Thi Cong Mat Duong o To 4196

Chng 1
cc vn chung v xy dng mt ng t
1.1. cu to, yu cu vi mt ng. 1.1.1. Khi nim. Mt ng l mt kt cu gm mt hoc nhiu tng, lp vt liu khc nhau, c cng v cng ln em t trn nn ng phc v cho xe chy. Mt ng l mt b phn rt quan trng ca ng. N cng l b phn t tin nht. Mt ng tt hay xu s nh hng trc tip ti cht lng chy xe: an ton, m thun, kinh t. Do vy ngoi vic tnh ton thit k nhm tm ra mt kt cu mt ng c b dy, cng th v cng ngh thi cng, v cht lng thi cng nhm to ra cc tng lp vt liu nh trong tnh ton l ht sc quan trng. 1.1.2. Yu cu i vi mt ng. Mt ng chu tc dng trc tip ca ti trng xe chy, ca cc nhn t t nhin nh ma, nng, s thay i nhit ,... Nn bo m t c cc ch tiu khai thc- vn doanh c hiu qu nht th vic thit k v xy dng kt cu mt ng phi t c cc yu cu sau: - cng : kt cu mt ng phi c cng chung v ti mi im ring trong tng tng, lp vt liu. N biu th bng kh nng chng li bin dng thng ng, bin dng trt, bin dng co d n khi chu ko-un hoc do nhit . - n nh vi cng : cng phi t thay i theo iu kin thi tit, kh hu. - bng phng: mt ng phi t c bng phng nht nh gim sc cn ln, gim sc khi xe chy. Do nng cao c cht lng chy xe, tc xe chy, gim tiu hao nhin liu, ko di tui th ca xe,... Yu cu ny c m bo bng vic chn vt liu thch hp, vo bin php v cht lng thi cng. - nhm: mt ng phi c nhm nng cao h s bm gia bnh xe v mt ng, to iu kin tt cho xe chy an ton vi tc cao v trong nhng trng hp cn thit c th dng xe nhanh chng. Yu cu ny ch yu ph thuc vo vic chn vt liu lm lp trn mt v n cng hon ton khng c mu thun g vi yu cu v bng phng. - t bi: bi l do xe c ph hoi, bo mn vt liu lm mt ng. Bi gy nhim mi trng, gim tm nhn 1.1.3. Cu to kt cu mt ng. a) Nguyn tc cu to. Phn tch tnh cht ca ti trng tc dng ln kt cu mt ng (Hnh 1.1) cho thy:
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- Lc thng ng: Theo chiu su tc dng th ng sut thng ng gim dn t trn xung di. Do vy kinh t th cu to kt cu mt ng gm nhiu tng lp c cht lng vt liu (Eh) gim dn t trn xung ph hp vi qui lut phn b ng sut thng ng. - Lc nm ngang (lc h m, lc ko, lc y ngang) gim rt nhanh theo chiu su. Do vy vt liu lm tng, lp trn cng phi c kh nng chng li lc y ngang (chng trt).
P
P
x z
Nn t
Hnh 1.1. S phn b ng sut trong kt cu o ng theo chiu su.
b) Kt cu o ng mm: o ng mm l loi o ng c kh nng chng bin dng khng ln, c cng nh (nn cng chu un thp). Tr mt ng bng BTXM th tt c cc loi o ng u thuc loi o ng mm. Cu to hon chnh o ng mm nh Hnh 2, gm c tng mt v tng mng, mi tng li c th gm nhiu lp vt liu. - Tng mt. Tng mt chu tc dng trc tip ca ti trng bnh xe (gm lc thng ng v lc ngang, c gi tr ln) v cc nhn t thin nhin (nh ma, nng, nhit ...) Yu cu tng mt phi bn trong sut thi k s dng ca kt cu o ng, phi bng phng, c nhm, chng thm nc, chng c bin dng do nhit cao, chng c nt, chng c bong bt, phi c kh nng chu bo mn tt v khng sinh bi.
1 2 3 4
Tng mt
Tng mng
5
Nn ng
http://www.ebook.edu.vn Hnh 1.2. Cu to o ng mm
t c yu cu trn, tng mt thng cu to gm c 3 lp: - Lp 3: lp chu lc ch yu. - Lp 2: lp hao mn. - Lp 1: lp bo v. Lp chu lc ch yu li c th cu to t mt hoc nhiu lp vt liu. Do tnh cht chu lc (chu nn, chu un v chu ct) nn lp chu lc ch yu phi cu to t vt liu c cng cao, c kh nng chng trt nht nh. Thng thng l hn hp - nha (BTN, trn nha,...), dm gia c xi mng, cp phi dm hay dm nc c chm chn v lu ln cht. Lp bo v v lp hao mn c b tr trn lp chu lc ch yu cng c tc dng lm gim tc ng ca lc ngang, tng cng sc chng bo mn cho tng mt. Nhng tc dng ch yu l gim bt tc ng ca lc xung kch, chng li s mi mn trc tip ca bnh xe v thin nhin (v d nh: lp lng nha c tc dng chng nc thm vo lp chu lc ch yu, gi cho lp ny n nh cng ...). Ngoi ra, chng cn tng cng bng phng, tng nhm cho mt ng. Lp hao mn thng l mt lp mng dy t 1 - 3 cm, ngay trn lp mt ch yu v thng lm bng vt liu c tnh dnh: lp lng nha, BTN cht, ht mn hay BTN ct. Lp bo v cng l mt lp mng 0.5 - 1 cm, bo v cho lp di khi cha hnh thnh cng (lp ct trong mt ng m nc,....). i vi mt ng BTN v c x l nha th khng c lp ny. Lp hao mn, lp bo v l cc lp nh k phi khi phc trong qu trnh khai thc. - Tng mng. Khc vi tng mt, tng mng ch chu tc dng ca lc thng ng. Nhim v ca n l phi phn b lm gim nh ng sut thng ng truyn xung nn ng ti mt gi tr t nn c th chu ng c m khng to nn bin dng qu ln. Do lc thng ng truyn xung ngy cng b i nn tit kim, tng mng c cu to gm nhiu lp vt liu c cng gim dn t trn xung. Thng thng c 2 lp: lp mng trn v lp mng di. Do khng chu tc dng bo mn trc tip, tc dng lc ngang m ch chu lc thng ng nn vt liu lm tng mng khng yu cu cao nh tng mt v c th dng cc vt liu ri rc, chu bo mn km nhng ch yu li i hi c cng nht nh, t bin dng. Tng mng thng lm bng cc loi vt liu nh: cp phi dm loi 1, cp phi gia c xi mng, dm lng nha, dm tiu chun... (lp mng trn) v cp phi dm loi 2, t, ct gia c xi mng, t gia c nha, cp phi si sui, cp phi si ong, cp phi i... (lp mng di).
Khng phi bao gi mt kt cu mt ng mm cng bao gm y cc tng, lp nh trn m tu theo yu cu xe chy, tu theo iu kin c th n c th ch gm mt s tng lp no . V d: nh vi ng cp thp, o ng ch c th ch gm tng mt. Khi ny tng mt kim lun chc nng ca tng mng. Vi ng cp cao th kt cu o ng thng c nhiu tng lp nh trn. Hiu r chc nng ca mi tng lp trong kt cu o ng mi c th chn c cu to, chn vt liu s dng trong mi tng lp c hp l v mi xut ng n cc yu cu thi cng c th i vi mi tng lp . c) Kt cu o ng cng. o ng cng l kt cu o ng lm bng vt liu c kh nng chu un ln, c cng cao, nn nguyn l lm vic ca o ng cng l tm trn nn n hi, (khc vi o ng mn l h n hi nhiu lp trn bn khng gian v hn n hi). V d mt ng b tng xi mng hoc mt ng c lp mng bng vt liu c gia c xi mng. Do c cng rt cao nn o ng cng c bin dng ln rt nh di tc dng ca ti trng bnh xe, tm BTXM chu ng sut ko un ln hn mt ng mm, c ngha l tm BTXM chu hu ht tc dng ca ti trng bnh xe. Vo vy, mt kt cu o ng cng c t tng lp hp kt cu o ng mm. Cu to mt kt cu o ng cng: gm tng mt v tng mng
Tng mt: tm BTXM
Tng mng Nn ng Hnh 1.3. Cu to o ng cng
- Tng mt. Gm lp chu lc ch yu l tm BTXM. Cng c th c thm lp hao mn bng BTN ht nh (BTN mn, BTN ct). Lp BTN ny cn c tc dng rt ln l gim xc cho mt ng do cc khe ni gy ra. Tm BTXM phi c cng chu un cao, cng d tr chng li hin tng mi, hin tng ph hoi cc b gc tm do tc dng ca ti trng trng phc, lc xung kch. Khi cho xe chy trc tip trn tm BTXM th n cn phi c kh nng chu c mi mn. - Tng mng. Khc vi kt cu o ng mm, trong mt ng cng th bn thn tm BTXM chu lc l ch yu, mt khc p lc do ti trng bnh xe truyn xung lp mng rt nh v din phn b
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p lc di tm BTXM rt rng. Do vy tng mng cng nh nn t tham gia chu lc khng ng k nn cu to tng mng mt ng cng s t lp vt liu hn. Tng mng ca mt ng cng tuy khng tham gia chu lc ln nh trong mt ng mm nhng n c tc dng quan trng i vi s bn vng lu di ca tm BTXM trn. Nu tng mng khng bng phng hoc m nn khng tt, khng u, khng cng s xy ra tch lu bin dng d, ln khng u. Lc ny tm BTXM s b cp knh, iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca tm khng cn nn tm BTXM s b ph hoi. Chnh v th yu cu quan trng nht ca lp mng mt ng cng l phi m bo iu kin tip xc tt nht gia tm b tng v lp mng trong sut qu trnh chu ti. p ng yu cu ny, lp mng mt ng cng thng l lp mng ct, ct gia c xi mng, cp phi gia c xi mng,... c ngha l vt liu c cng ln, rt t bin dng d v d to phng. 1.1.4. Yu cu qu trnh cng ngh xy dng mt ng. Yu cu ca qu trnh cng ngh xy dng mt ng l nghin cu gii quyt c cc yu cu v vt liu, v k thut thi cng trn c s t c cc mc tiu: cng v cht lng s dng ca mt ng tt nht; qu trnh thi cng tin li, d dng nht v c th p dng c gii ho lm gim gi thnh xy dng. Ring v mt cng v cht lng s dng ca cc tng lp mt ng th qu trnh cng ngh thi cng c nh hng kh quyt nh. Nu qu trnh cng ngh thi cng khng m bo c tt cht lng th cht lng mt ng s st km. 1.2. Cc nguyn l s dng vt liu lm mt ng 1.2.1. Cu trc vt liu. Hn hp vt liu to nn cc lp trong kt cu mt ng thng gm c hai loi: - Ct liu: thng l t, , cui si, x ph liu cng nghip... Bt c tng, lp no trong kt cu mt ng u phi dng mt trong cc loi . - Cht lin kt: c trn vo ct liu vi mt t l nht nh tng cng lin kt gia cc ht ct liu, do lm tng cng ca c hn hp vt liu. Tuy nhin, tu theo yu cu cng nh iu kin lm vic ca mi tng lp m c nhng tng lp khng cn vt liu lin kt. Cht lin kt thng c 3 loi: cht lin kt thin nhin (t st dnh) cht lin kt v c: xi mng, vi... cht lin kt hu c: bi tum, nh tng... S lin kt, bin cng, sp xp ct liu, cht lin kt trong hn hp vt liu to ra cu trc vt liu. Cu trc vt liu lm mt ng thng 3 dng ch yu sau: Cu trc keo t (ng t): khi cc ht cng c bao bc bng cc mng mng cht lng (nh ht t c cc mng nc bao bc, cc ht khong cht c nha bao bc,...). Cng ca mt lp c cu trc keo t ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn, loi mng cht lng, s lng
v cht lng ca n. ng thi cng ph thuc vo cng ca cc ht cng cng nh s tip xc b mt gia cc ht. c im ca cu trc keo t: - Cng thp nht - Tnh xc bin t ti a: khi phc li hon ton sau khi ph hoi - Tnh do v kh nng t bin r rt nht. - Tnh n hi cao mc d tng ht khong pha rn c tnh cng v dn. Cu trc kt tinh: khi cc ht cng c bao bc bng cc mng cht lin kt bin cng (nh b tng xi mng). Cng ca loi kt cu ny cng ph thuc s lng, cht lng cht lin kt, cng vt liu khong cht v din tch tip xc gia cc ht. c im: - Cng cao nht - n nh nc cao nht. Cu trc tip xc: cc ht cng tip xc trc tip khng c cc mng lin kt ngn cch. Cng ca loi cu trc ny ph thuc vo tc dng gia cc lc phn t b mt tip xc ca cc ht v cng ph thuc din tip xc gia cc ht (ma st). Cu trc tip xc trong t hnh thnh dn dn t cu trc keo t khi cu trc keo t c thot nc thng qua qu trnh m nn. Yu cu phi s dng cc loi vt liu nh th no, c th phi quyt nh yu cu i vi mi thnh phn vt liu, t l phi hp gia cc thnh phn ra sao to nn mt hn hp vt liu m sau khi hon thnh cc khu thi cng cn thit c th t c mt cu trc c cng nht nh, p ng c cc yu cu ph hp vi chc nng ca mi tng lp mt ng. 1.2.2. Cc nguyn l s dng vt liu. Mi phng php xy dng mt ng phi da trn mt nguyn l s dng vt liu nht nh v trnh t thi cng nht nh. Mi nguyn l s dng vt liu khc nhau s quyt nh yu cu i vi mi thnh phn vt liu v s lng v cht lng, ng thi cng quyt nh cc bin php v k thut thi cng cn thit. Ngc li, nu c sn nhng th vt liu no th nn theo mt nguyn l cu to tng ng. Nh vy mi m bo c th to nn mt tng lp c li nht nht v cng v n nh cng . Cho n nay, cc phng php xy dng mt ng u da vo mt trong 4 nguyn l s dng vt liu sau: a) Nguyn l chn (Nguyn l Macadam). Ct liu l , cui si cng, sn si, sc cnh, kch c tng i ng u em ri thnh tng lp ri lu ln cht cho cc hn chn mc vo nhau. Cng hnh thnh do s chn mc, ma st gia cc hn vi nhau to ra mt kt cu cng nht nh, c kh nng chng li bin dng thng ng cng nh kh nng chng bong bt b mt do nh hng ca lc ngang.
Hnh 1.4. Vt liu theo nguyn l chn .
Hnh: Mng ng 4x6 (trc khi chn)
Hnh: Mng ng 4x6 (sau khi chn)
u im: cng ngh thi cng n gin, ct liu yu cu t kch c, do d khng ch, kim tra cht lng khi thi cng. Nhc im: - Cng lp vt liu lm mt ng hnh thnh do lc ma st, chn mc gia cc ht ct liu, do vy rt tn cng lu ln. Khi cng lu khng th s chn mc gia cc ht ct liu s km lm cht lng mt ng khng c m bo nh d b bong bt,... - Cng ca lp mt ng s khng cn khi ht ct liu b v vn nn yu cu lm mt ng phi c cng rt cao. - Trong qua trnh s dng, di tc dng ca lc bnh xe, s b trn cnh lm cho c cu chn mc, ma st khng cn na nn b bong bt di tc dng ca lc ngang, gy ph hng mt ng. khc nhc im ny, ta c th dng thm vt liu lin kt di hnh thc ti hoc trn vt liu lin kt (t dnh nho thnh bn, nha bi tum, via xi mng lng,..) vo ct liu tng cng sc chng trt cho lp mt ng. Mt ng loi ny gm: mt ng dm nc, dm bn, dm en, thm nhp nha, dm lng nha b) Nguyn l xp lt. Dng vt liu c sn hay gia cng sn (cc hn , phin , tm b tng c sn, gch block...) em xp li thnh mt ng. Cng lp mt ng ny c c ch yu da vo s chn kht, lc ma st gia cc tm, phin vt liu v sc chu ti ca lp mng hay nn t pha di.
Vt liu dng xp lt nh vy cn c kch thc v hnh dng gn nh nhau, ng thi bn thn phi c cng . Bi v cng ca lp mt ng cn ph thuc c vo kch thc, cng ca tm lt. Trng hp cn lm tng cng tnh bn vng, tnh n nh ca lp mt ng xp lt th c th dng thm va xi mng xy lt.
Nguyn l xp lt
Nguyn l xp lt
Hnh 1.5. Vt liu theo nguyn l xp lt.
Nhc im: Cha c gii ho c hon ton cng tc lt mt ng, vic gia cng cc phin lt kh phc tp, ch yu gia cng bng th cng. Hin nay, thng dng gch block t chn c sn xut theo dy chuyn cng nghip.
Hnh 1.6. Mt s gch block hin ang s dng Vit Nam.
Hnh 1.7. Thit b lt gch block t chn.
Mt ng loi ny gm: mt ng lt qu ( hc, ba...), mt ng lt cp cao (lt tm, phin, gch block t chn...).
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Trn th gii, mt ng theo nguyn l ny c th lm mt ng cp cao, b i sn bay, bn cng. Hin nay, Vit Nam ch yu dng trong cng tc lt h, b i xe...
Hnh 1.8. Gch block t chn lm ng t.
Hnh 1.9. Gch block t chn lm b i sn bay.
Hnh 1.10. Gch block t chn lm bn cng.
c) Nguyn l cp phi. Theo nguyn l ny ct liu s gm c nhiu c ht to nh lin tc khc nhau, phi hp vi nhau theo nhng t l nht nh, sau khi ri thnh, lu ln cc ht nh s lp y l rng ca cc ht ln to thnh mt kt cu c cht cao, cng ln, c kh nng chu lc tt. 9 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Hnh 1.11. Vt liu theo nguyn l cp phi.
Cp phi thin nhin
Cp phi dm
Cp phi dm
B tng ximng
B tng nha ht th (trc khi lu)
B tng nha ht th (sau khi lu)

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B tng nha ht mn (HVT C Chi)
B tng nha ht mn (BP)
Cng vt liu c hnh thnh l do lc dnh (ch yu) v lc ma st trong. V lc dnh, c 2 dng: dng keo ca cc ht c kch thc rt nh (lc dnh phn t) v tc dng tng h gia cc ht c kch thc to hn (dnh mc). - Lc dnh keo m bo tnh dnh ca cp phi v nng cao cng chng lc thng gc cng nh lc ngang ca vt liu. Dng dnh mc c tc dng nng cao cng ca cp phi, nhng khng m bo kh nng chng lc ngang. Nu cht kt dnh trong cp phi l ht st th lc dnh dng keo s thay i rt nhiu khi b m. Nu dng xi mng hay vi lm cht dnh kt th lc dnh dng keo s cao hn v n nh hn rt nhiu ngay c khi b m t. Nu dng nha bi tum hay hc n lm cht dnh kt th lc dnh dng keo s gim khi nhit tng cao (nha b chy lng) hay khi thnh phn ht b m t (lc dnh gia nha vi ct liu s gim i). - Lc dnh mc t b thay i khi c s thay i ca nhit , m. Nhng n s gim i mt khi c tc dng trng phc ca nhiu ln ca ti trng bnh xe. C hai dng lc dnh ny u c th c nng cao bng bin php lu ln cht nhm lm cho cc thnh phn ht st cht li vi nhau, tng din tch tip xc gia cc ht ct liu. V lc ma st: nng cao h s ma st trong ca cp phi th cc ht ct liu phi sc cnh, sn si, c kch c ln v ng u. Hai cp phi c cht nh nhau nhng thnh phn ht c ln khc nhau th s c cng khc nhau v ngc li. H s ma st khng ph thuc vo thi gian tc dng ca ti trng nhng n s gim i khi m tng ln. nng cao cng ca cp phi trong trng hp h s ma st trong t c tr s ti a, cn phi nng cao lc dnh. Dng t dnh trn vo cp phi c th t c yu cu ny. S lng t dnh khng th khng m bo lc dnh khi thi tit kh hanh. Nhng nu qu nhiu hay cht lng t dnh khng m bo (tnh do qu ln) th cng cp phi cng b gim khi m tng ln. Cp phi tt nht: l cp phi m cc ht c kch c khc nhau phi hp vi nhau theo mt t l no sau khi lu ln s t c mt cht ln nht. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca N.N. Ivanov mt hn hp c: 11 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
d n 1 d1 d 2 d 3 d = d = d = .... = d = 0.5 2 3 4 n g1 = g 2 = g 3 = .... = g n 1 = K = 0.81 gn g2 g3 g4

