qu 6 % 3 800 Khng qu 8 % 4 600 Khng qu 10 % trm tch ( 1 1 000 Khng qu 5 % vi, dolamite) 2 800 Khng qu 6 % 3 600 Khng qu 8 % 4 400 Khng qu 10 % Cc loi trm tch 1 1 000 Khng qu 5 % khc (sa nham, 2 800 Khng qu 6 % conglo, merat, 3 600 Khng qu 8 % schistes,....) 4 400 Khng qu 10 % 2.4.1.2. V kch c ct liu: + Ct liu dm, si yu cu c kch c ng u. i vi lp lng trn, nn dng loi dm nh hay cui si c kch thc ln nht v b nht khng khc nhau qu 2 ln. Nh th lp lng mt s chng hnh thnh cng v c ma st cao. + Thi cng lp lng nha thng dng cc loi : - 5 10: 5/10, 10/15 dng ri lp trn cng.

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- 10x15: yu cu: hm lng ht kch c 20-25 mm chim khng qu 10% khi lng. - 15x20: yu cu: hm lng ht kch c 10-15mm chim khng qu 10% khi lng. Khng cho php c ln nhng ht nh hn 5 mm. 2.4.1.3. Yu cu v sch ca : + dng lm lp lng nha phi m bo sch, khng c ln c rc, l cy. + Hm lng bi st (xc nh theo phng php ra) khng qu 2% theo khi lng. + Lng ht st di dng vn hn khng qu 0.25% tnh theo khi lng. + Yu cu phi kh, ngha l khng c nhng vt m nhn thy c. 2.4.1.4. Yu cu v dnh bm ca i vi nha: + dng lm lp lng nha phi t tiu chun dnh bm vi nha t cp 3 n cp 5 theo phng php th nghim A.lu-xi-khi-na. 2.4.2. Nha: + Yu cu v nha dng cho lp lng mt ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu, mt xe v thnh phn xe, loi . vng m t, nhit thp nn dng loi nha c nht nh lp lng mt chng hnh thnh cng . Nhng khi dng loi nha c nht nh, nu c cng thp s hay b v vn trong qu trnh xe chy. Vi loi c cng cao, kch c ln v thi cng vo lc nhit cao th nn dng loi nha c nht ln. + Vi mt ng nha dng nha di hnh thc nha nng: dng nha c ch bin t du m, t cc tiu chun sau: - kim ln: 40 - 90 (1/10 mm) 25oC. Tt nht l loi 60/70 - ko di: > 40 cm 25oC - Nhit mm: 48 - 60oC - Nhit bt la: 210 - 220oC - Nha phi sch c rc, khng ln t . Khi bo qun nha ngoi tri b ln nc ma, lc un nha n nhit nng chy phi phng nha b bng ln v nc bc hi v tro ra khi thng un gy chy nha. 2.5 Xc nh lng vt liu dng trong mt ng lng nha.

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2.5.1. Xc nh lng : + Khi lng nha: Nu t th nha s tri ln v sinh ln sng hoc dnh bm vo bnh xe khi nhit cao. Nu nhiu qu th khng kinh t v , si tha s bn ra ngoi gy lng ph, gy nguy him cho ngi i b. + Xc nh hm lng : Lng ct liu , si dng trong lp lng nha c th ly theo cng thc kinh nghim sau: Tnh cho 1 lp lng:

A2 V=A 100

vi

A=

(d +D) 2

Trong : V: lng dm hay si tnh bng dm 3/m2 d, D: kch thc c nh nht v ln nht dng lng mt (mm) Ngoi ra cn thm vo V mt lng d tr v c mt s b bn ra ngoi mt ng do xe chay trong thi gian lp lng cha hnh thnh cng . A = 20mm th thm vo mt lng 1.5dm3/m2. A = 10mm th thm vo 1.2 dm3/m2. A = 5mm th thm vo 1.0 dm3/m2. 2.5.2. Hm lng nha: + Lng nha lng mt cn phi lp cc l trng gia cc vin nh n cao bng 2/3 chiu dy ca lp lng mt. Nu t nha qu, , si d b bong bt khi xe chy, nu nhiu nha th c b dy ca lp lng mt s b ph kn nha, do mt ng khng nhm, trn trt khi m t, mm do, d sinh ln sng v cc bin dng trt khi nhit cao. + C th xc nh hm lng nha bng cng thc kinh nghim sau: cng thc ny cho ta xc nh lng ph thuc vo lng dng, hnh dng vin v tnh trng ca lp mt ng cn lng nha ln trn: q = a + bV Trong : q: lng nha cn thit lm lp lng mt (l/m 2) V: lng cn thit lng mt ( dm3/m2) a: h s ph thuc vo b mt lp mt ng cn lp lng nha ln trn. a = 0: lp mt kn
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a = 0.2-0.34: lp mt bnh thng. a = 0.59: lp mt h hoc c vt nt. b: h s ph thuc vo hnh dng ca , si b = 0.07: , si c p, xay c dng lp phng. b = 0.06: , si c p, xay v trn s b trc vi mt t nha b = 0.09: , si t nhin c hnh dng trn. C th tham kho lng , nha theo bng sau: Bng 1: Bng tham kho xc nh lng , nha cn thit lm lp lng nha Loi Chiu Th t Lng Th t Kch c Lng mt dy ln ti nha ln ri nh , si ng lp nha (hay hc nh hay si cn lng n) cn hay si sn, mm thit, mt, thit, sn m3/100 cm l/m2 m2 Lng 1.0 ln th 1.0 - 1.2 ln th 10 - 15 1.35 mt lp 1.5 nht 1.4 - 1.5 nht 10-15,101.55 2.0 nt 1.8 - 2.0 nt 20 2.0 nt nt 10 - 20 2.25 2.6 - 3.0 Lng hai 2.0 ln th 1.2 - 1.4 ln th 10-20,10- 1.7 - 1.9 lp nht 0.9 - 1.0 nht 15 1.1 - 1.2 ln th ln th 5 - 10 hai hai 2.5 ln th 1.6 - 1.8 ln th 10 - 20 2.25 nht 1.4 - 1.6 nht 5 - 10 2.5 ln th ln th 1.5 - 2.0 hai hai Lng 3.0 ln th 1.3 - 1.5 ln th 10 - 20 1.7 - 1.9 nha ba nht 1.3 - 1.5 nht 10 - 20 1.7 - 1.9 lp ln th 0.9 - 1.0 ln th 5 - 10 1.1 - 1.2 hai hai ln th ln th ba ba 4.0 ln th 2.1 - 2.4 ln th 10 - 20 2.9 - 3.2 nht 1.2 - 1.4 nht 10 - 20 1.6 - 1.8 ln th 1.1 - 1.3 ln th 5 - 10 1.4 - 1.6 hai hai
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ln th ln th ba ba Ghi ch: 1. Nu dng nh tng cha 50-60% nha th gim lng nha xung 20-30% (tnh i lng nh tng ra lng nha) 2. Lng nha trong bng l khi ti bng my phun nha. Nu ti bng th cng vi thit b th s th lng nha trn phi tng ln 20 - 30%. Theo 22TCN 271-2001 Loi lng Chiu Nha mt dy, cm Th t Lng ti nha, kg/m2 Mt lp 1 Ch 1 ln 1.2 * 1.5 Ch 1 ln 1.5 (1.8)

nh

Th t Kch c, Lng ri mm , dm3/m2 Ch ln 5/10 10-12 Ch 1 10/16 15-17 ln Hai lp 2 2.5 Ln th 1.5 (1.8) Ln th 10/16 14-16 1 1 Ln th 1.2 Ln th 5/10 10-12 2 2 Ba lp 3 3.5 Ln th 1.7 (1.9) Ln th 16/20 18-20 1 1 Ln th 1.5 Ln th 10/16 14-16 2 2 Ln th 1.1 Ln th 5/10 9-11 3 3 (*): Ch dng khi lng nha trn mt ng nha c c lu lng xe t. (): y l lng nha khi lng lp dm lp mi nh mc trn cha k lng nha thm. 2.6. Trnh t thi cng lp mt ng lng nha. 2.6.1. Lng nha trn mt ng va mi thi cng xong: 2.6.1.1. Lng nha mt lp. 1-Mt ng dm c lu ln n giai on 3 nhng khng ti nc, khng ri ct chn chun b lng nha. Trc khi lng nha phi lm sch mt ng, cy b ht cc m t hoc m bt , lm cho l ht cc k ra.
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2-Ri nha nng vi tiu chun 3-3.5kg/m 2. 3-Ri si 10-20mm, tiu chun18-20 lt/m 2 ph kn mt nha va ri. 4-Lu ln bng lu 6-8T, 6-8 lt/im. 2.6.1.2. Lng nha hai lp. 5-Ri lp nha ln th hai vi tiu chun 2-2.5 kg/m 2. 6-Ri 10-20, tiu chun 12-15 lt/m2. 7- Lu ln bng lu 6-8T, 6-8 lt/im. 2.6.1.3. Lng nha ba lp. 8-Ri lp nha ln th ba vi tiu chun 1.5-2 kg/m 2. 6-Ri 5-10mm, tiu chun 10-12 lt/m2. 7- Lu ln bng lu 6-8T, 4-6 lt/im. 10- Hon thin: * Vi mt ng lm mi, l ng phi t cht ti thiu K=0.9 trong phm vi 1,2m v vi mt ng nng cp l 0,3m k t trn mt. * Hon thin rnh dc. 2.6.2. Lng nha trn mt ng dm qua s dng mt thi gian. 1- V g, sa li mui luyn mt ng cho tht bng phng trc khi ri nha. 2-Lm sch mt ng bng chi qut hoc kh p. 3-Ri nha nng vi tiu chun 3-3.5kg/m 2. 4-Ri si 10-20mm, tiu chun 15-18 lt/m 2 ph kn mt nha va ri. 5-Lu ln bng lu 6-8T, 6-8 lt/im. 2.6.3. Lng nha trn mt ng nha c. 1- V g. 2-Lm sch mt ng bng chi qut hoc kh p. 3-Ri nha nng vi tiu chun 1.5kg/m2. 4-Ri si 5-10mm, tiu chun 10-12 lt/m 2 ph kn mt nha va ri. 5-Lu ln bng lu 6-8T, 4-6 lt/im. 2.64. Bo dng. + Sau khi thi cng xong l mt ng lng nha c th thng xe ngay nhng tin hnh bo dng trong thi gian u bng cch iu chnh cho xe chy u trn ton b lp mt ln cht u v nhanh chng ni nha

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hnh thnh lp mt. Tc xe chy cng phi khng ch (khng qu 20km/h). + Trong 2 ngy u cn hn ch tc 10 km/h, + Trong 7 10 ngy sau khi thi cng: khng qu 20km/h + Trong khong 15 ngy, cn b tr ngi qut cc vin b bn vng ra ngoi vo mt ng, sa cha nhng ch li lm cc b, nhng ch tha nha thit hay ngc li. 2.7. Kim tra, nghim thu lp mt lng nha. + Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: - Sai s cho php v chiu rng mt ng: 10cm - Sai s cho php v chiu dy mt ng: 10% - Sai s cho php v dc ngang mt, l: 5% + Kim tra bng phng: thc g 3 m, khe h khng qu 7 mm + Kim tra v cng mt ng: Ett Eyc. + Phng php kim tra: - Chiu rng mt ng: Kim tra 10 mt ct ngang /1km. - Chiu dy mt ng: Kim tra 3 mt ct ngang trong 1km, mi mt ct ngang kim tra 3 im tim ng v 2 bn cch mp mt ng 1m. - bng phng: kim tra 3 v tr trong 1 km. Mi v tr t thc di 3 m dc tim ng v hai bn cch mp mt ng 1 m. o khe h gia mt ng v cnh di ca thc, c cch 50 cm o mt im. 2.8. Nhng ch khi thi cng mt ng lng nha. + Ch c thi cng vo nhng ngy kh ro, mt cng nh mt ng khng nhn thy vt m. Nhit ngoi tri khi thi cng khng c thp hn 150C. + un nha: - Nhit un nha, i vi bitum c kim ln 40-90 tt nht 0 l 140 C v khng c qu 180 0C. Phi thng xuyn theo di nhit ca nha bng nhit k. - Nha un ngy no phi dng ht ngay trong ngy y, tt nht l un n u dng ht n y. Khng cho php nha un tha n ngy hm sau un li. - Thi gian un nha khng c ko di qu 3 ting gi cho cc du nh trong nha khi b bc hi mt i, lm cho nha gim n hi. - Yu cu i vi nha khi ti: nhit khng c thp hn 0 120 C, nha phi lng u. + Ti nha
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- C th ti th cng hay my phun nha. - Nha phi c phun ti u, khng c ch tha v thiu nha. - Nu dng xe phun nha th phi iu chnh tc xe chy v m vi phun m bo lng nha quy nh. - Khi thi cng on dc (>4%): phun t di dc ln trn. + Ri : - C th ri bng th cng, my san hay my ri chuyn dng - Vic ri ph ln phi c tin hnh ngay sau khi ti nha, chm nht l 3 pht - Trong 1 ln ri : yu cu phi nm st nhau, ph kn b mt nha nhng cc vin khng c nm chng ln nhau. - Vic b ph ch thiu, qut b ch tha phi c thc hin ngay trong khi ang ri v kt thc trong nhng lt lu u tin. - Ti ch ni tip, cn cha li 1 vt nha rng khong 20cm thi cng vt k tip. - Khi thi cng lng nhiu lp th cc vt ni do ti nha gia cc lp nn b tr so le nhau + Nghim cm cc loi phng tin giao thng qua li phn ng mi lng nha khi cha ph .

$3. Mt ng thm nhp nha.