Vi K: h s khi lng gim dn, th hn hp s c cht ln nht, tc l cp phi tt nht. Khi t l ht khng i v bng 1/2 v h s K thay i t 0.65 n 0.9 th rng ch thay i khong 2%. Bt k mt cp phi no c ng cong nm trong phm vi gii hn u cho kt qu hon ton tho m n. T nguyn tc ny v thc nghim, gio s Ivanov xy dng nn ng cong cp phi tt nht ca cp phi t, hay cp phi b tng nha, b tng xi mng. d dng cho vic ch to th K = 0.81 v t l ht l 1/2. Nhng cng ca cc loi cp phi khng ch quyt nh cht m cn quyt nh lc dnh v h s ma st. Do vy, quan trng khng phi ch l rng nh nht m cn l ln ca ct liu v hm lng cc loi ht nh (nh hn 0.05 v 2 mm). V nu hm lng cc loi ht nh qu nhiu s lm cho cp phi mt i tnh dnh khi m t ng thi lm gim h s ma st lm gim cng , m uyn n hi ca cp phi. Tuy nhin nh hng ca cc ht nh ch thc s c v quan trong trong cp phi dng cht kt dnh l t st. Cn trong cp phi c cht lin kt gia c th nh hng ca m t ch r khi cht lin kt khng . V ln ct liu: khi ct liu ch yu to th h s ma st s tng ln. V th ct liu ca cp phi cng ln th m uyn ca n cng cao. Do vy trong nhiu trng hp c th s dng cp phi khng lin tc. Cp phi khng lin tc: l cp phi trong loi vt liu ht chn l rng nh hn 4-6 ln cc thnh phn ht ln nht. Nhng khi vn chuyn loi cp phi khng lin tc ny d c hin tng phn tng. C cc loi cp phi: - Cp phi t nhin: cp phi si sn (cp phi i) cp phi si ong (c ht ln hn cp phi si sn) cp phi si cui (si sui) Thng, cp phi t nhin khng t yu cu cp phi tt nht, do vy ta c th pha trn thm cc thnh phn khc (ct liu, t dnh) cho t qui lut cp phi tt nht. - Cp phi dm: c sn xut trong x nghip sn xut theo qui lut cp phi tt nht - Khi cht lin kt l xi mng: ta c cp phi BTXM - Khi cht lin kt l nha bi tum: cp phi BTN. d) Nguyn l t gia c. Vi vt liu t, m ca t quyt nh trng thi v cng ca t. Do vy, c th trn thm mt t l nht nh cc vt liu lin kt (v c: vi, xi mng, hu c: bitum), cc cht ph gia v cc cht hot tnh b mt no vo vt liu t c lm nh, nhm thay i mt 12 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
cch c bn cu trc v tnh cht c l ca t (trc ht l i vi thnh phn ht mn ca t, nh ht st) theo hng c li. C th l sau qu trnh thi cng t c gia c s bin thnh mt lp c cng cao, n nh cng ngay c khi chu tc dng bt li ca nc.
Hnh 1.12. Mt dy chuyn gia c t.
Mt ng gia c t bao gm: - t gia c cht lin kt v c: vi, xi mng. - t gia c cht lin kt hu c: nha, nh tng. - t gia c cht ho hc tng hp: SA44/LS40 do Trung Quc sn xut 1.3. Phn loi kt cu o ng. Kt co o ng c phn lm 4 cp nh sau: 1.3.1. o ng cp cao. - Cp cao A1 gm: + B tng nha cht, ri nng (tui th 15-20 nm). + B tng xi mng (tui th c th ti 40 nm). Phm vi p dng: + ng cp cao: cp 60- 80 + ng cao tc + ng trc chnh ton thnh v trc chnh khu vc cc th, ng trong x nghip ln. - Cp cao A2 gm: + BTN ri ngui, m trn c lp lng nha + Thm nhp nha + Lng nha ( dm lng nha, t gia c trn c lng nha) + Cp phi dm trn nha Tui th 8-10 nm. Phm vi p dng: + Trn cc tuyn ng cp 40- 60 v cc ng trc chnh th. 1.3.2. o ng Cp thp. - Cp thp B1 gm: + dm nc c lp bo v ri rc + Cp phi dm hoc cp phi t nhin c lp bo v ri rc (ct) hoc c lp hao mn cp phi ht nh. Tui th 3-5 nm. Phm vi p dng: + Trn cc tuyn ng cp 20, cc ng ph th nh.
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+ ng giao thng nng thn - Cp thp B2 gm: + t, t gia c bng vt liu ht, + t, ph liu cng nghip gia c cht kt dnh v c, hu c trn c lp hao mn bo v. 1.4. Trnh t thit k kt cu o ng. Qu trnh thit k kt cu o ng gm 2 bc sau: 1.4.1. Thit k kt cu o ng hp l v mt cu to. Vic thit k ra c mt kt cu o ng hp l v mt cu to l cng vic ht sc quan trng trong cng tc thit k kt cu o ng. N m bo cho o ng c bn vng trong sut qu trnh khai thc, nng cao cht lng chy xe. Khi thit k cu to kt cu o ng cn cn c nhng vn sau: - Cp ng: ng cng cao cp th cp o ng cng cao. - Tnh cht ca tuyn ng: ng cng quan trng th cp o ng cng cao. C khi, kt cu o ng c chn lai cn c hn vo ngha chnh tr hay c th ca tuyn ng. V d: ng c lu lng xe rt t nhng li dng mt ng cp cao nh ng qung trng Ba nh, ng vo cc c quan... - Cn c vo m uyn n hi yu cu: Eyc cng ln th kt cu o ng cng c nhiu tng lp vt liu, cc vt liu c s dng thng c cht lng cao v ngc li. - Cn c vo ch thu nhit ca on tuyn: on tuyn chu nh hng ca ch thu nhit bt li (nc ngp, nn thng xuyn b m...), on tuyn c nhiu sng m... th nn dng kt cu mt ng chu nc nh mt ng cng. - Cn c vo iu kin vt liu a phng: nn c gng tn dng vt liu a phng gim gi thnh xy dng. - Cn c vo iu kin duy tu, bo dng trong qua trnh khai thc: iu kin duy tu cng kh khn (chng hn do v tr a l...) th nn chn vt liu t phi duy tu, bo dng (b tng xi mng). - Cn c vo kh nng, thit b thi cng. V d: vic lm mt ng lng nha trong ng giao thng nng thn li rt kh khn do cng ngh thi cng khng ph hp vi lao ng ph thng. Khi ny, mt kt cu mt ng BTXM li rt hp l trong iu kin thi cng tn dng lao ng a phng. - V phng din thi cng: s lp mt ng cng t th cng ngh thi cng cng n gin. - Cn c vo kh nng ti chnh: phn k u t. - Chn loi vt liu lm cc tng lp trong kt cu o ng cn c vo yu cu, tnh cht chu lc, chc nng ca cc tng lp nh phn tch trn. Vic b tr cc tng lp vt liu phi tun theo qui lut p lc gim dn t trn xung. Nh vy vic chn loi vt liu vo s dng, s tng lp, b tr cc tng lp trong mt kt cu o ng phi cn c v tho m n c cc yu cu trn. 14 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
1.4.2. Kim ton kt cu o ng: Sau khi thit k c kt cu o ng hp l (chn loi vt liu s dng, chn s tng lp v b tr cc tng lp ) th ta tin hnh kim ton kt cu o ng theo iu kin chu lc xc nh b dy tng lp vt liu trong kt cu o ng. 1.5. Trnh t chung xy dng mt ng 1.5.1. Cng tc chun b. - Cm li h thng cc tim v hai bn mp phn xe chy xc nh c v tr mt ng phc v cho cng tc ln khun ng. - To khun ng. C ba phng php to khun ng: + p l hon ton: Thi cng nn ng n y kt cu o ng sau p l to khun ng. Thng thng, khi thi cng p l ngi ta khng thi cng ngay mt lc xong m p l cao dn tng lp mt tng ng vi cao thi cng cc lp mng, mt ng. Phng php ny thng p dng i vi nn p. + o khun ng hon ton: Thi cng nn ng n cao ng (mt ng) sau o t phn lng ng thi cng kt cu o ng. + Va o khun ng va p l: Thi cng nn ng n cao h sao cho khi o khun ng th phn t tha va p l ng. Thc t thi cng hin nay thng dng bin php p l hon ton. Yu cu: + Khun ng phi t c kch thc v b rng v b su. + y lng ng phi ng mui luyn thit k v trong ng cong bng nu c siu cao th y lng ng cng phi c siu cao. + Hai bn thnh ca lng ng phi tng i vng chc v thng ng v nu khng khi thi cng cc tng lp mt ng vt liu s b lu y n ra l lm cho ti hai mp khng t cht lng m ln ng thi mp phn xe chy s khng thng (nu d kim c th xp va hai bn thnh khun ng). - Lu ln khun ng. - Chun b v vt liu xy dng cc tng lp mt ng. 1.5.2. Cng tc ch yu. - Thi cng tng m ct v h thng lm kh mt ng v phn trn nn ng (nu c trong thit k). - Ln lt xy dng cc tng lp trong kt cu mt ng. 1.5.3. Cng tc hon thin. - Tu b b mt phn xe chy. - m li l ng nhng ch cha m bo cht lng hoc b ph hng do hot ng ca xe my hay do vt liu trong qu trnh thi cng. - Chnh sa taluy, r nh.
15
1.6. cc bin php lm kh mt ng v phn trn ca nn ng. Nh bit cng ca kt cu mt ng thay i tu thuc theo din bin ca ch thu nhit. Khi ch thu nhit tr nn bt li vi s c mt ca cc ngun m nh nc thm do ma, do nc ng hay nc mao dn t di ln th cng kt cu mt ng s b gim thp v di tc dng ca ti trng xe chy mt ng s rt d b ph hoi. Trng hp ch thu nhit bt li nh vy m khng p dng c cc bin php ci thin nh p cao nn ng, lm lp mt kn khng thm nc... th cn p dng cc bin php thot nc, lm kh cho mt ng. 1.6.1. Tng m ct. Bin php ph bin lm kh mt ng l xy dng tng m ct trc tip di y kt cu mt ng. c bit nhng vng dn c khng cho php p cao nn ng (ng thnh ph), c khi phi thay nn t thin nhin bng ct vi b dy rt ln, ti hng mt. Cn c vo nguyn l lm vic, c hai loi tng m ct. a) Tng m ct cha nc. Nc thm vo hoc mao dn ln c cha trong cc l rng ca tng m ct v n thi gian kh li t di chuyn i. Chiu dy ca tng ct cha nc c xc nh theo hai iu kin sau: - B dy tng m ct phi ln cha c lng nc cn thit bo m sao cho m khng nh hng ti kt cu mt ng. - B dy p ng yu cu cng i vi ring n. Theo nghin cu, nu thit k sao cho m tng i ca tng m ct khng vt qu 65-75% th mc cha nc nh vy s khng nh hng nhiu ti cng ca tng m ct. Nh vy tng m ct hu nh s c hai phn: phn di c cha nc c m uyn n hi nh hn phn trn khng cha nc. Khi bit c lng nc ln nht trong ma bt li thm vo (nc ma, nc ngm, mao dn...) kt hp vi tnh ton chu lc th s xc nh c chiu dy tng m ct. Trong iu kin ch c nc mao dn, c th ly chiu dy tng m ct bng chiu cao mao dn ln nht i vi vt liu ct lm tng m. Ct dng lm tng m cha nc c th dng loi ct xu hn, ch cn c h s thm Kt 2 m/ng.m b) Tng m ct thot nc. Nc cha trong tng m ct s c thot ra ngoi nn ng nh cc ng hoc r nh thm b tr ngang qua l ng. Nh vy, do nc c thot i ngay thng xuyn nn chiu dy tng m ct thot nc s nh hn tng m ct cha nc. Nhng yu cu cht lng ct lm tng m phi cao, h s thm Kt 3 m/ng., khi mt ng rng 7-12 m th Kt=6-10m/ng. Trong thc t, tng m ct cha nc hay c p dng i vi ng cp cao trong trng hp nn ng p thp qua vng ng bng, hay ng trong thnh ph.
16
Tng m ct thot nc thng i vi h thng r nh xng c v ch p dng c khi nn ng cao c th thot nc ra bn ngoi. c) Thi cng tng m ct. Tng m ct c thi cng thnh tng lp, b dy mi lp tu thuc vo phng tin m nn nhng khng nh hn 25cm n nh trong qu trnh thi cng. Phng tin m nn c hiu qu nht l lu nng bnh lp, lu rung hoc m chn ng. Trong qu trnh thi cng cn ch cc vn sau: - cht ca tng m ct K 0.98 - Sau khi thi cng xong phi kim tra h s thm. - Phi ti nc trong qu trnh m nn t m tt nht Wopt. Thng vi ct nh, sch Wo =12-14%, vi ct ln Wo = 9%. Theo kinh nghim mt s cng trng nc ta, i vi ct hu nh m cao th m nn cng chng cht, v m thi cng nn ly bng 1-1,4 ln m tt nht Wo tu theo phng tin m nn. - Nu trong qu trnh thi cng b ma ct qu m th sau khi ri nn dng my san trn cho kh bt. - Nn ri ct trc tip vo lng ng, thi cng n u ri n y, khng nn l trc v theo kinh nghim, nh vy ct d b bn lm gim h s thm v lng hao ht nhiu. - Sau khi thi cng xong tng m ct, th phi thi cng ngay tng mng ca kt cu mt ng, khng nn gin on qu 2-3 ngy nht l trong ma ma, nh vy mi m bo c tng m ct khng b ph hng hoc gim cht lng. ng thi, khng cho xe chy trn mt ca tng m ct sau khi thi cng xong. - kim tra cht ca tng m ct c th dng phng php dao ai (ct ht nh) hoc phu rt ct (ct ht to c ln si sn). 1.6.2. Cc bin php thot nc ra khi khu vc mt ng v nn t a) R nh xng c. R nh xng c thng dng thot nc t tng m ct khi lng nc cn thm ra khng ln v ch yu dng thot nc thm t trn xung qua mt ng ( cc loi mt ng h nh mt ng dm hoc cp phi).
imt
Tng lc ngc
il
i=12%
0.6m >0.2m >0.25m
Hnh 1.13. B tr r nh xng c trn mt ct ngang
R nh xng c vi cu to nh hnh thng rng 0.3m, cao 0.2 m trong y nc thm qua. Khi dng ct th u pha ngoi ta luy ca r nh xng c phi xp mt on
17
ti thiu l 0.25m. trnh t l ng chui vo r nh gy tc r nh cn phi thit k mng ph trc khi p t l ng: nh c lt ngc,...
C lt ngc
Hnh 1.14. Cu to mt ct ngang r nh xng c
Nu t nn ng l loi khng thm hay t thm nc v iu kin l ch c nc ma thm qua mt ng th c th khng cn lm tng m ct m ch lm h thng r nh xng c.
a) Khi dc dc id 2% b) Khi dc dc id > 2% Hnh 1.15. B tr r nh xng c trn mt bng.
lm r nh thng dng loi 6x8, dng 0.5 - 1.5 cm chn kn mt. Thng b tr r nh xng c so le nhau vi c ly L = 6 - 10 m, trn on ng cong th r nh xng c ch b tr pha bng vi c ly L = 5 m. Trng hp dc dc id > 2% th r nh xng c o xin mt gc = 60-70o xui theo hng dc. tp trung nc vo r nh, lng ng phi bt dc vo ming r nh vi dc 12% trong phm vi 0.6 m trc ca r nh. Trnh t thi cng r nh xng c: - m cht t nn ng di tng m ct n cht yu cu trong phm vi chiu dy khng nh hn 40cm k t y tng m ct.
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- o cc r nh xng c vi dc ti thiu l 3%. C th dng my san hoc my i c lp li o ph pha sau my, li o ph ny c b rng v chiu cao bng kch thc r nh. - Tin hnh p ct hoc trong r nh xng c nh thit k. - p tng lc ngc. - p l ng. b) ng thot nc. Trong trng hp lng nc thot kh ln v c th gm c nc mao dn pha di ln th dng cc ng thot nc thay th cho r nh xng c. Cc ng thng c ng knh do = 80-100mm, nu dng ng snh phi t su xung di l ti thiu 40cm. u ng pha trong phi ngp vo trong b phn thu nc mt khong bng do, pha ngoi th ra 3o ng khng b tc, bn.
imt ng thot nc
do do do
i=12%
Hnh 1.16. B tr ng thot nc t tng m ct qua l.
imt
3
do
2 1 i = 12 % 2
1. c ln 35-50mm, 2. hoc si nh 5-10mm p xung quanh theo nguyn l tng lc ngc. 3. ng thu nc
3 1
Hnh 1.17. Cu to b phn thu nc u ng
c) Ho thu nc ngang. Thng dng thot nc mt ng v phn trn nn ng nhng ch c dc dc tuyn ln hn dc ngang, nhng ch c ng cong ng lm, nhng ni t nn o chuyn sang nn p. nhng ch ny nc thng chy thm dc trong tng m ct hoc trong tng dm, cui si c rng ln.
19
y ho thu nc ngang thng o su di 0.15m k t y tng ct m, trong ho c th t ng sut c chiu di hoc ch gn u thot. Cc ng thu nc c c l hoc x khe na mt di cho nc t tng ct m thm vo. cc on khng t ng th to ho thu nc theo nguyn tc r nh ngm c tng lc ngc p xung quanh trnh ct theo nc thm vo r nh.
Bnn
Bmt 1 1
a) Ho thu nc ngang chy v mt bn b) Ho thu nc ngang chy v hai bn
Hnh 1.18. S b tr ho thu nc ngang trn bnh

1. Ho thu nc 2. Ca thot nc ra ngoi ta luy
Bnn Bmt
3. L ng
2 3
a) Bnn Bmt 1
2 3
b) Bnn Bmt
2 3
c)
Hnh 1.19. S b tr ho thu nc ngang trn trc ngang

a) Ho thu nc ngang nn p. b) Ho thu nc ngang v mt pha dng nn na o na p; c) Ho ngang thot nc vo ng dc dng nn khng o khng p 1. Kt cu o ng 2. Tng m ct thot nc 3. Ho thu nc 4. R nh c b tr ng dc.
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a) Ho thu nc c b tr ng.
d) Ho thu nc dc. Cc ho thu nc dc thng c dng ht kh mt ng trong cc trng hp sau: - nhng on ng c dc nh (id 2%) v lng nc thm v mao dn vo lng ng ln. Vic b tr ng dc c l dc sut lng ng nn nc t lp ct m c thot i nhanh chng, khng phi tp trung v r nh xng c c c thm xa hn. Cng nh c ng thm s lm gim chiu dy thm, do b dy tng m ct c th nh hn. - c bit, nhng on khng c iu kin t ng thot nc ngang ra r nh bin (ng thnh ph, nn p thp, nn o hoc khng o khng p), bt buc phi dng cc ho thu nc dc dn nc n on nn p cao c iu kin cao b tr r nh thot nc ngang hoc dn nc n cc ng chuyn tip. ng dc c th b tr c hai bn khi b rng lng ng ln (>5.5m), cn trong trng hp b rng lng ng nh hn th ch cn t mt h thng ng dc.
0.15m 0.25m
0.5m
1:3
1:3
0.35m
b) Ho thu nc khng b tr ng.
Hnh 1.20. Cu to mt ct ngang ho thu nc 1. Tng lc ngc bng dm hoc si cui c 5-10mm. 2. Li thm nc bng dm hoc si cui c 20-40mm.
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Chng 2 cng tc m nn trong xy dng mt ng 2.1. L thuyt v m nn. Cng tc m nn l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh cng ngh xy dng mt v mng ng. Cht lng m nn c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng s dng ca cc tng lp vt liu trong kt cu mt ng. S d l nh vy l do: bt c s dng loi vt liu g, xy dng cc tng lp o ng theo nguyn l no, cui cng cng phi thng qua tc dng c hc ca m nn th trong ni b vt liu mi hnh thnh c cu trc mi, m bo cng , n nh v t c mc bn vng cn thit. Ngoi ra, ng v mt thi cng m xt th cng tc m nn l mt khu cng tc ch yu c phn khng ch i vi nng sut, tc thi cng. ng thi cng l khu kt thc qu trnh cng ngh thi cng nn i hi c s tp trung ch o v ch trng kim tra cht lng. 2.1.1. Mc ch ca m nn: Vt liu lm cc lp mt ng l thng l nhng hn hp gm 3 pha: rn, lng, kh. Qu trnh m nn s lm cho kh thot ra ngoi (khc vi qu trnh c kt l thot nc) lm cho cht ca hn hp tng ln. Nh vy s tng din tip xc, tng s lng lin kt trong mt n v th tch. Kt qu l trong ni b vt liu s hnh thnh mt cu trc mi khc vi lc cha lu ln v lc dnh, lc ma st, tnh dnh nht ca bn thn vt liu s tng ln, tnh thm nc, ht m s gim i do to nn c cng cao, n nh v cng ln cho cc tng lp vt liu lm mt ng.
a) Trc khi m nn b) Sau khi m nn Hnh 2.1. M t mc ch ca qu trnh m nn 2.1.2. Bn cht qu trnh m nn. Di tc dng ca ti trng m nn, trong lp vt liu s pht sinh sng ng sut bin dng. cht v m uyn n hi cng ln th sng ng sut-bin dng lan truyn cng nhanh. Di tc dng ca p lc lan truyn , trc ht cc ht khong cht v mng cht lng bao bc n s b nn n hi. Khi ng sut tng ln v ti trng m nn tc dng trng phc nhiu ln, cu trc ca cc mng mng s dn dn b ph hoi, cng ca cc mng mng s gim i. Nh vy cc tinh th v cc ht kt c th trt tng h v di chuyn ti st gn nhau,
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sp xp li i n cc v tr n nh (bin dng khng hi phc tch lu dn), ng thi khng kh b y thot ra ngoi, l rng gim i, mc b o ho cc lin kt trong mt n v th tch tng ln v gia nhng tinh th s pht sinh cc tip xc v lin kt mi. Qua giai on ny, nu tip tc tng ng sut ln p th nhng mng mng ni tip xc gia cc tinh th v gia cc ht kt vn tip tc b nn thm. Tuy rng khng lm cht tng thm ng k na nhng ring i vi cu trc keo t th chnh lc ny cng ca vt liu li tng nhiu v mng cht lng b nn thm s to iu kin lin kt bin cng, tng ma st v lc dnh, dn n thay i cht lng ca lin kt.
a) Lu bnh cng
b) Lu bnh lp
c) Lu rung hai bnh ch ng
d) Lu rung mt bnh ch ng
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Hnh 2.2. M t qu trnh m nn Nh vy, m nn c hiu qu th cng m nn phi khc phc c sc cn ca vt liu pht sinh trong qu trnh m nn. Qua hin tng trnh by trn, ta thy sc cn m nn bao gm: - Sc cn cu trc: sc cn ny do l do lin kt cu trc gia cc pha v thnh phn c trong hn hp vt liu gy ra. Lin kt cu trc gia cc thnh phn cng c tng cng v bin cng th sc cn cu trc cng ln v n t l thun vi tr s bin dng ca vt liu. c th l, trong qu trnh m nn cht ca vt liu cng tng th sc cn cu trc cng ln. - Sc cn nht: sc cn ny l do tnh nht ca cc mng pha lng bao bc quanh cc ht (hoc ht kt) vt liu do s bm mc nhau gia cc ht (hoc ht kt) khi trt gy ra. Sc cn nht t l thun vi tc bin dng tng i ca vt liu khi m nn v s cng tng khi cng m nn tng v nht ca cc mng lng tng. - Sc cn qun tnh: sc cn ny t l thun vi khi lng vt liu v gia tc khi m nn. Sc cn m nn ca vt liu ln hay nh v quan h gia cc thnh phn ni trn nh th no l tu thuc vo cu trc ca vt liu, tu thuc vo gc ma st, cng lc dnh v tnh nht ca vt liu. Theo nghin cu ca gio s N.N. Ivanov, sc cn m nn ca vt liu q trong trng hp p ln vi p lc phn b u trn din tch truyn lc hnh trn ng knh D v b dy lp vt liu 1/5 D c th c xc nh theo cng thc:
q = 5ctg 2 ( + 45 o ) 2
(MPa)
Trong : c: cng lc dnh ca vt liu, thay i tu theo cht, m, nhit (i vi vt liu c cht lin kt hu c) v thi gian tc dng ca ti trng (v vt liu c tnh nht). : gc ma st, ph thuc ch yu vo kch c v hnh dng ct liu. Cng lc dnh c ca cc loi hn hp vt liu c cht lin kt hu c thc t c th thay i kh nhiu khi nhit v thi gian tc dng ca ti trng thay i. V th, iu chnh sc cn m nn trong qu trnh thi cng, i vi loi vt liu ny vic qui nh nhit m nn, thi gian tc dng, s ln tc dng ca phng tin m nn l rt c ngha. i vi cc vt liu khng dng thm cht lin kt hu c th cng lc dnh ph thuc ch yu vo cht, m, s lng ht nh v t thay i theo thi gian tc dng ca ti trng. Gc ma st s cng nh khi nu thnh phn ht cng c nhiu ht nh v ngc li. R rng l ng thi vi s tng cht v cng ca vt liu th trong qu trnh m nn sc cn m nn cng s tng ln. Nh vy cn phi nghin cu chn cc thng s, phng thc v ch m nn sao cho khc phc c sc cn m nn, bo m hiu qu m nn l cao nht v chi ph m l r nht. 2.1.3. Cc nhn t nh hng ti hiu qu m nn.
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a) p lc m nn . khc phc c sc cn m nn, ch yu l phi chn c p lc m nn thch hp. Nguyn tc chn p lc m nn: phi chn p lc tc dng sao cho va khc phc sc cn m nn to c bin dng khng hi phc trong vt liu khi lu ln ( >q). Nhng p lc m nn cng khng c ln hn qu nhiu so vi sc cn m nn, v nh vy s xy ra hin tng ph hoi trt, tri trong lp vt liu, gy nn hin tng nt, v vn, trn cnh , lm ln sng trn b mt do khng th nn cht c vt liu n cht cn thit. Trong qu trnh m nn, sc cn m nn tng dn do vy p lc m nn cng phi c tng ln tng ng u tin dng lu nh, sau dng va v lu nng. b. Cc nhn t khc: Xt mt khi vt liu n v (khi hnh hp mi cnh 1 n v). Khi vt liu n v ny khi m nn xem nh chu tc dng ca p lc p t trn mt trn v nn cht khi vt liu trong iu kin khng n hng, do cc mt bn chu phn lc ngang bng p (: h s p lc ngang)
p dS
p p
1
p p
1 1 p
Hnh 2.3. Khi vt liu n v b m nn cht ca vt liu c th tch V l:

= Q V
(1)
Trong : Q l trng lng ca thnh phn pha rn (thnh phn khong cht) Khi m nn, cht thay i, tc V thay i, trong khi Q khng i. Vy quan h gia bin i cht vi bin i th tch khi vt liu c th biu th bng phng trnh vi phn suy din sau:
d =
Trong :
QdV dV = (2) 2 V V dV = 1 x 1 x dS (3)
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dS: bin dng ca khi vt liu n v di tc dng ca ti trng p theo s p cht khng n hng.
dp (4) Ec Ec l m uyn bin dng ca vt liu trong iu kin p khng n hng. dS =
Ec = Eo (5)
Vi
2 2 (6) 1 Eo : m uyn bin dng ca t (tng ng vi iu kin p ln c n hng) = 1 : h s Potsng T (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), ng thi xt mt khi vt liu n v nh hnh 2.3. th V=1, do ta c:
dp (7) Eo M uyn bin dng ca vt liu Eo l mt tr s thay i tu theo cht ca vt liu. Nu ti trng m nn v cht thay i t th tr s Eo c th xem nh khng i. Khi ta c
dS =
th tch phn hai v ca (7) vi iu kin bin khi p th max
= max (1 e
cht
p Eo
(8)
hq o po phq
max
Ti trng m nn
Hnh 2.4. th quan h gia cht v ti trng m nn

Tr s max ca vt liu gm 3 pha c xc nh theo iu kin xem nh trong qu trnh m nn bn thn cc thnh phn rn, lng khng b p gim th tch v cht s t c ln nht khi thnh phn kh thot ht ra ngoi. C th l i vi mt n v th tch vt liu, ta c: 1=
l + + l
(9)
Trong :
: t trng thnh phn rn
26
n: t trng thnh phn lng l: t l thnh phn cht lng so vi thnh phn cht rn tnh bng % theo trng lng trong mt n v th tch. : th tch cht kh c trong 1 n v th tch : cht T (9) ta c cht ca vt liu: = (1-) v khi = 0 s c max =
l ( l + l ) l ( l + l )
(10)
(11)
Nhn vo (8) ta thy: i vi mt loi vt liu bit v iu kin lu nn bit ( v Eo khng i) th ng vi mt tr s ti trng m nn p ch c th t n mt cht nht nh. Mun tng cht na th phi thay i phng tin m nn c p ln hn. Tuy nhin theo qui lut (8) c v trn th th nu p tng qu phq th hiu qu m nn s tng khng ng k. Nu dng p > phq th xem nh cha hp l. Nu ng vi mt ti trng m nn p khng i, th hiu qu m nn c th tng ln khi tng h s hay gim Eo. Theo (6) cho thy s cng ln khi h s Potsong cng nh. C ngha l nu m nn trong iu kin vt liu cng t n hng th cng c hiu qu. Bin php to c iu kin m nn c li ny l: tng cng din tip xc vi vt liu khi m nn v tng cng ca mng pha di lp vt liu ang c m nn. T nhn xt ny ta thy rng, khi m nn th ti trng m nn khng c ph hoi lp mng pha di lp vt liu m nn, c ngha l cn chn p lc v b dy lp vt liu c m nn sao cho p lc do phng tin m nn truyn xung mng khng c vt qu sc chu ti cho php ca mng, v nu mng b ph hoi do ln hoc trt th lp vt liu trn khng th no m cht c. Nh vy: m []cp m: p lc m nn truyn xung lp mng di (MPa) []cp: sc chu ti cho php ca vt liu lm lp mng (Mpa). C th tham kho bng sau:
Vt liu lm lp mng - Lp si cui hoc si ct - Ct va, x l - Ct nh, ct ht va Sc chu ti cho php (MPa) 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.35 0.1 0.2
27
- ct ht nh, ct bi - t st, s ct bi trng thi m t
Gim tr s m uyn bin dng Eo tc l iu chnh tr s sc cn m nn to iu kin thun li cho vic thi cng. Cc bin php iu chnh sc cn m nn, gim Eo trong qu trnh m nn nh - Thay i thnh phn pha lng. - Gim v khc phc tnh nht ca vt liu. - Tm thay i cu trc ca vt liu bng tc dng ca nhit hoc s dng thm cc cht ph gia hot tnh. - Chn cp phi ht ca hn hp vt liu d m nn. - Qui nh ch m nn thch hp: tng thi gian tc dng, iu chnh tc v s ln tc dng ca ti trng m nn... hoc ti nc i vi vt liu , lu ln m tt nht vi vt liu c tnh dnh. Ni chung, vn dng cc bin php ny tu theo tnh cht ca loi vt liu c lu ln. - i vi cc vt liu : c th gim Eo bng cch ti nc khi lu ln lm gim ma st gia cc hn . Mt khc, v loi vt liu ny thng c nht khng ng k nn tc lu ln c th nhanh hn (cc hnh trnh cui c th lu vi tc 6-10km/h). - i vi cc lp t gia c, gim sc cn m nn c th dng cc bin php nh: m nn hn hp m tt nht hoc iu chnh ch lm vic ca phng tin m nn. Vi cc loi t gia c hu c, do c sc cn nht cao th khi lu, nn lu vi tc chm (22.5km/h) tng thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m nn do s khc phc c sc cn nht, sc cn qun tnh tt hn. - Vi cc vt liu gia c xi mng, th bin php ch yu phi khng ch, rt ngn khong thi gian t lc trn t vi xi mng n luc bt u m nn v thi cng xong, khng c qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng, v nu xi mng bt u ninh kt, m nn s km hiu qu, ng thi c th ph hng cu trc ca lp vt liu. - i vi cc lp hn hp vt liu nha nng, ngoi bin php tng thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m nn ra th vic khng ch nhit lc bt u v kt thc qu trnh m nn l mt bin php quan trng gim sc cn nht.
2.2. Chn cc phng tin m nn mt ng. 2.2.1. Yu cu.

Cng tc m nn mt, mng ng cn t c cc yu cu sau: - Lp mt ng phi t c cht v cng cn thit sau khi kt thc qu trnh m nn. - Trong qu trnh m nn, ti trng m nn khng ph hng cu trc ni b ca lp vt liu. - Kt thc qu trnh m nn, lp mt ng phi bng phng, khng c hin tng ln sng, khng li vt bnh lu. - Tn t cng lu ln nht, c nh vy mi t hiu qu kinh t cao.
2.2.2. Cc phng tin m nn, chn phng tin m nn: a) Cc phng tin m nn.
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Hin nay, c 3 phng php m nn cc lp mt ng: - Dng ti trng tnh (lu bnh cng, lu lp). - Dng ti trng chn ng (lu chn ng, my m rung). - Phng php p-chn ng thc hin bng c cu p-chn ng trang b lin thnh mt b phn ca nhng my ri (my ri BTN, BTXM). Ph bin nht trong cc phng php trn l s dng cc loi lu m nn. S dng lu c th t c nhng yu cu trn mt cch tin li v r, thch hp vi hu ht cc loi tng lp vt liu lm mt ng. Lu bnh cng: - C th m mi loi vt liu, nhng c hiu qu nht vi cc vt liu c sc cn cu trc ln nhng sc cn nht nh ( dm tiu chun). - Dng lu ln giai on s b v hon thin to phng.
Hnh 2.5. Lu bnh cng
Lu bnh lp: C th dng cho mi loi vt liu nhng c hiu qu nht vi cc vt liu c sc cn nht cao nh b tng nha, cp phi, t gia c
Hnh 2.6. Lu bnh lp
Lu rung:
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Thch hp vi cc vt liu ri, t dnh, vt liu c tnh xc bin (b tng xi mng, cp phi dm, cp phi dm gia c xi mng, ct gia c xi mng...).
Hnh 2.6. Lu rung
b) Chn phng tin m nn. Khi chn phng tin m nn phi xt ti cc yu t sau: - Loi phng tin m nn phi ph hp vi loi vt liu c m nn. - Ti trng lu (p lc lu) phi ph hp vi tng giai on m nn: p lc lu phi thng c sc cn m nn khi lu ln, nhng khng c ph hoi lp vt liu c m nn cng nh lp mng bn di ca lp vt liu c m nn. m bo iu ny, trong qu trnh lu phi s dng t lu nh, n lu va v lu nng. p lc lu c th xc nh nh sau: - Vi lu bnh lp: p lc tc dng trn 1 n v chiu di ca b rng bnh lu p (kN/cm), xc nh nh sau:
Lu 2 trc, 2 bnh: p= Lu 2 trc, 3 bnh:
p= 1Q 3 l
2Q 3 l
(kN/cm)
(kN/cm)
Trong :
Q: trng lng ca ton b lu (kN) l: chiu rng ca 1 bnh sau (cm)
B rng din truyn p lc lu xung mt ng b (khi lu chuyn ng v pha trc) c th tnh theo cng thc gn ng sau:
b z
30
Hnh 2.7. Din truyn p lc ca lu bnh cng khi mi lu.

b= 2pD Et (cm)
Trong :
D: ng knh bnh lu (cm). Et: m uyn n hi tng ng ca cc lp mt ng tnh t lp c m nn tr xung. Vy p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu tc dng trn mt lp vt liu lu ln l
pE t p = (MPa) b 2D Nhn vo cng thc trn ta thy, mun tng p lc lu c th gim D hoc tng Et. Nhng gim D khng c li v bnh lu nh qu d gy hin tng y trt ph hoi vt liu ang m nn. Cn tng Et, ngha l bo m cho mng ca lp vt liu ang m nn c cng cao, iu ny r rng c ngha thc tin: dng lu nng trn lp mng yu c th s km hiu qu hn khu dng lu nh trn lp mng cng. - Vi lu bnh lp: =
p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu tc dng xung lp vt liu lu ln:
a b
Hnh 2.7. Din truyn p lc ca lu bnh lp.

=
Q S
Vi:
Q: Ti tng ln mt bnh lp (kN). S: din tch tip xc ca bnh lu (l elp c trc ln a v trc nh b).
S= Xt tam gic vung trn hnh v ta c:
ab 4
a 2 2 + (R ) = R a 2 d 2 Thay vo ta c:
2 QK c (MPa) b d http://www.ebook.edu.vn =
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Trong :
b: b dy ca 1 bnh lu lp (cm). Kc: h s cng ca lp, kg/cm, ph thuc vo loi lp, p lc kh trong sm. d: ng knh ca bnh lp (cm). = Q/Kc , bin dng cc i ca lp. a: b rng din tip xc ca bnh lu vi lp vt liu.
p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu lp cng c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

=
pk 1
(MPa)
Trong :
pk: p lc kh trong sm ca bnh lu (MPa). : h s xt n cng ca lp, ph thuc vo pk theo bng
pk (kg/cm2) 1 0.6 2 0.5 3 0.4 4 0.3 5 0.25 6 0.2 7 0.15
Ta thy rng: din truyn p lc v p lc ca lu bnh lp khng ph thuc iu kin nn mng cng nh cng ca lp vt liu m nn v do hu nh khng thay i trong qu trnh m nn. Mt khc din truyn p lc ca ca lu bnh lp ln hn lu bnh cng nn thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m nn cng lu hn. ng thi din truyn p lc ny khng phi cng ngy cng nh i nh lu bnh cng nn ti trng bnh lu truyn xung di su hn, khin cho lu bnh lp c th m nn cc lp vt liu dy hn.
p lc lu y lp vt liu chiu dy h: (p lc ny khng c ln hn sc chu ti ca

mng): - Vi lu bnh cng: Kp (MPa) h - Vi lu bnh lp c ng knh vt tip xc tng ng D=30 cm: h = h =
1.5p o K 2.5 h 1+ 30
(MPa)
Trong :
p: p lc lu bnh cng trn mt n v di ca b rng bnh lu (kN/cm) h: b dy lp vt liu m nn (cm) po: p lc ca lu bnh lp trn mt lp m nn (kN/cm2) K: h s vt liu. K = 0.64 khi vt liu c m nn cht K = 1 khi vt liu cn ri rc
p lc truyn xung lp mng theo cng thc trn r rng s ln hn khi vt liu cn ri rc. Do m bo iu kin khng ph hoi mng, mt ln na cho thy trong qua trnh m nn giai on u cn dng lu nh, sau tng ln dng lu nng hn. 2.2.3. Chn b dy ln p hp l h. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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B dy hp l ca lp vt liu ln p c xc nh theo yu cu sau: - B dy ln p khng qu ln m bo ng sut do p lc lu truyn xung khc phc sc cn m nn mi v tr ca lp vt liu. Nhm trnh hin tng khi lu ln trn cht nhng di khng cht, bo m hiu qu m nn tng i ng u t trn xung di. - B dy ln p khng nh qu m bo ng sut do p lc m nn truyn xung y khng ln hn kh nng chu ti ca tng mng pha di. h []cp Thng thng, b y m nn c hiu qu thng xp x bng b rng tip xc (hay b rng truyn p lc) ca cng c m nn (b: lu bnh cng, a: lu lp). B dy m nn hp l ca lu rung cng ly theo b rng tip xc ca bnh lu vi mt ng. Ch : b dy ln p c hiu qu trn hon ton khng phi l b dy ti a m p lc ca cng c m nn c th truyn xung c.
2.2.4. Tc m nn.
Tc m nn c nh hng trc tip n hiu qu v cht lng m nn. Tc lu cng chm th thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m nn cng lu, s khc phc c sc cn m nn tt hn (nht l vi vt liu c tnh nht cao), ng thi to iu kin thun li trong ni b vt liu hnh thnh cu trc mi c cng cao. Nhng nh vy nng sut cng tc ca lu s gim. Ngc li, tc lu nhanh qu c th gy nn hin tng ln sng trn b mt vt liu (nht l vt liu do khi cha hnh thnh cng ). Do vy tc lu phi ph hp vi tng giai on m nn: - Giai on lu ln s b: vt liu mi ri cn ri rc, nn dng lu nh vi tc chm (1.5-2km/h). - Giai on lu ln cht: tng dn tc lu ln khi cht ca vt liu tng ln: + Lu bnh cng : V = 2 3 km/h. + Lu bnh lp : V = 3 6 km/h. + Lu rung : V = 2 4 km/h. - Giai on lu hon thin: gim tc lu nhm to iu kin cng c, hnh thnh cng cho lp vt liu m nn (V = 1.75 - 2.25 km/h).
2.2.5. Cng m nn v s ln m ln cn thit.

m nn l mt qua trnh tc dng ti trng trng phc nhm to nn bin dng d trong lp vt liu. Theo nghin cu thc nghim, tng bin dng tch lu Z t l vi s ln tc dng ca cng c m nn: Zn = Z1 + lgn
Trong :
Z1: bin dng d ngay sau khi mi tc dng ti trng ln u tin. N ph thuc vo tr s ti trng m nn, kt cu v cng lp vt liu cng nh iu kin n hng, iu kin nn mng di lp m nn. : h s, c trng cho qu trnh tng bin dng.
33
Zn: tng bin dng tch lu sau n ln m nn.
Zn =
yc o yc
Nh vy, vi cng mt p lc m nn v iu kin m nn th nhng ln lu sau cng km hiu qu v hu nh khng c hiu qu g ng k sau mt s ln m nn bng nhq no . Khi ny mun tip tc tng bin dng tch lu th cn phi i loi phng tin m nn. Gi tr nhq gi l s ln lu ln c hiu qu ng vi mt p lc lu v iu kin m nn nht nh. R rng rng, khi dng mt loi lu m nn mt ng vi bin php tng s ln lu l mt cch lm khng hp l v khng kinh t. - S ln lu ln cn thit nyc: (ln/im), l s ln lu cn thit phi i qua mt im t c tr cht v cng yu cu i vi lp mt ng. Gi tr nyc i vi mt tng lp vt liu lm mt ng no xc nh bng thc nghim tu thuc vo cht lng vt liu, sc cn m nn, loi cng c m nn v iu kin m nn. Trong cc quy trnh thi cng, gi tr nyc thng c quy nh trong mt khong nht nh vn dng (v d khi tnh nng sut lu). Khi ra thc t, nyc c xc nh chnh xc thng qua thi cng th.
- Cng m nn T: Trong :
T=
Q l hLB
(T.km/m3).
Q: trng lng my lu (tn ) h: b dy lp vt liu khi mi ri (m) B: b rng mt ng (m) L: chiu di on cng tc ca lu (m) l: tng chiu di lu phi i ln p mt ng trn on di L (km).
Khi dng nhiu loi my lu, tnh cng lu cho tng loi ri cng li. Nu gi N l tng s hnh trnh m lu phi i t khi bt u n khi kt thc qu trnh m nn trn ton on cng tc L l = 0.001 N L Thay vo ta c: (km)
10 3 QN T= (T.km/m3) hLB Nh vy, nu qui nh cng lu cn thit t c yu cu m nn th c th tnh ra c s hnh trnh N. Khi bit s lu, t gi tr N ta tnh ra c s ln lu ln yu cu nyc
2.2.6. S m nn. a) Mc ch. - Thit k s lu m bo cc phng tin lu ln thc hin cc thao tc thun li, t nng sut v cht lng lu ln cao. - tnh ton cc thng s lu ln, nng sut lu. - m bo an ton trong qu trnh lu ln.
34
b) Yu cu. Mt s lu ln hp l phi t cn phi t c cc yu cu sau: - n gin, d hiu. - S ln m nn phi m bo ng u i vi tt c mi im trn trn mt ng. Nu s ln m nn tc dng tp trung qu nhiu vo mt ch th gy l ng ph cng lu, gim nng sut lu m cha chc ti t cht cao, tri li mt ng c th b ph hoi. - Mt ng phi bng phng, t c mui luyn yu cu sau khi lu ln. c) Nguyn tc. bo m yu cu trn, khi thit k s lu phi tun theo nguyn tc sau. - Vt lu sau phi ln vt lu trc t nht t 15 - 25 cm bo m yu cu bng phng. - Khi lu cc lp vt liu c cao thp hn mp l ng (do p l trc, c va...), lu li vo trong t nht 10 cm nhm trnh ph hoi l ng. - Khi lu cc lp vt liu c cng cao vi l ng th phi lu chm ra l 20-30cm tng cng cht cho l ng v lp vt liu ch tip gip vi l ng. - Phi b tr th t lu ln sao cho to c hiu qu m nn nhanh nht, ng thi to c hnh dng trc ngang mt ng (mui luyn, siu cao) v khng ph hoi l. Mun vy, phi lu dn t thp ln cao nhm trnh hin tng vt liu b x, dn. (lu t hai mp ln dn vo trong tim ng trn on ng thng v ng cong khng siu cao, nu c siu cao, lu t bng ng cong lu dn ln trn). d) Thit k s lu. Khi thit k s lu phi bit cc thng s sau: - Chiu rng lp vt liu cn lu ln (B). - S lt lu ln yu cu (nyc). - S trc ch ng ca my lu. - Chiu rng vt m ca bnh lu (b). Sau cc hnh trnh v trnh t m nn ph hp nht vi cc yu cu ni trn. i vi mt b rng mt ng c th chn nhiu loi lu khc nhau (bnh lp, bnh thp, lu rung, lu hai trc hai bnh hoc hai trc ba bnh) v thay i phm vi chng vt lu nhm tho m n cc yu cu ni. Ch : d dng iu khin lu theo ng s vch, khi thit k s lu khng c thay i tu tin phm vi ln chng cc vt lu trong mt chu k lu, m thng b tr phm vi ln chng vt lu t u n cui l c nh. Pha di s lu phi v biu s ln tc dng trn mt im t c sau mt chu k lu.
35
150 1 2 25 3 4 150 5 6 225 125 25
225 200
225 200
150 25 7 8 25
25
25
125 150
9 10
11 12 225
700cm
Hnh 2.8. V d v s lu (B=7m, lu hai bnh hai trc c b=1.5m).
2.2.7. Chiu di on cng tc L.

Quyt nh chiu di cng tc L da vo cc im sau: - K thut thi cng ca tng loi vt liu lm mt ng: V d: khi thi cng BTN ri nng th L khng th qu di, v nu khng sau mt s hnh trnh BTN s b ngui m vn cha t c cht yu cu. Hoc khi thi cng mt ng b tng xi mng, nu L qu di th sau mt s hnh trnh, xi mng bt u ninh kt m vn cha lu ln xong. - Chiu di L phi phi hp hi ho vi cc khu khc trong dy chuyn thi cng mt ng, nu L di qu th cc khu khc tin hnh khng kp. - Chiu di L phi bng chiu di lm vic c hiu qu ca my. Trong iu kin hp l c th th nn tng chiu di lu L. V nh vy s gim c t l thi gian sang s, quay u nn c th tng c nng sut lu.
2.2.8. Nng sut lu.

Plu =
TK t L L + 0.01L N V
(km/ca)
Trong :
T : thi gian lm vic trong 1 ca (gi) Kt : h s s dng thi gian, Kt = 0.7 - 0.8 L : chiu di on cng tc (km) : h s xt n nh hng do lu chy khng u, = 1.2 - 1.3
N = nck. nht vi nck =
n yc n
nyc : s ln m nn yu cu (ln/ im) n : s lt m nn t c sau 1 chu k (ln/ im)
36
nht : s hnh trnh m lu phi thc hin trong mt chu k t c n ln m nn qua 1 im. V : vn tc lu ln (km/gi)
Gi tr n, nht c xc nh cn c vo s lu ln.
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Chng 3
Mt ng cp thp
3.1. Khi nim chung
Mt ng cp thp thc cht l lp t mt trn nn ng c p thnh, c khi c m cht, khng c lp mng ring. Cng c khi, mt ng c gia c bng cc vt liu ht nh gch v, dm cui... Mt ng cp thp thng khng m bo thng xe quanh nm. i vi cc loi mt ng c tnh dnh (st, st) mt ng b ph hoi nghim trng vo ma ma, lm xe c khng qua li c, thm ch ngi i b qua li cng kh khn. V vy, sau mi ma ma thng phi tu sa lm cho mt ng tr v trng thi nh c. Ngc li, i vi mt ng t c tnh dnh km (t ct) vo ma kh hanh t mt ng ti ra, cng gy tr ngi cho xe c qua li. Mt ng t gia c bng vt liu ht, tuy cht lng mt ng v cng tuy c cao hn nhng vn khng m bo thng xe quanh nm. Cng ca n s gim i nhiu hay t, mc ph hoi ca n nh th no vo ma ma l tu thuc vo tnh hnh thot nc, cao ca nn ng, mt v thnh phn xe chy, s lng v cht lng vt liu gia c. Ngoi ra, mt ng t t nhin cn c nhc im na l hao mn nhanh, bi nhiu vo ma kh hanh, lm nh hng ti iu kin v sinh hai bn ng. Ni chung, mt ng t t nhin thng gp cc tuyn ng nng thn, cc ng lin x , cc ng huyn l, tnh l.
3.2. Mt ng t t nhin 3.2.1. Khi nim.

V thc cht, mt ng t t nhin l phn trn ca nn ng c lu ln cht li to nn mt lp c kh nng chu lc nht nh.
3.2.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh cng .

Cng hnh thnh do qu trnh lu ln v m bo thot nc khi khai thc to nn bn vng cho nn ng.
3.2.3. Cu to mt ng.
- dc ngang mt, l 5 - 6%. - Chiu dy kt cu 20 - 30cm.
3.2.4. Trnh t thi cng.

Phng php 1: Xo xi phn nn ng trn sau lu ln to thnh mt ng. Phng php 2: o khun ng, chuyn t ni khc v p, lu ln to thnh mt ng. Trnh t thi cng theo phng php 1: - Cm li h thng cc tim v mp phn xe chy. - Xo xi nn ng, san mui luyn, b ph cho bng chiu dy lu ln.
38
- Lu ln: Nn dng lu nh hoc lu va, s lt lu 6 - 8 lt/im. Trong qu trnh lu ln phi m bo m t gn vi m tt nht. - Hon thin: Lu l, mp, sa taluy... Trnh t thi cng phng php 2: - Cm li h thng cc tim v mp phn xe chy. - To khun ng v lu ln lng ng. - Vn chuyn t t ni khc v thi cng mt ng. - San ri t, to mui luyn, chiu dy lp t ri bng (1,3 - 1,5) htk. - Lu ln: Nn dng lu nh hoc lu va, s lt lu 6 - 8 lt/im. Trong qu trnh lu ln phi m bo m t gn vi m tt nht. - Hon thin: Lu l, mp, sa taluy...
3.3. Mt ng t gia c bng vt liu ht 3.2.1. Khi nim.

Ngi ta trn vo trong t t nhin mt t l nht nh cc ht vt liu cng, ri thnh lp, lu ln to thnh mt lp vt liu lm mt ng c cng nht nh. Cc vt liu ht dng gia c c th l: - dm, cui, si, si ong. - Gch vn. - X than, x qung. - s.

Cng hnh thnh do qu trnh lu ln, cc ht vt liu cng to thnh khung kt cu v t ng vai tr cht dnh kt.
3.2.3. Cu to mt ng.
- dc ngang mt, l 5 - 6%. - Chiu dy kt cu 20 - 25cm.

- Cm li h thng cc tim v mp phn xe chy. - Xo xi nn ng. - Ri vt liu gia c (t l khong 20%). - Trn vt liu (c th trn bng th cng hoc bng my nh my xi, phay). - San to mui luyn. - Lu ln: Nn dng lu nh v lu va, s lt lu 6 - 8 l/im. Trong qu trnh lu ln phi m bo m t gn vi m tt nht. - Hon thin: Lu l, mp, sa taluy... Qu trnh hon thin c th ri mt lp dm sn c chiu dy 1 - 1.5cm ln b mt nhn bo v mt ng.
3.2.5. Kim tra, nghim thu.
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- Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: Chiu dy, rng, dc ngang. Kim tra b dy: 1km kim tra ba mt ct: tim, bn tri, bn phi (cch l 1m). Kim tra bng cch o hoc dng my thu bnh. - Nghim thu v cht lng: Ch yu kim tra cht lu ln (c th dng phng php rt ct).
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Chng 4
Mt ng qu
Mt ng qu l loi mt ng, v tnh cht v tnh nng m ni, gia mt ng cp thp v cp cao. N d tr thnh mt ng cp cao, sau khi c x l b mt bng hn hp ca vt liu khong cht v cht lin kt hu c (v d lng mt lp nha hoc thm thm mt lp b tng nha trn mt), ng thi cht lng ca n cng d tr nn khng hn g mt ng cp thp nu thi cng khng c tt v duy tu bo dng khng kp thi. Mt ng qu c th m bo thng xe quanh nm nhng khng m bo c xe chy vi tc cao (khng qu 60km/h) v lu lng xe ln (khng qu 300xe/ngy m). Nu mt xe qu nhiu, th khi lng duy tu bo dng ln, kinh ph b ra vo cng tc ny tng, lc s dng loi mt ng ny khng kinh t na m phi chuyn thnh mt ng cp cao. Hn na vo ma ma, tuy vn m bo thng xe nhng mt ng mau hng v mc an ton km hn. Nhc im chnh ca mt ng qu l bng phng km, bi nhiu, nht l vo ma kh hanh gy mt v sinh, mau mn, d pht sinh ln sng, g do vt liu lp mt b bong bt di tc dng ca lc y ngang (lc li tm, phanh xe) nht l cc on ng cong, dc ln, ch giao nhau. Nu khng sa cha kp thi, s nh hng ti iu kin xe chy (an ton, tc xe), lm tiu hao nhin liu, hao mn xm lp nhanh, lm hnh khch b mt mi. Mt ng qu bao gm cc loi sau: - Mt ng dm nc. - Mt ng dm t kt dnh. - Mt ng dm kp va xi mng (thm nhp va xi mng). - Mt ng cp phi: cp phi t nhin (cp phi si ong, cp phi sui), cp phi dm, cp phi dm gia c xi mng. - Mt ng t gia c cht lin kt (v c, hu c).
4.1. Mt ng dm nc 4.1.1. Khi nim.

Mt ng dm nc l loi mt ng dng vt liu c cng cao, cng loi, kch c ng u, sc cnh ri theo nguyn l chn . Do vy cng ca mt ng c hnh thnh ch yu da vo lc ma st trong (chn mc) gia cc hn c ln cht vi nhau v lc dnh kt ca bt trn vi nc to nn. V vy tt nht l dng vi c cng cao. Do , ngi ta cn gi l mt ng dm nc hay dm trng.
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Loi mt ng ny xut hin vo u th k 19, do mt k s ngi Anh tn l Macaam th nghim thnh cng. Sau , n c p dng nhiu nc trn th gii. Nn k nim, ngi ta thng gi mt ng ny l mt ng dm Macaam. V sau, xut hin nhng loi xe hin i, loi mt ng ny khng p ng c yu cu giao thng ngy cng cao. Nhng vi mt giao thng khng ln (N<300 xe /ng.m) kt hp vi cng tc duy tu, bo dng tt th vn c th bo m c iu kin xe chy c tt v an ton.

Cng hnh thnh theo nguyn l chn v bt hnh thnh trong qu trnh lu ln ng vai tr cht dnh kt b mt.
4.1.3. u nhc im. u im: - Cng cao, Eh = 250 300MPa - Tn dng c vt liu a phng nn gi thnh h. - Thi cng d dng, khng i hi thit b thi cng phc tp, c chng nn p dng c rng r i.
- t b nh hng ca m t.
Nhc im: - Khng chu c ti trng ng (v lm trn cnh ). - d b bong bt di tc dng ca lc y ngang ca bnh xe, nht l trn on ng vng dc ln, on ng gn ch giao nhau (lc y ngang ln)... Do vy lm cho mt ng hnh thnh g, ln sng. c bit hin tng ny cng d pht sinh vo ma kh hanh, nng to. y l khuyt im ln nht ca loi mt ng ny. - Cng hnh thnh nh vo vic lu ln t cht yu cu. Do vy mt ng dm nc rt tn cng lu. - Yu cu v cng vt liu rt cao, yu cu v kch thc, hnh dng phi ng u, hnh khi, sc cnh nn tn cng gia cng vt liu. p dng:
- Do c im trn nn mt ng dm nc rt thch hp lm tng mng ca mt ng. - Nu lm lp mt ph phi lm lp lng nha ln trn, nhng cng ch s dng cho ng cp 60, 40 tr xung.
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4.1.4. Cu to mt ng.
- Chiu dy: chiu dy cc lp dm do thit k qui nh. Tuy nhin, m bo thi cng thun li, chiu dy ti thiu ca lp dm hmin = 8 cm khi lm t trn mng chc v bng 13-15cm trn mng ct. - m bo lu c cht trong ton b b dy lp , chiu dy ti a ca mt lp sau khi lu ln khng qu 15 cm. Khi chiu dy lp ln hn gi tr hmax = 15 cm th phi thi cng lm 2 lp. - tng cng cho khun ng c th trng va hai bn, chiu cao va qui nh l: H = h + (10-15) cm, vi h l chiu dy lp dm nc sau khi lu ln. - dc ngang lng ng: v thuc loi mt ng h, c rng ln nn nc d thm vo. thot nc c d dng, nhanh chng th lng ng phi lm dc sang hai bn t 3 - 4 % v nu cn thit th b tr h thng r nh xng c. - dc ngang ca mt ng in = 3 %, il = 5 %
4.1.5. Yu cu vt liu. a) Yu cu v cht lng: - dng lm mt ng dm nc phi c cng cao, u trnh b v