3.1. Khi nim. Mt ng thm nhp nha l loi mt ng dng dm c kch c chn lc (tng i ng u), ri, lu ln n mt mc cht nht nh. Dng nha ti thm nhp vo cc khe h n mt su qui nh, nha lin kt cc hn li. Sau , dng kch c nh hn chn cc khe h ri lu ln n cht yu cu. 3.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh cng . + Cng c hnh thnh theo nguyn l Macadam v nha ng vai tr cht dnh kt, lin kt cc vin li vi nhau. + Nh vy, mt ng thm nhp nha khng khc bao xa so vi mt ng dm nc. Nhng, trong mt ng thm nhp c s dng thm nha tng dnh bm nn yu cu v lu ln s thp hn so vi mt ng dm nc. Do vy c th s dng vt liu c cng thp hn, kh lu ln cht hn thi cng mt ng thp nhp nha. 3.3. u nhc im:
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u nhc im ca mt ng thm nhp gn ging nh ca mt ng dm nc: + u im: - Tn dung vt liu a phng: dm. - Cng ngh thi cng n gin, khng i hi thit b phc tp nn p dng trong mi iu kin nc ta. - Yu cu v cng lu t hn so vi mt ng dm nc. - C cng cao: Eh = 3000 daN/cm2 - Do c nha l cht kt dnh nn c kh nng chu c tc dng ca lc y ngang ln. - L mt ng kn, ng thi li mang tnh cht ca mt ng dm nn rt n nh vi nc + Nhc im: Nha khng bc u cc vin , khng hon ho v tn nha v mng nha dy v mt mt lng nha s chy vo cc l rng ln gia cc vin m khng gp ch g cho vic dnh bm. + p dng: do nhng c im trn, nn mt ng thm nhp nha thng c s dng lm lp mt ca ng cp 40-60, lm lp mt tng cng mt ng c hay lm lp mng trn mt ng cp cao. 3.4. Cu to mt ng. dc ngang mt ng 3 4%. dc ngang l 4- 6% tu theo vt liu lm l. 3.5. Phn loi. + Theo chiu su thm nhp nha: 3 loi - Mt ng thm nhp nh: dy 4 - 6 cm v nha thm nhp ht chiu dy mt ng. - Mt ng thm nhp su: dy 6 - 8 cm v nha thm nhp ht chiu su mt ng. - Mt ng bn thm nhp: dy 8 - 15 cm v nha ch thm nhp n mt chiu su no , tng t 4 - 6 cm. Mt ng thm nhp nh, thm nhp su thng c s dng lm mt ng mi. Cn mt ng bn thm nhp thng s dng khi xo xi mt ng dm c ln ri dng nha x l tng cng. + Theo hnh thc s dng nha: - Mt ung thm nhp nha s dng nha di hnh thc dng nha nng. - Mt ng thm nhp nha s dng nha di hnh thc dng nh tng. 3.6. Yu cu v vt liu.
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3.6.1. . Yu cu v vt liu hon ton tng t nh i vi mt ng dm nc: + : c bn: 4x6, 5x7, 6x8 + chn; 2x4, 1x2, 0.5x1 + Vic chn loi c bn no: 4x6, 5x7 hay 6x8 l cn c vo chiu dy lp mt ng thm nhp, tng t nh qui nh i vi mt ng dm nc: D 0.8 h ( D: kch thc ca l sng m b gi li, d: kch thcl sng m lt qua. V d: 4x6, th D = 6 cm, d = 4 cm). 3.6.2. Nha Yu cu v nha hon ton tng t nh i vi mt ng lng nha. + Hm lng nha cn thit ni chung ly vo khong 1 - 1.2 l/m 2 cho 1 cm chiu su thm nhp. 3.7. Trnh thi cng. 3.7.1. Thi cng mt ng thm nhp nh: + Mt ng thm nhp nh c chiu dy 4 - 5 cm nn thng dng dm c bn kch c 2x4 v ti nha thm nhp ht chiu dy. Lp ny thng c thit k v thi cng thnh mt lp ring trn cc lp mng dm nc, cp phi thin nhin, t gia c,... c thi cng hon chnh. + Trnh t thi cng: 1- Ri dm c bn kch c 2 x 4 cm theo ng chiu dy ri h1: h1 = k.h vi k = 1.3 2- San gt lp m bo mt ng bng phng, ng hnh mui luyn. 3- Lu ln lp dm c bn: ./ Lu s b: dng lu 6 - 8 tn, lu 4-6 lt/im, khi lu kt hp b ph cho mt ng bng phng, ng mui luyn. ./ Lu ln cht: dng lu nng 8 - 10 tn, lu 6-8 lt/im. C th kt thc giai on lu ln cht khi cc vin dm n nh v chn vo nhau, khng b x chy di bnh xe lu nng mc d rng vn cn ln. Khi lu ch : do khng ti nc (gi cho dm kh ro) nn khng v qu nhiu, lm lp cc l rng khin nha khng thm xung c. Nhng ch no v qu nhiu phi o ln thay , m th cng sau mi c dng my lu m tip. 4- Ti nha nng ln 1: tiu chun 4 kg/m 2 5- Ri , si 10 x 20 mm: tiu chun 18 - 20 dm 3/m2
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6- Dng lu 6 -8 tn ln p 14 lt/im 7- Ti nha ln th hai: tiu chun 2 - 3 kg/m 2 8- Ri 5 - 10 mm: tiu chun 13 - 15 dm 3/m2 9- Dng lu 6 - 8 tn ln p 6 - 8 lt /im. 10- Hon thin: * Vi mt ng lm mi, l ng phi t cht ti thiu K=0.9 trong phm vi 1,2m v vi mt ng nng cp l 0,3m k t trn mt. * Hon thin rnh dc. 3.7.2. Thi cng mt ng thm nhp su: + Mt ng thm nhp su c chiu dy 6 - 8 cm nn lp dm c bn l cc loi dm tiu chun, ( 40x 60) v ti nha thm nhp ht chiu dy. Lp ny thng c thit k v thi cng thnh mt lp ring trn cc lp mng dm nc, cp phi thin nhin, t gia c,... c thi cng hon chnh. + Trnh t thi cng: 1,2,3: Nh trn. 4- Ti nha nng ln 1: tiu chun 5 - 6 kg/m 2 5- Ri , si 10 x 20 mm: tiu chun 18 - 20 dm 3/m2 6- Dng lu 6 -8 tn ln p 14 lt/im, tc khong 2 km/h 7- Ti nha ln th hai: tiu chun 2 - 3 kg/m 2 8- Ri 5 - 10 mm: tiu chun 13 - 15 dm 3/m2 9- Dng lu 6 - 8 tn ln p 6 - 8 lt /im, tc 2 km/h. 10- Nh trn. Ch : Lp thm nhp nh, thm nhp su khi dng lm mng ca mt ng BTN th khng cn phi thi cng lp 5 - 10 mm. 3.7.3. Thi cng mt ng bn thm nhp: + Mt ng thm nhp su c chiu dy 8 - 15 cm nn lp dm c bn l cc loi dm tiu chun (chn 4x6, 5x7 hay 6x8 cn c vo chiu dy lp bn thm nhp thit k, sao cho m bo yu cu D 0.8h) v ti nha thm nhp n mt chiu su no , thng khong 3 - 4 cm. Lp ny thng c thit k v thi cng trn mt ng dm nc c, xo xi ln gia c nha.. + Trnh t thi cng: - Chun b mt ng c: trc tin phi lm sch mt ng dm c ri cy xi lp dm c ln bng cc loi my xi ko theo hoc t hnh, hoc b phn xi gn my san. Chiu su xi tu thuc vo su cn thm nhp nha v su ca cc g. Nu mt ng c c g th c th cy xi su hn chiu su cn thm nhp nha nhng
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phi cha li t nht l 6 cm mt ng c. S dm xi xi ln c gom thnh lung dc hai bn, ri dng my san, san u thnh mt lp bng phng, hnh mui luyn. Nu qu bn, v qu nhiu th phi sng lc, ra sch ri b sung thm dm tiu chun mi vo trc khi san. - Sau trnh t thi cng hon ton nh mt ng dm nc. Nhng ch , ch thi cng lu ln ti 80% ca giai on 2 th dng li. Trong khi lu ln phi hn ch lng nc ti ri mc ti thiu cn thit khi v khi lu. - Ch cho mt ng tht kh, mt nhn khng thy vt m mi ti nha nng ln 1: tiu chun 3.5 kg/m 2 - Ri , si 10 x 20 mm: tiu chun 18 - 20 dm 3/m2. - Dng lu 6 -8 tn ln p 10 - 14 lt/im, V khong 2 km/h. - Ti nha ln th hai: tiu chun 2 - 2.5 kg/m 2. - Ri 5 - 10 mm: tiu chun 13 - 15 dm3/m2. - Dng lu 6 - 8 tn ln p 6 - 8 lt /im, tc 2 km/h. 3.7.4. Bo dng: + Trn cc mt ng nha ang thi cng thm nhp nha nng, ch cho cc loi xe bnh lp i qua vi tc hn ch 5 km/h sau khi ri lp , si 10 - 20 mm hoc 5 - 10 mm trn mt nha. + Ch cho php cc loi xe bnh ai st i qua li sau khi mt ng n nh hnh thnh cng . + Trong vng 48 gi k t khi thi cng xong, xe phi chy hn ch tc khng qu 20 km/h. + Sau khi lm xong, mt ng nha phi c chm sc, bo dng trong 10 ngy. C th l phi qut vun vo trong mt ng nhng vin , si b bay t ra ngoi h ng, iu chnh cho xe chy u khp b mt. 3.8. Nhng ch khi thi cng mt ng thm nhp nha: + Ch c thi cng vo nhng ngy kh ro, mt cng nh mt ng khng nhn thy vt m. Nhit ngoi tri khi thi cng khng c thp hn 150C. + un nha: Nh mt ng lng nha + Cng tc ti nha: nha ti phi u n, ph kn b mt, khng li . Hm lng nha ti phi tiu chun + Ti nha n u phi ra chn v lu ngay n y, nhm trnh hin tng nha b ngui m lp lng nha cha lu ln xong. Khi ny dnh bm gia nha v cc vin s khng c m bo. Do vy vic quyt nh chiu di thi cng rt quan trng.

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4. Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha.

4.1. Khi nim chung. + Mt v mng ng lm bng hn hp trn nha c hiu l mt hn hp ct liu khong cht l dm hay si m trn vi nha theo mt t l nht nh ri lu ln cht to thnh lp mt ng. - Khi hn hp ct liu dm hay si c thnh phn ht theo nguyn l cp phi nguyn l cp phi tt nht, em trn vi nha th gi l mt ng hn hp en. Cng mt ng hnh thnh theo nguyn l cp phi kt hp vi lc dnh kt ca nha - Khi ct liu l dm c kch c ng u: 20x40mm, 10x20mm, 3 - 10mm c trn ring r vi nha, ln lt em ri theo nguyn l nh chn to ri lu ln cht li th c gi l mt ng dm en. Cng mt ng hnh thnh da vo lc chn mc ca cc vin kt hp lc dnh kt ca nha. + Lp hn hp trn nha c u im hn mt ng thm nhp ch lng nha yu cu t hn, nha li phn b u khp hn trn b mt ca cc ht ct liu khong vt. 4.2. Phn loi. + Cn c vo phng php ch to: 2 loi - Hn hp trn nha trn ti ng - Hn hp trn nha trn trong thit b + Cn c rng: - Hn hp trn nha cht. - Hn hp trn nha rng + Cn c vo nhit lc ri: - Hn hp trn nha ri nng: nhit lc ri 120 - 160 0C - Hn hp trn nha ri m: nhit lc ri 50 - 110 0C - Hn hp trn nha ri ngui: nhit lc ri bng nhit khng kh khong 250C + Hn hp thi cng theo phng php ri nng: dng nha c c nht cao v trn trong thit b. khi trn phi rang nng ct liu v un nng nha. Do vy n c cng cao nht. + Hn hp ri m: dng nha c va hoc nha lng c nht cao. Hn hp ri m c ch to ti trm trn, trc khi trn ct liu cng phi rang nng. + Hn hp ri ngui: ch to hn hp ri ngui c th theo 3 phng php sau:

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- Vt liu v nha khng phi rang trc khi trn. Thch hp vi phng php trn ti ng v s dng nh tng. - Ct liu phi rang nng trc, Trn vi nha c un nng n nhit 60 - 800C. C th trn ti ng hoc trong thit b. Dng nha lng c nht ln nh tng. - Ct liu v nha u c nung n nhit 80 - 100 0C v trn nng trong thit b. Sau vo kho cho hn hp ngui xung bng nhit khng kh ri em ri. Khi ny dng nha lng c nht cao hn phng php th hai.

5. Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha ti mt ng.

5.1. Phm vi s dng, u nhc im. Mt ng lm theo phng php ny c th s dng trong cc trng hp sau: - c s dng cho mng v mt ng mi. - Dng khi cn gia cng mt ng c (xo xi lp dm hay cp phi si sn ln ri dng nha s l, hoc khi cn gia cng thm chiu dy ca mt ng c). Thng dng phng php trn ti ng khi c iu kin s dng vt liu ti ch (v d nh c m cp phi si sn thin nhin gn ni xy dng), nh vy s nng cao c hiu qu kinh t do gim gi thnh vn chuyn vt liu. t khi dng dm trn nha ti ng tr trng hp xo xi lp dm c. Nhc im ca phng php ny l: - Cng v n nh nc ca mt ng thp hn so vi phng php trn nng trong thit b, v phi dng nha lng c nht nh. - Thi gian hnh thnh cng mt ng ko di, do vy lm tr ngi cho vic thi cng cc lp tip theo. - Tn nhiu cng sc cho vic bo dng v sa cha trong thi gian mt ng hnh thnh cng cng nh trong thi gian s dng mt ng. - Ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit v khng th dng phng php ny trong thi k ma nhiu. 5.2. Yu cu vt liu. a. Yu cu i vi C th dng hai loi vt liu sau: + Theo kiu dm: dm en. + Theo kiu cp phi
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- phi cng v hao mn theo quy nh (cng nn v ch tiu LA). - Nu l vt liu cp phi th phi tun theo mt cp phi tng i cht. Nu thiu cc thnh phn ht mn (<0.071mm) c th thm vo mt lng t bt hoc tt hn l thm vo mt lng bt khong c ti ch. Nu c d tnh s thm vo hn hp cht ph gia l bt vi hoc xi mng nng cao tnh cht c l th c th gim bt lng ht mn i 3-5%. - Lng ht st (<0,005mm) c trong hn hp khng c ln hn 3% (nu lng st qu nhiu th s lm gim cht lng mt v mng ng ng thi kh trn trong lc thi cng v gy tn nha. - m ca phi c m 1-4% nu trn vi nha lng, 3-7% nu trn vi nh tng. b. Nha ng Nha ng: dng nha lng ch t du m, c th dng loi ng c chm v ng c va. Hoc c th dng nh tng. 5.3. Trnh t thi cng. + Chun b mng ng: mng ng phi bng phng, c mui luyn ( dc ngang 2-3%). Nhng ch li lm, g phi c v li cn thn v lu ln cht. L ng phi c bt dc ra pha ngoi 4-5% thot nc. Nu phi xo xi li mt ng c th phi loi b cc ht khng dng c. + Vn chuyn hn hp vt liu ra mt ng v gom thnh lung hay ri thnh lp. Dng xe ben vn chuyn hn hp ra mt ng, thnh ng ngay trn mt ca mng ng. Dng my san t hnh nh thnh lung dc theo tim ng sao cho lung c tit din hnh tam gic hoc hnh thang. Trng hp hn hp khng cc thnh phn ht quy nh th phi vn chuyn vt liu ph thm ra mt ng v nh thnh lung dc theo tim ng hoc thnh tng ng nh cch u nhau theo khi lng cn thit sau dng my san trn u hai loi vt liu li ri nh thnh lung dc theo tim ng. Khi c dng thm cht ph gia nh vi, xi mng hoc thm c ht mn nh bt khong, t bt m khi lng khng ln lm th dng my ri vt liu bt hoc dng th cng ri thnh mt lp mng ln trn lp vt liu c bn ri dng my san t hnh hoc my phay t trn u. + Vn chuyn nha hoc nh tng ra mt ng. + Trn hn hp vi nha. Tu theo thit b v my mc s dng m ta c cc cch trn khc nhau:

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- Trn bng cc my trn di ng. Phng php ny c u im l nng sut cao, cht lng tt. - Trn bng cch dng mt hoc nhiu my phi hp vi nhau nh my san, my phay t, my ba a. Ch : - Nu dng nh tng th sau khi trn, phi mt ngy sau cho nh tng c thi gian phn tch mt phn ri mi san thnh lp. - Nu dng nha lng c tc ng c va th thi gian trn khng nn qu 1 ngy, nu dng nha ng c chm th khng nn qu 2 ngy. - Lc trn, nu gp tri ma th phi gom li thnh tng ng, sau khi ma tnh dng my san o hn hp vt liu nhiu ln cho kh bt i. - Sau khi trn nha phi bc u khp cc ht vt liu, hn hp cng mt mu sc, cc ht khng dnh li vi nhau thnh cc. + Ri thnh lp, san phng v to mui luyn. + Lu ln: Tt nht l dng lu bnh lp lu 6-8l/im sau dng lu nng bnh thp 10-12T lu4-6l/im. Nu khng c lu bnh lp, th lc u c th dng lu nh 5-7T, lu 5-6 l/im sau dng lu nng bnh thp 10-12T lu46l/im + Bo dng: Do mt ng cha hnh thnh cng ngay nn trong 2-3 tun u, phi hn ch tc xe khng qu 40km/h v hn ch ti trng xe (khng cho xe nng i vo), ng thi iu chnh cho xe chy u khp mt ng. Sau khi iu chnh xe chy trong 2-3 tun, cn lm thm lp lng mt bn trn.

6. Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha sn thit b (Trn trong my trn)

Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha trong my trn c cht lng tt hn l lm theo phng php trn ti ng. Loi mt ng ny c th chu c 4000 xe c trng ti trung bnh trong mt ngy m. V ch to trong thit b nn khng ch c thnh phn vt liu, hm lng nha, ch nhit trong khi rang, trn vt liu, bo m hn hp c trn u. 6.1. Yu cu vt liu. a. Yu cu i vi Vt liu hn hp trn nha thng l cp phi dm, cp phi si sn, cp phi si ct c thnh phn gn vi cp phi chun. phi c cng chu nn v mi mn quy nh. Hm lng st cha trong hn hp khng qu 1.5%.
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b. Yu cu i vi nha Nha c th dng cc loi khc nhau tu theo phng php ri m, ri nng hay ri ngui. - i vi hn hp trn nha ri nng th dng loi nha c c kim ln nh 40/60, 60/90, 90/130. - i vi hn hp trn nha ri ngui th dng loi nha c c kim ln ln 200/300, nha lng ng c chm, nha lng ng c trung bnh. - i vi hn hp trn nha ri ngui th dng loi nha lng ng c chm, nha lng ng c va, nh tng phn tch chm hay trung bnh. Hm lng nha vo khong 4,5-7% khi lng vt liu khi ch to hn hp ri nng v ri m, 4-4.5% khi ch to ngui. 6.2. Trnh t thi cng Trnh t thi cng hn hp trn nha trong thit b bao gm cc bc sau: + Chun b mng: mng phi c qut sch bi bn, sau ti lp nha ph bi bng nha lng ng c va theo tiu chun 0,7-1 lt/m 2 hoc c th ti bng nh tng tiu chun 0,4-0,7 lt/m 2. + Ch to hn hp trn nha trong thit b. Vi hn hp ri nng v ri m, sau khi trn xong phi vn chuyn ngay ra mt ng thi cng. Cn hn hp trn nha ri ngui c th vn chuyn ra thi cng ngay hoc ct gi cc kho bi. + Vn chuyn hn hp trn nha ra cng trng bng cc t t . C ly vn chuyn ti a ca hn hp trn nha ri nng v m tu thuc vo tc xe, tc ngui ca hn hp v nhit khng kh. Thng thng nu nhit khng kh trn 10 0C th thi gian vn chuyn hn hp trn nha ri nng khng qu 1,5h, cn vi hn hp trn nha ri m th khng qu 2-2,5h. Hn hp trn nha ra n ni ri phi cn nhit cn thit c th thi cng c d dng. Nhit khng kh cng thp, yu cu ca nhit hn hp cng cao. i vi hn hp trn nha ri ngui, c ly vn chuyn khng ph thuc vo nhit m chn tu thuc vo iu kin hiu qu kinh t. + Ri hn hp: n cng trng, t hn hp trn nha trc tip vo thng cha ca my ri. B rng vt ri tu thuc vo b rng mt ng v b rng ca my ri. Khi ri th phi ch n cht lng ca mi ni dc gia hai vt ri v mi ni ngang. mi ni dc c tt th tt nht nn dng hai my ri hot ng song song hai vt ri, mi my cch nhau 10-20m, lc my lu s lu ln cng mt lc c chiu rng mt ng, do s khng cn thy ch tip gip dc. Nu c mt my ri th

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s ln lt ri tng on cho hai na mt ng (ri so le). Khi ri vt sau phi ct thng mp vt trc, sau qut nha nng. + Lu ln: * Hn hp trn nha ri nng v m : Ri n u phi tin hnh lu ngay hn hp trn nha khng b ngui. u tin dng lu nh hoc lu va, lu 5-6 l/im, sau dng lu nng lu 12-20 l/im. Nu thi tit lnh nhit ca hn hp ngui nhanh hoc khi dng hn hp ht ln th c th dng lu nng ngay. Ch : - Qu trnh lu ln hn hp ch c hiu qu khi nhit hn hp cn nng, vo khong 50-70% nhit ti thiu quy nh ca hn hp lc bt u ri. Chiu di lu ln ca mi on thng thng 30-50m. - Tc ca my lu lc u l 2-3km/h lc sau c th tng ln 45km/h. - Khi lu phi lun b tr cng nhn bi hn hp du nht vo bnh lu nha khng dnh vo bnh. - cho mt ng bng phng, khi my lu chuyn s tin v li, phi thc hin tht m thun v khng c my lu ng lu trn mt ng cha ngui. - Phi phi hp nhp nhng gia cc khu: ch to hn hp, vn chuyn, ri v lu ln sao cho hn hp khng b ngui. * Hn hp trn nha ri ngui: Do nhit ca hn hp nha ri ngui thp nn nht ca nha v ca hn hp trong lc ri cao hn so vi hn hp trn nha ri nng v m. Do bin dng ca mt ng trong lc m nn pht trin rt chm. Nu ch dng my lu th thc t khng th thc hin c cht yu cu cui cng ca n. C th xem qu trnh lu ln mt ng lm bng hn hp nha ri ngui gm c ba giai on: giai on u lu ln bng my lu, giai on hai lu ln bng xe c chy trn ng trong khong thi gian 4-5 tun sau khi thi cng xong, giai on ba lu ln bng xe c chy trn ng trong khong mt nm. Trong giai on u thng dng lu bnh lp lu 6-10l/im sau dng lu rung lu 8-10l/im. Trong 3-4 lt u khng cho b phn gy rung hot ng, 5-6 lt sau mi cho b phn rung hot ng. Trong giai on hai phi iu chnh cho xe chy u khp mt ng v hn ch tc xe khng qu 30-40km/h. Thng phi iu chnh xe chy trong 3-4 tun. Nu xe c chy t hoc thi tit lnh th thi gian iu chnh xe chy cn ko di hn. Trong thi gian ny, cn tin hnh sa cha nhng ch li lm, tha hoc thiu nha. Sau giai on hai, mt ng t c cht v cng thng xe khng cn hn ch tc , ti trng v iu chnh ln xe, tuy nhin cng vn cha t tr s thit k.

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Trong giai on ba, khong mt nm, xe c chy s tip tc ln p mt ng, nh cht v cng c nng cao n tr s thit k.

7. Mt ng dm en.
7.1. Khi nim. dm c kch c 2x4, 1x2, 0,3x1cm c trn ring tng loi vi nha trong thit b ri ln lt em ri mt ng theo phng php nh chn to ri em m ln gi l mt ng dm en. 7.2. Phn loi. dm ng kch c trn nha c th l loi ri nng, ri m v ri ngui. dm en ri nng: dm c rang n nhit 150-170 0C sau trn vi nha nung nng n 160-170 oC trong thit b trn. Nha dng loi nha c c kim ln 40/60 hoc 60/90. Nhit lc ri khng di 120-140oC. dm en ri m: dm c rang n nhit 100-120 0C sau trn vi nha nung nng n 160-170 oC trong thit b trn. Thng dng cc loi nha c c kim ln cao 200/300, nha lng ng c chm hoc ng c va. Nhit lc ri khng di 60-80 oC. dm en ri ngui: dm c rang n nhit 80-100 0C sau trn vi nha nung nng n 160-170 oC trong thit b trn. Thng dng cc nha lng ng c chm hoc ng c va. Nu dng nh tng th khng cn phi rang . Sau khi ch to xong trong thit b phi cho dm en ri ngui h nhit xung bng nhit khng kh ri mi ch ra hin trng hoc ct gi trong kho bi. 7.3. Phm vi p dng. Mun thi cng mt ng dm en ri nng v ri m theo phng php chn c cht lng tt phi phi hp nhp nhng v ng lc cc cng vic ch to dm en tng loi trong thit b, vic chuyn ch ra hin trng, vic ri ln lt tng kch c v m ln, lm th no phi gi c nhit quy nh ca dm en khi ri. Do c nhiu kh khn nh vy nn t dng dm en ng kch c ri nng v m m ch dng theo phng php ri ngui khi bo dng sa cha ng c nh v g hoc dng b vnh mt ng c. 7.4. Trnh t thi cng lp dm en ri ngui.
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+ Chun b mng: mng phi c qut sch bi bn, sau ti lp nha ph bi bng nha lng ng c va theo tiu chun 0,7-1 lt/m 2 hoc c th ti bng nh tng tiu chun 0,4-0,7 lt/m 2. + Vn chuyn dm en c 2x4cm ra cng trng bng t t v vo my ri chuyn dng hoc thnh ng sau dng my san san. + Dng lu nh hoc lu va lu 4-5 l/im. + Ri dm en c 1x2cm vi tiu chun khong 1m 3/100m2. Dng cng nhn qut cho lt xung cc l rng ca c bn. + Dng lu nng lu 3-4 l/im. + Ri dm en c 0.3x1cm vi tiu chun khong 1-1.2 m 3/100m2. Dng cng nhn qut cho lt xung cc khe h ca mt ng. + Dng lu nng lu 6-8 l/im. + Sau khi thi cng xong, mt ng dm en c cng thng xe nhng cha hon ton hnh thnh. Phi iu chnh cho xe chy u khp trn mt ng trong vng 2-4 tun. + Sau khi cng mt ng tng i hnh thnh (sm nht l sau hai thng thng xe), cn phi lm lp lng mt. Ch : + Khng thi cng mt ng dm en nu bit chc rng sau khi thi cng xong tri s ma nhiu.

$8. Mt ng b tng nha.

8.1. Khi nim. Mt ng b tng nha (BTN) l loi mt ng s dng ct liu khong cht l dm c kch c khc nhau, ct, bt khong v cht lin kt l nha. em phi hp vi nhau theo mt t l thch hp mt nhit nht nh sau khi lu ln t c mt hn hp c cht ln nht, cng v n nh lm mt ng cp cao. + Mt ng BTN c xy dng u tin Ba-bi-lon t 600 nm trc cng nguyn bng cch x cc tm lt t -nha. n nm 1858 c, Anh, Php vn xy dng mt ng bng cc phin -nha t

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nhin. Nm 1906, ngi ta bt u dng nha ch t du m lm b tng nha. n nay, mt ng ny tr thnh mt loi mt ng cao cp ch yu A1, dng ph bin hu khp cc nc trn th gii cho cc ng c mt xe ln v ng thnh ph. 8.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh cng . Cng mt ng hnh thnh tun theo nguyn l cp phi v cht lin kt Asfalt nha ng vai tr cht dnh kt. 8.3. u nhc im. u im: + Tc chy xe cao: 80 - 120 km/h hoc hn na + C cng cao, chu c lu lng xe ln: N > 3000 xe/ng.m + C th chu c xe c ti trng ln. + Thi gian phc v lu: c th ti 15 - 20 nm. C th tham kho Bng 1 + Khng pht sinh bi, ting ng khi xe chy + t b bo mn (di 1mm/nm). + C th c gii ho khi thi cng. + D duy tu, bo dng v sa cha. + Gi thnh r hn BTXM 1,5 2 ln. Nhc im: + Cng khng n nh theo nhit : B gin khi tri lnh: gy nn hin tng nt lp BTN B chy do khi nhit tng cao: gy nn hin tng trt, ln sng trn b mt mt ng, nht l ti nhng ch chu lc x y ngang ln nh ng ba, ch dc ln, nhng ch dng hm xe. + Km n nh vi nc. Mt ng rt chng b ph hng nhng ni m t ln hay ngp nc. + Cng mt ng b gim dn theo thi gian do hin tng lo ho ca nha. + Cc loi xe bnh xch, bnh st i li trn mt ng BTN thng hay li nhng du vt lm h hng lp trn mt, nn thng khng lm mt ng BTN cho loi xe ny chy. + H s bm s gim i khi mt ng m t nn xe d b trt. Khc phc bng cch thm ln b mt lp vt liu to nhm. + u t ban u tng i ln. Nhng xt ti hiu qu gia chi ph ban u v chi chi ph duy tu, bo dng v vn ti m mt ng BTN em li so vi cc loi mt ng khc th
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cha chc y l nhc im. + p dng: do nhng u, nhc im trn nn mt ng b tng nha thng c s dng lm lp mt ca: - Mt ng cho nhng ng cp cao: cp 60 tr ln - Mt ng cao tc - Lm mt ng thnh ph - Lm mt ng ca nhng ng c ngha quan trng. - Lm mt sn bay, qung trng. - Lp thm trn mt cu b tng xi mng Bng 1: Thi hn phc v ca mt ng BTN tu thuc vo lu lng xe Lu lng xe Sa cha va Sa cha ln (xe/ng.m) Thi hn sa cha (nm) 1 000 - 3 000 6 - 11 18 - 22 3 000 - 5 000 4-6 16 - 18 5 000 - 10 000 34 12 - 16 8.4. Phn loi. 8.4.1 Theo phng php thi cng: Theo phng php thi cng BTN c phn lm 2 loi l BNT khng cn lu ln v BTN cn lu ln. a. B tng nha khng cn lu ln. B tng nha khng cn lu ln cn gi l b tng nha do hay b tng nha c. Nhit khi trn ca b tng nha do rt cao, c th ln n 1200C, nhit khi ri t 210-230oC. Hn hp b tng nha do c hm lng bt rt cao, khong 20-35% khi lng hn hp. Thng dng nha c c kim ln 10-70. Hm lng nha thay i t 9-12%. B tng nha do c th l loi ht trung (d max = 25mm) v b tng nha ht nh (dmax = 15mm). Lp b tng nha do lm mt ng thng c chiu dy t 3-4cm. Khi ri khng cn phi lu ln. B tng nha do rt hay dng c. b. B tng nha cn lu ln. Tu theo nhit khi ri m c th phn ra: b tng nha ri nng, b tng nha ri m v b tng nha ri ngui. + B tng nha ri nng: c ch to 140 - 170 0C, nhit lc ri khng c di 100 1200C. Thng dng nha c ch to t du m c kim ln 40/60, 60/90 hoc 90/130 ch to loi ny. Cng ca BTN ri nng hnh
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thnh rt nhanh. Sau khi lu ln xong, mt ng ngui xung bng nhit khng kh l xem nh c bn hnh thnh + B tng nha ri m: c ch to nhit 110 - 130 0C, nhit lc ri khng di 60 800C. Thng dng nha c ch to t du m c kim ln 200/300, 130/200 hoc nha lng c tc ng c trung bnh vi nht C 605 l 130/200. Tc hnh thnh cng ca BTN m c th thay i t vi gi n 15-20 ngy m, tu thuc vo loi nha v bt khong s dng, vo iu kin thi tit, nhit hn hp lc ri v thnh phn, mt xe chy trn ng. Tuy nhin BTN ri m c u im l c th thi cng trong lc thi tit lnh, c ly chuyn ch xa hn BTN ri nng. + B tng nha ri ngui: c ch to nhit 110 - 120 0C. Thng dng nha lng c tc tc ng c trung bnh vi nht C 605 l 70/130 hay nha c pha du. Nhit lc ri ca loi ny bng nhit khng kh, khong 25 0C. C th ct gi BTN ngui kho bi t 4 - 8 thng. Thi gian hnh thnh cng ca mt ng BTN ri ngui rt chm, c th t 20 - 40 ngy m tu thuc vo loi nha v bt khong s dng, vo iu kin thi tit v thnh phn, mt xe chy trn ng. Do s dng nha c, c kim ln thp nn dnh bm ca nha vi ln. Do vy BTN ri nng c cng cao nht, tip n l BTN ri m v cui cng l BTN ri ngui. BTN ri nng c s dng lm lp mt trn hay di ca mt ng cp cao. BTN ri ngui, m ch c s dng lm lp di trong tng mt ca cc loi mt ng cp cao hay lm lp mt trn trong ca mt ng ng cp thp hn. BTN ngui thng hay s dng hn c trong vic duy tu, sa cha mt ng nha. 8.4.2. Theo rng cn d: + BTN cht: c rng cn d t 3 - 6% th tch. Trong thnh phn dt khot phi c bt khong. + BTN rng: c rng cn d t >6% n 10% th tch. Trong thnh phn ca hn hp thng khng c bt khong hoc bt khong ch chim di 4%. Loi BTN rng ch dng cho lp di ca mt ng BTN hai lp hoc lm lp mng. 8.4.3. Theo hm lng dm: Theo hm lng dm ( dm l nhng vin c kch thc > 5 mm) b tng nha c phn thnh cc loi sau:
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+ B tng nha nhiu dm (k hiu BTN loi A): khi hm lng dm chim t 50-65% khi lng dm. + B tng nha va dm (k hiu B): khi hm lng dm chim t 35 - 50% khi lng. + B tng nha t dm (k hiu C): khi hm lng dm chim t 20 - 35% khi lng + B tng nha ct xay (k hiu D): khi c ht 1.25 - 5 mm chim khng di 33% khi lng + B tng nha ct thin nhin: khi c ht 1.25 - 5 mm chim khng di 14% khi lng vng kh hu nng, t ma v khi c nhiu xe nng chy nn dng BTN nihu dm. Tri li, vng nhiu ma nn dng lai t dm. Cn BTN ct xay hon ton c cc tnh cht v ch tiu c l cn thit tho mn cho vic lm lp mt ca ng cp cao bt k vng kh hu no, nht l khi bt khong c gia cng trc bng cc cht ph gia hot tnh b mt. BTN ct c kh nng chu hao mn tt, nhng nhc im ca n l kh nng t nn cht km hn cc loi khc nn thng c dng lm lp trn ca mt ng BTN hai lp, khng dng nhng ch ng giao, ni xe, bn bi. * Theo qui trnh 22 TCN 249-98: tt c cc loi BTN c dng u l loi nhiu dm nn khng phn loi theo tiu chun hm ny. 8.4.4. Theo c ht ln nht danh nh ca cp phi (tng ng vi c sng trn tiu chun m c sng nh hn ngay st di n c lng st tch lu ln hn 5%), BTN phn lm 4 loi: + BTN ht th: c ht ln nht danh nh 40 mm + BTN ht trung: c ht ln nht danh nh 25 mm + BTN ht mn: c ht ln nht danh nh 15 mm + BTN ct: c ht ln nht danh nh 5 mm. Theo th t trn xung, th BTN ht th c cng ln nht, tip n l BTN ht trung, cui cng l BTN ht mn. Bi v khi cp phi c ct liu ch yu to th h s ma st s tng ln, do vy m uyn n hi cng cao. BTN ht th thng l BTN rng, khng c hoc c rt t bt khong, dng t nha nn gi thnh h v b mt c g gh dnh bm vi lp ri trn n. Cn BTN ht mn l loi BTN cht nn c b mt kn, cht ch nht, chng hao mn tt hn hai loi ht th v ht trung. Do vy thng dng BTN mn lm lp mt trn cng, BTN th dng lm lp di trong mt ng BTN hai lp gm BTN ht th v BTN ht mn.