khi lu ln. - C th dng cc loi : mc ma, bin cht, trm tch t cp 1 n cp 3 lm mt ng c cng t 60 - 120 MPa.
Loi mc ma ( granit, syenit, gabbro, basaite, porphyre,....) bin cht ( gneis, quartzite,....) Cp 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 20 1 00 80 60 1 20 1 00 80 60 1 00 80 60 40 1 00 80 60 40 Yu cu v cht lng Cng khng p (MPa) mi mn Deval (%) Khng qu 5 % Khng qu 6 % Khng qu 8 % Khng qu 10 % Khng qu 5 % Khng qu 6 % Khng qu 8 % Khng qu 10 % Khng qu 5 % Khng qu 6 % Khng qu 8 % Khng qu 10 % Khng qu 5 % Khng qu 6 % Khng qu 8 % Khng qu 10 %
trm tch ( vi, dolamite)
Cc loi trm tch khc (sa nham, conglo, merat, schistes,....)
b) Yu cu v kch c . - Hnh dng: hn phi hnh khi, ng u, sn si, sc cnh bo m kh nng chn mc tt nht gia cc vin vi nhau to lc ma st ln - Kch c : C th s dng cc loi sau lm mt ng:
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Tn gi dm tiu chun: 4x 6 5x 7 6x 8 dm kch c m rng chn 20x 40 10x 20 5x 10 Ct
C ht theo b sng tiu chun l trn (mm) Nm li trn sng 40 50 60 25 20 10 5 0,15 Lt qua sng 60 70 80 120 40 20 10 5
Ghi ch
Dng lm vt liu c bn
C th dng cho lp di Dng lm vt liu chn cho mt ng dm nc
Khi chn kch c , phi tho m n yu cu sau: + Cn c vo chiu dy thit k ca lp nh ri. Kch c ln nht ca khng c vt qu 0.8h (h: chiu dy thit k ca lp dm nc) nhm m bo lu ln c cht. + Nu o ng ch c mt lp th ch c php dng dm tiu chun. + Nu c hai lp tr ln th: ./ Lp trn mt chu tc dng trc tip ca bnh xe: ch c php dng dm tiu chun. ./ Cc lp di c th dng dm kch c m rng. - Yu cu v cht lng kch c ht: + Hm lng hn c D > Dmax cng nh D < Dmin khng qu 10% theo khi lng. + Lng ht to qu c (>D+5cm) khng qu 3% theo khi lng. + Lng ht nh qu c (<0,63d) khng qu 3% theo khi lng. + Lng ht dt khng qu 10% theo khi lng. c) Yu cu v sch ca . dng lm mt ng phi sch, khng c ln c rc, l cy. Lng bi st (xc nh bng phng php ra) khng qu 2 % theo khi lng. Lng ht st di dng vn hn khng qu 0.25 % theo khi lng. d) Qui nh v vt liu chn: Vt liu chn l vt liu dng bt kn cc k h cn li gia cc hn dm khi lu ln n giai on 2. Vt liu chn ch dng cho lp trn mt. Khi o ng gm nhiu lp th cc lp di khng phi dng vt liu chn. Khi lng vt liu chn tnh ngoi khi lng dm ri. Khi lng ny chim khong 15 - 20 % khi lng dm ri. Vt liu chn gm c cc loi : 20x 40, 10x 20, 5x 10 v ct theo t l nh sau: 20x 40 : 15% tng khi lng chn 10x 20 : 15% tng khi lng chn 5x 10 : 20% tng khi lng chn
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ct 0,15-5 : 50% tng khi lng chn e) Yu cu i vi nc dng thi cng: Ni ti trong cc giai on phi l nc sch, khng ln bn rc, l cy,...
4.1.6. Trnh t thi cng. a) Chun b lng ng. Lng ng phi m bo cc yu cu sau: - Lng ng phi t c cht cn thit, phi ng kch thc hnh hc (b rng, cao v dc ngang theo thit k). - Lng ng phi bng phng, khng c nhng ch li lm gy ng nc sau ny. - Hai thnh lng ng phi vng chc. Nhng bin php m bo thnh lng ng vng chc tu theo thit k qui nh. - Trng hp phi cng c thnh lng ng bng va th phi theo nhng qui nh sau: + va ch lm cho lp trn mt v chiu rng ca va khng tnh vo chiu rng ca mt ng. + va c th lm bng hoc b tng. Trng hp dng th khi lng va c d tr ring, khng tnh vo ri mt ng. + Chiu cao va: H = h + (10 -:- 15) cm + Khi chn va phi m bo vng chc, xp ken kht thnh chn khay song song vi tim ng, mt trn cc vin va phi bng u v ng cao mp mt ng. - Khi ri tng cng mt ng dm c, nu mt ng c cn tt v bng phng th cn lm sch mt ng ri ri mi ln. Nu mt ng c nhiu g v li lm th cn v g v b vnh hoc xo xi li trc khi ri mi. Lp dm c xo xi coi nh lp mng ng, phi c san phng theo ng yu cu v dc ngang i vi mt ng v c lu ln trc khi ri mi. - Vn thot nc lng ng: do thit k qui nh. Trong thi cng m bo cho nc ma v nc ti trong cc giai on lu ln c th thot ra khi lng ng, phi lm r nh ngang hai bn l ng. R nh ngang rng 30 cm, su bng chiu su lng ng, dc ra ngoi 5 %. R nh ngang b tr so le nhau hai bn l ng v cch nhau khong 15 m mt r nh. Sau khi thi cng xong, cc r nh ngang ny phi c lp li cn thn. b) Vn chuyn vt liu. dm c bn v chn thng c vn chuyn bng t t . Nu c my ri th t trc tip vo phu ca my ri, nu ri bng my san th thnh tng ng mt lng ng hay l ng. bo m tn cng san gt sau ny, cc ng c theo mt khong cch hp l tnh ton trc sao cho khi san th va , khng phi vn chuyn tha i ch khc hay vn chuyn thm vo. Khong cch gia cc ng dm c xc nh theo cng thc:
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l=
Q (mt) Bh 1
Trong :
Q: th tch dm ca 1 xe ch c (m3) B: chiu rng vt ri (ri ton b th bng b rng mt ng, thi cng 1/2 ng th bng na b rng mt ng) (m) h1: chiu dy ri ca lp dm (m)
h1 = K. h
h: b dy lp dm thit k (b dy khi lu ln cht) K: h s ln p. i vi dm K = 1.25 - 1.3, thng ly K = 1.3
Khi lng cn thit cho mt on thi cng L l: V = B.h.K.L (m3) c) San ri vt liu. Ri dm c th tin hnh bng c gii hay th cng. C th dng my san t hnh hay my ri chuyn dng. Yu cu: cng tc ra v san phi m bo ng chiu dy, ng hnh dng mui luyn. Khi ri , phi cha li 5 - 10 % lng dm b ph trong qu trnh thi cng, iu chnh cho mt ng bng phng. Khi ri xong nn tin hnh lu sm, khng nn lu trnh b ma hoc xe c chy qua lm b trn cnh. d) Lu ln vt liu.
Giai on 1: giai on lu ln xp. - Mc ch: p co lp dm, lm cho cc hn di chuyn n v tr n nh nht. Ch : Trong giai on ny, cc hn di chuyn nhiu nn trong qu trnh lu phi lun theo di mt , kp thi b ph vo ch thiu. Vic b ph phi kt thc trong giai on ny v cn bn t c mui luyn theo yu cu. - Dng lu nh 5 - 6 tn, tc lu khng qu 1.5 km/h, s lt lu 7 ln/im vi cp 3, 8 - 15 ln/im vi cp 1 v 2. - Cn c vo tnh hnh ti nc, c th phn giai on ny thnh hai giai on nh: + Lu khng ti nc: Khi lu 3 - 4 lt u khng cn ti nc trnh vic bt ln vi nc thnh cht keo kt ngn cn s di chuyn ca cc vin ti v tr n nh. + Lu ti nc: Nhng ln sau cn ti nc trnh v . Lng nc ti 3 l/m2, tu tnh hnh thi tit m tng gim. Khi khng cn hin tng ln sng trc bnh xe lu hoc khi xe lu i qua khng li hn vt r rt th c th coi nh kt thc giai on ny. Giai on 2: lu ln cht.
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- Mc ch: sau khi cc hn dm c v tr n nh th giai on ny ln cht lp dm, lm cho chng cht st li vi nhau, gim nh khe h gia chng (mt phn khe h c chn bi nhng mnh vn do bn thn cc hn v ra trong qu trnh lu). - Dng lu va 8 - 10 tn, tc lu khng qu 2 km/h trong 3 - 4 lt lu u, t lt lu th 5 tr i c th tng dn tc lu (ti a 3 km/h), s lt lu khong 25 - 35 ln/im. - gim ma st gia cc hn , lm cho chng chng cht st li vi nhau, trnh chuyn ng quay trn, bm m to thnh lc dnh ca bt cn tng cng ti nc. Lng nc ti trng giai on ny khong 3 - 4 lt/m2. Ch : - Trong qu trnh lu, phi lun theo di v kp thi ri chn, u tin l chn 20x 40, sau l 10x 20, lp kn cc k h lm cho mt ng chng cht. - Phi cn c vo vic theo di cng lu t c m quyt nh kt thc ng lc giai on ny. Vic kt thc ng lc giai on 2 rt quan trng. Nu kt thc qu sm th mc lu ln khng , mt ng khng cht. Nu ko di thi gian lu ln th s b v nhiu, trn cnh, kh mc vo nhau, c nhiu vn, mt ng khng cht c na dn n lm hng ton b lp , phi bc i lm li. Nhng hin tng sau y c th coi l kt thc giai on hai: + Khng cn hn vt bnh xe lu trn mt . + khng di ng v khng c hin tng ln sng b mt lp trc bnh xe lu. + mt hn trn mt ng cho lu i qua, b v vn v khng b n xung. Nu cht cha , th hn s b n vo trong lp dm. Giai on 3: hnh thnh lp v cng mt ng: - Mc ch: dng chn cht vo ch rng ca lp v to thnh lp v cht, chc v phng trn mt. Nh vy, s im tip xc gia cc hn tng ln rt nhiu. - Ri vt liu chn: u tin ri 5x10, sau ri ct ( 0,15x5). Va ri va dng chi tre v ti m nc cho la ht vo cc k h ca vin , va lu cho n khi ri ht vt liu chn. - Dng lu nng 10 - 12 tn (nu khng c lu nng c th dng lu 8 - 10 tn), vn tc lu khong 3 km/h. Lng nc ti trng giai on ny 2 - 3 l/m2. Kt thc giai on 3 mt ng coi nh hon thnh v phi t c cc yu cu sau: - Khng cn hn vt bnh xe lu trn mt ng. - Mt ng mn, chc, bng phng, m bo mui luyn theo yu cu thit k. Nhng ch trong qu trnh lu ln: Trong qu trnh lu, nu pht sinh hin tng ln sng trn b mt, c th do my nguyn nhn sau: ri khng u, dng lu qu nng, tc lu qu nhanh, nn ng qu m - Ba nguyn nhn u thng thy giai on lu ln xp. khc phc tnh trng ny phi h thp tc lu ln. Nu bin php khc phc khng c, phi thay bng lu nh hn. Trc khi tip tc lu, phi san cho mt ng bng phng.
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- Nu ti nc qu nhiu lm nn ng qu m, th nn ng s bin dng lm mt ng b ln sng. Trng hp ny thng thy giai on 2 v 3. Nu bn thn nn ng qu m cng pht sinh hin tng . Gp trng hp ny phi dng lu, lm cho nn ng kh trc khi lu tip. - Trng hp lu qu mc, b trn cnh,n u tip tc lu na th khng th n lu cht c. Lc ny, phi em sng li , trn thm sn si sc cnh vo hoc ti nha bi tum lng (2 - 3 l/m2-) mi tip tc lu c. e) Ri lp ph mt bo v. Sau khi kt thc giai on 3, ri mt lp ph mt bng ct khng ln qu 5 mm, b dy khng qu 1 - 1,5 cm. Khng ti nc v cho lu 10 - 12 tn ln p 2 - 3 l/im. Ch : Nu lm lp mng, trnh t thi cng hon ton nh lp mt nhng ch thi cng n khi lu ln ht giai on 2 th dng li. Khng cn lu giai on 3 v lm lp ph bo v.

- Kch thc hnh hc: + Sai s cho php v chiu rng mt ng 10 cm. Kim tra bng thc dy. + Sai s cho php v chiu dy mt ng 10 % nhng khng qu 20 mm. Kim tra bng o h o chiu dy hoc my thu bnh. + Sai s cho php v dc ngang mt, l ng khng qu 5 % + bng phng ca mt ng kim tra bng thc g 3 m, khe h khng c qua 1,5 cm. - Cng : + M uyn n hi mt ng phi t hoc vt muyn n hi thit k: Ett Etk
Ch : Nhng sai s cho php qui nh ny c mc ch chiu c n nhng sai st nh trong qu trnh thi cng. V vy ch c p dng trong khi nghim thu, cn trong qu trnh thi cng phi thc hin ng mi yu cu ca thit k, khng c php da vo cc sai s cho php m thi cng thay i, chm trc thit k. - Phng php kim tra: + Chiu rng: kim tra 10 mt ct bt k trong 1 km
+ Chiu dy: kim tra 3 mt ct trong 1 km. mi mt ct kim tra 3 v tr: 1 tim, 2 hai bn cch mp mt ng 1 m. + bng phng: kim tra 3 v tr trong 1 km. Mi v tr t thc di 3 m dc tim ng v hai bn cch mp mt ng 1 m. o khe h gia mt ng c cnh di ca thc, c cch 50 cm o mt im. + Cng : p tnh
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4.2. Mt ng dm t kt dnh ( dm bn). 4.2.1. Khi nim.

Ngi ta dng t lp kn cc khe h ca dm to thnh mt lp kt cu c n nh cao, cng lu ln t hn.

Cng hnh thnh theo nguyn l chn v t ng vai tr cht dnh kt.
4.2.3. u nhc im. u im: So vi mt ng dm nc, mt ng dm bn c nhng u im sau: - C th dng c cng thp hn so vi mt ng dm nc. - Cng lu ln t hn. - Mt ng kn hn. Nhc im: - Do c t dnh nn mt ng d b nh hng ca m t, lm gim cng nn
ng. - Nu k thut thi cng khng ng s d lm cho mt ng b trn ly.
4.2.4. Cu to mt ng.
- dc ngang mt 4-6%. - C th khng cn lm r nh xng c.
4.2.5. Yu cu vt liu.
- : cng ging nh mt ng dm nc nhng c th dng c cng thp hn v c tnh dnh km hn (khng phi vi). Do vy c th s dng rng r i nhiu loi . - t dnh c dng l loi t st, c ch s do IP = 15-25, khng ln cht hu c hay tp cht khc. T l t st dng khng qu 20% (t l t st kh/ kh) Ngoi ra nng cao n nh i vi nc, c th trn thm vi vo t vi t l khng qu 1,5-2% (theo khi lng t). Nu t st c ch s do IP > 25 th c th dng vi t l 3%.

Mt ng dm t kt dnh c th thi cng theo ba phng php sau: - Ri mt lp t ln trn b mt ng dm lu ln mt phn sau lu ln cho t lp vo trong khe h ca .
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- Trn t vi dm sau ri thnh lp v lu ln. - Ho t vi nc thnh bn st sau ti vo khe h ca nn gi l mt ng dm bn. Trnh t thi cng theo phng php ti bn: - To khun ng, lu ln khun ng. - Vn chuyn dm bng t t . - Ri dm: h s m ln k=1,25-1,3. Ri u, m bo mui luyn. - Lu s b bng lu nh 5-7T, s ln lu khng qu 6-10lt cho n khi khng di ng l c - Ti nc bn: nc bn l t dnh c ho vi nc theo t l th tch 1:0,8-1:1, khuy ln cho u, m bo nc bn c st nht nh. Nu c vi th ho vi vi nc trc ri ho vi nc bn. xc nh st ca nc bn c th dng cc phng php sau: + Dng phu: o thi gian (s) mt th tch nc bn nht nh chy qua phu. + Dng t trng k o t trng ca nc bn. + Theo kinh nghim: nhn thy vng trn mt v khng nhn thy ht bn, hoc khi khuy nc khng bn ln. - Ch 1-2 ting cho nc bn chui xung di. Khi b mt hi kh th bt u ri chm chn vi s lng 1-2m3/100m2. - Dng lu 8-12T lu 10 lt. Nu mt ng qu kh th phi ti thm nc, nu mt ng qu m th phi i cho gn kh mi c lu - Ri lp bo v bng dm sn dy 5-15mm v khng cn lu ln. c bin php bo dng tt, cn phi nm c qu trnh hnh thnh ca mt ng. Giai on 1: Nc bc hi dn dn, sau 3-4 ngy, trn mt kh nhng di vn m. Do vy nu thng xe qu sm, th s pht sinh hin tng bp bng mt ng. m ca t mt ng giai on ny 50%. Giai on 2: L giai on hnh thnh cng ch yu, xe t chy qua li c tc dng tip tc ln p, mt ng s cht dn, c hin tng phi bn ln trn mt, m dn dn h thp. Giai on 3: Mt ng cht hn, t cht ln nht, m gn bng m tt nht.
2.7. Kim tra nghim thu.

Tng t mt ng dm nc.
4.3. Mt ng dm thm nhp va xi mng. 4.3.1. Khi nim.

Ngi ta dng va xi mng lp kn cc khe h ca dm to thnh mt lp kt cu c cng v n nh cao ngay c vi tc dng ca nc.

Cng hnh thnh theo nguyn l chn v va xi mng ct ng vai tr cht kt dnh.
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4.3.3. u nhc im. u im: - C cng cao Eh = 500 - 700 MPa. - Tnh n nh nc cao. - C th s dng cc loi vt liu a phng v gia cng bng phng php th cng. - Thi cng n gin, khng cn cc thit b chuyn dng. Nhc im: - Cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng thi cng, c bit l cng tc ti va xi mng ct. - Khng thng xe ngay c sau khi thi cng. Phm vi s dng: - Dng lm lp mng ca mt ng cp cao A1, A2 nht l nhng vng c ch thu nhit bt li, c nhiu ngun m. - C th dng lm lp mt nhng phi c lp lng nha bn trn. 4.3.4. Cu to mt ng.
- Chiu dy: do thit k quy nh, nhng thng t 8-12cm (nu thi cng theo phng php thm nhp va), 15-18cm (nu thi cng theo phng php kp va). - dc ngang mt ng 2-3%.
4.3.5. Yu cu vt liu. - : cng ging nh mt ng dm nc nhng khng cn chn m ch cn mt loi c bn. - Xi mng: c th dng nhiu loi xi mng khc nhau, thng dng xi mng poc lng mc t 40MPa tr ln. - Ct: c th dng ct thin nhin, ct nghin v ct ci thin (ct thin nhin trn thm vi ct xay). Ct phi m bo yu cu sau: + M un ln Mk 1.5 + Hm lng bi, st khng qu 2% vi ct thin nhin, khng qu 5% vi ct nghin. + Hm lng ht > 5 mm trong ct khng c qu 5%, hm lng cc ht nh 17.8cm hn 0.14 mm khng qu 10%. - Va xi mng ct : Khu ch yu quyt nh cht lng ca mt ng dm thm nhp va xi mng l st ca va v ti u ca V=3.6 lt va vo khe . Va qu c th s nm li trn b mt, kh lt u xung cc khe, va lng th s lt su xung y, phn b khng u trong cc khe. st ca va xi mng ct do t l gia xi mng, ct v nc 1.3cm quyt nh. T l xi mng ct thng l 500-600kg xi mng cho 1m3 ct.
7.6cm 19.0cm
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Lng nc cn thit ph thuc tnh cht, kch c v hnh dng ca ct v phi thng qua th nghim sau xc nh: dng mt phu dung tch 3.6 lt, y va xi mng ct, i 5 giy v tho nt y phu v ghi li thi gian va xi mng ct chy ht ra khi phu. Thi gian ny biu th st ca va xi mng ct. Phi lm th nghim nhiu ln xc nh t l N:X cho st tt nht.
4.3.6. Trnh t v phng php thi cng.

C ba phng php thi cng: - Phng php ti va xi mng ct. - Phng php trn va xi mng ct. - Phng php kp va xi mng ct. a) Phng php ti va xi mng ct. Trnh t thi cng nh sau: Chun b lng ng. Lng ng phi m bo cc yu cu sau: - Lng ng phi t c cht cn thit, phi ng kch thc hnh hc (b rng, cao v dc ngang theo thit k). - Lng ng phi bng phng, thnh lng ng phi vng chc. - Nu l mt ng c phi tin hnh v g, b vnh. Cng tc vn chuyn v san ri. c tin hnh ging nh mt ng dm nc. Cng tc lu ln. - Lu ln ln 1: dng lu nh hoc lu va cho n nh. Trong qu trnh lu c th ti nc trnh v , nh hng xu n vic ti thm va xi mng sau ny. Khi lu ln phi kim tra bng phng, cao v dc ngang mt ng. - Ti va xi mng: c th ti bng go, x, hoc thng qua mt mng ri. Trc khi ti va xi mng, cn ti nc ln mt cho m khng ht nc ca hn hp va xi mng ct, nh hng n st ca va. Tin hnh ti va t mp ng bn ny sang mp ng bn kia. Cng tc ti phi u, nu cn c th dng chi qut cho va lt vo cc khe . Lng va dng khong 30-40 lt/m2. Khi ti nn cha li 10-15% va sau ny hon thin mt ng. Sau khi ti xong nn o h kim tra xem va xi mng ct c thm u hay khng. - Lu ln ln 2: sau khi ti va xong trn mt on di lu hot ng th dng lu 68T, lu 3-6 ln/im, lu cho n khi mt ng cht, phng v ni u va trn mt. Trong qu trnh lu phi c bin php chng va dnh vo bnh (nh bi trn bnh lu, cho ngi i theo lu kp thi gt va dnh vo bnh lu). - Hon thin mt ng: sau khi lu ln xong, dng bm xoa g xoa phng b mt. Trong qu trnh hon thin b mt cn ti va b sung cho nhng ch trc ti khng u. Khi gia cng b mt, nn lng va ngang vi b mt , khng nn lng dy qu v d b bong mt. - Bo dng: ng ct m ph ln mt hoc ti nc thng xuyn gi m.
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b) Phng php trn va xi mng ct. Va xi mng ct c trn u vi va sau em ri v lu ln. c) Phng php kp va xi mng ct. Chia mt ng thnh hai lp, sau khi ri xong lp di th tin hnh lu (khng cn lu cht lm v trnh b v nhiu). Sau ri va xi mng ct hoc hn hp xi mng ct kh v ri dm lp trn v tin hnh lu. Nu l hn hp xi mng ct kh th va lu va ti nc. Khi lu, va xi mng s vi vo cc k v phi ln trn mt. 4.4. Mt ng bng cp phi t nhin. (22tcn 304 - 03) 4.4.1. Khi nim.
Bao gm cc loi cp phi si ong, si , cp phi si i, cp phi si (cui) sui, ct liu th nghin t si dng lm mng, mt ng.

Cng hnh thnh theo nguyn l cp phi.
4.4.3. u nhc im. u im: - u im ln nht ca loi mt ng cp phi t nhin l tn dng vt liu ti ch, n n gi thnh xy dng h. - K thut thi cng n gin, khng i hi thit b phc tp. - Cng lu t hn so vi mt ng dm nc. - Cng tc duy tu, bo dng cng d dng. - R hn rt nhiu so vi mt ng dm. Nhc im: - Cng khng cao: Eh =150-200 MPa - Km n nh vi nc hn so vi mt ng dm nc, c bit l cp phi si ong, si i v c nhiu thnh phn lc dnh. - B mi mn rt mnh di tc dng trc tip ca ti trng bnh xe, c bit khi tit kh hanh v nhng ch chu lc y ngang ln: ch dc ln, ng cong. Do vy, gy bi vo ma kh, nhng li ly li vo ma ma. p dng:
- Do nhng nhc im trn, mt ng cp phi si ong, cp phi si cui thng ch dng lm lp mng di ca kt cu mt ng. - Nu lm lp mt: ch dng cho ng cp thp, mt xe <100 - 200 xe/ng.m hay mt ng giao thng nng thn.
4.4.4. Cu to mt ng.
- bo m thot nc tt, dc ngang ca mt ng ly trong khong 2-3.5 %, ca l ng 4.5 - 5 %. - Chiu dy ca lp cp phi t nhin do thit k quyt nh. Nhng bo m lu ln c cht th: Chiu dy ti thiu ca lp cp phi trn mng chc l 8 cm, trn mng ct l 12
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cm. Chiu dy ti a tu thuc phng tin lu nhng khng qu 20 cm (khi lu cht). Nu vt qu, phi chia lm hai lp: lp di 0.6h, lp trn 0.4 h (h: chiu dy ton b lp cp phi).
4.4.5. Yu cu vt liu.
- Thnh phn ht: Cp phi t nhin phi c thnh phn ht nm trong vng gii hn ca ng bao cp phi quy nh bng sau:
- Cp phi t nhin phi t c cc ch tiu k thut nh quy nh bng sau:
- Khi vt liu cp phi t nhin khai thc ra khng t c yu cu trn th phi ci thin t c cc yu cu . Trn c s kt qu th nghim hn hp cp phi quyt nh bin php ci thin sao cho thch hp. C th dng cc bin php sau: + Khi t l ht nh vt qu gii hn cho php th sng b loi ht nh. + Khi thnh phn cp phi thiu ht cng, phi trn thm dm hoc si cui.
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+ Khi ch s do ln th phi trn thm mt t l ct th v ct ht nh hoc trn thm vi. + Khi cp phi sui thiu ht nh th c th trn thm t st. + Khi t l ht dt cao hn quy nh th phi nghin v ht dt hoc loi b ht dt. + Khi c nhng ht ct liu 50mm th phi sng loi b hoc nghin v chng lt qua sng 50mm.
4.4.6. Trnh t thi cng. a) Chun b lng ng. Lng ng phi m bo cc yu cu sau: - Lng ng phi t c cht cn thit, phi ng kch thc hnh hc (b rng, cao v dc ngang theo thit k). - Lng ng phi bng phng, khng c nhng ch li lm gy ng nc sau ny. - Hai thnh lng ng phi vng chc. Nhng bin php m bo thnh lng ng vng chc tu theo thit k qui nh. b) Chun b vt liu. - Vt liu cp phi thin nhin phi c tp kt b i cha vt liu sau phi kim tra cc ch tiu k thut yu cu, nu t yu cu mi c ch n cng trng. - Khi lng cp phi phi c tnh ton ri lp mng (mt) theo ng chiu dy thit k vi h s ln p K. H s ny thng c xc nh thng qua ri th, Thng K=1.25 1.35 c) Vn chuyn vt liu. - Dng t t vn chuyn cp phi t b i tp kt ra hin trng. Khi xc ln xe phi xc bng my xc, nu dng th cng phi vn chuyn bng st, khng dng xng xc ( trnh hin tng phn tng). - Cp phi phi c thnh ng, khong cch gia cc ng phi tnh sao cho cng san t nht. B tr hp l l ng hoc lng ng sao cho khng gy tr ngi cho cng tc khc. Khong cch gia cc ng vt liu l:
l=
Q bh 1
(mt)
Trong :
Q: th tch cp phi m t ch c (m3) B: b rng thi cng ( m) h1: chiu dy ri (cha lu ln cht) cn thit ca cp phi si ong (m) h1 = K. h vi K: h s ln p (xc nh thng qua ri th) vh: b dy thit k ca lp cp phi.
d) San cp phi. - Trc khi ri cp phi t nhin, phi kim tra m ca cp phi. nu khng m phi ti thm nc. Vic ti nc c th theo mt trong cc cch sau: + Dng bnh hoa sen ti nhm trnh cc ht nh tri i.
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+ Dng xe xitc c vi phun cm tay chch ln tri to ma. + Ti trong qu trnh san cp phi nc thm u. - Dng my ri hoc my san vt liu u khp, ng chiu dy qui nh, ng mui luyn yu cu. Thao tc v tc san ri sao cho b mt bng phng khng gn sng khng phn tng v hn ch s ln qua li khng cn thit ca my. Chiu dy ri h1 khi lu c chiu dy thit k bng h (h1 = K. h, vi K = 1.25-1.35) - Trong qu trnh san ri, nu thy hin tng phn tng, gn sng th phi c bin php khc phc ngay. i vi hin tng phn tng th phi trn li hoc phi thay bng cp phi mi. - Nu phi thi cng lp cp phi t nhin thnh nhiu lp th trc khi ri cp phi lp sau, mt ca lp di phi m m bo lin kt gia cc lp cng nh trnh h hng ca cc lp mt. e) Cng tc lu ln. - Sau khi san, ri cp phi xong phi tin hnh lu ln ngay. Ch tin hnh lu ln khi m cp phi l m tt nht (Wopt) vi sai s 1%. - Lu ln mt ng cp phi t nhin gm c 2 giai on: + Lu ln s b: giai on ny chim khong 30% cng lu yu cu. Dng lu nh 6T, tc lu 1 - 1.5 km/h, sau 3 - 4 lt u cn tin hnh b ph v sa cha cho mt ng bng u, ng mui luyn. Khi cng lu cho giai on ny, ngh 1 - 2 gi cho mt ng se bt ri tip tc lu giai on sau. + Lu ln cht: giai on ny chim khong 70% cng lu yu cu. Dng lu 8 tn, tc lu 2-3 km/h, ln p n khi mt ng phng, nhn, lu i li khng cn hn vt bnh xe trn mt ng. - S ln lu ln cn c vo kt qu th im v lu ln ti thc a. on th im phi c di l 50m, rng ti thiu 2,75m (chiu rng mt na mt ng hoc mt ln xe). - Trong qu trnh ra vt liu nu gp tri nng to lm bc hi mt nhiu nc th khi lu phi ti b sung nc. Khi tri rm hay ma phn, lng nc bc khng ng k th c th san mt on di ri lu c th. - Khi tri ma, phi ngng ri v ngng lu ln cp phi. i tnh ma nc bc hi n khi m t m tt nht th mi lu ln tip. - Sau khi lu ln xong phi th nghim xc nh cht bng phng php rt ct. f) Ri lp ph mt. i vi cp phi t nhin dng lm tng mt B1, B2, sau khi kt thc lu ln, th phi ri mt lp bo v bng ct sn 3-5mm. Lp ct sn ny khng cn lu ln. i vi cp phi t nhin dng lm tng mng, c th khng cn lp bo v ny. g) Bo dng. i vi cp phi t nhin dng lm tng mt B1, B2: Sau khi thi cng xong trong vng 714 ngy cn phi th hin cc bc sau y: - iu chnh cho xe chy phn b u trn b rng phn xe chy. - Qut ct sn b vng ra ngoi tr li phn xe chy.
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- Nu nng to phi ti m trn phn xe chy mi ngy mt ln. i vi lp cp phi t nhin dng lm lp mng - Nu phi thng xe ngay trn mng th vic bo dng cng phi thc hin nh trn. Nu thi gian thi cng ko di hng thng m vn phi m bo giao thng vi lu lng 50xe/ngm th cng nn ri lp ct sn bo v b mt. - Nu thi cng lp trn ngay trong vng mt tun khng cn lm lp bo v, ch cn iu chnh xe v ti m nh trn.

- Kch thc hnh hc: + Sai s cho php v chiu rng mt ng 10 cm. Kim tra bng thc dy. Ring lp mng khng cho php sai s m v chiu rng. + Sai s cho php v chiu dy mt ng. * i vi lp mt v lp mng trn 0,5 cm. * i vi lp mng di +2cm n -1 cm. Kim tra bng o h o chiu dy hoc my thu bnh. + Sai s cho php v dc ngang mt, l ng khng qu 5 0/00. + bng phng bng thc 3m. Khe h gia y thc v b mt lp cp phi phi nh hn 1cm i vi lp mt, 2cm vi lp mng. + Dung trng: xc nh dung trng thc t hin trng bng phng php rt ct (K0.98). + Cng : M uyn n hi mt ng phi t hoc vt muyn n hi thit k: Ett Etk - Phng php kim tra: + Chiu rng: kim tra 10 mt ct bt k trong 1 km + Chiu dy: kim tra 3 mt ct trong 1 km. mi mt ct kim tra 3 v tr: 1 tim, 2 hai bn cch mp mt ng 1 m. - bng phng: kim tra 3 v tr trong 1 km. - Cng : p tnh, chu ri chn ng.
4.5. mt v mng ng bng cp phi dm (22tcn 334-06) 4.5.1 Khi nim.

CPD l mt hn hp ct liu, sn phm ca mt dy chuyn cng ngh nghin (si), c cu trc thnh phn ht theo nguyn l cp phi cht, lin tc.
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Hnh: Mt ng Cp phi dm

Cng hnh thnh theo nguyn l cp phi.
4.5.3. u nhc im. u im: - Cng kh cao: vi cp phi dm loi I (CPD LI), E = 250 - 300 MPa vi cp phi dm loi II (CPD LII), E = 200 - 250 MPa - C th c gii ho ton b t khu sn xut n thi cng.
- n nh vi lc y ngang, tc t b bong bt, hn so vi mt ng dm nc rt nhiu. - tn cng lu ln hn mt ng dm nc. Nhng khi lu ln phi rt ch lu cp phi m tt nht. Nhc im: - Rt d phn tng trong thi cng do vy i hi k thut thi cng cao (c cc bin php chng phn tng trong thi cng). - Km n nh vi nc hn so vi mt ng dm nc. Tuy nhin khi lu ln cht th kh nng n nh i vi nc cng tng i cao. - Yu cu vt liu cao, vic ch to cp phi dm i hi phi c thc hin trong x nghip vi dy chuyn cng ngh rt hin i, do vy gi thnh tng i cao.
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- D b bo mn di tc dng ca ti trng bnh xe, sinh bi khi tri kh hanh, khi tri ma th thnh phn t dnh v ra tri lm b bong bt sinh ra cc g lm mt ng b hng, km bng phng,...
4.5.4. Phm vi s dng.