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BTN ht trung c th l loi BTN cht hay BTN rng. N c tnh cht trung gian gia hai loi trn nn c th lm lp mt trn hay lp di ca lp BTN mn. 8.5. Cu to mt ng BTN: + dc ngang ca mt ng BTN ly t 1.5 - 2%. dc dc khng nn qu 6%. Trng hp dc dc ln hn 6%, cn lm loi BTN c nhm cao hay lm thm mt lp lng mt c nhm cao ln lp BTN. + Tng mt BTN c th mt hoc hai lp: - Nu tng mt BTN ch c mt lp th nn chn BTN ht trung (c th cng l BTN ht mn) vi chiu dy 5 - 7 cm v lp mng trn ngay st lp BTN ln lm bng vt liu c s dng nha. - Nu tng mt BTN gm hai lp BTN th lp mt nn chn l BTN ht mn dy khong 3 - 5 cm, lp di l BTN ht th dy 5 - 7 cm. Nh vy tng chiu dy c th t 8 - 12 cm + Lp BTN trong mt ng BTN mt lp hay lp trn ca mt ng hai lp dt khot phi l BTN cht, loi I. Lp di trong mt ng hai lp thng chn BTN rng, loi I hoc loi II. + m bo kh nng c th lu ln cht nc th chiu dy thm 1 lp BTN thng l: 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 cm. Khi mt lp ln hn 7 cm th phi phn lm hai thi cng. + Lp BTN c th t trn: mng dm, CPD, mt ng BTN c, BTXM, v CPD gia c xi mng (chiu dy min ca n phi t 12-15cm khi tm BTXM co gin v nhit th mt ng khng b nt).

8.5 - CU TRC HN HP B TNG NHA V TNH TON THIT K THNH PHN B TNG NHA.
1. Cu trc hn hp B tng nha. + S la chn cc thnh phn cu thnh BTN khng phi l ngu nhin v ty tin. Mi thnh phn ca hn hp ng mt vai tr nht nh v c lin quan cht ch vi nhau trong vic to nn mt khi lin kt c cng , cc tnh cht cn thit khc lm mt ng. Thnh phn dm (hay cui si) lm nn sn ch yu, to cho BTN c kh nng chu tc dng ca ngoi lc v to nhm cn thit trn b mt ca mt ng. Vai tr ca ct l lp l rng gia cc ht ca sn dm, lm tng n nh ca sn v cng vi dm lm thnh ct liu khong vt ca b tng nha. Ngoi ra, ct trong hn hp BTN cn c tc dng lm gim bt lng nha v bt khong cn thit lp y l rng, l nhng vt liu t tin.
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Nha l cht lin kt ch yu dng kt dnh cc ht ct liu khong vt li vi nhau thnh mt khi. Tuy nhin tnh cht ca nha l khng n nh nhit: lc nhit cao, nht ca nha s gim xung, do c th lm cho mt ng BTN tr nn mm do. Lc nhit h thp th nht ca nha tng ln qu cao, lm cho mt ng c th qu dn, d sinh ra rn nt. Chnh v l ny m phi dng thm bt khong ch to t cc loi lmt, vi, ... ch to BTN. Bt khong c t din rt ln, vo khong 250 - 300 m 2/kg. N c i lc mnh vi nha, bin nha trng thi khi, git thnh trng thi mng mng, bao bc cc ht khong cht. Bt khong c tc dng nh mt cht ph gia lm cho nha tng thm nht, tng thm kh nng kt dnh, tng tnh n nh nhit. Chnh bt khong cng vi nha lm thnh mt cht lin kt c nhng tnh cht hn hn tnh cht ca nha n c trong vic kt dnh cc ht ct liu khong vt, cht lin kt ny c gi l cht lin kt asphan. Nh vy c th v BTN nh l mt loi cui, dm kt nhn to, trong cc ct liu khong vt c kt dnh vi nhau nh cht lin kt asphan. Cu trc BTN thuc loi ng t. Cu trc ny c th bin i do tc dng ca cc nhn t bn ngoi, c bit l nhit . + Cc tnh cht m BTN cn phi t c lm mt ng l phi khng thm nc, n nh vi nc, n nh vi cc loi tc dng n mn, c do tt nht, c cng cao thch hp. Cc tnh cht ny t c hay khng ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng, s phn b v s lin kt ln nhau ca cc thnh phn vt liu trong hn hp. Ngha l ph thuc vo cu trc ca ct liu, thnh phn cp phi ht, tnh cht v hm kng nha, cu trc v s lng cht lin kt asphan v c tnh ca s tc dng tng h gia cc thnh phn trong hn hp. Ngoi ra, cc tnh cht c hc ca BTN cn ph thuc vo iu kin ch to trong x nghip, iu kin vn chuyn, ri v m ln ngoi mt ng. V th m bo cht lng ca BTN cn phi thc hin ng qui cch trong tt c cc khu chn la vt liu, thit k thnh phn hn hp, ch to n thi cng. 2. Thit k thnh phn BTN. 2.1. C s l thuyt chung: + Thit k thnh phn BTN thc cht l thit k thnh phn cp phi ht v xc nh hm lng nha ca BTN sao cho p ng c cc yu cu s dng. Cp phi ca hn hp cng cht th cng c nhiu din tip xc gia cc ht, do lc ni ma st v lc dnh cng ln. Ngoi ra cp phi ht cng cht th cng t tn nha, gim c lng nha t do. + Nguyn tc thit k thnh phn BTN: phi m bo sao cho cp phi ca ct liu khong vt t c cht ln nht v hn hp BTN c rng cn d t c theo qui nh. a. V cp phi thnh phn ht khong cht:
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+ Cp phi thnh phn ht ca hn hp BTN: phi c chn theo qui lut cp phi tt nht hn hp BTN c cht ln nht v nh vy s khng cn qa nhiu nha. T l nha, bt khong phi va . Bi v, nu lng cht lin kt asphan qu nhiu, ngoi vic kt dnh cc ct liu khong vt v lp y cc l rng th lng asphan cn tha s y cc vin dm ra xa nhau, lm cho b tng nha c do ln v tnh chu ct km i. + Hm lng dm (c ht ln hn 5 mm) trong thnh phn ct liu cng c nh hng rt quan trng. Hm lng dm nhiu s m bo cho BTN c kh nng dnh bm tt ca bnh xe vi mt ng, ng thi m bo cho mt ng BTN n nh vi nhit hn nhit cao, gim tnh do khi nhit tng ln do vy tng c cng chng ct ca BTN. + Vi BTN t dm th tnh chng thm nc ca BTN s tt hn. Nhng BTN t dm li d b chy do khi nhit tng cao v tnh nhm b mt km. - nc ta, thi tit ma nhiu, nng nng vi nhit cao. Do vy cn phi cn nhc chn c hn hp cp phi tha mn c hai yu cu trn. Nhng vn thin v yu cu n nh vi nhit cao, c nhm tt hn c. + C th dng cp phi lin tc hoc cp phi gin on ch to BTN. - Cp phi lin tc: l cp phi m kch c ht thay i gim dn u dn, ti bt c mt mt sng no cng c lng ht cn st nm li trn sng. - Cp phi khng lin tc: l cp phi m kch c ht thay i gim dn, trong c mt khong kch c ht b gin on khng c. C ngha l: c mt on cc mt sng gia khng c lng ht st nm li trn mt sng. - Khi dng cp phi gin on phi ch BTN khng b phn tng. + Cc ng cong cp phi c lp sn tu thuc vo tng loi BTN. b. V hm lng nha trong hn hp: + Vic xc nh lng nha tiu chun cho hn hp BTN t c nhng ch tiu c l tt nht l vn rt quan trng, bi v: - Nu tha nha s lm gim cng , gim kh nng chng trt ca mt ng BTN, d lm xut hin cc bin dng trt, ln sng, ln, chy nha trn mt ng khi nhit tng cao. - Nhng thiu nha cng lm gim cng ca hn hp, gim kh nng n nh vi nc v gim tnh chu n mn ca mt ng BTN. + C nhiu l thuyt lm c s cho vic chn lng nha tiu chun, nhng c th qui lm hai phng php: - nh hm lng nha tiu chun trn c s l thuyt rng ca hn hp. - nh hm lng nha tiu chun trn c s l thuyt b mt ca cc ct liu trong hn hp. + Theo phng php th nht: theo rng cn d, xut pht t ch cho rng cc l rng ca ct liu khong vt phi c lp bng lng nha th no ch cn li mt rng cn d bng tr s qui nh.
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- Theo c s l thuyt ny th lng nha c xc nh bng cng thc: pnh = (v1 - v2) 1 / 0 (%) Trong : v1: rng ca ct liu khong vt ca mu BTN, %. v2: rng cn d qui nh ca BTN nhit 200C, %. 1 : dung trng nha 2100C, g/cm3. 0 : dung trng phn ct liu khong vt ca mu BTN, g/cm3. - Phng php ny c nhc im khng hp l l: rng ca ct liu khng phi c nh m thay i tu theo mc ln p v hm lng bt khong trong hn hp. Mt khc, khi hn hp cha nhiu bt khong th rng ca ct liu khong vt s gim xung v nh vy theo l thuyt trn th ch cn mt lng nha rt t lp cc l rng cn d ( rng cn d khong 1 - 3%), nhng thc t th lng nha ny li khng bc ngoi mt tt c lng bt khong v ht ct liu. Nh vy, hn hp s khng nha v cht lng s gim i. + Theo phng php th hai: xut pht t ch cho rng trong qu trnh trn vt liu khong vt vi nha th b mt ca mi ht khong vt u phi c bc mt mng mng nha. Nu bit c tng din tch ca tt c cc ht ct liu v chn c chiu dy tiu chun ca mng nha bc cc ht th c th xc nh c lng nha cn thit tt nht cho hn hp. - Vin th nghim cu ng Php da trn c s l thuyt trn xc nh lng nha cn thit theo cng thc sau: p = k. S1/5 Trong : p: lng nha cn thit, % khi lng ca hn hp ct liu kh ro. k: muyn hm lng nha: k = 3,75: khi ng c mt xe rt ln. k = 3,85: ng bng sn bay. k = 4,0: ng c mt xe nh, k = 4,25: mt ng b tng nha mng t trn lp mng khng c n nh. S: t din ca ct liu khong vt trong BTN, m2/kg, tnh theo cng thc: 100S = 0,17 + 0,33 + 2,3C1 + 12C2 + 135b vi: : hm lng loi ht ln hn 10mm, % theo khi lng. : hm lng loi ht t 5 - 10mm, % theo khi lng. C1: hm lng loi ht t 0,3 - 5mm, % theo khi lng. C2: hm lng loi ht t 0,08 - 0,3mm, % theo khi lng.
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b: hm lng loi ht nh hn 0,08mm, % theo khi lng. - Cng thc ca Kreamer:

p=

p v 100 100
i =1 i i

Trong : p: hm lng nha tiu chun, % khi lng. : dung trng nha, g/cm3. q: h s tu thuc mt xe, ly t 0,85 - 0,95 khi mt xe gim dn t cao xung thp. pi: hm lng loi ht c kch c i, % theo khi lng. vi: t lng nha ca loi ht c kch c i, cm3/100g, ly theo bng Bng 7-3 C ht mm T lng nha v ca cc c ht theo ngun gc , cm3/100g Bt , ct v dm t bng tch 21,5 11,7 8,5 7,3 5,8 5,0 4,0 4,1 Bt , ct v dm t bazan 18,7 10 9,4 7,4 6,3 5,2 4,5 4,1 3,6 Bt , ct v dm t afmibn 19,2 10,4 9,5 8,4 7,0 5,9 4,7 4,2 3,5 Bt , ct v dm t pocfia 24,3 14,1 11,8 10,5 9,1 7,5 6,3 4,9 4,1 Si sn, ct

< 0,09 0,09 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,6 0,6 -2 2-5 5-8 8 -12 12 - 18 18 - 25

18,7 8,4 6,8 5,2 3,9 3,5 3,3 3,0 2,8

2.2. Thit k thnh phn b tng nha: + Bi ton thit k thnh phn BTN c th chia thnh ba bc: Bc 1: xc nh cht lng ca cc vt liu khong vt v nha ch to hn hp BTN. Bc 2: tnh ton v chn thnh phn ca vt liu , ct, bt khong sao cho ct liu ca hn hp c cht tiu chun. Bc 3: xc nh hm lng nha cho BTN t c cc ch tiu c l tt nht trong iu kin vt liu c.
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+ Bc 1: cn phi tin hnh cc th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu ca vt liu. Xem cc ch tiu c ph hp vi tiu chun ra hay khng. Nu khng ph hp th phi thay vt liu khc. + Bc 2: Xut pht t ng cong cp phi tiu chun c xy dng v qui nh cho tng loi BTN. Ta xc nh t l pha trn tng loi vt liu: dm, ct, bt khong sao cho ng cong cp phi ca hn hp sau khi pha trn phi nm trong phm vi cp phi tt nht qui nh trn. + Bc 3: Xc nh hm lng trn c s kt hp gia l thuyt rng ca hn hp v th nghim. C ngha l: u tin xc nh lng nha bng l thuyt, sau tin hnh c mu th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu c l ca BTN, nu cha t th phi hiu chnh li hm lng nha a vo. Vic tnh ton thit k thnh phn BTN c hc k trong mn Vt liu xy dng nn y khng gii thiu li.

9. MT NG B TNG NHA RI NNG

(22 TCN 249-98) 1. Cc yu cu v ch tiu c l ca B tng nha ri nng: + BTN ri nng l loi c s dng ph bin hin nay nc ta lm lp mt cc tuyn ng cp cao, ng thnh ph, sn bay. Do s dng loi nha c c nht ln nn n c cng cao, n nh tt vi nc, vi nhit v ph hp vi iu kin thi tit nng m nc ta hn c so vi cc loi mt ng ri m, ri. ngui. + Cc ch tiu ca BTN ri nng phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: Yu cu cc ch tiu c l ca b tng nha cht (BTNC) Bng 7-4 T T Cc ch tiu c l Yu cu i vi BTN Loi I rng ct liu khong cht, % th 15 - 19 tch rng cn d, % th tch ngm nc, % th tch n, % th tch 3-6 1,5 3,5 0,5 Loi II 15 - 21 3-6 1,5 - 4,5 1,0
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Phng php th nghim Qui trnh th nghim BTN 22 TCN 6284

a) Th nghim theo mu nn hnh tr 1 2 3 4

Cng chu nn, daN/cm2 + 200C + 500C H s n nh nc H s n nh nc khi cho ngm nc trong 15 ngy m n khi cho ngm nc trong 15 ngy m, % th tch n nh 600C, kN Ch s do qui c ng vi S=8kN, mm Thng s Marsall n nh Ch s do qui c (kN/ mm)

35 14 0,9 0,85 1,5

25 12 0,85 0,75 1,8

6 7 8

b) Th nghim theo phng php Marshall (mu m 75 c mi mt) 1 2 3 8,0 4,0 7,5 4,0

min 2,0 max 5,0 > 75

min 1,8 max 5,0 > 75

n nh cn li sau khi ngm mu 600C sau 24 gi so vi n nh ban u, % rng b tng nha rng ct liu dnh bm vt liu nha vi

AASHTOT245 hoc ASTM-D1 559-95

5 6 1

3-6 14 - 18 Kh

3-6 14 - 20 t yu cu 22 TCN 6384

c) Cc ch tiu khc

Ghi ch: c th s dng mt trong hai phng php th nghim: theo TCVN hoc theo AASHTO nh cc ch tiu c l ca BTNC, ri nng. BTN loi II ch s dng lm lp di trong mt ng BTN hai lp, lm mt cho ng cp 40, cp 60 hay phn ng dnh cho xe p, xe my, xe th s. Yu cu cc ch tiu c l ca b tng nha rng (BTNR) Bng 7-5 T T 1 2 Cc ch tiu c l rng ct liu khong cht, % th tch rng cn d, % th tch Tr s qui nh 24 > 6 - 10 Qui trnh th
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Phng php th nghim

nghim BTN 3 4 5 6 ngm nc, % th tch n, % th tch H s n nh nc H s n nh nc khi cho ngm nc trong 15 ngy m 3-9 1.5 0,7 0,6 22 TCN 62 - 84

+ Thnh phn cp phi cc c ht ca cc loi BTN phi nm trong gii hn qui nh nh trong bng 7-2. Tuy nhin ng cong cp phi thit k phi u n. T l thnh phn hai loi ht k cn nhau khng c bin i t gii hn trn n gii hn di hay ngc li. + c c hm lng nha ti u cn phi lm cc mu th nghim xc nh. Tuy nhin c th cn c vo bng 7-2 c mt gi tr gi : ta lm th nghim vi 3 - 4 mu vi hm lng nha thay i khc nhau t 0,3 - 0,5% chung quanh gi tr gi ny xc nh chnh xc hm lng nha yu cu. Chn hm lng nha sao cho hn hp BTN ri nng phi tho mn cc yu cu nh qui nh trong bng 7-4 v bng 7-5. 2. Yu cu v cht lng vt liu ch to BTN ri nng. 2.1. dm: + dm dng ch to BTN ri nng c l loi dm nghin, c xay t tng, ni, cui si hay x l cao khng b phn hu. i vi BTN loi II c php dng mt phn cui si cha xay nhng khng c qu cc gi tr nh qui nh trong bng 7-6. + Cc ch tiu c l ca dm trong BTN ri nng phi tho mn cc yu cu trong bng 7-6: Cc ch tiu c l qui nh cho dm trong BTN ri nng Bng 7-6 Lp mt Cc ch tiu c l ca dm Loi I Loi II 800 600 12 Lp di Lp mng hn hp en 800 600 16 Phng php th nghim TCVN 1771, 1772-87 TCVN 1771, 177287
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1. Cng nn, daN/cm2 + Xay t mc ma, bin cht 1000 + Xay t trm tch 800 2. p nt (nn p trong 8 xi lanh) ca xay t cui si, %

800 600 12

3. p nt ca dm xay t x l cao + Loi + Khng ln hn, % 4. hao mn LA, %

1 15 25

2 25 35 80 4

2 25 35 80 4

3 35 45 70

AASHTOT96 Bng mt

5. Hm lng cui si c 100 xay v trong tng s cui si, % khi lng 6. T s nghin ca cui si 4 Rc = Dmin/Dmax

Bng mt kt hp vi sng

Ghi ch: - Dmin: C ht nh nht ca cui si em xay - Dmax: C ht ln nht ca vin xay ra c - Mng hn hp en dng em so snh vi phng n kt cu mng gia c xi mng + Lng dm mm yu v phong ho khng c vt qu 10% khi lng i vi BTN lp trn, khng qu 15% vi lp di. + Lng ht dt ca dm khng c qu 15% khi lng hn hp. + Hm lng bi, bn, st trong dm khng c vt qu 2% khi lng, trong hm lng st khng qu 0,05% khi lng . + Trc khi cn ong s b a vo sy, dm cn phi c phn loi theo c ht: - Vi BTN ht nh: phn ra t nht 2 c ht 10 - 15mm v 5 - 10 mm. - i vi BTN ht trung: phn ra t nht 3 c ht: 15 - 20(25)mm, 10 - 15mm, 5 - 10mm. - i vi BTN ht th: phn ra t nht 2 loi: 20(25) - 40(31,5)mm, 5 - 20(25) mm. 2.2. Yu cu i vi ct: + ch to BTN nng c th dng ct thin nhin hoc ct xay. xay ra ct phi c cng nn khng nh hn ca dng sn xut ra dm. + Ct thin nhin phi c m uyn ln M k >2, trnghp Mk <2 th phi trn thm ct ht ln hoc ct xay t ra. + i vi BTN ct, phi dng ct ht ln hoc ht trung c M k >2 v hm lng ht t 5 - 1,25mm khng di 14%. + H s ng lng ct (ES) ca phn c ht 0 - 4,75mm trong ct thin nhin phi ln hn 80, trong ct xay phi ln hn 50.

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+ Ct phi sch, lng bi, bn st trong ct khng qu 3% theo khi lng trong ct thin nhin, khng qu 7% trong ct xay, trong lng st khng qu 0,5%. Ct khng c cc ln tp cht hu c, cht gy n mn. 2.3. Bt khong. + Bt khong c nghin t cacbonat ( vi canxit, lmt, du,...) c cng nn khng nh hn 200 daN/cm2 v t x baz ca l luyn kim hoc l xi mng. + cacbont sn xut bt khong phi sch, hm lng bi, bn, st khng qu 5% theo khi lng. + Bt khong yu cu phi ti, kh. + Cc ch tiu c l ca bt khong nh qui nh trong bng sau: Bng cc ch tiu k thut ca bt khong nghin t cacbonat Bng 7-7 Cc ch tiu 1. Thnh phn c ht, % khi lng - Nh hn 1,25 mm - Nh hn 0,315 mm - Nh hn 0,071 mm 2. rng, % th tch 3. n ca mu ch to bng hn hp bt khong v nha, % 4. m, % khi lng 5. Kh nng ht nha ca bt khong, KHN (lng bt khong c th ht ht 15g bitum mc 60/70) 6. Kh nng lm cng nha ca bt khng (l hiu s gia nhit mm ca va nha c t l 40% theo trng lng l nha mc 60/70 v 60% l bt khong vi nhit mm ca nha cng mc 60/70) Tr s Phng php th nghim 22TCN 63 - 90

100 90 70 (1) 35 2,5 1,0 40 g

22 TCN 58 - 84 22 TCN 63 - 90 22 TCN 63 - 90 NFP 98 - 256

100TND M 200C (2)

22 TCN 63 - 84 (Th nghim vng bi)

Ghi ch: (1) Nu bt khong xay t c R n 400 daN/cm2 th cho php gim i 5% (2) Th nghim cha bt buc 2.4. Nha ng:
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+ Nha ng dng ch to hn hp BTN ri nng l loi nha ng c gc du m. + Nha c ch to BTN ri nng phi thng dng l loi c kim ln 40/60, 60/70 vi lp trn v 60/70, 70/100 vi lp di. C th s dng nha 70/100 vi lp trn hay 40/60, 100/150 ch to lp di nhng t thch hp hn so vi cc loi trn. + Nha phi sch, khng ln nc v tp cht. + Trc khi s dng nha phi c h s v cc ch tiu k thut ca cc loi nha s dng v phi th nghim li nh qui nh. 3. Ch to hn hp B tng nha. + B tng nha ri nng c ch to trong trm trn ri dng xe t ch ra mt ng ri. Thng l cc trm c nh do vy vic xc nh t v tr trm trn l vn cn ht sc quan tm, sao cho v tr y m bo thun tin, hp l v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao nht. + Ton b khu vc trm trn ch to hn hp BTN phi m bo thot nc tt, mt bng sch s gi cho vt liu c sch v kh ro. + Khu vc cha , ct trc h cp liu cho trng sy ca my trn cn phi c mi che ma. Bt khong phi c ct gi trong kho kn, chng m tt. + Khu vc cha nha, un nha phi c mi che. Phi ht sc ch trng n cng tc bo v mi trng. * Sn xut hn hp B tng nha: + Cc yu cu chung trc khi ch to: - Hn hp BTN c ch to ti trm trn theo chu k hoc trm trn lin tc c thit b iu khin v bo m chnh xc yu cu. - Khi lp rp trm trn, s cng ngh phi tun theo ng bn hng dn k thut ca mi loi my trn BTN. - Cc thnh phn vt liu s dng khi ch to hn hp BTN trong trm trn phi tun theo ng bn thit k v ph hp vi mu vt th nghim c a. Hn hp BTN ch to ra phi t cc ch tiu k thut m thit k yu cu. + Qui trnh sn xut: - Nha c c nu s b lng, khong 80 - 1000C, c th bm n thit b nu nha. - Trong thng nu nha, nha c tip tc un nng. Nhit ca nha khi chuyn ln n thng ong ca my trn (nhit lm vic) tu theo cp kim ln 60/70 hay 40/60, phi nm trong phm vi 140 - 1500C. Khng c gi nha nhit lm vic ny lu qu 8 ting. Mun gi nha nng qu 8 ting th phi h nhit xung thp hn nhit lm vic t 30 - 400C. Thng nu nha ch c cha t 75 - 80% dung tch trong khi nu.
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- Phi cn lng s b dm v ct trc khi a vo trng sy vi dung sai cho php l 5%. - Nhit rang nng ca vt liu , ct trong trng sy c chuyn n trn c qui nh sao cho nhit ca hn hp BTN sau khi ra khi thng trn t c t 150 - 1600 v m ca , ct cn tha sau khi ra khi trng sy phi < 0,5%. - Bt khong dng ngui sau khi cn ong ng t l c trc tip cho vo thng trn. - Thi gian trn vt liu khong cht vi nha trong thng trn phi tun theo ng qui trnh k thut ca tng loi my i vi mi loi hn hp. + Kim tra vt liu trc khi xut xng: mi trm trn BTN phi trang b y cc thit b th nghim cn thit theo qui nh kim tra cht lng vt liu, qui trnh cng ngh ch to hn hp, cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp.

4. Thi cng cc lp mt ng B tng nha. 4.1.Phi hp cc cng vic thi cng:

+ Phi m bo nhp nhng hot ng ca trm trn, phng tin vn chuyn hn hp ra hin trng, thit b ri v phng tin lu ln. Do vy trc khi thi cng phi thit k s t chc thi cng chi tit. Thng chn sao cho nng sut trm trn tng ng nng sut ca my ri. Khi nng sut trm trn thp, c th t hng thm cc ni khc. 4.2. iu kin thi cng: + Ch c thi cng mt ng BTN trong nhng ngy khng ma, mng ng kh ro v nhit khng kh trn + 50C. + Trong nhng ngy u thi cng hoc khi s dng mt loi BTN mi phi tin hnh thi cng th mt on kim tra v xc nh cng ngh ca qu trnh ri, lu ln ri mi p dng cho i tr. on thi cng th phi dng t nht 80 tn hn hp BTN. Nu on th cha t yu cu cht lng, nht l v cht, bng phng th phi lm mt on th khc vi s iu chnh cng ngh ri, lu ln cho n khi t c cht lng yu cu. 4.3. Chun b lp mng: + Trc khi ri BTN phi lm sch, kh v bng phng b mt lp mng (hoc mt ng c), x l dc ngang ng yu cu thit k. + Cc cng vic sa cha ch li lm, v g, b vnh mt ng c nu dng hn hp nha ri ngui hoc BTN ri ngui phi c tin hnh trc khi ri lp BTN nng khng t hn 15 ngy vt liu v g ny c ln p cht. Nu dng hn hp nha ri nng hoc BTN ri nng th ch cn m ln cht ngay trc khi thi cng lp BTN. + Ch cho php ri BTN khi cao mt lp mng, bng phng, dc ngang, dc dc c sai s nm trong phm vi nh bng sau:
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Sai s cho php i vi cc c trng ca mt lp mng trc khi thm BTN Bng 7-8 Cc c trng ca lp mng Sai s cho php Cao lp mng bng phng di thc 3 m dc ngang, sai khng qu dc dc trn on di 25 m, sai khng qu Dng c v phng php kim tra

+ 5mm - 10mm Bng my thu bnh, mia 5 mm 0,2% 0,1 % 22 TCN 16 - 79 Bng my thu bnh, mia hoc thc dc ngang Bng my thu bnh, mia

+ Trc khi ri lp BTN ln trn lp mng hoc mt ng c c sa cha, lm v sinh, phi ti mt lp nha dnh bm. Tu theo loi mng v trng thi m lng nha dnh bm thay i t 0,8 - 1,3 l/m 2. Dng nha lng ng c nhanh hoc ng c va (RC-70, MC-70); dng nh tng phn tch chm (nh tng cation CSS-1, nh tng anion SS-1) hay dng nha c 60/70 pha vi du ho theo t l du/nha c = 80/100 theo trng lng, ti nha pha du nhit 450 C 100C. - Trn cc lp mng c dng nha (thm nhp, lng nha,...) va mi thi cng xong hoc trn lp BTN th nht va mi ri xong cn sch v kh ro th ch cn ti nha lng RC-70, MC-70; nh tng CSS-1, SS-1 hay nha c 60/70 pha du ho vi t l du ho/ nha c = 25/ 100, vi hm lng 0,2 - 0,5 l/m2. - Phi ti trc 4 - 6 ting nha lng ng c li hay nh tng phn tch xong mi c ri lp BTN ln trn. + Phi nh v tr v cao ri hai mp mt ng ng vi thit k. Khi c va 2 bn cn nh du cao ri v qut lp nha lng (hoc nh tng) thnh va. Kim tra cao bng my thu bnh. + Khi dng my ri c b phn t ng iu chnh cao lc ri, cn chun b cn thn cc ng chun nh cao lc ri: ng chun c th dng dy cng tht thng hoc t thanh ray l ng chun t dc theo hai bn mp vt ri. 4.4. Vn chuyn hn hp BTN: + Dng t t vn chuyn hn hp BTN. Chn trng ti v s lng ca t ph hp vi cng sut ca trm trn, vi my ri v c ly vn chuyn, m bo s lin tc, nhp nhng gia cc khu. + C ly vn chuyn phi chn sao cho nhit ca hn hp n ni ri khng thp hn 1200C.