- CPD loi I c dng cho mng trn (hoc mng di, trn c s xem xt yu t kinh t k thut) ca ng cp cao A1, A2. - CPD loi II c dng lm lp mng di ca kt cu o ng c tng mt loi A1 v lm lp mng trn cho kt cu o ng c tng mt loi A2.
nc ta, cng vi qu trnh cng nghip ho - hin i ho t nc, ngnh giao thng vn ti pht trin vi tc rt nhanh, cng vi n l cc cng ngh xy dng hin i ca nc ngoi c chuyn vo. Qu trnh hi nhp ca ta rt nhanh, ta tip cn c cc k thut xy dng rt mi, cng ngh mi v vt liu. V cp phi dm c s dng rng r i trong cc tuyn ng cao cp: u tin l ng Bc Thng Long - Ni Bi, tip n l ng QL5, ng Lng - Ho Lc v ton b d n nng cp QL1. Hin nay xu hng ca chng ta ang dn thay th cc loi mt ng truyn thng (nh mng dm nc, mt dm lng nha...) bng vt liu cp phi dm. V vt liu cp phi c kh nng m bo, kim tra cht lng thi cng d dng hn mt ng dm nc. Ch : - c th lu ln CPD t cht yu cu, lp CPD phi c t trn mt lp mng
chc c E 400 daN/cm2 hoc CBR 7. Lp CPD khng c t trn lp mng ct. - Trong bt c trng hp no cng khng c dng ln ln gia CPD v dm tiu chun v lp dm tiu chun d thm nc (do rng) do vy nh hng n cng ca lp CPD. - Lp CPD c th c mt lp hoc hai lp. Nu ch c mt lp th nn dng CPD loi I. Nu c hai lp th lp cp phi dm loi I bao gi cng bn trn lp CPD loi II.
4.5.5. Phn loi.

Gm c hai loi CPD loi I v CPD loi II - CPD loi I: tt c cc c ht ca cp phi u c nghin t nguyn khai. - CPD loi II: thnh phn cp phi ht c th nghin t nguyn khai hoc si cui, trong c ht nh hn 2,36mm c th l khong vt t nhin khng nghin nhng khi lng khng c vt qu 50% khi lng cp phi dm. Khi CPD c nghin t si cui th cc ht trn c sng 9.5mm t nht 75% s ht c t hai mt v tr ln.
4.5.6. Yu cu vt liu. a) Thnh phn ht. - Cp phi dm phi c thnh phn ht nm trong vng gii hn ca ng bao cp phi quy nh bng sau:
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Kch c l sng vung (mm) Dmax = 37.5mm
T l % lt qua sng Dmax = 25mm Dmax = 19mm
50 37.5 25 19 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.425 0.075
100 90-100 58-78 39-59 24-39 15-30 7-19 2-12
100 70-90 67-83 49-64 34-54 25-40 12-24 2-12
100 90-100 58-73 39-59 30-45 13-27 2-12
- Vic la chn loi CPD (theo c ht ln nht danh nh Dmax) phi cn c vo chiu dy thit k ca lp mng: + CPD loi Dmax = 37.5mm thch hp dng cho lp mng di. + CPD loi Dmax = 25mm thch hp cho lp mng trn. + CPD loi Dmax = 19mm thch hp dng cho vic b vnh v tng cng trn cc kt cu mt ng c trong nng cp ci to. b) Cc ch tiu c l ca CPD. CPD phi m bo cc ch tiu sau:
T T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cp phi dm Ch tiu k thut hao mn Los-Angeles ca ct liu (LA) % Sc chu ti CBR ti cht K98 ngm nc 96 gi, % Gii hn chy (WL), % Ch s do (IP), % Ch s PP=Ip.A0.075 Hm lng ht thoi dt, % cht m nn (Kyc), % Loi I 35 100 25 6 45 15 98 Loi II 40
Ko quy nh
Phng php th nghim

22TCN318-04 22TCN332-06 AASHTO T89-02(8) AASHTO T90-02(8*)
35 6 60 15 98
TCVN1722-87(8) 22TCN333-06 (Phng php II-D)
Ghi ch: A0.075 : % lng lt qua sng 0.075mm (8) Gii hn do v gii hn chy c xc nh vi thnh phn lt qua sng 0.425mm.
(8*)
Ht thoi dt l ht c chiu dy hoc chiu ngang 1/3 chiu di. Th nghim c thc hin vi cc c ht c ng knh ln hn 4.75mm v chim trn 5% khi lng mu.
4.5.7. Cu to mt ng.
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- Chiu dy: chiu dy cc lp CPD do thit k qui nh. Tuy nhin, m bo lu c cht trong ton b b dy lp, chiu dy ti a ca mt lp sau khi lu ln khng qu 18 cm i vi cc lp mng di v 15cm i vi lp mng trn. Chiu dy ti thiu mi lp hmin 3Dmax. Khi chiu dy lp cp phi dm ln hn gi tr hmax th phi thi cng lm 2 lp. - dc ngang ca mt ng in = 3 %, il = 5 %
4.5.8. Trnh t thi cng. a) Cng tc chun b. Chun b vt liu: - Phi tin hnh la chn ngun cung cp CPD cho cng trnh. Cng tc ny bao gm vic kho st, kim tra, nh gi v kh nng p ng cc ch tiu k thut, kh nng cung cp vt liu theo tin cng trnh. y l c s t vn gim st chp nhn ngun cung cp vt liu. - Vt liu CPD t ngun cung cp phi c tp kt v b i cha ti chn cng trnh tin hnh cc cng tc kim tra, nh gi cht lng vt liu, lm c s t vn gim st chp thun a vt liu vo s dng. Chun b mt bng thi cng: - Ch c tin hnh thi cng lp cp phi dm khi lp mng di c hon thin xong. Yu cu: b mt lp mng di phi bng phng, ng cao , ng hnh dng mui luyn thit k, m bo cht lu ln. - Thi cng p l, to khun ng trc khi ri cp phi dm. Thng p l tng lp tng ng vi b dy tng lp cp phi. B rng mt ng phi ng thit k. - Nu l mng, mt ng c th phi tin hnh v g, b vnh trc khi thi cng lp cp phi dm. Nu b vnh bng cp phi dm th chiu dy b vnh phi 3Dmax. b) Vn chuyn CPD n hin trng thi cng. - CPD sau khi c chp thun a vo s dng trong cng trnh c tp kt n hin trng thi cng bng t t . Tu theo bin php thi cng m c cch x l nh sau: + Nu ri bng my ri chuyn dng th t trc tip vo phu ca my ri. + Nu ri bng my san th khong cch gia cc ng vt liu phi tnh ton sao cho c ly san gt ngn v hn ch s ln i li ca my san. C ly ny c th tnh theo cng thc sau v khng qu 10m.
l= Q (m) B.h 1
Trong :
l: khong cch gia cc ng vt liu. Q: Th tch ca mt chuyn ch ca t (m3). H1: chiu dy ri (cha lu ln cht).
c) San ri CPD.
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- Phi dng my ri vi CPD loi I, vi CPD loi II c th dng my ri hoc my san. Ch c dng my san khi c t vn gim st chp nhn trn c s c cc bin php chng phn tng vt liu. - B dy mt lp sau khi lu ln cht khng qu 18 cm i vi cc lp mng di v 15cm vi lp mng trn. B dy di h1 = K.h, vi K c xc nh thng qua ri th (c th ly K=1.3). - m bo cht ti mp ca lp cp phi, khi khng c khun ng hoc va th phi ri lp CPD rng thm mi bn ti thiu l 25cm so vi b rng thit k. Ti cc v tr tip gip vi vt ri trc, phi tin hnh loi b cc vt liu CPD ri rc trc khi ri vt tip theo. - Trong sut qu trnh san ri, phi thng xuyn kim tra bng phng, dc ngang, dc dc, ng u ca vt liu... - Nu thi cng hai lp CPD lin nhau th trc khi ri lp CPD trn, phi ti m mt lp di v phi thi cng ngay lp trn nhm trnh xe c i li lm h hng b mt lp di.
Hnh: san CPD bng my san
Hnh: ri CPD bng my ri chuyn dng

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d) Lu ln CPD.
- Phi m bo lu ln CPD m gn vi m tt nht vi sai s Wopt2%. + Nu khng m phi ti thm nc. Vic ti nc c th theo mt trong cc cch sau: ./ Dng bnh hoa sen ti nhm trnh cc ht nh tri i. ./ Dng xe xitc, vi phun cm tay chch ln tri to ma. + Nu m ln hn m tt nht th phi hong kh trc khi lu ln. - La chn loi lu, s ln lu yu cu... c quyt nh thng qua on thi cng th im, nhng c th tham kho theo hng dn sau: + Lu s b bng lu bnh st 6-8 T, lu 3-4 lt /im. + Lu ln cht: Dng lu rung bnh st 8-10T hoc lu rung 14T (khi rung t 25T), lu 8-10 lt/im. (Nu khng c lu rung c th dng lu bnh lp c ti trng bnh 1.5-4T/bnh, lu 20-25 lt/im). + Lu phng bng lu bnh st 8-10T. - Ngay sau giai on lu ln s b, phi xuyn kim tra bng phng, dc ngang, dc dc, ng u ca vt liu... kp thi pht hin cc v tr khng bnh thng (v d hin tng li lm, phn tng...) x l kp thi.
e) Bo dng v lm lp nha ti thm bm. Mc ch l phc v thi cng khi cha c iu kin ri ngay lp mt hoc khi cn m bo giao thng. - Khng cho xe qua li lp mt ng bng cp phi dm khi n cha c ti nha pha du (loi MC-70) hoc nh tng (loi SS-1h hoc C SS-1h). - Thng xuyn gi m trn mt, khng loi ht mn bc bi.
- Nhanh chng ri lp nha thm vi nh mc 1.20.1kg/m2 ngay sau khi kt thc lu ln cho xe c qua li khng ph hoi mt lp cp phi va thi cong xong. - Nu lp nha thm dng nha pha du th lp mt cp phi phi kh sch, khi dng nh tng th mt lp cp phi c th m. - Nu phi m bo giao thng, ngay sau khi ti lp thm bm, phi ph mt lp mt 0.5x1cm vi nh mc 101 lt/m2 v lu nh khong 2-3 ln/im. Ch : - Trong qu trnh bc, xc, vn chuyn, san ri vt liu phi tm mi bin php chng
phn tng cho CPD. + Khi xc vt liu ln xe t phi dng my xc, my xc lt, khng c dng li i i cp phi ln xe. Khi dng th cng th dng st chuyn ln xe, khng dng xng ht vt liu ln xe. + Chiu cao ca y thng ca xe t ch c cao hn mt ti a 0.5m.
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+ Nu dng my san ri cp phi, phi b tr cng nhn li my lnh ngh v cng nhn ph theo my ( kp thi pht hin v x l hin tng phn tng). + Trong qu trnh san ri, nu thy c hin tng phn tng, gn sng hoc nhng du hiu khng thch hp th phi tm bin php khc phc ngay ring hin tng phn tng th phi xc i thay cp phi mi. Cm khng c b ph cc ht v trn ti ch. - Trong sut qu trnh bc, xc, vn chuyn, san ri, c bit trc khi lu ln phi m
bo m ca CPD gn vi m tt nht vi sai s Wo2%.

- Trc khi tin hnh thi cng i tr, phi tin hnh thi cng th im rt ra cc thng s cn thit: s vn hnh ca my san, my ri, khong cch cc ng vt liu, h s lu ln, chiu dy ti u ca lp thi cng, s lu ln ca mi loi lu, vn tc lu, s lt lu yu cu...Cng tc thi cng th im phi c thc hin trong cc trng hp sau: + Trc khi thi cng i tr. + Khi c s thay i v thit b thi cng chnh nh my san, ri, my lu. + Khi c s thay i v ngun cung cp vt liu hoc loi vt liu. e) Kim tra nghim thu.
Cht lng vt liu: - Giai on kim tra phc v cng tc chp thun ngun cung cp vt liu CPD: c 3000m3 vt liu cung cp cho cng trnh hoc khi lin quan n mt trong cc trng hp sau phi ly mt mu: + Ngun vt liu ln u cung cp cho cng trnh. + C s thay i ngun cung cp. + C s thay i a tng khai thc ca nguyn khai. + C s thay i dy chuyn nghin-sng hoc hm nghin hoc c sng. + C s bt thng v cht lng vt liu. - Giai on kim tra phc v cng tc nghim thu cht lng vt liu CPD c tp kt ti chn cng trnh a vo s dng: c 1000m3 vt liu ly mt mu cho mi ngun cung cp hoc khi c s bt thng v cht lng vt liu. Cht lng vt liu trong cc giai on kim tra phi t c cc yu cu trn (mc 4.5.6.). Cht lng thi cng. - m, phn tng vt liu CPD (quan st bng mt v kim tra thnh phn ht). C 3 200m vt liu trong mt ca thi cng phi tin hnh ly mt mu th nghim thnh phn ht, m. - cht: c 800m2 phi kim tra cht lu ln ti mt im ngu nhin theo phng php rt ct. - Cc yu t hnh hc, bng phng: - B rng: Kim tra bng thc thp. - Cao , dc ngang: c xc nh da trn s liu o cao ti tim v mp ca lp mng.
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- B dy: c xc nh da trn s liu cao c ti cng mt v tr trc v sau khi thi cng lp CPD. Khi cn c th o h kim cht. + bng phng: kim tra bng thc 3m. Sai s cho php quy nh nh bng sau:
TT 1 2 3 4 5 Ch tiu kim tra Cao dc ngang Chiu dy B rng bng phng: khe h ln nht di thc 3m Gii hn cho php Mng di - 10mm 0.5% 10mm - 50mm 10mm Mng trn - 5mm 0.3% 5mm - 50mm 5mm Mt kim tra C 40-50m vi on tuyn thng, 20-25m vi on tuyn cong bng hoc ng o mt trc ngang C 100m o mt v tr
4.6. Mt v mng ng bng t gia c. 4.6.1. Khi nim chung.

Mt trong nhng nguyn tc quan trng trong xy dng mt ng l tn dng nguyn vt liu a phng. Gia c t ti ch lm cc lp mng, mt ng s gim c mt khi lng , si ln c bit l gim cng vn chuyn nn gi thnh xy dng s gim i, c bit l nhng vng khan him . i vi nhng vng kh hu m t, ch m ca t bt li th vic gia c t lm cc lp mng cn c tc dng rt quan trng l ngn chn nc ngm thm ln lm yu cc lp trn ca kt cu mt ng, trnh c tnh trng bn t phn ln cc k . t c th gia c cc cht lin lit v c (xi mng, vi...) hoc hu c (nha, nh tng...). Cht lng ca cc lp t gia c c th snh vi cc lp dm, cp phi.
nc ta, iu kin kh hu, iu kin t ai, vt liu ti ch rt ph hp vi phng php s dng vt liu t gia c. Do vy k thut s dng t gia c , ang c p dng trong xy dng ng t. K thut gia c t trn th gii hin nay ang ch trng vo cc vn sau: - Tm cch nng cao lc dnh bm ca cc cht lin kt ti vng tip xc vi cc ht t, vi cc kt - th ln v vi - kt - th ca cc ht t. - Tm cch ci thin hn na cc tnh cht ca t gia c: nh nng cao n nh nc, nng cao hoc gim bt kh nng bin dng tu theo loi cu trc, nng cao cng , tnh chu bo mn. - Nghin cu v tm ra cc tc dng c hiu qu ln ca cc cht ph gia: ph gia hot tnh b mt mi v nhng ho cht hot tnh khc, dng trong vic gia c cc loi t st thuc cc ngun gc khc nhau v c cc thnh phn ho - khong khc nhau. - Nghin cu v tm cch s dng c hiu qu nht phng php gia c tng hp t (tng hp cc cht gia c). 4.6.2. L thuyt v t gia c.
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t, c bit l t dnh, l mt h thng a - khong rt phc tp, rt phn tn. Bn cht ho keo ca cc ht mn phn tn ca t c nhiu v khc nhau. Trong t, cc ht st - keo c mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nng cao cng v tnh n nh. Cc ht st - keo ny c tc dng lin kt cc ct liu ln trong t li vi nhau, mt khc n li l thnh phn thng b thay i tnh cht khi t b m t hoc qu kh hanh, nn n li l thnh phn lm gim cng ca t xung nhiu. Dng cc cht lin kt, cc cht ph gia hoc cc phng php ho l khc gia c t. Mc ch l thay i mt cch c bn tnh cht c hc v cu to ca t, m trc ht l tc ng ln thnh phn ht st - keo, lm cho cc tnh cht c l ca n tt hn, n nh, t thay i hn khi m t. Ring i vi loi t khng dnh nh ct th nhim v ch yu ca vic gia c l lm tng lc dnh kt, c bit khi kh hanh. c tnh quan trng nht ca t dnh cng nh bt k h thng phn tn no l c t din rt ln, do c nng lng b mt ln. Tu thuc vo tr s ca t din v nng lng b mt ny m t c kh nng hp ph mnh hay yu. Do vy cc tnh cht v thnh phn ca t cng nh ca cht gia c mi l cc yu t c tc dng c nh, nh hng trc tip n kt qu gia c t. Cn cc tc dng c hc, l hc thc hin trong qu trnh cng ngh thi cng khi gia c t l nhng yu t ng, c tc dng tm thi. N c th y mnh cc qu trnh cu trc ho trong t gia c nu tun th ng cc qui nh hoc lm yu, lm chm nu khng tun th theo cc iu kin . Cc qu trnh xy ra trong khi gia c t rt khc nhau, tu thuc vo tnh cht ca t, ca cht gia c v cht ph gia. Cc qu trnh y c th l: - Qu trnh ho hc: nh s hirt ho ca cc ht xi mng, s ho cng ca cc sn phm ca s hirt ho, s ho cng ca cc cht mi c to ra do tng tc ho hc vi phn ht mn phn tn ca t, s trng hp hay s a trng ngng ca cc cht tng hp, tng tc ho hc vi cc cht hot tnh khc nhau. - Qu trnh ho l: nh s hp th trao i cc sn phm ca s thu phn v hirt ho xi mng bi thnh phn ht mn phn tn ca t hay ca cc cht hot tnh cation hoc hot tnh anion. S hp th phn t cc cht t trong cc dung dch trn b mt phn cch cc pha, s ng t khng hi phc ca cc cht st v keo, s vi - kt - t v s xi mng ho vng bn ca cht y. - Qu trnh l ho v c hc: nh vic lm ti nh cc kt th t v trn ln vi xi mng, nha, vi hay cc cht lin kt v ph gia khc. Vic to nn m tt nht v m ln ln nht ca hn hp t gia c, vic bo dng lp t gia c m nn trong mt iu kin v m, nhit ... thch hp cho vic ho cng. Cc qu trnh phc tp v khc nhau trn tht ra lin quan rt cht ch vi nhau. Cc loi qu trnh ny thng ni tip nhau, kt hp ni nhau v to iu kin cho nhau. Bit kt hp cc qu trnh y mt cch ng n s to iu kin cho t gia c tr thnh mt vt liu c tnh ton khi, c cng cao, n nh vi nc, vi nhit.
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C nhiu phng php gia c t, tu theo loi cht lin kt v nguyn tc tc dng ca cc cht vi t: - Gia c t bng cc cht lin kt v c. - Gia c t bng cc cht lin kt hu c. - Gia c t bng cc cht keo trng hp cao phn t. - Gia c t bng phng php tng hp. - Gia c t bng phng php nhit. - Gia c t bng phng php in ho. - Gia c t bng cc loi mui ( gi cho thnh phn st - keo trong t lun c m tt nht, hoc lm vi cc ht keo thnh hp cht khng ho tan).
4.7. mt ng t gia c cht kt dnh v c (22tcn 81-84) 4.7.1. Khi nim chung.
t ti ch hay t c chn la, lm nh t ri em trn cc cht dnh v c (vi, xi mng) v lu ln cht m tt nht trc khi vi, xi mang kt dng lm cc lp kt cu o ng t, ng thnh ph, qung trng, sn bay. Trc khi quyt nh gia c t lm vt liu xy dng phi lm cc th nghim cn thit sau y xc nh kh nng v iu kin s dng t v cc cht kt dnh: - Th nghim tnh cht l ho ca t: thnh phn ht, ch s do, hm lng hu c, pH, cc mui ho tan... - Th nghim tnh cht ho l ca cht gia c: tnh cht c, l, ho ca vi, xi mng v cc cht ph gia. - Tnh cht c l ca hn hp t gia c: m tt nht, dung trng kh ln nht, bn nn, bn ko khi un, m uyn n hi, n nh vi nc, ht nc,.... Trn c s ca cc s liu th nghim c xt ti cc nhn t nh hng ca iu kin thin nhin khu vc xy dng, cn chn liu lng cht gia c hp l v phng php gia c thch hp m bo bn theo yu cu, n nh cn thit v chn phng n t chc thi cng ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca vt liu v thit b sn c. t gia c c bn v cc ch tiu c l phi tho m n yu cu ghi trong bng sau:
Tnh cht c l ca t gia c bn khi nn (MPa) - i vi mu 28 ngy m b o ho - i vi mu 7 ngy m b o ho bn ko khi un (MPa) - i vi mu 28 ngy m b o ho m ca mu 28 ngy sau khi b o ho nc so vi m tt nht (%) - H s m nn K Ch tiu yu cu theo cp bn I 4 2 12 2 0.98 II 2 1 8 2 0.98 III 1 0.5 Khng cn TN 3 0.95
- Cp bn ca t gia c c qui nh theo tr s m uyn n hi tnh ton nh sau: 67 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
bn cp I: Eh = 500 MPa bn cp II: Eh = 350 MPa bn cp III: Eh = 200 MPa Ring t gia c vi th m uyn n hi cao nht ch t Eh = 400 MPa.