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+ Thng xe phi kn, sch, c qut lp mng dung dch x phng vo y, thnh thng xe hoc du chng dnh bm. Khng c dng du mazut hay cc dung mi ho tan c nha bitum. Xe vn chuyn hn hp BTN phi c bt che kn gi nhit, chng ma. + Trc khi hn hp vo my ri phi kim tra nhit ca BTN bng nhit k, nu nhit di 1200C th phi loi. + Thi gian vn chuyn ca BTN ri nng trn ng ni chung khng nn qu 1,5 ting. C th da trn l thuyt tnh thi gian vn chuyn ti a: tx < t p tp = . c. h. k. ln{(0 - B)/ (y - B)} / 2 Trong : tx: thi gian vn chuyn hn hp BTN trn ng, gi. : dung trng ca hn hp BTN, kN/m3. c: t nhit ca hn hp, Kcal/kg.. h: chiu dy ca lp hn hp trn thng xe, m. 0: nhit ca hn hp lc t my trn vo thng xe, 0C. y: nhit ca yu cu ca hn hp khi ri mt ng, 0C. B: nhit ca khng kh, 0C. : h s tn nhit ca hn hp BTN, Kcal/m 2.h., gm c hai thnh phn b, d. d: h s tn nhit do i lu. d = 4,23V0,66 + 3,25 exp (-1,28V) Trong : V = ( Vg + Vx) Vg: vn tc gi, m/s. Vx: tc xe t, m/s. : h s lt gi ca xe t, thng ly bng 0,6. b: h s tn nhit do bc x, ly theo bng sau: Bng 7-9 0 B b 5 7.4 1200 15 7.6 25 7.8 5 7.9 1400 15 8.1 25 8.4 5 8.4 1600 15 8.6 25 8.9

4.5. Ri hn hp BTN: Ch c ri BTN nng bng my ri chuyn dng, nhng ch hp khng ri c bng my th cho php ri bng th cng. H s lu ln ca BTN ri nng ly bng 1,35 - 1,45. a. Ri bng my ri:

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+ Tu theo b rng mt ng, nn dng 2 hoc 3 my ri hot ng ng thi trn 2 hoc 3 vt ri. Cc my ri ny i trc sau cch nhau 10 - 20 m. Nu ch dng mt my nhng ri hai vt ng thi, th phi ri theo phng php so le, b di ca mi on t 25 - 80 m tng ng vi nhit khng kh lc ri l 50C - 300C.

I II L

III IV

+ Khi bt u ca lm vic, cho my ri hot ng khng ti 10 - 15 pht kim tra my, s hot ng ca gung xon, bng chuyn, t nng tm l. + t ch hn hp i li ti phu my ri, bnh xe tip xc u v nh nhng vi 2 trc ln ca my ri. Sau iu khin cho thng ben t t t hn hp BTN xung gia phu my ri. Xe s 0, my ri s y t t t v pha trc cng my ri. + Khi hn hp phn u dc theo gung xon ca my ri v ngp ti 2/3 chiu cao gung xon th my bt u tin v pha trc theo vt qui nh. Trong sut qu trnh ri hn hp BTN phi lun thng xuyn ngp 2/3 chiu cao gung xon. + Trong sut thi gian ri hn hp BTN nng, bt buc phi thanh m ca my ri lun hot ng. + Tc my ri thch hp c chn cn c theo b dy lp ri, vo nng sut my trn, vo kh nng chuyn ch kp thi BTN ca t. Khi nng sut ca cc trm trn thp hn nng sut my ri th chn tc ca my ri nh gim thiu s ln ng i ca my ri. Tc cng cao khi lp ri cng mng v BTN cng linh ng. Vi cc my ri hin hnh: my chuyn ng s I: 1,6 m/ph; s II: 2,7 m/ph; s III: 4,5 m/ph; s IV: 7,5 m/ph. + Trong c qu trnh ri, phi gi tc my ri tht u. + Trn nhng on c i > 4%, phi tin hnh ri BTN t chn dc ln. + Phi thng xuyn kim tra b dy ca lp BTN bng que st iu chnh kp thi b dy ri. + Khi my ri lm vic, b tr cng nhn cm dng c theo my ph gip cc cng vic nh:

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- T ph hn hp ht nh ly t trong phu my ri, to thnh lp mng dc theo mi ni, san u cc ch li lm, r ca mi ni trc khi lu ln (nhng on mp hai bn sau khi my ri i qua). - Xc o b ch mi ri b qu thiu hoc qu tha nha, san lp nhng ch bng hn hp ng tiu chun. - Gt b, b ph nhng ch li lm cc b trn b mt lp BTN. + Khi phi ri 1 vt di lin tc c b rng ln hn b rng ca my khong 40 - 50 cm th c php m m thp bn p 2 u gung xon tng chiu ngang vt ri ca my. Lc ny cn t thanh chn bng g hoc ray c chiu cao bng b dy ri dc theo hai bn mp. Cc thanh ny phi c ghim cht xung mt ng. + Cc vt dng thi cng cui ngy: cui ngy lm vic, my ri phi chy khng ti ra qu vt ri khong 5 - 7 m mi c dng li. Dng bn trang nng, co st nng vun vt cho mp cui vt ri chiu dy v thnh mt ng thng, thng gc vi tim ng. - Sau khi lu ln xong phn ny, phi xn b mt phn hn hp theo mt mt phng thng ng, vung gc vi tim ng to ra mt vt dng thi cng hon chnh. + Truc khi ri tip phi sa sang li mp ch ni tip dc v ngang: qut mt lp mng nha lng ng c va hay nh tng nha ng phn tch nhanh hay sy nng ch ni tip bng thit b chuyn dng bo m s dnh kt tt gia hai vt ri c v mi. + Khe ni dc lp trn v lp di phi so le nhau t nht 20 cm. Khe ni ngang lp trn v di cch nhau t nht 1 m. Nu lp trn l BTN, lp di ngay st l vt liu gia c xi mng th v tr khe ni ca hai lp cng tun theo nguyn tc trn. b. Ri th cng: + Dng xng xc hn hp, thp tay. Khng c ht t xa hn hp khng b phn tng. + Dng co, bn trang tri u thnh mt lp bng phng, t dc mui luyn v chiu dy ri h1 = 1,35 - 1,45h, h: chiu dy thit k. + Ri th cng ng thi vi my ri bn ngoi c th chung vt lu ln, m bo cho mt ng khng c vt ni. c. X l trong khi ri: + Trng hp my ang ri b hng, thi gian sa cha phi ko di hng gi th phi bo ngay v trm trn, tm ngng cung cp hn hp. Khi ny cho php dng my san t hnh san tip s vt liu cn li nu chiu dy lp BTN > 4 cm hoc ri nt bng th cng khi hn hp vt liu cn li khng nhiu v phi lm vt dng thi cng. + Trng hp ang ri b gp ma:
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- Bo ngay v trm trn tm ngng cung cp. - Khi lp BTN c lu ln n khong 2/3 cht yu cu th cho php tip tc lu trong ma cho ht s lt lu ln yu cu. - Khi lp BTN cha lu ln t c 2/3 cht yu cu th ngng lu, san b hn hp ra khi phm vi mt ng. Ch khi no mt ng kh ro li th mi c ri tip. - Sau khi thi ma xong, khi cn thit thi cng gp, cho xe ch ct rang nng trm trn (170 - 1800C) n ri mt lp dy khong 2 cm ln mt ng lm kh. Sau qut sch ct ra khi mt ng, ti nha dnh bm ri tip tc ri hn hp BTN. Cng c th dng my hi p v n kh lm kh mt ng. 4.6. Lu ln lp BTN: + Trc khi lu ln phi thit k s lu ln hp l. S lt lu ln qua mt im c xc nh trn on thi cng th. + Vic lu ln BTN ri nng c th dng cc loi lu: - Lu bnh hi phi hp lu bnh cng. - Lu rung v phi hp lu bnh cng - Lu rung kt hp lu bnh hi. THAM KHO KHI LU LN Dng lu bnh st nh v nng: - u tin dng lu nh 5-8 T i 2-4 ln/im, tc 1,5-2 km/h. - Tip theo lu nng 10-12 T i 15-20 lt/im, tc lu 2 km/h trong 6-8 lt u sau tng ln 3-5km/h. Vo ma ng dng ngay lu nng lu 16-22 ln/im. Dng lu bnh hi phi hp vi lu bnh st: - Khi nhit hn hp cao v tri nng nng th u tin cho lu bnh st 5-8 T i 2 ln/im. - Tip theo lu bnh hi (c ti trng trn 1 bnh ti thiu l 2 tn) i 8 - 10 lt/ im. - Sau cng dng lu bnh st t 10-12 T i t 2-4 ln/im. Tc ging trn. - Vo ma ng hoc khi nhit hn hp mc ti thiu th dng ngay lu bnh hi i 10-12 ln/im. - Tip theo lu nng bnh st 10-12 T i 2-4 ln/im. Khi dng lu rung v lu bnh cng: - u tin lu bnh st 4-8T i 2-3 ln/im b phn chn ng cha hot ng, tc lu 1,5-2km/h. - Tip theo cng dng lu i 3-4 ln/im, b phn chn ng hot ng, tc lu 2km/h.
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- Sau cng dng lu nng bnh st 10-12 T i t 6-10 ln/im, tc lu 3 km/h. Dng lu c bnh trc l bnh st c chn ng, cc bnh sau l bnh hi kt hp vi lu bnh st: - u tin cho lu bnh st v bnh hi i 6-8 ln/im. - Sau cho lu nng bnh st 10-12 T lu 6-8ln/im. + My ri hn hp BTN xong n u l my lu phi tin hnh theo st lu ln ngay n y. Cn tranh th lu ln xong khi hn hp cn nhit lu ln c hiu qu. Nhit lu ln c hiu qu nht ca hn hp BTN nng l 130 - 140 0C, khi nhit ca lp BTN h xung di 700C th vic lu ln khng cn hiu qu na. + Trong qu trnh lu, i vi lu bnh st phi thng xuyn lm m bnh st bng nc trnh hin tng BTN b bc mt dnh vo bnh st. i vi lu bnh hi, dng du chng dnh bm bi vi lt u, v sau khi nhit lp xp x bng nhit BTN th s khng xy ra hin tng dnh bm na. Khng c dng nc bi vo bnh lu lp. Khng c dng du mazut bi vo bnh xe lu (tt c cc loi lu) chng dnh bm. + Vt bnh lu phi chng ln nhau t nht l 20 cm. Trng hp ri theo phng php so le, khi lu vt ri th nht cn cha li mt di rng chng 10 cm sau lu cng vi vt ri th hai, nhm lm cho khe ni dc c lin. + Khi my lu khi ng, i hng tin lui th thao tc phi nh nhng. My lu khng c dng li trn lp BTN cha lu ln cht v cha ngui hn. + Sau mt lt lu u tin, phi kim tra ngay bng phng bng thc 3 m, b khuyt ngay nhng ch li lm. + Trong khi lu ln, nu thy lp BTN b nt n phi tm nguyn nhn sa cha kp thi. 5. Gim st, kim tra v nghim thu. 5.1. Kim tra, gim st: * Vic gim st, kim tra phi tin hnh thng xuyn tin hnh trc, trong v sau khi thi cng. * Kim tra, gim st vic ch to BTN trm trn. + Kim tra s hot ng bnh thng ca my mc thit b trm trn. c bit l s chnh xc ca h thng cn ong. + Kim tra cc ch tiu k thut ca vt liu a vo ch to hn hp. + Kim tra cht lng ca BTN khi ri trm trn. - Kim tra nhit ca hn hp sau mi m trn. - Kim tra cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp BTN.

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- Kim tra thnh phn cp phi ht v hm lng nha ca hn hp sau khi trn vi cp phi ht, hm lng nha thit k. Dung sai ca hn hp thc t so vi qui nh trong thit k nh sau: Dung sai cho php ca cp phi ht v lng nha ca hn hp thc t so vi thit k. Bng 7-10 C ht C ht ln hn 15 mm tr ln C ht t 10 - 15 mm C ht t 2,5 - 1,25 mm C ht t 0,63 - 0,315 mm C ht nh hn hoc bng 0,071mm Hm lng nha Dung sai cho php, % 8 7 6 5 2 0,1 Bng sng Phng php kim tra

* Kim tra hin trng trc khi ri BTN: kim tra lp mng: bng phng, cao , ... * Kim tra trong khi ri v lu ln: + Kim tra nhit trc khi vo my ri. + Kim tra cht lng vt liu xem c b phn tng ca mi chuyn xe ch n. + Trong khi ri phi thng xuyn kim tra b dy ca lp BTN ri. 5.2. Nghim thu mt ng B tng nha. a) Nghim thu kch thc hnh hc: + B rng mt ng: bng thc thp, sai s cho php 5 cm, tng s cc ch hp khng vt qu 5% chiu di on ng. + B dy: bng phng php cao c hay khoan mu. Sai s chiu dy khng qu 10% vi lp di, 8% vi lp trn v 5% vi lp mt ri bng my c iu chnh t ng. iu ny p dng cho 95% trong tng s im o, cn li 5% cho php khng vt qu 10 mm. + dc ngang ca mt ng BTN: i vi lp di khng qu 0,005, khng qu 0,0025 vi lp trn. iu ny p dng cho 95% im o. + dc dc: cao c dc tim ng: khng qu -10 mm vi lp di, khng qu 5 mm vi lp trn, p dng cho 95% im o. b) Kim tra bng phng: dng thc g di 3 m.