Theo nguyn l t gia c.
4.7.3. u nhc im. u im: - Cng cao Eh = 200 - 500 MPa. - C kh nng chu ko un v tnh n nh nc cao. - Tn dng c vt liu a phng, ti ch (t) nn gi thnh h. - C th c gii ho cng tc thi cng. - bng phng kh cao. Nhc im: - Phi c thit b thi cng chuyn dng. - Qu trnh thi cng d gy nhim. - Thi gian hnh thnh cng chm, nn khng thng xe c ngay sau khi thi cng. Phm vi p dng: Vt liu t gia c cht lin kt v c c th s dng lm: - Lp mng trn v lp mng di ca mt ng BTN v cc loi mt ng c dng nha khc. - Lm lp mng ca mt ng BTXM ti ch hoc lp ghp. - Lm lp mng trn v lp mng di ca mt ng cao cp th yu (A2) hay mt ng qu . - Lm lp mt ca mt ng qu , nng thn nhng phi c lp lng bo v. Thng thng: Khi lm lp mng di ca mt ng cao cp A1 (BTN, BTXM), lp mng trn ca mt ng cao cp A2 hay lp mt ca mt ng qu , giao thng nng thn th vt liu t gia c cht v c c Eh = 350 - 500 MPa. Khi lm lp mng trn hay di ca mt ng cao cp A2, l mng ca mt ng qu th Eh = 200 - 350 MPa. Ch : 68 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- khai thc chng nt truyn ln lp mt BTN nng hay trn nha ri nng, khi dng vt liu t gia c cht lin kt v c lm lp mng trn th chiu dy ti thiu ca lp mt BTN nng, nha nng phi bng 7 cm. Nu l BTN ngui, nha ngui th chiu dy ti thiu l 4-5 cm. - Nu dng t gia c cht lin kt v c lm lp mt th nht thit phi lm lp lng nha t nht 2 lp ph bo v. - Tu theo chc nng v cng vt liu, c th thi cng lp t gia c thnh mt hoc hai lp. B rng lp mng t gia c nn rng hn lp mt khong 0.6 - 1m
4.7.4. Yu cu vt liu. a) i vi t gia c xi mng: - t: Phi l cc loi t c php dng p nn ng. Ngoi ra m bo cho vic gia c t hiu qu cao, cn lu n mt s iu kin sau: + Nu dng t t cc vt liu b v vn khng c tnh dnh trng thi t nhin th c ht t 2 - 50 mm khng ln hn 50% theo trng lng, cho php dng c ht ln hn 50 mm nhng khng vt qu 70 mm vi hm lng nh hn hoc bng 10% tnh theo trng lng. + Nu dng t c cha c ht di 25 mm th cc c ht 2 - 25 mm khng c vt qu 70% theo khi lng. i vi cc loi t c c ht ln hn 25 mm th yu cu v bn ca loi c ht ny khng c nh hn cp IV (cp sinh ra) + Cho php dng t c tnh dnh (t st loi nh, st, ct c ngun gc bi tch, tn tch), t ln si sn (Cp phi i) v t si ong c thnh phn ht th ph hp vi cc yu cu trn, t badan c hai loi tui, t ct cc loi gia c. + t hu c ch c php dng gia c khi hm lng hu c cha trong t khng qu 6 % theo trng lng. t c pH < 4 c th dng gia c xi mng, nhng phi kh chua bng vi hay cc cht kim khc trc khi gia c. + t cha cc mui ho tan ch c dng gia c khi hm lng cc mui clorua, sunphat clorua khng qu 4% theo trng lng. t c cha mui sunphat ch c dng gia c khi hm lng mui khng qu 2 % theo trng lng. - Xi mng: + Xi mng pooc lng v cc loi xi mng khc u c th dng gia c. + Xi mng dng gia c phi c mc t 30 MPa tr ln (PC30). Tuy nhin, tu thuc vo chc nng ca cc lp kt cu v trn c s s liu th nghim, c th s dng cc loi xi mng c mc nh hn 30 MPa gia c t (xi mng xung cp, xi mng a phng) - Ph gia hot tnh: + Khi dng loi t t c hiu qu hoc khng ph hp vi yu cu gia c th dng thm cc cht ph gia d dng thi cng, gip cho iu kin bin cng t bn cao. Tu thuc vo tnh cht ca t m c th dng mt hoc nhiu ph gia nh: vi t, vi ti hoc vi sng, silicat natri, clorua canxi, tro bay,...Do iu kin cng nghip ho cht ca ta cha pht trin v kh nng thit b c hn nn thc t ch dng vi lm cht ph gia khi t dng gia c xi mng qu chua v qu m. 69 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- Nc: Nc dng ti m khi trn v bo dng hn hp t gia c xi mng c yu cu sau: - pH khng nh hn 4 - Hm lng SO42- khng qu 5000 mg/l - Tng hm lng mui ho tan khng qu 30 000 mg/l Ni chung tr loi nc thi cng nghip, nc m ly cn mi loi nc dng trong sinh hot u c th dng khi gia c t vi xi mng. b) t gia c vi. - t: phi l cc loi t c php dng p nn ng. Ngoi ra m bo cho vic gia c t hiu qu cao, cn lu n mt s iu kin sau: + t cp phi i, t si ong, t badan c gii hn chy khng ln hn 55% v ch s do khng nh hn 4% u c th dng gia c c. + Khi gia c ct, ct m b sung thm thnh phn ht st (t st) l cn thit nhng phi da trn c s phn tch so snh kinh t - k thut. - Vi: + Vi dng gia c t c th l loi vi khng kh (CaO) hoc vi thu (Ca(OH)2). + mn ca vi: phi t 100% trng lng lt qua sng 2mm v 80% trng lng lt qua ry 0.1 mm. Ni chung cc loi vi dng trong xy dng u c th dng gia c t. + Vi dng gia c t cn c bo qun v chng m tt: khng t trc tip trn t v phi c mi che. Thi gian bo qun vi ti khng nn qu 50 ngy. 4.7.5. Trnh t thi cng mt, mng ng t gia c xi mng, gia c vi. a) Cng tc chun b. - Trc lc tin hnh thi cng lp t gia c xi mng, vi phi lp thit k t chc thi cng qui nh chiu di on cng tc, trnh t thi cng, s hot ng thc t ca my mc, thit b. Vic lp thit k t chc thi cng phi cn c vo iu kin thc t, kh nng trang thit b, tnh cht vt liu, tnh hnh thi tit, kh hu c th s dng hp l nht cng sut ca my mc, thit b, hon thnh ng thi gian qui nh. - Chun b y xe my, thit b thi cng theo yu cu ca thit k t chc thi cng. - Chun b y cc dng c kim tra cht lng thi cng. - Kim tra cht lng, s lng cht kt dnh m bo cc yu cu ra. - Trn thc a phi nh r phm vi thi cng. b) Cy v t. Vic cy v t c th dng my cy hoc th cng. Nu t nn ng qu kh th chiu hm trc nn ti nc lm mm t cho hm sau d cy, d lm ti v t bi.
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Khi cy ln t c ln qu c nh qui nh cn phi loi b ra vt liu t t yu cu ra. c) Lm ti nh t v san bng: Dng my cy, ba 6- 8 ln/im lm ti t. Sau khi t ti vn t yu cu, dng my san t hnh san phng s b theo mt ct ngang thit k. Ch : Trng hp t nn ng mi khng ph hp hoc nng cp mt ng c ta tin hnh gia c t bn ngoi mt ng. Khi ny ngi ta trn t vi cht kt dnh, cht ph gia ngay ti ni ly t hoc mt phn lng ng ri ch hn hp trn n ri u ln mt ng v m nn. d) Ri cht kt dnh. Dng my ri xi mng phn phi u cht kt dnh (vi, xi mng) trn khp b rng v chiu di on gia c. Ch khng ch tc di chuyn ca my lng cht kt dnh phn phi ri u ng t l qui nh. Nu khng c my ri th c th dng nhn lc ri trn c s tnh ton s lng cht kt dnh cn thit cho on thi cng. e) Trn kh hn hp Sau khi san ri xong cht kt dnh, dng my cy, ba tin hnh trn kh hn hp cht kt dnh cho n khi cht kt dnh phn b u trong lp t phi gia c. S lt cy ni chung khong 4 - 6 l/im Tuy nhin khng c ko di thi gian trn kh, c bit l khi t c m gn vi m tt nht. f) Lm m hn hp Nu kim tra thy t cha m th phi ti thm nc bng xe ti nc. Khi ti nc cn iu chnh p lc phun, tc di chuyn ca xe sao cho ch cn ti nc mt ln l va . Nu lng nc cn ti qu nhiu, ti mt ln s lm cho phn trn mt qu m th c th chia lm hai ln, sau khi ti ln u phi cy trn s b mt vi lt ri mi c ti nc ln hai. Do mt phn lng nc b bc hi khi trn hn hp, nn lng nc cn ti phi nhiu hn lng nc cn ti nhiu hn mc yu cu sao cho m ca hn hp ln hn m tt nht 2 - 3%. g) Trn hn hp m. Sau khi ti nc, trn hn hp m cho u bng my cy, ba. Trong qu trnh cy trn phi thng xuyn kim tra m, nu thy ch no cha nc thi ti thm, ch no m qu th cy xi lm kh bt. h) San mui luyn. Dng my san t hnh to mui luyn thit k, khi san phi i t l vo tim v li san cho mt gc 60o so vi tim ng. k) m ln hn hp.
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Trc ht, nn dng lu bnh lp hoc bnh nhn i vi tc 1.5 - 2 km/h lu ln s b 2 - 3 lt/im. Nu pht hin thy c s li lm khng u th phi san b ph ngay bng vt liu t gia c, nhng nht thit phi cuc bm lp m nn ri mi cho thm vt liu mi trnh hin tng bc bnh a. Sau khi lu n khong 80% cng lu th ri lp dm lin kt. Sau tip tc lu n cht yu cu. Khi lu nn thay i t lu nng n lu nh, tc lu cn khng ch khng qu 2-3 km/h, lc u lu chm, sau lu nhanh dn. Phng php m nn t gia c tng t nh m nn t nn ng hay lp mt cp phi tng ng. l) Hon thin v bo dng. Sau khi m nn xong, cn tin hnh ngay cng tc dng h lp mng t gia c: gi cho t gia c m nn lun c m thit k trong sut thi gian 28 ngy m. Bin php dng h tt nht l ngay sau khi thi kt thc m nn ph mt lp nh tng nha ng hoc nha lng vi liu lng 0.8-1.2 l/ m2. Khi khng c nha lng hoc nh rng c th dng ct ri mt lp dy 4-5 cm v ti nc thng xuyn lm m. Khi ht thi gian dng h, tin hnh lm lp mt. Trng hp dng h bng lp ct m th trc lc ri lp mt cn ti mt lp nha lng 0.8 - 1.2 l/ m2 trn b mt lp t gia c lm lp dnh bm v cch nc. Tu theo iu kin c th m c th tin hnh lm lp mt sm hn thi gian bo dng 28 ngy. Nu t gia c lm lp mt th c th tin hnh lm lp lng nha 2 lp tiu chun 2.0 3.0 kg/m2 ngay sau khi vic lu ln kt thc. Ch : - Phi trang b qun o bo h cho cng nhn. - Nu phi dng cht ph gia trong t gia c th nht thit phi ri v trn cht ph gia trc khi tin hnh ri cht kt dnh. - m bo yu cu v cht lng t gia c trong tng on thi cng, phi thng xuyn kim tra cht lng v ch c php tin hnh cng vic ca bc sau khi cc yu cu ca bc trc tho m n. m) Nghim thu, kim tra cht lng. - Kch thc hnh hc - Chiu dy lp - cht - M uyn n hi - Cng : nn, ko khi un
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4.8. mt ng t gia c cht kt dnh hu c 4.8.1. Khi nim.

Dng cc cht lin kt hu c nh nha lng, hc n hay nh tng lng gia c lm cc lp mng ca mt ng cp cao hoc lp mt ca mt ng gin n. Cng ca lp t gia c vi nha lng, nh tng ph thuc vo loi t, tnh cht v hm lng nha, k thut thi cng. t thch hp nht gia c nha l loi t ct, st nh c hm lng ht bi st khng t hn 10- 15% nhng khng nhiu hn 60%, ch s do t 3 - 12. t st, st nng v st bt c gii hn chy khng ln hn 35% v ch s do khng qu 17 dng gia c nha lng v nh tng nha cng tt. Cc loi t trn nu c thnh phn ht gn qui lut cp phi tt nht th s dt kt qu rt cao khi gia c nha. Dng t st nng gia c nha va kh thi cng, nht l khu lm nh t, va tn nha m cht lng li khng tt. Do khi trn, nha kh bc c ht cc ht st nn khi b nc tc dng, hn hp s b n nhiu, mt ng s b nt n. Cc loi t mui v t kim c ch s do 3 - 17, hm lng mui d ho tan ln hn 1%, trong Na2SO4 v MgSO4 hn 0.25%, lng Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 hn 0.1% khng thch hp cho vic gia c bng nha lng v nh tng. Cc loi mui d ho tan y s cn tr tng tc gia nha v ct liu t v lm gim nhiu lc dnh bm.
4.8.2. L thuyt t gia c cht lin kt hu c.

Trong vic gia c t vi nha lng hoc nh tng, m ca t ng mt vai tr quan trng. Nh bit cc ht khong vt m t s lm gim lc dnh bm gia nha v b mt ht. Tuy nhin kinh nghim cho thy khi gia c t dnh vi nha lng, t phi c mt m thch hp th cht lng mi tt. Cng ca t gia c nha s t c tr s cao khi m ca t bng na m tt nht ca t y khi cha gia c. Khi tng cng lng nha lng v m ca t bng m tt nht th vic m nn s c kt qu tt nht, vic trn t vi nha cng d nht. Khi trn vi nha nu t qu kh, vic m nn c thun li th phi dng lng nha nhiu hn mc cn thit cho vic dnh bm, lng nha lng tha ny s lm gim h s ma st ca t nhng ng thi n cng lm gim cng ca t. Nu t qu m (hn mt na m tt nht) th phi dng t nha lng c th trn v m nn c tt nht, nhng nh vy lng nha khng bo m lc dnh gia cc ht ct liu ca t. Trng hp vn dng lng nha lng bo m lc dnh bm gia cc ht ct liu ca t th li khng th m nn cht c v th lng (nc+nha) trong t nhiu. Nh vy bo m cng , m bo m nn ti cht ln nht, m bo vic thi cng hn hp t nha c d dng (trn, lm nh t...) th phi m bo: Lng nha + m ca t khi gia c = m tt nht ca t y khi cha gia c v m ca t khi gia c = 1/2 m tt nht khi cha gia c.
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Hin tng t st, bao gm cc kt th khong 1 mm, sau khi c gia c vi nha lng hay nh tng iu kin c m tt nht s c cng , n nh nc cao hn l t gia c vi nha iu kin t kh ro c th gii thch nh sau: Trn b mt ca t kh ro hnh thnh mt lp khng kh hp ph, n dnh bm vi nha km hn so vi lp nc hp ph hnh thnh trn b mt ca t m t. Ngoi ra, trong khi khng kh nm trong cc l rng nh ca t kh ro cn tr s thm nhp ca nha th cc kt th ca t m t d dnh vi nha lng v nha ny s c ht vo cc l rng ca t khi nc trong cc l rng ny bay hi. Khi trn v m nn t m vi nha lng c th xy ra hin tng nh ho mt phn cht lin kt v lm v cc kt th t dnh t n nh. Do m cht lin kt bc cc kt th t lc ny khng phi l cht nha lng thun tu na m tr thnh mt cht mt cht lin kt nha-t vng chc hn nhiu. Cn khi gia c t kh ro vi nha th trong hn hp s cn li mt s lng kh ln nng lng b mt t do, nng lng ny c kh nng lm cho nc, trng thi kh hay lng, thm nhp vo cc l rng ca hn hp tnha. V v th lm gim cng ca t gia c.
m ng vi gii hn do ca t, cc mng nc ngoi s ng vai tr bi trn khi m nn, trong trng hp ny, cc lc hp ph xut hin trn b mt ca cc ht t s khng anht hng ng k v do , khi gia c t vi nha ta ly gii hn do lm gii hn m cho php cao nht ca t gia c. Cht lin kt hu c dng gia c t cn phi c lng c th bc cc ht, k cc ht st trong t c d dng. Mt khc, cht lin kt phi c kh nng lm cc ct liu ri rc ca t dnh li vi nhau. V th phi dng cht hu c th no khi trn th th lng nhng khi m nn xong th mau chng ng c hn hp c cng . Thch hp vi yu cu trn l loi nha lng c thi gian ng c va, cc loi nh tng c thi gian phn tch chm. Nha lng c thi gian ng c chm th r hn v hon ton tho m n iu kin th nht nhng li lu ng c nn qu trnh hnh thnh lp t gia c nha s ko di, nht l khi dng vng kh hu m t v thi tit rt. Thng dng nha lng ng c va c nht (C605) t 15 - 80 giy. Dng nh tng phn tch chm th d trn u vi t hn v c th thi cng khi thi tit lnh, kh hu m t. Thng dng nh tng phn tch chm c hm lng nha khng qu 50% v nht (C203) t 10 - 15 giy. nng cao tnh dnh bm gia cht lin kt hu c vi cc ct liu trong t v y mnh qu trnh cu trc ho, nn dng thm cc cht ph gia nh vi vi hm lng t 2 -3 % khi lng t kh, xi mng, clorua can xi 1 - 1.5 %...trn trc vi t hoc cc cht hot tnh b mt nh cc axit bo tng hp hm lng 5-8% khi lng nha... trn trc vi nha lng. Hm lng nha gia c: ph thuc vo tnh cht tng loi t. Nha cng cn nhiu khi cng c nhiu in tch m phn b trn b mt ca t cn gia c. Nu l t st th hm lng nha cng phi nhiu nht l khi lng mn trong t tng ln. Ngoi ra, lng nha cn thit cn ph thuc vo cc yu t khc nh kh hu, ch m t ca t, tnh cht v loi nha dng gia c.
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Cn phi lm th nghim xc nh chnh xc hm lng nha tt nht. Ch cn chnh lch 1-2% so vi hm lng nha tt nht l lm cho t gia c nha qu do, km n nh nhit khi tha nha hoc ri rc, km n inh nc, n ln, chng b bo mn khi thiu nha. Hm lng nha v nc c th tham kho bng sau:
m tt nht ca t theo % khi lng t Hm lng nha, nh tng theo % khi lng t Nha lng Nh tng (tnh theo hm lng nha) 3-5 Nha lng hay hc n c cht ph gia l vi -
Loi t
Hc n
- t c ct liu ht to, cp phi si sn c thnh phn gn cp phi tiu chun - Ct c thnh phn ht khc nhau, ct c ch s do < 3 - ct c ch s do 3-7, st nh - st nng - t st sa thch, t st bt c ch s do 17-22
3-5
3-5
3-5
4-7 6 - 10 10 - 15
5-8 8 - 10 11 - 13
6-9 8 - 13 13 - 16
4-5 4-6 -
3-5 5-7 6-8
4.8.3. Thi cng mt, mng ng t gia c cht lin kt hu c.

Trnh t thi cng nh sau: - Xi nh t, nu t kh th ti thm nc, ri cht ph gia nu cn thit - Ti nha lm nhiu lt nu dng my san trn, nu dng my phay t trn th ti mt ln. - Trn s b t vi nha sau mi ln ti nha bng my san hoc my phay t - Trn k hn hp t - nha bng my san t hnh loi cng sut ln hay my phay t. - San v lm thnh mui luyn bng my san. - Lu ln bng lu nh, sau tng ln dng lu nng. Dng lu bnh cng hoc bnh lp lu. Ni chung ni dung thi cng nh i vi mt ng t gia c cht kt dnh v c. Ch : - t v nha c xem nh trn xong khi hn hp c mu nu u dn. - Trong lc trn gp ma phi dng my san vun thnh di. Khi tri tnh ma dng my san o i o li di t nha vi ln cho kh bt nc, c khi phi ti thm mt t nha na b li phn b nc qun tri, sau thi cng tip. - m ln t gia c nha tt nht l dng lu bnh hi. Phi lu th quyt nh s lm m nn yu cu. - Trong qua trnh thi cng, phi thng xuyn kim tra cht lng ca vt liu, hm lng cht lin kt, cht lng hn hp, qui cch cc thao tc thi cng,....
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4.9. mng, mt ng bng ct gia c xi mng. (22tcn 246-98) 4.9.1. Khi nim.
- Ct gia c xi mng c hiu l l mt hn hp gm ct t nhin hoc ct nghin em trn vi xi mng theo mt t l nht nh ri em lu ln cht m tt nht trc khi xi mng ninh kt. Qui nh: ct l cc ht khong ri c kch c ch yu t 2 - 0.05 mm. - C th dng gia c xi mng cc loi ct khc nhau v c ht, v ngun gc hnh thnh sau y: + Ct ln si sn: c ht ln hn 2 mm chim trn 25% khi lng ct. + Ct to: c ht ln hn 0.5 mm chim trn 50% khi lng ct. + Ct va: c ht ln hn 0.25 mm chim trn 75% khi lng ct. + Ct nh: c ht ln hn 0.1 mm chim trn 75% khi lng ct. + Ct bi: c ht ln hn 0.1 mm chim di 75% nhng khng cha cc ht s bng hoc nh hn 0.005 mm. Cc loi ct ny c th hnh thnh theo ngun gc: ct tn tch, ct sn tch, ct bi tch (ct sng), ct bin, ct gi (hnh thnh do tc dng ca gi) v cc loi ct nghin nhn to (sn phm ca qu trnh gia cng , si cui). Cc loi ct trn u c th dng gia c xi mng.

Nguyn l t gia c. Cng hnh thnh nh xi mng thu ho v kt tinh lin kt ct liu ct thnh mt khi vng chc c cng cao, c kh nng chu nn v un.
4.9.3. u nhc im. u im: - Cng kh cao (tu thuc vo cng chu nn 28 ngy tui): + Cng chu nn 28 ngy tui < 2 MPa Eh = 180 MPa
+ Cng chu nn 28 ngy tui 2 MPa Eh = 280 MPa + Cng chu nn 28 ngy tui 3 MPa Eh = 350 MPa - C kh nng chu un, c tnh n nh nc cao. - S dng c cc vt liu a phng, r tin (ct) nn gi thnh r. - C th c gii ho ton b khu thi cng. - bng phng cao. Nhc im: - Yu cu phi c thit b thi cng chuyn dng. - Thi gian thi cng b khng ch (khng qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng khong 2 gi). khc phc nhc im ny, c th s dng cht ph gia lm chm ninh kt to thun li cho vic thi cng ct gia c xi mng, nhng vic chn loi cht ph gia c th phi thng qua th nghim. - Khng thng xe c ngay sau khi thi cng. 76 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Phm vi p dng: - Ct gia c xi mng thng c p dng lm cc lp mng trong kt cu o ng mm, cng ca ng t hay trong kt cu tng ph ca sn bay. - bo m cho lp kt cu ct gia c xi mng duy tr c tnh ton khi v bn vng lu di, phi trnh s dng chng trn cc on nn c kh nng ln sau khi xy dng o ng. 4.9.4. Yu cu v cng i vi hn hp ct gia c xi mng.
- Vt liu ct gia c xi mng dng trong kt cu o ng ti thiu phi t c cc ch tiu sau:
V tr cc lp kt cu ct gia c xi mng Lp mng trn ca kt cu o ng cp cao v lp mt c lng nha Lp mng di ca kt cu o ng cp cao Trong cc trng hp khc Cng gii hn yu cu (MPa) Chu nn 28 ngy tui 3 Chu p ch 28 ngy tui 0.35
2 1
0.25 0.12
- Cc tr s trn l tng ng vi tiu chun th nghim sau: + Mu nn hnh tr c ng knh 152 mm, cao 117 mm v c to mu m tt nht vi dung trng kh ln nht theo phng php m nn bng cng ci tin trong c ci ln theo tiu chun AASHTO T180-90 (ci Procto ci tin, cng m ln), sau c bo dng bng cch mt ca v ti m thng xuyn cho n lc em th nghim. Trc khi nn, mu phi c ngm b o ho nc trong 3 ngy m (ngy u ngm 1/3 chiu cao, 2 ngy sau ngm ngp mu) v sau nn vi tc 3mm/ph. + Mu p ch cng c ch to vi m v cht, bo dng nh mu nn, sau c th nghim theo tiu chun 22 TCN 73-84. + Khi kim tra, nghim thu, cc mu khoan ly ngoi hin trng phi dng loi c ng knh d = 101 mm tr ln vi chiu cao mu h > d. Khi nn kim tra cng kt qu nn c nhn vi h s 1.07; 1.09; 1.12; 1.18 tng ng vi t s h/ d ca mu l 1; 1.2; 1.4; 1.6 v 1.8 .Khi p ch, vn thc hin theo 22 TCN 73-84 + Hn hp ct, xi mng phi c m nn m tt nht t c cht ln nht.
4.9.5. Yu cu v vt liu. a) Yu cu i vi ct. C th dng mi loi ct trn nhng phi tun theo cc qui nh sau: - Thnh phn ht ht ca ct phi ng vi qui nh ca thit k t c cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp ct gia c xi mng trong thit k. - Cho php trong thnh phn ct c ln si sn kch c ln hn 5 mm nhng loi ht ny khng vt qu 10% theo khi lng ct v c ht ny khng c vt qu 50 mm.
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Ch rng: ct cng nh th i hi lng xi mng cng nhiu, do vy khi quyt nh dng loi v thnh phn ht ca ct, ngi thit k phi cn nhc k trong iu kin kinh t - k thut c th ca a phng. - Hm lng mn hu c trong ct phi chim di 2% khi lng, pH khng c di 6, tng lng mui trong ct khng c vt qu 4% khi lng ct (trong thnh phn mui sunpht khng c vt qu 2%) v hm lng thch cao khng c vt qu 10% khi lng ct. Cc tiu chun ni trn c xc nh theo tiu chun Qui trnh th nghim phn tch ho hc ca t. b) Yu cu i vi xi mng. - Xi mng dng gia c ct phi l loi xi mng Pooclng thng thng c cc c trng k thut ph hp vi qui nh ca tiu chun qui nh v cht lng xi mng (TCVN 268292). Khng nn dng xi mng mc cao c cng chu nn 28 ngy tui ln hn 40 MPa (PC40) tr ln v khng kinh t. C th dng cc loi xi mng a phng, mc thp gia c ct lm lp mng di trong kt cu o ng. - Xi mng phi c thi gian bt u ninh kt ti thiu l 120 pht v cng chm cng tt. Khi cn phi s dng cht ph gia lm chm ninh kt nhng phi th nghim xc nh loi, hm lng cht ph gia. - Hm lng xi mng gia c phi thng qu th nghim xc nh sao cho vt liu hn hp ct gia c xi mng t c cc yu cu thit k ra v cng . Thng thng hay gia c xi mng vi hm lng 6 - 8% khi lng ct kh, tu thuc vo thnh phn ht. c) Yu cu i vi nc. Phi m bo cc ch tiu sau: - Khng c vng du, vng m. - Khng c mu. - Lng hp cht hu c khng vt qu 15 mg/l - C pH khng nh hn 4 v khng ln hn 12.5 - Lng mui ho tan khng ln hn 2000 mg/l - Lng ion sunphat khng ln hn 600 mg/l - Lng ion clo khong ln hn 350 mg/l - Lng cn khng tan khng ln hn 200 mg/l 4.9.6. Trnh t thi cng lp ct gia c xi mng. a) Cng tc chun b. - Trc khi thi cng lp ct gia c xi mng th lng ng phi c thi cng, tu sa xong ng kch thc hnh hc, ng mui luyn, bng phng, vng chc, cht ch v ng u. Khi cn c th dng lu nh lu 2-3 l/im nhm m bo cc yu cu trn. cc on nn o hay p c p l to lng ng th cn phi x r nh l thot nc cho lng ng trong qu trnh thi cng. Nu pha di l lp mng hoc lng ng c th ht nc th phi ti m nc trc khi ri hn hp ct - xi mng.
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- Tin hnh kim tra cht lng ca vt liu ct, xi mng, nc theo cc tiu chun trn . - Chun b y cc trang thit b, my mc phc v thi cng. - Trc khi thi cng buc phi thit k dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng vi iu kin khng ch sau: + Hn hp ct gia c xi mng ri hay ra ng khng c qu 30 pht ri mi lu. + Thi gian t khi ti nc vo trn cho n khi lu ln v hon thin xong b mt lp ct gia c xi mng khng c vt qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng (vi xi mng pooc lng l 120 pht nu khng c cht ph gia lm chm). - Da vo dy chuyn thi cng thit k, phi thi cng th trn mt on di chng 100 m hon thin qui trnh cng ngh, kim tra cht lng ct gia c trn thc t xem c phi chnh sa b sung khng.
b) Cng tc trn hn hp ct - xi mng. - Trn ti trm: C th trn ti trm di ng hay trm c nh. Cng ngh trn phi qua hai giai on: + Trn kh ct vi xi mng + Sau trn t vi nc. - Ti ni iu khin phi c bng ghi r khi lng phi liu ct, xi mng, nc v phi thng xuyn kim tra thit b cn ng vi sai s cho php. Thit b trn c th dng loi my
trn cng bc lin tc hoc trn t do chu k nhng phi bo m cn ong vi sai s: ct 2%, xi mng 0.5%, nc 11% theo khi lng ca chng. - Nng sut, v tr trm trn phi thch ng vi tc day chuyn thi cng bo m c thi gian trn, chuyn ch, ri v m nn trong vng thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng. - Dng xe t ch hn hp ra ng. Xe ch phi c bt ph kn, bt phi phun m chng bc hi. - trnh phn tng, chiu cao ri t do ca hn hp k t ming ra ca my trn n thng xe khng c ln hn 1.5 m - Trn ti ng. Cng tc trn ti ng c tin hnh theo trnh t sau: + Ri ct: dng t ch ct thnh ng vi c ly tnh ton trc sao cho sau c th dng my san san gt lp ct vi b dy thi cng h1
h1 =
Trong :
h1: chiu dy ri lp ct.
ct-xiyc (100-P) htk ct ri
ct-xiyc: dung trng kh ca hn hp ct gia c xi mng yu cu sau khi lu ln cht. ct ri: dung trng kh ca ct lc ri ra ng (cha trn vi xi mng v cha lu ln). P: t l xi mng m trn vi ct (%). htk: chiu dy lp ct gia c xi mng thit k.
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+ Ri xi mng: Ri bng my ri xi mng hoc th cng. Sao cho xi mng phn b u trn b mt lp ct. T l xi mng khi trn ti ng c tng thm 1% so vi t l thit k b vo phn hao ht. + Trn hn hp ct, xi mng: Sau khi ri xong xi mng, lp tc dng my phay trn kh ct vi xi mng 2 - 3 ln/ im, sau ti m v trn m 3 - 4 l/ im. Lng nc ti phi bo m cho hn hp ct-xi mng c m tt nht vi sai s 1% v c d phng lng lng m bc hi trong qu trnh trn, nht l khi thi tit nng v gi to. Hn hp trn phi ng u mu sc t trn xung di trong ton b on thi cng, khng thy c vt xi mng hay lm m xi mng.
c) Cng tc san ri hn hp ct - xi mng. - Khi trn ti trm: dng xe ch hn hp ra hin trng, phi thnh ng vi c ly tnh ton trc, sau dng my san gt thnh mt lp vi chiu dy thi cng. Nu dng my ri th hn hp c trc tip vo my ri
H s ln p ca hn hp ct - xi mng K = ct-xiyc / ct-xitrn
Vi :
ct-xitrn: dung trng kh ca hn hp ct - xi mng trng thi ngay sau khi trn. Trn thc t th K = 1.3 - 1.4, mun chnh xc phi tin hnh ri th nghim xc nh
- Khi chiu rng mt ng qua ln th ta chia vt ra ri. Vic san gt bng my san, my ri phi c thc hin trong phm vi c vn khun thp c nh chc chn xung lng ng. Chiu cao ca vn khun phi ng bng chiu dy ri (lm c). - Sau khi ri, lp ct - xi mng phi ng chiu dy, ng kch thc v b rng, v mui luyn, b mt phi bng phng. d) Cng tc m nn hn hp ct - xi mng. - B dy sau khi m nn ca lp ct - xi mng ti thiu l 10, ti a l 20 cm. Khi vt qu phi chia lp thi cng. - Hn hp ct - xi mng phi c m t cht ti thiu K = 1.0 vi thit b m nn nh yu cu di y v dung trng kh ln nht o xc nh theo AASHTO T180-90. - Hn hp ct - xi mng phi c m nn m tt nht vi sai s m cho php l 2%. - Thit b m nn phi chun b: Ngoi lu va hay lu nh bnh st, phi c mt trong hai loi lu ch lc l lu lp 4 T/bnh (p sut lp t 0.5 MPa/cm2 tr ln) hoc lu rung c thng s M/L > 20 - 30 (M: khi lng rung tnh bng kg, L: chiu rng bnh rung tnh bng cm). - Lu ln ba giai on: + Lu ln p: dng lu nh hoc lu va, bnh st lu s b 2 l/im, ct cng nh th dng lu cng nh. Trong qua trnh lu tip tc b ph vt liu cho mt ng bng phng. Khi b b phi xi cc b lp ct lu vi su 5 cm, thm vt liu mi, san sa ri lu. + Lu ln cht: dng lu lp hay lu nng qui nh trn m nn ti cht yu cu. Vi lu lp 12 - 15 l/, lu rung 6 - 10 l/.
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+ Lu hon thin: dng lu nng bnh st lu l phng 2 - 3 l/. - Cc s ln lu ni trn phi c chnh xc ho thng qua kt qu thi cng ri th. Ngay trong khi lu ln phi kin tra cht cho n lc t cht yu cu mi c ngng lu. Nu pht hin c ch hn hp cn kh, c th ti m cc b ri lu tip. - St mp ca vn khun lu khng vo c, phi dng m rung loi nh m nn. - Trng hp lp ct gia c dng lm lp mt trn c lng nha th sau khi lu ln gn cht (cn 2 - 3 lt cha lu) phi ri dm kch c 15 - 20 mm (khng c dng cui si m phi dng nghin) vi s lng 10 - 15 dm3/m2, lu cho chm mt phn vo trong lp ct. d) Yu cu thi cng ti cc mi ni. - Ti cc mi ni dc v ngang, trc khi thi cng tip on sau phi c bin php to b vch thng ng, ti m nc cc b vch . C th t vn khun thp hay dng nhn cng xn to vch thng. - Ti cc ch ni tip phi tng thm s ln lu. - Khi chia lm hai lp, vic thi cng lp trn c th tin hnh ngay sau khi lp di lu ln xong. Nu khng c iu kin thi cng ngay, phi tin hnh bo dng lp di. e) Bo dng lp ct gia c xi mng. - Trong vng 4 gi sau khi lu ln xong phi tin hnh ph kn b mt lp ct gia c xi mng theo mt trong cc cch sau: + Ti nha nh tng vi khi lng 0.8 - 1 l/m2. + Ph u ln mt lp ct 5 cm v ti gi m thng xuyn trong 14 ngy. - t nht sau 14 ngy bo dng mi cho thi cng tip cc lp kt cu bn trn. Trng hp yu cu xe c i li th phi xem xt c th cng ca lp ct gia c t c sau 14 ngy xc nh loi ti trng xe i li trn lp ct, vn tc khng qu 30 km/h. - Khi dng lm lp mt c lp lng nha, nu thc hin lng nha ngay th khng cn phi bo dng nh trn. Nhng d lng nha ngay vn cn phi cm xe nh trn (ti thiu l 14 ngy khng c chy xe, sau xem xt cng quyt nh).
4.9.7. Kim tra, nghim thu lp ct gia c xi mng. a) Kim tra vt liu trc khi trn. - Kim tra ct: c 500 m3 ct phi lm th nghim kim tra thnh phn ht v cc ch tiu ca ct mt ln, mi ln 3 mu. - Kim tra cht lng xi mng. - Kim tra tiu chun nc. b) Kim tra trong khi thi cng. - Kim tra m ca ct v hn hp ct - xi mng. Mi ca sn xut trm trn hoc thi cng hin trng u phi th nghim kim tra m ca ct v hn hp t nht mt ln bng phng php rang cho hoc t sy kp iu chnh lng nc trc khi trn v trc khi lu ln t yu cu lu ln m tt nht, t dung trng kh ln nht.
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- Kim tra cht: phi thng xuyn kim tra cht ngoi hin trng bng phng php rt ct. ng thi kim tra h s ln p. - Trong qu trnh thi cng phi thng xuyn kim tra cc khu khng ch thi gian thi cng theo qui nh. - c mu kim tra cng : c mi t thi cng khong 500 - 1000 m3 ct gia c hoc c mi khi thnh phn ht ht ct thay i th phi ly mu ngay ti phu trt trm trn hoc ngay ti hin trng khi my phay va trn xong c mu v th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu cng c t thit k khng.
c) Kim tra nghim thu. - C 2000 m3 phi khoan 2 t mu (1 t mu nn, 1 t mu p ch), mi t mu gm 3 mu khng nht thit phi trn cng mt trc ngang kim tra cng , kim tra b dy, kim tra dung trng kh ca lp ct gia c xi mng. Sai s cho php v cng nhiu nht l -5% (tc cng khng c nh hn 95% so vi cng yu cu) Sai s v cht l -1% (tc K khng c nh hn 0.99)
Sai s v b dy l 5% - Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: c 1 km ng kim tra ti thiu 5 mt ct ngang. Sai s v cao b mt lp kt cu cho php l t -1cm n +0.5 cm Sai s v b rng: 10% Sai s v dc ngang 0.5% - bng phng: c kim tra bng thc g 3 m, khe h ln nht cho php l 7 mm - Ch cho php p dng cc tr s sai s ni trn mt cch c bit. C ngha l cc tr s trung bnh trn tng Km u phi t c cc qui nh thit k.
4.10. Mng, mt ng bng cp phi gia c xi mng. (22tcn 245-98) 4.10.1. Khi nim.
dm hoc si cui gia c xi mng c hiu l mt hn hp ct liu khong cht c cu trc thnh phn ht theo nguyn l cp phi cht, lin tc (trong kch thc c ht ct liu ln nht Dmax = 25 mm hoc 38.1 mm) em trn vi xi mng theo mt t l nht nh ri lu ln cht m tt nht trc khi xi mng ninh kt. V c gi chung l lp cp phi gia c xi mng. Vt liu gia c xi mng ni trn c th l cc loi sau: - Loi c nghin ton b ( dm hoc si cui nghin). - Loi nghin mt phn (c ln cc thnh phn ht khng nghin nh ct thin nhin...). - Loi khng nghin (si, cui, ct thin nhin).
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Hn hp vt liu c th c chn theo qui lut cp phi nht nh (vt liu nghin, nghin mt phn) hay l cp phi thin nhin (cp phi si cui).