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Nn dng my o hin i kim tra bng phng: nh my phn tch trc dc (APL), my o xc (BI),.... bng phng tnh theo ch s bng phng quc t IRI phi 2. c) nhm: Bng phng php rc ct. Yu cu chiu cao 0,4 mm. Nn dng cc thit b hin i nh xe o lc, thit b con lc Anh, chp nh,... xc nh nhm ca mt ng. d) cht lu ln: + H s cht lu ln K ca lp mt ng sau khi lu ln khng c nh hn 0,98. K = tn/ 0 Trong : tn: dung trng trung bnh ca BTN sau khi thi cng ngoi hin trng. Thng khoan ly 3 mu ngoi hin trng em v xc nh dung trng ri ly gi tr trung bnh. 0: dung trng trung bnh ca BTN trong phng th nghim. Ly mu BTN t trm trn tng ng vi l trnh, c y cc ch tiu: cp phi ht, hm lng nha, ch tiu c l nh trong thit k em v phng th nghim ch to mu ri th nghim xc nh dung trong ca BTN. + C 200 m ng hai ln xe hoc 1500 m2 mt ng BTN khoan ly 1 t gm 3 mu ng knh 101,6 mm xc nh dung trng tn e) Cng mt ng BTN Ett Etk f) Xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca BTN. 6. An ton lao ng Phi m bo an ton lao ng cho cng nhn, cn b khi sn xut, thi cng mt ng BTN ri nng. ==========//========== 10. MT NG B TNG NHA RI NGUI. + Mt ng B tng ngui ri ngui c mt s u nhc im sau: - u im ca mt ng BTN ri ngui l c th ct gi trong kho bi sau khi ch to, v th BTN ri ngui c th ch to quanh nm khng ph thuc vo thi tit. C ly vn chuyn ca BTN ngui t x nghip, kho bi ra n ni ri khng b hn ch v iu kin nhit . - Nhc im ca b tng nha l cn phi c mt thi gian di mi hnh thnh cng hon ton. Trong giai on u s dng, mt ng b tng nha ngui c cng v n nh nc km hn mt ng ri nng v ri m.
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+ V th vt liu BTN ri ngui thng hay c s dng trong cng tc duy tu, sa cha mt ng nha: nh v g, ln lm,... hay dng b vnh lp mt ng nha c trc khi thi cng ri thm lp mt ng BTN mi ln trn. + ch to BTN ri ngui thng s dng nha c pha du ho hay du izen. Sau khi ch to hn hp BTN, em lu kho dng sa cha mt ng. + Yu cu vt liu: , nha, du, cch ch to hn hp BTN, cch thi cng, iu kin thi cng,.... ca mt ng BTN ri ngui hon ton tng t nh i vi hn hp en s dng nha pha du. + Tuy nhin qui cp phi vt liu khong ca hn hp BTN ri ngui phi tun theo bng 7-11. + Khc vi hn hp en, BTN ri ngui c thm thnh phn ct v bt khong cht. - Bt khong cht dng khi sn xut BTN ri ngui c sn xut t vi, lmt c cng khng p khng nh hn 200 kg/cm 2, hoc t x l cao, t du. - Bt khong c thnh phn lt qua sng trong 0,071mm khng nh hn 70%. - H s ho nc khng c ln hn 1. - rng khi m cht di ti trng 300 kg/cm 2 khng ln hn 35% th tch. - Bt khong khng c vn cc.

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BNG CP PHI YU CU CA B TNG NHA RI NGUI Tn BTN ri ngui Nhiu ht nh nt BTN ct 15 95-100 10 95-100 95-100 5 63-78 77-86 95100 Kch thc mt sng, mm 3 50-70 61-78 73-89 1,25 33-56 41-61 42-70 0,63 24-43 29-49 30-52 0,315 18-35 22-36 23-40

0,1

15-2

18-2

18-2

==========//==========

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Chng 6 MT NG B TNG XI MNG

$1. khi nim chung 1.1. Khi nim. Mt ng B tng xi mng l loi mt ng cng chu un. Hn hp b tng xi mng c ct liu l (theo mt thnh phn cp phi nht nh), ct vng, xi mng, nc v ph gia c phi hp theo mt t l nht nh. 1.2. u nhc im. * u im: + Cng cao, thch hp vi tt c cc loi phng tin vn ti, k c xe bnh xch, bnh st. + Cng mt ng BTXM khng thay i theo nhit nh mt ng BTN. + Rt n nh vi tc dng ph hoi ca nc. Do vy thng hay c s dng trong nhng on ng hay ngp nc, ch thu nhit ca nn ng khng tt. + iu kin thi cng khng kht khe nh khi thi cng mt ng BTN. + Hao mn t, hao mn thng khng qu 0.1 0.2 mm/nm. H s bm gia bnh xe v mt ng cao v khng thay i khi mt ng b m t. + Tui th ln. (20 - 40 nm). + Mu mt ng sng, d phn bit vi l ng mu sm nn tng an ton chy xe v ban m rt nhiu. + Tn dng vt liu a phng. C th c gii ho hon ton trong cng tc thi cng, do y c tc thi cng, tng nng sut lao ng, h gi thnh,... + Cng tc duy tu, bo dng t v n gin. Do vy mt ng BTXM rt thch hp lm nhng khu vc t c iu kin duy tu, bo dng thng xuyn. + Vic thi cng mt ng BTXM n gin, k thut, phng tin i hi khng my phc tp, k thut thi cng b tng xi mng tng i ph cp trong ton dn. Mt khc, xi mng, , si, ct u c th l vt

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liu a phng. Do vy mt ng BTXM rt thch hp vi ng giao thng nng thn, bi v khi lng BTXM trong ng giao thng nng thn khng nhiu, nn gi u t cng va phi. * Nhc im: + Khng thng xe c ngay sau khi xy dng m phi mt mt thi gian bo dng. + Do phi xy dng cc khe co dn nn bng phng ca mt ng b gim mnh: xe chy b xc mnh mi khi qua cc khe ni nn cht lng chy xe, tc chy xe gim i rt nhiu. Khe ni l vn yu im nht ca mt ng BTXM, cn tp trung ch khc phc nhc im ny. Mun vy, cn phi ch n vn vt liu, k thut x l cc khe ni ny sao cho t hiu qu cao nht. Cng c th tng bng phng, trit tiu tc dng ca khe ni bng cch thm ln trn mt ng BTXM mt lp BTN to phng. + u t ban u rt cao. + Ting n khi khai thc ln. Trong thc t, cn phi so snh gia hai kt cu BTN v BTXM theo cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ch yu chn mt phng kt cu hp l nht. 1.3. Phm vi p dng. + Dng cho cc ng cp cao A1 nh mt sn bay, mt ng cao tc, ng dn dng cp cao, c nhiu xe nng chy (ti trng trc trn 10T/trc), p sut bnh xe ln mt ng t 5 - 7 daN/cm 2, lu lng xe chy ln vi vn tc cao. + Dng cho nhng ng hay b ngp nc, dc cao, nhng ng khng c iu kin duy tu bo dng thng xuyn. + ng vo khu cng nghip, nh my.

$-2. Phn loi mt ng B Tng Xi Mng.

2.1. Theo phng php thi cng. + Mt ng BTXM ti ch: phi mt mt thi gian bo dng mi thng xe c. + Mt ng BTXM lp ghp. 2.2. Theo cng . + Mt ng BTXM thng (#200-350). + Mt ng BTXM cng cao (#500-600).
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+ BTXM ngho (#100-150) (Ch dng cho mng). 2.3. Theo st. + Mt ng BTXM thng. + Mt ng BTXM kh ( st <1.5cm). 2.4. Theo tnh cht. + Mt ng BTXM thng. + Mt ng BTXM dng ph gia (ph gia tng do, ph gia ng cng nhanh...). + Mt ng BTXM Polime. 2.5. Theo hm lng ct thp. + Mt ng BTXM thng (khng ct thp). + Mt ng BTXM c ct thp, loi ny gm: - Mt ng b tng ct thp d ng lc: Do b tng lm ng c kh nng chu nn rt tt, cng chu nn thng bng 8 10 ln cng chu ko, cho nn nu to nn mt s nn trc trong b tng th ng sut ko xut hin trong mt ng ch bng hiu ca ng sut ko ban u vi ng sut nn trc. C hai cch to d ng lc: Nn trc: b tr ct thp dy n. Nn sau: nn BT bng cc b ct thp ko cng. - Mt ng b tng ct thp lin tc: s khc nhau v nguyn tc ca mt ng b tng ct thp lin tc so vi mt ng b tng thng l di nh hng ca cc nhn t bn ngoi (ma, nng, nhit , m,...) v nh c ct thp lin tc, s sinh ra cc ng nt ngang, cch nhau t 1.5 - 3.0 m, rng t 0.2 - 0.4 mm. V chiu rng ng nt nh nh vy v khng m rng c do c ct thp nn m bo c s truyn lc ngang gia cc tm v hn ch nc thm qua mt ng. Cng nh loi mt ng BTCT d ng lc, mt ng BTCT lin tc cng khng cn lm khe co v ch lm khe dn trn mt khong cch tng i xa. Loi mt ng ny c xem l kinh t, ph tn ct thp s c b li nh tit kim b tng v cht lng khai thc th tt hn nhiu. 2.6. Theo s lp. - Mt ng BTXM mt lp: Lm bng hn hp b tng cng mt thnh phn cp phi v mt ln trn ton b chiu dy.
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- Mt ng BTXM hai lp: b tng thnh hai lp vi chiu dy lp di ln hn chiu dy lp trn. So vi mt ng hai lp, mt ng mt lp c nhng u im sau: * Gi thnh xy dng thp hn do c th gim mc b tng v yu cu ca cng vt liu lp di. * C th t chc m nn thnh tng lp ring r khi chiu dy mt ng vt qu kh nng ca my m nn.

$-3. yu cu vt liu b tng xi mng.

3.1. Yu cu i vi B tng lm ng. + Thnh phn, tnh cht v yu cu i vi b tng lm mt ng khc nhiu so vi cc loi b tng nng dng trong xy dng dn dng, thu li,... + B tng lm ng trc tip chu tc dng ca ti trng xe chy, tc dng ca iu kin kh hu thi tit, ca iu kin a hnh, a cht v ch thu nhit ca khu vc xy dng. + cho b tng chu c cc tc dung trn y m khng b ph hng th b tng xi mng phi c cng cn thit, c kh nng chng bo mn ln v nhm. Kt qu nghim cu cho thy, dng b tng c cng chu nn trn 300 daN/cm2 s m bo c iu kin n nh chng mi mn trong iu kin khai thc bnh thng. T s gia cng ko un v cng nn (R ku/Rn) c th c trng cho kh nng bin dng ca b tng lm ng. Khi t s ny cng cao th kh nng chng bin dng, d tr cng cng ln, tc kh nng chu mi ca b tng cng cao. 3.2. Yu cu i vi vt liu trn B tng. 3.2.1. Xi mng: + Xi mng dng lm mt ng phi l loi xi mng pooclang mc 400, 300 (PC40, PC30), ring lm lp mng c th dng xi mng pooclang x l cao mc khng di 300. Mc xi mng c chn theo mc b tng, thng thng mc xi mng phi cao hn. Nu khng m bo yu cu ny th phi tng lng xi mng, iu ny s khng kinh t. + Khng cho php trn cc cht ph gia tr nh ct nghin bt hoc cht hot tnh (tro bay, x nghin,...) vo xi mng, bi v cc cht ny s lm km phm cht ca hn hp v nh hng n s ng cng
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bnh thng ca b tng. V vy ch dng xi mng pooclang c s dng cht ph gia khong vt lm lp mng. + Thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng phi c th thi cng hn hp. 3.2.2. Ct. + Ct dng trong b tng lm ng l ct thin nhin, ct nghin v ct ci thin (ct thin nhin trn thm vi ct xay). + Thnh phn ht: c trng bng m uyn ln Mk v lng ct cn st li trn sng 0.63 mm + Theo Mk, ta phn ra cc loi ct: - Ct ht ln: Mk > 2.5 - Ct ht va: Mk = 2.0 - 2.5 - Ct ht nh: Mk = 1.5 - 2.0 - Ct ht mn (rt nh): Mk = 1.0 - 1.5 + Khng cho php dng ct ht mn lm lp mt, nu lm th phi trn thm ct ht ln hay ct xay. Cho php dng ct ht nh trong xy dng lp mng. + Vi ct dng lm lp mt, phi dng ct ht ln vi lng st li trn sng 0.63 mm khng di 30%, c th dng ct ht nh vi lng st trn sng 0.63 mm khng di 10%. + Hm lng bi, st khng qu 2% vi ct thin nhin, khng qu 5% vi ct nghin. + Hm lng ht > 5 mm trong ct khng c qu 5%, hm lng cc ht nh hn 0.14 mm khng qu 10% + Ct nghin dng trong b tng lp mt phi c nghin t phn xut c cng nn khng di 800 daN/cm 2. Nu dng lm lp di th c th nghin t vi c cng khng di 800 daN/cm 2 hay trm tch c cng khng di 400 daN/cm2. 3.2.3. . + Thnh phn cp phi ca dm, si dng lm mt ng b tng xi mng phi tun theo mt cp phi nht nh. + Ct liu ht ln ca b tng xi mng l dm nghin t gc, t cui si hoc t x l cao vi Dmax = 40 mm khi lm lp mt, Dmax = 70 mm khi lm lp mng. + Nu dng dm nghin t si cui hoc si sn th yu cu phi ra sch, hm lng bn st khng qu 2%. + dm phi c dng hnh khi, hm lng ht dt khng qu 25% theo khi lng.

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+ Hm lng cc ht c cng thp trong ct liu ht ln khng c qu 7% theo khi lng vi lp trn, khng qu 10% vi lp di. + Yu cu i vi gc sn xut ct liu ln ca b tng lm mt ng nh sau: Loi ct liu ln Cng chu nn gii hn mi mong Losca gc bo ho nc, Angeles 2 daN/cm Lp mt Lp mng Lp mt Lp mng + dm sn xut t 1200 800 25 45 phn xut 800 300 40 50 + dm sx t trm tch v bin cht 30 50 + dm v si sx t x l cao + Cng c th dng si sui lm ct liu sn xut b tng xi mng. Nhng cng ko un ca BTXM si khng bng BTXM dm. Nhng dng si s tn dng c vt liu a phng, tn cng m nn. + bo m thnh phn ht ca ct liu ht khng thay i trong qu trrnh thi cng th phi phn ct liu ln ra lm hai nhm: Vi Dmax = 70 mm, chia lm hai nhm; 5 - 40 mm v 40 - 70 mm Vi Dmax = 40 mm, chia lm hai nhm: 5 - 20 mm v 20 - 40 mm + Thnh phn cp phi ca dm, si dng lm mt ng b tng xi mng phi tun theo qui lut cp phi. T s gii hn ca tng nhm ht tnh theo lng cn st li trn sng, bo m cho c thnh phn ht tt nht, vi rng khng qu 45% nh sau: Dmin = 100-50%; 0,5(Dmax + Dmin) = 40-70%; Dmax = 5-0%; 1,25Dmax = 0% Nu biu din trn th, ta s c phm vi c thnh phn ht tt nht ca vt liu l phn c gch cho. Cc loi dm, si c thnh phn nm ngoi phm vi gch cho ny u khng t yu cu.

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Lng st tch lu trn sng %

Dmin 0,5(Dmax + Dmin) 1,25Dmax

Dmax

3.2.4. Nc: + Nc l thnh phn quan trng to thnh hn hp b tng xi mng. nc thc hin phn ng ho hc vi vi cc khong vt ca xi mng to thnh xi mng l cht kt dnh ca b tng. Phi dng nc khng chc cc cht c hi cho xi mng v ct thp. + Khng dng nc c hm lng mui ho tan trn 5000 mg/lt, trong lng mi SO42- khng qu 2700 mg/l, bi v nu cao hn s gy ra hin tng n mn xi mng. + pH ca nc khng c nh hn 4 v tt nht nn dng nc ung c. + Hm lng nc trong b tng rt quan trng. V c tnh ca b tng mt ng l thi cng trn mt din rng, li t trc tip trn nn t. Do vy hm lng nc thng ln hn trng b tng cu kin. Tuy nhin chon hm lng nc bao nhiu phi c tnh ton cn c c vo iu kin thi cng, iu kin thi tit. 3.2.5. Cht ph gia: + Cht ph gia ng cng nhanh thng l mui can xi clorua v mui n. Khng dng loi ny cho mt ng b tng xi mng c b tr ct thp v gy n mn. + Cht ph gia tng do thng c ch bin t b giy, nc ta ch to c gi l dung dch en. Trn cht ph gia ny vi hm lng 0.15 - 0.2% khi lng xi mng th st ca hn hp b tng c th thay i trong phm v rng, do c th gim nh t l N/X, tuy nhin khi tng t l ph gia ny qu 1% th st ca b tng khng tng ln na.