Nguyn l cp phi. Cng hnh thnh nh xi mng thu ho v kt tinh lin kt ct liu thnh mt khi vng chc c cng cao, c kh nng chu nn v un.
4.10.3. u nhc im. u im: - Cng kh cao (tu thuc vo cng chu nn 28 ngy tui):
+ Cng chu nn 28 ngy tui 4 MPa Eh = 600 - 800 MPa + Cng chu nn 28 ngy tui 2 MPa Eh = 400 - 500 MPa - C kh nng chu un, c tnh n nh nc cao. - C th s dng cc vt liu a phng (cp phi si cui) nn gi thnh r. - C th c gii ho ton b khu thi cng. - bng phng cao. Nhc im: - Yu cu phi c thit b thi cng chuyn dng. - Thi gian thi cng b khng ch (khng qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng khong 2 gi). khc phc nhc im ny, c th s dng cht ph gia lm chm ninh kt to thun li cho vic thi cng CP gia c xi mng, nhng vic chn loi cht ph gia c th phi thng qua th nghim. - Khng thng xe c ngay sau khi thi cng. Phm vi p dng: c im chung ca loi mt ng ny l c tnh dn cao, khng chu c tc dng ca lc xung kch. Do vy cp phi gia c xi mng thng c p dng lm lp mng trn hoc mng di trong kt cu o ng t hay trong kt cu tng ph ca sn bay. Nu lm lp mt th phi lm lp lng nha trn mt. bo m cho lp kt cu cp phi gia c xi mng duy tr c tnh ton khi v vng bn lu di, phi trnh s dng chng trn cc on nn c kh nng ln sau khi xy dng o ng xong.
4.10.4. Yu cu i vi hn hp cp phi gia c xi mng dng trong mt ng.

Cng ca cp phi gia c xi mng do thit k qui nh. Tuy nhin n phi t c yu cu ti thiu nh bng sau:
V tr lp vt liu Lp mng trn ca tng mt BTN v lp mt c lng nha Cc trng hp khc Cng gii hn yu cu (MPa) Chu nn sau 28 ngy tui 4 2 Chu p ch sau 28 ngy tui 0.45 0.25
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- Tr s trong bng l tng ng vi tiu chun th nghim sau: + Mu nn hnh tr c ng knh 152 mm, cao 117 mm v c to mu m tt nht vi dung trng kh ln nht theo phng php m nn bng cng ci tin trong ci Proctor ci tin theo tiu chun AASHTO T180-90, mu c bo dng m 21 ngy v 7 ngy ngm nc ri em nn vi tc gia ti nn l (0.6 0.1) MPa/sec. + Mu p ch cng c ch to hon ton tng t nh trn v th nghim theo tiu chun 22 TCN 73-84. + Cc mu khoan ly hin trng phi c ng knh d ti thiu bng 3 ln c ht ln nht ca hn hp cp phi gia c xi mng, chiu cao mu h bng hoc ln hn ng knh mu d. Khi p kim tra cng chu nn th tu thc vo t s h/d khc nhau ca mu, kt qu nn c nhn vi h s l 1.07; 1.09; 1.12; 1.14; 1.18 tng ng vi h/d l 1.0; 1.2; 1.4; 1.6; 1.8
4.10.5. Yu cu vt liu dng gia c. a) Yu cu v cp phi . - Thnh phn ht ca cp phi : phi tho m n tiu chun ghi trong bng sau tu thuc vo c ht ln nht Dmax.
Kch c l sng vung (mm) 38.1 25.0 19.0 9.5 4.75 2.0 0.425 0.075 T l % lt qua sng Dmax = 38.1 mm 100 70 - 100 60 - 85 39 - 65 27 - 49 20 - 40 9 - 23 2 - 10 Dmax = 25 mm 100 80 - 100 55 - 85 36 - 70 23 - 53 10 - 30 4 - 12
C hai c ht bng u c php s dng gia c xi mng lm lp mng trn hoc mng di cho mt loi kt cu o ng cng hoc mm. Tr trng hp dng lm lp mng trn cho kt cu o ng cao cp A1 v lm lp mt th ch c dng loi Dmax = 25 mm. - cng ca dng gia c xi mng trong mi trng hp phi c ch s Los Anggeles khng vt qu 35%, tr trng hp dng lm lp mng di th khng qu 40%. - Hm lng cht hu c trong cp phi gia c xi mng khng c vt qu 0.3%. Ch s ng lng ct ES > 30 hoc ch s do bng 0 v t l ht dt khng vt qu 10%. - lm cc lp mng trn cho kt cu mt ng cao cp A1 v lp mng tng cng trn mt ng c th phi s dng hn hp ct liu l dm hoc si cui nghin c t l ht c nghin (qua my nghin) t nht 30%, nhng nu lu lng xe tnh ton qui i v trc 10 tn t 500 xe/ng. tr ln th t l ht c nghin v ny t nht phi l 60% tr ln. b) Yu cu v xi mng.
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- Xi mng dng gia c cp phi phi l cc loi xi mng Pooc lng thng thng. Khng nn dng cc loi xi mng c cng chu nn 28 ngy tui ln hn 40 MPa hoc nh hn 30 MPa. - Lng xi mng ti thiu dng gia c l 3% tnh theo khi lng hn hp ct liu kh. Lng xi mng cn thit phi c xc nh thng qua th nghim trong phng t c cc yu cu v cng ca hn hp cp phi gia c xi mng ra trong thit k. - Xi mng phi c thi gian bt u ninh kt ti thiu l 120 pht v cng chm cng tt. Khi cn c th dng cht ph gia lm chm thi gian bt u ninh kt. c) Yu cu i vi nc. - Khng c vng du, vng m. - Khng c mu - Lng hp cht hu c khng vt qu 15 mg/l - C pH khng nh hn 4 v khng ln hn 12.5 - Lng mui ho tan khng ln hn 2000 mg/l - Lng ion sunphat khng ln hn 600 mg/l - Lng ion clo khng ln hn 350 mg/l - Lng cn khng tan khng ln hn 200 mg/lt.
4.10.6. Trnh t thi cng lp cp phi gia c xi mng. a) Cng tc chun b. - Trc khi thi cng lp cp phi gia c xi mng th phi chun b lp mng pha di vng chc, ng u v t dc mui luyn yu cu. Nu dng cp phi gia c xi mng lm lp mng tng cng mt ng c th phi pht hin, x l trit cc h cao su, phi v g, b vnh mt ng c. Lp b vnh phi c thi cng trc bng cc vt liu ht thch hp vi chiu dy b vnh, tuyt i khng c thi cng lp b vnh gp vi lp mng tng cng. cc on nn o hy p c p l to lng ng th cn phi x r nh l thot nc cho lng ng trong qu trnh thi cng. Nu pha di l lp mng hoc lng ng c th ht nc th phi ti m nc trc khi ri hn hp cp phi - xi mng. - Tin hnh kim tra cht lng ca vt liu cp phi , xi mng, nc theo cc tiu chun trn . - Chun b y cc trang thit b, my mc phc v thi cng. - Trc khi thi cng buc phi thit k dy chuyn cng ngh thi cng vi iu kin khng ch sau: + Hn hp cp phi gia c xi mng ri hay ra ng khng c qu 30 pht ri mi lu. + Thi gian t khi ti nc vo trn cho n khi lu ln v hon thin xong b mt lp cp phi gia c xi mng khng c vt qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng (vi xi mng pooc lng l 120 pht nu khng c cht ph gia lm chm).
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- Da vo dy chuyn thi cng thit k, phi thi cng th trn mt on di chng 100 m hon thin qui trnh cng ngh, kim tra cht lng cp phi gia c trn thc t xem c phi chnh sa b sung khng. b) Cng tc trn hn hp cp phi - xi mng. - Cp phi gia c xi mng bt buc phi c trn trm trn (di ng hay c nh), khng c php trn trn ng. - Thit b trn phi thuc loi trn cng bc. - Nng sut trm trn sao cho ph hp vi tc thi cng sao cho bo m thi gian trn, vn chuyn, ri, lu ln xong khng qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng, 120 pht. - Cp phi dng gia c a vo my trn theo hai phng thc sau: + Cp phi c sn xut trc t tiu chun v thnh phn cp phi, a vo my. + Cp phi c to thnh t nhiu c ht c a vo my trn ring r theo nhng t l tnh ton trc sau khi trn s t c thnh phn cp phi ht yu cu. - Cng ngh trn: qua 2 giai on + Trn kh cp phi vi xi mng. + Trn t vi nc. - Trong khi trn phi thng xuyn kim tra t l cp phi, xi mng, nc a vo. - trnh phn tng: chiu cao t ming my trn xung thng xe khng qu 1.5 m, xe ch vt liu phi ph bt m, kn. c) Cng tc san ri hn hp cp phi - xi mng. - Khi trn ti trm: dng xe ch hn hp ra hin trng, phi thnh ng vi c ly tnh ton trc, sau dng my san gt thnh mt lp vi chiu dy thi cng. H s ln p ca hn hp cp phi - xi mng K = -xiyc / -xitrn
Vi
-xiyc: dung trng kh yu cu ca hn hp cp phi -xi mng sau khi m nn ti -xitrn: dung trng kh ca hn hp cp phi - xi mng trng thi ngay sau khi trn Trn thc t th K = 1.3 - 1.4, mun chnh xc phi tin hnh ri th nghim xc nh
cht yu cu
- Khi chiu rng mt ng qa ln th ta chia vt ra ri. Vic san gt bng my san, my ri phi c thc hin trong phm vi c vn khun thp c nh chc chn xung lng ng. Chiu cao ca vn khun phi ng bng chiu dy ri (lm c). - Sau khi ri, lp cp phi - xi mng phi ng chiu dy, ng kch thc v b rng, v mui luyn, b mt phi bng phng. d) Cng tc m nn hn hp cp phi - xi mng. - B dy sau khi m nn ca lp cp phi gia c xi mng ti a l 15 cm. - Phi lu ln vt liu cp phi xi mng m tt nht. - C lp kt cu cp phi gia c xi mng theo b dy ch c thi cng mt ln (ri mt ln, lu mt ln), khng c phn thnh hai lp thi cng nhm trnh hin tng tip xc khng tt gia hai lp, dn ti gim kh nng chu tai ca lp kt cu
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- Hn hp ct - xi mng phi c m t cht K = 1.0 vi thit b m nn nh yu cu di y v dung trng kh ln nht o xc nh theo AASHTO T180-90. - Hn hp cp phi - xi mng phi c m nn m tt nht vi sai s m cho php l 1%. - Thit b m nn phi chun b: Ngoi lu bnh st 8 - 10 tn, phi c mt trong hai loi lu ch lc l lu lp 4 T/bnh (p sut lp t 0.5 MPa tr ln) hoc lu rung c thng s M/L > 20 30 (M: khi lng rung tnh bng kg, L: chiu rng bnh rung tnh bng cm). - Lu ln cp phi gia c xi mng: + Dng lu lp hay lu rung lu hn hp ti cht yu cu. Nu lu lp khong 15-20 l/, lu rung khong 6 -10 l/ + Lu hon thin: dng lu nng bnh st lu l phng 2 - 3 l/. - Cc s ln lu ni trn phi c chnh xc ho thng qua kt qu thi cng ri th. Ngay trong khi lu ln phi kin tra cht cho n lc t cht yu cu mi c ngng lu. Nu pht hin c ch hn hp cn kh, c th ti m cc b ri lu tip. - St mp ca vn khun lu khng vo c, phi dng m rung loi nh m nn. e) Yu cu thi cng ti cc mi ni. - Ti cc mi ni dc v ngang, trc khi thi cng tip on sau phi c bin php to b vch thng ng, ti m nc cc b vch . C th t vn khun thp hay dng nhn cng xn to vch thng. - Ti cc ch ni tip phi tng thm s ln lu. f) Bo dng lp cp phi gia c xi mng. - Trong vng 4 gi sau khi lu ln xong (nu nng to th 2 gi) phi tin hnh ph kn b mt lp ct gia c xi mng theo mt trong cc cch sau: + Ti nha nh tng vi khi lng 0.8 - 1 l/m2. + Ph u ln mt lp ct 5 cm v ti gi m thng xuyn trong 7 ngy. - t nht sau 14 ngy bo dng mi cho thi cng tip cc lp kt cu bn trn. Trng hp yu cu xe c i li th phi xem xt c th cng ca lp cp phi t gia c t c sau 14 ngy xc nh loi ti trng xe i li trn lp cp phi gia c, vn tc khng qu 30 km/h. - Khi dng lm lp mt c lp lng nha, nu thc hin lng nha ngay th khng cn phi bo dng nh trn. Nhng d lng nha ngay vn cn phi cm xe nh trn (ti thiu l 14 ngy khng c chy xe, sau xem xt cng quyt nh).
4.10.7. Kim tra, nghim thu lp cp phi gia c xi mng. a) Kim tra vt liu trc khi trn. - Kim tra hn hp ct liu: + C 500 tn cp phi phi lm th nghim kim tra thnh phn ht mt ln. i vi hn hp gm nhiu c ht a vo my trn ring r th phi ly mu kim tra trng my trn trc khi cho xi mng vo. + C 2000 tn kim tra cng bng thit b Lot Angelt mt ln 87 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
+ C 500 tn kim tra sch ca hn hp ct liu thng qua ch s ng lng ct ES v t l cht hu c. + Phi kim tra t l ht nghin v theo qui nh ca thit k. - Kim tra cht lng xi mng: theo TCVN 2628-92. - Kim tra tiu chun nc: kim tra theo cc yu cu trn. b) Kim tra trong khi thi cng. - Kim tra m ca cp phi v hn hp cp phi - xi mng. Mi ca sn xut trm trn hoc thi cng hin trng u phi th nghim kim tra m ca cp phi v hn hp t nht mt ln bng phng php rang cho hoc t sy kp iu chnh lng nc trc khi trn v trc khi lu ln t yu cu lu ln m tt nht, t dung trng kh ln nht. - Kim tra cht: phi thng xuyn kim tra cht ngoi hin trng bng phng php rt ct. C mi on thi cng ca mt vt ri phi kim tra 1 ln ngay sau khi lu ln xong. Kim tra 3 tr s, ly gi tr trung bnh. Kt hp kim tra b dy ca lp ri. - Trong qu trnh thi cng phi thng xuyn kim tra cc khu khng ch thi gian thi cng - c mu kim tra cng : c mi t thi cng khong 1000 tn cp phi gia c th phi ly mu ngay ti phu trt trm trn hoc ngay ti hin trng khi my phay va trn xong c mu v th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu cng c t thit k khng. c) Kim tra nghim thu. - Kim tra cng : c 500 m di ly 3 mu bt k kim tra cng , b dy, dung trng kh. Sai s cho php v cng nhiu nht l -5% (tc cng khng c nh hn 95% so vi cng yu cu), Sai s v cht l -1% nhng trung bnh trn 1 km khng nh hn 1.0 Sai s v b dy l 5% - Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: c 1 km ng kim tra ti thiu 5 mt ct ngang. Sai s v cao b mt lp kt cu cho php l t -1cm n +0.5 cm Sai s v b rng: 10% Sai s v dc ngang 0.5% - bng phng: c kim tra bng thc g 3 m, khe h ln nht cho php l 5 mm, c 1 km kim tra 5 mt ct - Ch cho php p dng cc tr s sai s ni trn mt cch c bit. C ngha l cc tr s trung bnh trn tng Km u phi t c cc qui nh thit k.
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Chng 5
Cc loi mt ng c s dng nha

5.1. Khi nim chung v mt ng c s dng nha. 5.1.1. Khi nim v mt ng nha.
Dng nha hoc hn hp ca nha vi cc vt liu khc ph ln b mt ca ng m bo cho xe chy m thun. Lp ph ng vai tr ca lp bo v lp hao mn hoc lp chu lc tu theo lng nha, phng php thi cng.
5.1.2. Phn loi.

Tu theo thnh phn hn hp nha, cch ch to, cch thi cng... m ta c th phn ra: - Lng nha: ti nha trn lp mt ng c lu ln cht v bng phng, sau ri nh ri lu ln. C th lp li 2, 3 ln tu theo yu cu lng mt lp, hai lp hay ba lp. - Thm nhp nha: ti nha trn lp dm c m nn va phi nha th thm vo lp dm n mt su yu cu. Sau ri chn, mt v lu ln. C th ti nha 2, 3 hay 4 ln nha tu theo chiu su nha cn thm nhp. - Hn hp trn nha: c th trn ti ng hoc trn trong thit b. - B tng nha.
5.1.3. Yu cu chung v vt liu. a) i vi nha. Trong xy dng ng thng dng cc loi nha ch to t du m hay than . C cc loi sau: - Bi tum: l cc sn phm rn, na rn hoc lng, bao gm: - Nh tng bi tum: Nh tng bi tum l mt cht lin kt phn tn trong nc, c to nn bng cch s dng nng lng c hc nghin nh bi tum v gi cho bi tum l lng trong nc bng mt tc nhn hot tnh b mt gi l cht nh ho. - Gruong: y l sn phm thu c qua vic chng ct than cc t than nhit cao. Tu theo phng php thi cng, vt liu s dng, mt xe v vng kh hu m ta chn loi nha cho thch hp. Nha dng trong xy dng ng phi m bo cc yu cu sau : - dnh bm vi v tnh cht bc tt.
- n nh vi nhit v chu c nhit cao. - n nh vi tc dng ca nc. - C kh nng chu bin dng nhit thp. - t b ho gi. - D thi cng trong khi ti, trn vi , ri v m nn.
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dnh bm ca nha vi b mt : ph thuc nhiu vo ngun gc v phng php ch bin nha, ph thuc vo hot tnh b mt, vo nht ca nha, ph thuc vo tnh cht v m ca , vo i lc phn t v i lc ho hc ca nha vi . Trong cng iu kin, loi nha no c tnh qunh(*) cng ln th dnh bm ca nha v cng ln. Nhng tnh qunh ca nha thay i theo nhit , v th m dnh bm ca nha vi cng thay i. Do vy, nn chn loi nha c tnh qunh cao v t thay i theo nhit dnh bm ca nha vi cao v n nh. Nhng xt v mt thun li trong thi cng, nha c tnh qunh cng nh th tnh linh ng co cao, nn cng d thi cng (d bc cc vin , d trn, d ri v m nn). iu ny li tri ngc vi yu cu v dnh bm tt vi . dung ho, ta chn nha c tnh qunh cao v khi thi cng th un nng nha n nhit thi cng, lc ny nha s rt linh ng, cho php vic thi cng c d dng v khi ngui i, nha s tr v trng thi ban u, c dnh bm tt vi . Tc dng ho l gia nha v ng vai tr quan trng trong vic nng cao v gi vng lc dnh bm ca nha vi . Thc t, i vi tt c cc loi th dnh bm ca i vi nc cao hn vi nha. Do vy, khi b m th kh dnh bm vi nha v di tc dng ca mng nc bc xung quanh vin c th lm bong lp nha. V vy lm tng dnh bm ca nha vi , cn dng nha cha nhiu thnh phn c hot tnh b mt cao hoc dng nha c kh nng to nhng hp cht khng b ho tan trn b mt vin . C th lm tng dnh bm vi , tng n nh vi nc bng cch s dng cht ph gia hot tnh b mt pha vo nha hay trn trc vi nhng cht kch ng. Trong qu trnh s dng, nha s b ho gi dn theo thi gian. Cc cht nh trong nha bay hi, mt s thnh phn ca nha b cc khong vt hp th hoc cc thnh phn du, keo ca nha trng hp to thnh cc cht mi. Do , tnh qunh ca nha tng ln, nha b cng li v d dn, kh nng chu bin dng km i. Ngoi ra, do tc dng ca nh sng, bc x mt tri, khng kh, s thay i nhit , m lm ny sinh cc phn ng ho hc tng hp, lm thay i tnh cht ca nha. Dng nha c v un n nhit thi cng (100 - 1600C, tu theo loi nha) ng thi rang nng vt liu n nhit 180 - 2000C l bin php tt nht tho m n cc yu cu trn. V c th dng nha c nht cao tng lc dnh bm, tng tnh n nh vi nhit, n nh vi thi gian. ng thi khi trn, vt liu c rang nng trit m, nha c nu chy lng th vin s c bc mt mng nha u n. Hn hp -nha trn nhit cao ny c tnh do v linh ng cn thit c th ri, lu ln d dng. Da vo c tnh, chn nha cho thch hp vi tng loi mt ng, tng phng php thi cng: - Nha c nht cao (nha c) thng c dng trong phng php trn nng, ri nng, khi thi tit kh ro, nhit ngoi tri cao. - Nha lng: thng dng trong phng php ri ngui, vt liu c cng yu, hn hp nhiu ht nh, vng kh hu m t, thi tit lnh.
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- Nh tng: dng trong vng m t, kh hu lnh.

(*)
Tnh qunh (cn gi l tnh nht): Vi nha c c nh gi bng kim ln, l chiu su cm vo bi tum nhit 250C ca kim c trng lng 100g, ng knh 1 mm trong vng 5 giy. kim ln cng thp th tnh qunh cng cao v ngc li. Vi nha lng c nh gi bng nht, l thi gian 50 ml bi tum lng chy qua l y ca dng c c ng knh 5mm 600C. nht cng cao th tnh nht cng cao.
b) i vi . phi tho m n cc yu cu sau: - phi sn si, sc cnh. - V c dng nha nn cc yu cu v c nhng c im ring. c cng cao, sc chng bo mn ln nhng dnh bm vi nha khng tt th khng nn dng. c cng yu (trong phm vi cho php) th dng cho lp di, lp c chiu dy ln v dung trong hn hp cht. Mt s loi c cng yu, kh lu ln hay km chu bo mn khng dng c lm mt ng dm nc li c th dng c khi c s dng nha. - cn phi tht kh ro do hu ht cc loi u c i lc phn t mnh vi nc hn nha. Cc loi ho nc: granit, trachit, xinit, thch anh...dnh bm vi nha khng tt. Cc loi tng i ght nc hn: vi, x, bazan,.. th dnh bm vi nha tt hn. Cc loi ho nc ch nn dng trong hn hp cht, tt hn c l nn cho mt lng ph gia kch ng ( 2% vi hay xi mng) tng thm dnh bm vi nh. - cn phi sch. Bi bn, nht l mng t st bc xung quanh vin s lm cho nha khng dnh bm c vo b mt vin . - mt, bt yu cu phi c cng cng vi chnh. 5.2. Mt ng lng nha. (22tcn 271-2001) 5.2.1. Khi nim.
Ti, phun mt lp nha trn lp mt ng c, mt ng va mi lm xong, sau ri nh v lu ln cht to nn mt lp v mng, kn, chc, khng thm nc, c kh nng chu c lc y ngang gi l mt ng lng nha mt lp. Lp li qu trnh trn hai hoc ba ln ta c mt ng lng nha hai hoc ba lp. Lp lng nha c tc dng ci thin bng phng, lm gim bt bo mn ca mt ng, nng cao nhm, gi kn mt ng khng nc mt thm xung do vy ci thin ch thu nhit gip mt ng bn vng hn. ng thi khng gy bi. Theo qui nh, lp lng nha khng c a vo tnh ton cng mt ng, v th trc khi lng nha, ku cu mt ng phi m bo yu cu v cng v cc yu t hnh hc nh thit k quy nh. Nu l mt ng c th phi c sa cha phc hi trc ngang v hnh dng nh ban u.