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+ Cht ph gia ht kh c tc dng nng cao n nh nhit ca b tng ng cng, v vy n c s dng khi b tng nhit thp. 3.3. i vi vt liu chn khe. cho nc khng thm qua cc khe ni, lm hng mng v nn ng, phi chn kn ma tt nha vo cc khe co dn ca mt ng b tng xi mng. Ma tt nha phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: + Dnh bm chc vi B tng trong bt k iu kin thi tit no. + Phi n hi, c kh nng bin dng nhit thp (khng b nt ), ng thi khng b chy v phi ln mt ng khi nhit cao. + Khng thm nc. + Khng ho cng theo thi gian. + C mu sc gn ging mu ca b tng. Hin nay vn cha tm c loi matt nha tho mn hon ton cc yu cu trn nn trong qu trnh s dng, sau mi ln matit nha b hng cn phi ra sch v chn khe li. Thnh phn ca matit nha c th gm: bitum, bt cao su ti sinh, bt aming, bt vi.

$-4. cu to mt ng b tng xi mng ( Kt cu) 4.1. Cu to mt ng b tng xi mng.

4.1.1. Tm b tng: L b phn ch yu ca mt ng b tng xi mng. Tm b tng c th l BT khng ct thp, BTCT, BTCT d ng lc,..... + Chiu dy ca tm b tng xi mng do tnh ton thit k quyt nh. Thng thng n bin i khong 18 - 24 cm. Vi ng sn bay 24-36cm. + dc ngang ca mt ng BTXM thng khong 1.5 - 2%. + Tm b tng thng c cu to chiu dy khng i. Cng c khi chiu dy tm thay i, hai bn mp c tng cng lm dy hn gia. + Ti v tr gc tm, l v tr yu nht. C th tng cng bng cch b tr cc thanh thp gc tm. 4.1.2. Lp ngn cch: lm bng ct trn nha, giy duc tc dng lm gim ma st gia tm b tng v mng, lm cho tm b tng c
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th di chuyn khi nhit thay i m khng gy nt b mt. Mt khc lp ny cn c tc dng lp mng khng ht nc ca hn hp b tng. 4.1.3. Lp mng: thng bng t gia c, ct gia c xi mng, b tng ngho hoc dm. Hin ch lm lp mng ct trn cc ng c t xe chy v xe ti trng nh. Chiu dy lp mng do tnh ton quyt nh. 4.1.4. Lp mng ph: thng lm bng vt liu d thot nc. C th c hoc khng c lp ny. Mng ca mt ng BTXM thng t tng lp hn rt nhiu so vi mt ng BTN. 4.2. Cu to khe ni mt ng b tng xi mng. 4.2.1. Tc dung khe ni: + M uyn n hi ca BTXM rt ln (190 000 - 380 000 daN/cm 2 tu theo mc b tng). Khi c s chnh lch nhit gia mt trn v di, trong tm b tng xi mng xut hin ng sut ko un kh ln. gim bt ng sut ny, gip cho b tng nt ti cc v tr nh trc, cn phi chia tm b tng thnh tng tm ring r bng cc khe ni dc v ngang. + Cc khe ni ny c mc ch c th nh sau: - Bo m kh nng bin dng bnh thng ca tm b tng (co, dn, un vng) do s thay i nhit , m. - Gim bt cc vt nt dc xut hin trong tm b tng do s bt li v ch thu nhit ca nn ng gy ra. - Bo m s tip xc bnh thng gia cc tm b tng khi khng th thi cng cng thi im. + C 3 loi khe ni trong mt ng b tng xi mng: khe co, khe dn v khe ni dc. 4.2.2. Khe dn: + Khe dn cho php tm b tng chuyn dch t do trn lp mng, gim bt ng sut sinh ra trong tm khi b tng dn, n khi nhit thay i. + Khi b tng theo tng vt lin tc th b tr khe dn c thanh truyn lc. Khi b tng tng tm mt theo phng php th cng th thng lm khe dn kiu ngm.

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+ m bo cho tm b tng c th dn di v gim bt lc nn hai u tm, cn phi b tr tm m n hi bng g mm trong khe dn. Tm m ny thng lm thp hn mt tm b tng 3 cm, trn chn ma tt vo. + B rng khe dn khong 20 - 25 mm khi khong cch gia hai khe dn t 25 - 40 m. + Nu khong cch hai khe dn ln hn 40 m, th c th xc nh b rng khe dn nh sau: a = L (Tmax - T - Tcr) + trong : : h s n nhit ca b tng, = 10-5 L: khong cch hai khe dn ,mm Tmax: nhit ln nht ca b tng mt ng trong thi k khai thc T: nhit ca hn hp b tng lc thi cng Tcr: nhit co ngt ca BT khi ng cng, tng ng vi s h thp nhit l 150C. : chiu dy tm g m, thng thng = 20 - 25 mm. + Nhm trnh lc tp trung, phn tn u lc tc dng ca ti trng bnh xe sang tm b tng bn cnh th phi b tr thanh truyn lc ti v tr khe dn. - Cc thanh truyn lc b tr song song vi mt tm b tng, cch nhau khong 30 - 40 cm b tr mt thanh, gn hai mp ngoi tm gim xung cn 15 - 20 cm. - Chiu di, ng knh thanh truyn lc chn ph thuc vo chiu dy tm b tng. Ch tiu Chiu dy tm, cm 22 - 24 20 - 22 18 - 20 ng knh thanh, 24 - 26 20 - 22 18 - 20 mm Chiu di thanh, mm 60 - 70 50 - 60 40 - 50 + Khong cch cc khe co, dn c th ly theo bng sau: Khong cch cc khe co, gin trong /k kh hu iu ho ca Nga, m

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Loi kt cu mt ng v kiu khe + Mt ng BTXM khng c ct thp trn mng ct, ct si - Khe dn

Chiu dy tm b tng, cm

Nhit khng kh khi b tng, 0 C +5 5 - 15 16 - 25 26

- Khe co + Mt ng BTXM khng c ct thp trn mng gia c XM, dm - Khe dn

24 20 - 22 18 20 - 24 18

30 24 20 6 5

48 36 25 6 5

60 42 30 6 5

Cui ca 48 40 6 5

24 20 - 22 18 20 - 24 18

30 24 20 6 5

54 42 25 6 5

72 54 35 6 5

Cui ca Cui ca 45 6 5

- Khe co - Khe dn c th c cc loi sau:

Hnh 6.1. Khe dn c thanh truyn lc. 1-Thanh truyn lc. 2-Ma tt nha. 3-ng tn hoc ct tng. 4-Tm g m dy 1.5 2cm. 5-Mt ca tm nha. 6-Thp cu to 6. 7-Qut nha.

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Hnh 6.2. Khe dn c tm b tng. 1-Ma tt nha. 2-Tm b tng.

Hnh 6.3. Khe dn kiu ngm. 1-Ma tt nha. 2-Tm g m dy 1.5 2cm. 4.2.3. Khe co: + Khe co c tc dng lm gim ng sut trong tm b tng khi b tng co ngt trong thi gian ng cng, lm cho tm b tng co vo v dn ra nhit thp hn nhit khi b tng. + Khi b tng lin tc theo tng vt, thng lm khe co gi, khi b tng tng tm theo phng php th cng thng dng khe co kiu ngm.

Hnh 6.4. Khe co kiu ngm. 2-Ma tt nha. 3-Qut nha bi tum. + Kch thc a, b, c ca khe co kiu ngm c th ly nh sau: Chiu dy tm b tng cm Cc kch thc ca ngm, cm a b c l (chiu di ua ra)

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18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40

6 7 7.5 8 9 9.5 10 12 13.5

6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 13

6 7 7.5 8 9 9.5 10 12 13.5

3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0

+ Khe co gi: lm gim yu tit din ngang ca tm b tng i t nht l 1/3 chiu dy tm. Khi b tng chu ko do co ngt th b tch ra thnh tng tm ring r. C th dng my x khe hoc t trc mt thanh g xung di trc khi b tng, ti v tr ny tit din mt ng s b thu hp li. Nu dng thanh g to khe th nn dng mt thanh thp mng rch ln b mt b tng ti v tr c khe co vt nt thnh mt ng thng. Trong khe co, c th b tr hoc khng b tr cc thanh truyn lc. Nu t thanh truyn lc th khong cch gia cc thanh truyn lc khong 1 m.

Hnh 6.5. Khe co c thanh g gim yu tit din. 1-Thanh truyn lc. 2-Ma tt nha. 3-Qut nha bi tum. 4-Thanh m bng g.

Hnh 6.6. Khe co x trong b tng ng cng. 1-Thanh truyn lc. 2-Ma tt nha.

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Hin nay, cc nc Anh, M, Php s dng ph bin khe co gi to bng my x khe, khng t thanh truyn lc.

Hnh 6.7. My x trong b tng ng cng. 4.2.4. Khe dc: Khe dc l mt dng ca khe co v c th b tr theo kiu khe co gi khi tm b tng lin tc theo di hoc kiu ngm khi th cng tng tm mt. trnh cho cho khe dc khng m rng ming, cc thanh truyn lc trong khe dc c t c nh trong b tng (khng qut nha ng), to nn nhng khp mm trong mt ng. B tr c ly khe dc: cn c vo iu kin thi cng, b rng mt ng m ta chia tm cho ph hp. * Khe thi cng: Thng tn ti cui ca thi cng v nn b tr trng khe dn hoc co.

$-5. Trnh t thi cng mt ng b tng xi mng ti ch.

5.1. Chun b mng. + Thi cng cc lp mng bn di. Sau khi thi cng xong phi kim tra cao , bng phng, b rng, dc ngang ca mng. Ch : - Nu l mt ng c th phi b ph, v g v v sinh. - Nu l mng bng cht lin kt v c th ti thiu sau 7 ngy mi c thi cng. + Thi cng lp phn cch. Tu theo loi phn cch m c cch thi cng khc nhau:
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- Nu l b tng nha th dng my ri hoc san. - Nu l dm lng nha th ti nha v ri chm chn. - Nu bng giy du th tri va sau tri giy du. 5.2. t vn khun, b tr cc khe ni. + Tu theo bin php thi cng m ta dng cc loi vn khun khc nhau; - Khi thi cng bng my ri: t khun ray hai bn. Khun va cc tc dng to tm va lm ng trt cho my chy. - Khi thi cng th cng: thng t vn khun g tng tm mt. + Lm khe ni: lm khe dn: t tm g m c cm cc thanh thp truyn lc, lm khe co gi ti cc v tr theo yu cu. 5.3. Trn v vn chuyn. + Hn hp b tng xi mng c th trn theo hai phng php: - Trn trong x nghip, dng xe t chuyn dng ch ra mt ng ri. - Trn trong cc trm trn di ng ngay ti mt ng. + Trn trong cc trm trn di ng ti ng: s dung cc my trn t do hay cng bc. Sai s cho php i vi nc, xi mng khng qu 1%, ct liu: 3%, ph gia: 2%. Thi gian trn ti thiu vi my trn ri t do l 90s, my trn cng bc l 60s. Thi gian trn khng c vt qu thi gian qui nh 3 ln, v trn qu lu s lm nt v ct liu. + Trn ti trm: cho php m bo cht lng cao, c gi ho trong thi cng mt ng. + Khi trn hn hp phi ly mu xc nh thnh phn ht, v lng xi mng, v cng ca hn hp, v st ca b tng. 5.4. Ri hn hp BTXM. + Tt nht l ri bng my ri chuyn dng, nu khng c my ri chuyn dng c th ri th cng hoc bn th cng, khng c dng my san ri. Chiu dy ri ca BTXM : h 1 = K . h vi K = 1.15 - 1.3. H s ny c xc nh thng qua ri th hoc th nghim. 5.5. m nn. + m nn c th dng cc thit b sau:
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- m di: dng m gc, cnh. Hnh 6.8. m di. 1-Di chn ng. 2-ng c in. 3-Tm trt. 4-Dy cp in mm. - m l: l b mt. - m bn: m b mt. - m nga: m ton b.

Hnh 6.8. m di.

Hnh 6.9. m bn chn ng. Hnh 6.10. m nga. a) m nga bng thp ch I c lp m t chn ng. b) m nga lm bng on ray. c) m nga lm bng thanh g.

1+ Nguyn tc: m cnh gc trc, gia m sau. + Mt ng BTXM sau khi thi cng xong phi bng phng, ng mui luyn. Ch : K t lc nc vo hn hp n lc thi cng m nn xong, thi gian khng c qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng. 5.6. Lm khe. + Cng tc lm khe c chia lm hai giai on. Giai on u c tin hnh cng vi bc t vn khun gm c vic t tm g m

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v thanh truyn lc v tr khe ni ph hp vi cu to ca khe ni thit k. Giai on th hai gm c vic lm khe v rt matt nha vo cc khe . + Vic lm khe i vi khe ni kiu ngm rt n gin, ch vic tho np g con trn cng sau matt. + Vic lm khe i vi cc loi khe khc thng tin hnh theo mt trong hai phng n sau: - X khe khi b tng mi cha ngng kt (8-18h tu theo kh hu). - X khe khi b tng ngng kt. X khe, rt ma tt 5.7. Hon thin b mt. + Mc ch l lm cho mt ng bng phng, nhm. + Dng m xoa tay hoc my xoa lm phng b mt. + To nhm bng cch dng bn chi cht do, bn chi st qut ngang mt ng to thnh cc rnh nh ngang. 5.8. Bo dng. Bo dng b tng l mt khu quan trng m bo cht lng ca mt ng btng xi mng. Trong qu trnh btng xi mng ng cng cn bo m cc vn sau: + Khng cho xe c v ngi i li lm h hng mt ng. + Khng cho b tng co rt t ngt di tc dng ca nng v gi. + Khng cho ma xi hng b tng. + Khng cho nc trong hn hp b tng bc hi lm thiu mt lng nc cn thit to thnh xi mng. Trong vic quan trng nht l gi khng cho nc trong btng bc hi m bo cho b tng lun c lng nc cn thit ng cng. Cc bin php bo dng btng: + Ti nc hng ngy, c th ti bng th cng hoc dng xe phun. + T ct gi m v ti nc. + Lm nh, lu di ng. + Hin nay, ngi ta cn dng mt phng php khc bo dng l phun mt lp mng mng vt liu khng thm nc ln b mt tm b tng. (Lp ny c th l nh tng, nha lng hoc sn r tin).

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5.9. phng cc ng nt sm: + Cc ng nt ny xut hin sau khi b tng vi ngy c gi l cc ng nt sm. Phn ln l do s thay i nhit , m lm cho b tng b co rt. + phng, c th dng cc bin php sau: - Tn lng gim nh lng xi mng trong mt n v th tch v dng xi mng c lng pht nhit v co rt nh, gim nh lng nc dng cho 1 m3 b tng bng cch s dng ph gia tng do hay dng cp phi tt nht bo m d thi cng. - Gim nh h s ma st nh lp mng: ri giy du hoc lm mng cht do trc khi b tng, ti nc trn b mt lp mng trc khi . - Nhit b tng khi phi thp hn 30 0C, v ma h c th thp hn 350C - Phi khng ch thi gian xe khe tt nht, phi kp thi iu chnh thi gian b tng. - Khi xong, trong qu trnh hon thin khng mt tri chiu trc tip vo b mt 5.10. Kim tra, nghim thu. + Phi thng xuyn gim st, kimn tra cht lng vt liu trong khi trn, ri, m nn + Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: b rng, chiu dy tm + Kim tra bng phng + Kim tra cht lng khe ni. + Kim tra cng b tng: khoan ly mu em v th nghim + Kim tra thnh phn cp phi, hm lng xi mng: ly mu em v phn tch.

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