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Cng hnh thnh ch yu do lp mng bn di cn lp lng nha ch ng vai tr cht dnh kt b mt.
5.2.3. Cu to mt ng.
dc ngang mt ng 3 4%. dc ngang l 4 - 6% tu theo vt liu lm l.
5.2.4. Phn loi.

- Cn c vo lng ti nha v ra ta chia ra ba loi; + Lng nha 1 lp: ti nha 1 ln v ra 1 ln, chiu dy 1 -1.5cm. Thng dng lng nha mt lp khi: ./ Khi lp lng nha c b bo mn, h hng. ./ Khi mt ng nha c b bo mn (bc u), trn trt. + Lng nha 2 lp: ti nha 2 ln v ra 2 ln, chiu dy 1.5-2.5cm. Thng dng lng nha hai lp khi: ./ Khi cn tng thm nhm, phc hi nhm v bng phng cho cc loi mt ng khc nhau. ./ Khi cn lm lp bo v v nng cao cht lng khai thc ca mt ng dm v mt ng cp phi dm c hoc khng gia c vi xi mng hoc cc cht lin kt v c khc. + Lng nha 3 lp: ti nha 3 ln v ra 3 ln, chiu dy 3 3.5cm. Thng dng lng nha ba lp khi cn bo v v nng cao cht lng khai thc ca mt ng c lu lng xe ln hn 80xe/ngy m ( quy i ra trc tnh ton) m cha c iu kin lm lp b tng nha ln trn. - Cn c vo bin php thi cng: + Thi cng lp lng nha bng phng php ti: ti nha ln lp mt ng, sau ra ph kn v lu ln. y l phng php ph bin v n thi cng n gin, ph hp vi iu kin thi cng nc ta + Thi cng lp lng nha theo phng php ri hn hp nha trn sn. - Theo phng php thi cng s dng nha: + Lp lng mt dng nha di hnh thc nha nng. + Lp lng mt dng nha di hnh thc nh tng.
5.2.5. Yu cu vt liu
(p dng cho lp lng mt di hnh thc nha nng).
a) Yu cu vi . - dng trong lp lng nha phi c xay t tng, ni. C th dng si cui xay vi yu cu phi c trn 90% khi lng ht nm trn sng 4.75mm v c t nht hai mt v. Khng c dng xay t mc n, sa thch st, dip thch st. - phi tho m n cc ch tiu c l sau:
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Ch tiu c l ca 1- Cng nn (MPa) - xay t mc ma, bin cht: - xay t trm tch 2- hao mn Los Angeles (LA), (%) - i vi mc ma, bin cht: - i vi trm tch 3- Hm lng si cui xay v (t nht 2 mt v) nm trn sng 4.75mm 4- T s nghin cui si in = Dmax/dmin 5- dnh bm ca vi nha
Gii hn cho php 100 800 (600) 25 (30) 35 (40) 90 4 t yu cu
Phng php th nghim TCVN-1772-87 (Ly chng ch t ni sn xut )
AASHTO T 96-87
Bng mt kt hp xc nh bng sng. Bng mt kt hp xc nh bng sng. Theo 22TCN 63-84
Ghi ch: Cc tr s trong () dng cho ng cp 40 tr xung.
- Kch c : Tu theo lng nha 1 lp, 2 lp hay 3 lp m chn kch c thch hp theo bng sau:
C (d/D) mm 16 (5/8) n 19 (3/4) 9.5 (3/8) n 16 (5/8) 4.75 (No4) n 9.5 (3/8) dmin danh nh 16 10 5 Dmax danh nh 20 16 10 Chi ch tin khi gi tn, kch c c lm trn
Kch c phi tho m n cc yu cu sau: + Hm lng hn c D > Dmax cng nh D < Dmin khng qu 10% theo khi lng. + Lng ht to qu c (>D+5cm) khng qu 3% theo khi lng. + Lng ht nh qu c (<0,63d) khng qu 3% theo khi lng. + Lng ht dt khng qu 5% theo khi lng. - Lng ht mm yu v phong ho khng qu 3% khi lng. - phi c dng hnh khi sc cnh. - dng lm mt ng phi sch, khng c ln c rc, l cy. Lng bi st (xc nh bng phng php ra) khng qu 2% theo khi lng. Lng ht st di dng vn hn khng qu 0.25% theo khi lng. - Yu cu phi kh, ngha l khng c nhng vt m nhn thy c. - dnh bm ca nha vi : phi t t yu cu tr ln theo 22TCN 63-84. b) i vi nha. - Lp lng nha dng nha c gc du m, c kim ln 60/70 un n nhit 160oC khi ti. Tu theo vng kh hu nng v loi c th dng loi nha 40/60. Cc loi nha ny phi tho m n yu cu k thut theo 22TCN 227-95. - Nha dng ti thm bm trn mt lp mt ng l loi nha lng c tc ng c trung bnh MC70 hoc MC30. Nu dng nha c 60/70 pha du ho th t l du l 35-40% v ti nhit 60oC. C th dng nh tng phn tch va hoc chm ti. 93 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Ch : Khi bo qun nha ngoi tri b ln nc ma, lc un nha n nhit nng chy phi phng nha b bng ln v nc bc hi v tro ra khi thng un gy chy nha. 5.2.6. Xc nh lng vt liu trong mt ng lng nha. a) Xc nh lng . Khi lng nha: Nu t th nha s tri ln v sinh ln sng hoc dnh bm vo bnh xe khi nhit cao. Nu nhiu qu th khng kinh t v , si tha s bn ra ngoi gy l ng ph, gy nguy him cho ngi i b. Lng ct liu , si dng trong lp lng nha c th ly theo cng thc kinh nghim sau: (Tnh cho 1 lp lng)
V=A
(d + D) A2 vi A = 100 2
Trong :
V: lng dm hay si tnh bng dm3/m2 d, D: kch thc c nh nht v ln nht dng lng mt (mm) Ngoi ra cn thm vo V mt lng d tr v c mt s b bn ra ngoi mt ng do xe chy trong thi gian lp lng cha hnh thnh cng . A = 20mm th thm vo mt lng 1.5dm3/m2. A = 10mm th thm vo 1.2 dm3/m2. A = 5mm th thm vo 1.0 dm3/m2.
b) Hm lng nha. Lng nha lng mt cn phi lp cc l trng gia cc vin nh n cao bng 2/3 chiu dy ca lp lng mt. Nu t nha qu, , si d b bong bt khi xe chy, nu nhiu nha th c b dy ca lp lng mt s b ph kn nha, do mt ng khng nhm, trn trt khi m t, mm do, d sinh ln sng v cc bin dng trt khi nhit cao. C th xc nh hm lng nha bng cng thc kinh nghim sau: cng thc ny cho ta xc nh lng nha ph thuc vo lng dng, hnh dng vin v tnh trng ca lp mt ng cn lng nha ln trn: q = a + bV Trong :
q: lng nha cn thit lm lp lng mt (l/m2) V: lng cn thit lng mt ( dm3/m2) a: h s ph thuc vo b mt lp mt ng cn lp lng nha ln trn. a = 0: lp mt kn a = 0.2-0.34: lp mt bnh thng. a = 0.59: lp mt h hoc c vt nt. b: h s ph thuc vo hnh dng ca , si b = 0.07: , si c p, xay c hnh dng lp phng. b = 0.06: , si c p, xay v trn s b trc vi mt t nha b = 0.09: , si t nhin c hnh dng trn.
Theo 22TCN 271-2001, quy nh lng v nha nh sau:

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Loi lng mt Mt lp Hai lp
Chiu dy (cm) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Nha Th t ti Ch 1 ln Ch 1 ln Ln th 1 Ln th 2 Ln th 1 Ln th 2 Ln th 3 Lng nha (kg/m ) 1.2 * 1.5 (1.8) 1.5 (1.8) 1.2 1.7 (1.9) 1.5 1.1
2
nh Th t ri Ch 1 ln Ch 1 ln Ln th 1 Ln th 2 Ln th 1 Ln th 2 Ln th 3 Kch c (mm) 5/10 10/16 10/16 5/10 16/20 10/16 5/10 Lng (dm3/m2) 10-12 15-17 14-16 10-12 18-20 14-16 9-11
Ba lp
Ghi ch (*): Ch dng khi lng nha trn mt ng nha c c lu lng xe t. (): y l lng nha khi lng lp dm lp mi nh mc trn cha k lng nha thm.
5.2.7. Trnh t thi cng lp mt ng lng nha. a) Cng tc chun b. Chun b mt bng thi cng: tu theo mt ng cn lng nha m c cc cng tc chun b mt bng thi cng khc nhau : - Mt ng cp phi dm : + Nu l mt ng mi th phi tin hnh nghim thu cht, kch thc hnh hc, bng phng...Nu l mt ng c th cc cng vic sa cha li, lm, v g, b vnh phi c thc hin xong trc t nht 2-3 ngy. + Lm sch mt ng bng chi qut hoc thi bng hi p. Nu dng xe chi qut ng cn thn trng sao cho khng lm bong bt cc ct liu trn mt ng. Nu mt ng c nhiu bi, bn th dng nc ra sch, v ch cho mt ng kh ro mi tin hnh ti nha thm. + Ti nha thm bm vi tiu chun 1-1.3 kg/m2. Lng nha ny va thm nhp su vo b mt lp dm 5-10mm v bc cc ht bi cn li trn b mt lp cp phi to dnh bm tt vi lp lng nha, tuy nhin khng c li nhng vt nha hay mng nha dy trn b mt ng v s lm trt lp lng mt sau ny. - i vi mt ng cp phi dm gia c xi mng, mt ng t gia c xi mng, vi... th cng tc chun b cng tin hnh nh trn nhng lng nha thm bm ch cn 0.8-1 kg/m2. - i vi mt ng dm lm mi, khi lu ln n giai on 3 s khng phi thc hin cng tc ti nc, ri ct, ti nha thm bm. i vi mt ng dm c, cn v g, sa mui luyn phc hi trc ngang v bng phng v phi c thc hin xong trc t nht 23 ngy. Sau qut sch bi bn, ti nha thm bm theo tiu chun 0.8 kg/m2. - i vi cc mt ng c c dng nha (b tng nha, lng nha, thm nhp nha...) th phi v g, trm khe nt, b vnh trc khi lng nha t nht 2 ngy. Lm sch mt ng v ti nha thm bm.
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Chun b cc thit b thi cng gm: - Xe qut chi v ra mt ng. - My hi p hoc chi qut. - My ti nha, doa ti nha. - Xe ri , thit b ri lp vo t hoc ky ra . - Lu bnh lp, ti trng mi bnh 1.5-2.5T, chiu rng bnh ti thiu 1.5m. - Lu bnh thp 6-8T b) Cng tc vn chuyn . dng lm lp lng mt phi c vn chuyn ra cng trng trc khi ti nha, c th thnh ng l ng hoc trc tip vo xe ri chuyn dng. c) Cng tc un v ti nha nng. - Nha phi un n nhit thi cng (160o vi nha 60/70, 170o vi nha 40/60). - C th ti bng th cng hoc xe phun ti nha hoc my ti nha.
Hnh 5.1. Xe phun ti nha chuyn dng.
- Khi ti bng xe phun ti nha phi ch cc im sau: + Phi xc nh tng quan gia tc xe, tc ca dn phun, chiu rng phn b ca dn phun, gc t ca l phun nhm m bo lng nha phun ra trn 1m2 ph hp vi nh mc (sai s 5%). Thng Vxe ti = 5-7km/h. + trnh nha khng u ti nhng ch xe bt u chy v khi xe dng li cn ri mt bng giy dy hoc mt tm tn mng ln mt ng ti nhng v tr y. + nhng ch trn mt ng cha c nha th dng th cng ti b sung. + Nu lng nha t hai lp tr ln, cn phi ti so le cc mi ni ngang v dc gia lp trn v di. + Khi thi cng on dc (>4%): phun t di dc ln trn. - Khi ti nha bng th cng: phi ti di ny chng ln di kia khong 2-5cm. Ngi ti phi khng ch bc chn lng nha ti c u. Chiu di mi di ti phi tnh ton sao cho nha cha trong bnh ti theo nh mc quy nh. d) Cng tc ri . - C th dng xe ri chuyn dng hoc bng thit b ri mc sau thng t hoc dng th cng.
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Hnh 5.2. Xe ri con chuyn dng.
- Khi ri bng xe chuyn dng th phi m bo yu cu sau: + m bo bnh xe lun i trn b mt lp va c ri, khng nha dnh vo lp xe (nu ri bng thit b ri mc sau thng t th phi i li). + Tc v khe h ca thit b c iu chnh thch hp tu theo lng cn ri 2 trn 1m . + m bo nh phi c ri u khp mt ng c phun ti nha nng, cc vin phi nm st nhau, ph kn mt nha nhng khng c nm chng ln nhau. + Vic b ph nhng ch thiu, qut b nhng ch tha v nhng vin chng ln nhau phi tin hnh ngay trong lc xe ri ang hot ng v phi kt thc trong nhng lt lu u tin. - Nu ri bng th cng (dng ky ra hoc dng xe ci tin i li) th phi c thnh ng l ng c qut sch, c ly v th tch mi ng phi tnh ton sao cho m bo lng trn 1m2. Ri n u, dng chi qut cho u khp v kn mt n y. e) Cng tc lu ln. - Dng lu bnh lp, ti trng mi bnh 1.5-2.5T, chiu rng bnh ti thiu 1.5m lu khong 6 lt/im, tc lu 2km/h trong 2 lt lu u, cc lt sau c th tng ln 10km/h. Nu khng c lu bnh lp, c th dng lu bnh thp 6-8T, lu 6-8 lt/im, tc lu 2km/h trong 2 lt lu u, cc lt sau c th tng ln 5km/h. f) Bo dng. Sau khi thi cng xong l mt ng lng nha c th thng xe ngay nhng tin hnh bo dng trong thi gian u bng cch iu chnh cho xe chy u trn ton b lp mt ln cht u v nhanh chng ni nha hnh thnh lp mt. Tc xe chy cng phi khng ch (khng qu 20km/h). - Trong 2 ngy u cn hn ch tc 10 km/h, - Trong 7 - 10 ngy sau khi thi cng: khng qu 20km/h - Trong khong 15 ngy, cn b tr ngi qut cc vin b bn vng ra ngoi vo mt ng, sa cha nhng ch li lm cc b, nhng ch tha nha thit hay ngc li. 97 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Ch : - Trnh t thi cng trn l trnh t thi cng chung. Nu lng nha mt lp th theo trnh t trn, nu lng nha 2 hoc 3 lp thi lp li trnh t trn t bc c) cng tc ti nha nng ln th 2 hoc 3. - Trc khi thi cng i tr, phi thi cng th mt on di ti thiu 100m hon thin cng ngh thi cng v rt ra cc thng s cn thit (h s ri, lng nha, lng ...). 5.2.8. Kim tra, nghim thu lp mt lng nha.
- Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: + Sai s cho php v chiu rng mt ng: 10cm + Sai s cho php v chiu dy mt ng: 10% + Sai s cho php v dc ngang mt, l: 0,5% - Kim tra bng phng: thc g 3 m, khe h khng qu 7 mm - Kim tra v cng mt ng: Ett Eyc. - Phng php kim tra: + Chiu rng mt ng: Kim tra 10 mt ct ngang trong 1km. + Chiu dy mt ng: Kim tra 3 mt ct ngang trong 1km, mi mt ct ngang kim tra 3 im tim ng v 2 bn cch mp mt ng 1m. + bng phng: kim tra 3 v tr trong 1 km. Mi v tr t thc di 3 m dc tim ng v hai bn cch mp mt ng 1 m. o khe h gia mt ng v cnh di ca thc, c cch 50 cm o mt im.
5.2.9. Nhng ch khi thi cng mt ng lng nha.

- Phi m bo an ton trong qu trnh un, nu v ti nha. - Ch c thi cng vo nhng ngy kh ro, mt cng nh mt ng khng nhn thy vt m. Nhit ngoi tri khi thi cng khng c thp hn 150C. - un nha: + Phi thng xuyn theo di nhit ca nha bng nhit k. + Nha un ngy no phi dng ht ngay trong ngy y, tt nht l un n u dng ht n y. Khng cho php nha un tha n ngy hm sau un li. + Thi gian un nha khng c ko di qu 3 ting gi cho cc du nh trong nha khi b bc hi mt i, lm cho nha gim n hi. - Nghim cm cc loi phng tin giao thng qua li phn ng mi lng nha khi cha ph .
5.3. Mt ng thm nhp nha. (22 tcn 270-2001) 5.3.1. Khi nim.
Mt ng thm nhp nha l loi mt ng dng dm kch c tng i ng u, ri, lu ln n mt mc cht nht nh. Dng nha ti thm nhp vo cc khe h n mt
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su qui nh, nha lin kt cc hn li. Sau , dng kch c nh hn chn cc khe h ri lu ln n cht yu cu.

Cng c hnh thnh theo nguyn l chn mc (Macadam) v nha ng vai tr cht dnh kt, lin kt cc vin li vi nhau. Nh vy, mt ng thm nhp nha khng khc bao xa so vi mt ng dm nc. Nhng, trong mt ng thm nhp c s dng thm nha tng dnh bm nn yu cu v lu ln s thp hn so vi mt ng dm nc. Do vy c th s dng vt liu c cng thp hn, kh lu ln cht hn thi cng mt ng thp nhp nha.
5.3.3. u nhc im: u im: - S dng dm tiu chun nn c th ly t ngun vt liu a phng, c th gia cng bng th cng. - Cng ngh thi cng n gin, khng i hi thit b phc tp nn p dng trong mi iu kin nc ta. - Yu cu v cng lu t hn so vi mt ng dm nc. - C cng cao: Eh = 280-320 MPa. - Do c nha l cht kt dnh nn c kh nng chu c tc dng ca lc y ngang ln. - L mt ng kn, ng thi li mang tnh cht ca mt ng dm nn rt n nh vi nc
a) Mt ng dm nc.
b) Mt ng thm nhp nha. Hnh 5.3. So snh gia mt ng dm nc v thm nhp nha.
Nhc im: Nha khng bc u cc vin , khng hon ho v tn nha v mt mt lng nha chy vo cc l rng ln gia cc vin m khng gp ch g cho vic dnh bm. Phm vi p dng:
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- Do nhc im trn nn mt ng ny ch dng khi khng c iu kin thi cng lp mt ng b tng nha hoc c th dng trong giai on phn k xy dng, khi lng xe tng ln nhiu v c iu kin v trang thit b v nguyn vt liu s lm lp b tng nha ln trn. - Cc trng hp s dng mt ng ny phi do c quan c thm quyn quyt nh. Thng thng, nn dng cho mt ng cp cao th yu A2.
5.3.4. Cu to mt ng.
dc ngang mt ng 3 4%. dc ngang l 4 - 6% tu theo vt liu lm l.
5.3.5. Phn loi.

- Theo chiu su thm nhp nha: 3 loi + Mt ng thm nhp nh: dy 4,5 6,0 cm v nha thm nhp ht chiu dy mt ng. + Mt ng thm nhp su: dy 6,0 8,0 cm v nha thm nhp ht chiu dy mt ng. + Mt ng bn thm nhp: dy 8 - 15 cm v nha ch thm nhp n mt chiu su no , thng t 4 - 6 cm. - Theo hnh thc s dng nha: - Dng nha nng. - Dng nh tng. Do nhc im nu trn nn hin nay ch dng loi thm nhp nh.
5.3.6. Yu cu v vt liu. a) Yu cu i vi . - dng trong lp lng nha phi c xay t tng, ni. Khng c dng xay t mc n, sa thch st, dip thch st. - phi tho m n cc ch tiu c l sau:
Ch tiu c l ca 1- Cng nn (MPa) - xay t mc ma, bin cht: - xay t trm tch 2- hao mn Los Angeles (LA), (%) - i vi mc ma, bin cht: - i vi trm tch 3- dnh bm ca vi nha Gii hn cho php 100 (800) 800 (600) 25 (30) 35 (40) t yu cu Theo 22TCN 63-84 Phng php th nghim TCVN-1772-87 (Ly chng ch t ni sn xut )
AASHTO T 96-87
Ghi ch: Cc tr s trong () dng cho ng cp 40 tr xung.
- Kch c : theo bng sau.
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C danh nh Loi dm c bn chn chn nh Sng l trn tng ng (20-40) (10-20) (5-10) 19 (3/4) n 31.5 (2) 9.5 (3/8) n 19 (3/4) 4.75 (No4) n 9.5 (3/8) Tr s trong ngoc l kch c vo trn c php dng cho sng l trn. Sng l vung Chi ch
Kch c phi tho m n cc yu cu sau: + Hm lng hn c D > Dmax cng nh D < Dmin khng qu 5% theo khi lng. + Lng ht dt khng qu 10% theo khi lng. - Lng ht mm yu v phong ho khng qu 3% khi lng. - phi c dng hnh khi sc cnh. - dng lm mt ng phi sch, khng c ln c rc, l cy. Lng bi st (xc nh bng phng php ra) khng qu 2% theo khi lng. Lng ht st di dng vn hn khng qu 0.25% theo khi lng. - Yu cu phi kh, ngha l khng c nhng vt m nhn thy c. - dnh bm ca nha vi : phi t t yu cu tr ln theo 22TCN 63-84. b) i vi nha. Tng t mt ng lng nha.
5.3.7 Quy nh v lng v nha c bn.

Lng v nha c bn theo bng sau:
5.3.8. Trnh t thi cng. a. Cng tc chun b. Chun b mt bng thi cng: - Nghim thu lp mng v cht, kch thc hnh hc, bng phng... - Nu l mt ng c cn tin hnh v g, b vnh, lm v sinh v kho ro. - Phi lm thnh chn hai mp l ng bng cch: trng va hoc p l v m cht, chiu cao ca va hoc l bng chiu dy ca lp dm thm nhp nha. - Nu mt ng c qu bn, khi thi cng lp dm thm nhp nha c chiu dy di 5cm th sau khi lm v sinh nn ti nha thm bm, tiu chun 0.8l/m2 4-5h cho nha ng c hoc nh tng phn tch ri mi thi cng. Chun b cc thit b thi cng: 101 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- My ri dm chuyn dng c b rng vt ri ti thiu bng b rng mt ng. C th thay my ri bng my san t hnh. - i xe ben vn chuyn dm. - Xe phun ti nha. - Lu bnh st 6-8T v 8-10T.
cc cng trnh nh, vng su vng xa th c th thay my ri bng ky ra , bn trang, t bng xe ci tin vn chuyn , xe ti nha bng bnh doa. b) Cng tc vn chuyn . dm c vn chuyn bng t t , nu ri bng my ri th t trc tip vo my ri, nu dng my san hoc th cng th thnh ng vi khong cch tnh ton sao cho tn t cng san ri v khng tha thiu . c) Cng tc ri dm c bn. - C th ri bng my ri, my san hoc th cng. - Chiu dy ri h1 = K.h (h s ri K=1.25-1.35 v c xc nh chnh xc thng qua ri th). - Phi m bo bng phng v dc ngang mt ng. - Khi ri, nn cha li mt lng nht nh b ph sau ny. - Nu ri bng th cng th phi t con xc xc bng g c chiu dy bng chiu dy h1 lm c. Nu dng ky ra c bn th phi ky ny p st ky kia sau ly bn trang san ra. Cng c th dng xe ci tin ch dm c bn thnh ng nh trn mt ng sau dng bn trang san ra. - Trong qu trnh san ri, phi thng xuyn kim tra cao bng my thu bnh. d) Lu ln dm c bn.
- Lu s b : dng lu nh bnh st 6-8T, lu 4-5l/im, tc lu khong 2km/h. Trong giai on ny cn tin hnh b ph vo nhng ch thiu cho mt ng bng phng. - Lu ln cht: dng lu bnh st 8-10T, lu 5-6l/im, tc lu khng qu 5km/h. Tt nht dng lu bnh lp, ti trng mi bnh 1.5-2.5T, chiu rng bnh ti thiu 1.5m lu 5-6 lt/im, tc lu tng dn t 3 n 10km/h. e) un v ti nha nng ln 1. - Nha phi un n nhit thi cng (160o vi nha 60/70, 170o vi nha 40/60). - Cng tc ti nha cng tin hnh nh mt ng lng nha. f) Ri chn 10-20. - Sau khi ti nha phi tin hnh ri chn ngay, chm nht l 5 pht. - Cng tc ri chn 10-20 cng ging nh mt ng lng nha. g) Lu ln chn 10-20. - Dng lu bnh st 8-10T, lu 4 - 6l/im, tc lu 2km/h. h) un v ti nha nng ln 2.
i) Ri chn 5-10. k) Lu ln chn 5-10.

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- Dng lu bnh lp lu 5-6l/im, tc 3km/h ri tng dn ln 8-10km/h. ( c th dng lu bnh st 6-8T, lu 6-8l/im, tc lu 2km/h ri tng dn ln 5km/h). l) Cng tc bo dng. - Ging mt ng lng nha.
5.4. Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha. 5.4.1. Khi nim.

Mt v mng ng lm bng hn hp trn nha c hiu l mt hn hp ct liu khong cht l dm hay si m trn vi nha theo mt t l nht nh ri lu ln cht to thnh lp mt ng. - Khi hn hp ct liu dm hay si c thnh phn ht theo nguyn l cp phi, em trn vi nha th gi l mt ng hn hp en. Cng mt ng hnh thnh theo nguyn l cp phi kt hp vi lc dnh kt ca nha - Khi ct liu l dm c kch c ng u: 20x40mm, 10x20mm, 3-10mm c trn ring r vi nha, ln lt em ri theo nguyn l nh chn to ri lu ln cht li th c gi l mt ng dm en. Cng mt ng hnh thnh da vo lc chn mc ca cc vin kt hp lc dnh kt ca nha. Lp hn hp trn nha c u im hn mt ng thm nhp ch lng nha yu cu t hn, nha li phn b u khp hn trn b mt ca cc ht ct liu khong vt.
5.4.2. Phn loi.

- Cn c vo phng php ch to: 2 loi + Hn hp trn nha trn ti ng + Hn hp trn nha trn trong thit b - Cn c rng: + Hn hp trn nha cht. + Hn hp trn nha rng - Cn c vo nhit lc ri: + Hn hp trn nha ri nng: nhit lc ri 120 - 1600C, dng nha c c qunh cao v trn trong thit b, khi trn phi rang nng ct liu v un nng nha. Do vy n c cng cao nht. + Hn hp trn nha ri m: nhit lc ri 50 - 1100C, dng nha c va hoc nha lng c nht cao. Hn hp ri m c ch to ti trm trn, trc khi trn ct liu cng phi rang nng. + Hn hp trn nha ri ngui: nhit lc ri bng nhit khng kh khong 0 25 C. Hn hp ri ngui c th ch to theo 3 phng php sau: ./ Vt liu v nha khng phi rang trc khi trn. Thch hp vi phng php trn ti ng v s dng nh tng.
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./ Ct liu phi rang nng trc, Trn vi nha c un nng n nhit 60-800C. C th trn ti ng hoc trong thit b. Dng nha lng c nht ln hoc nh tng. ./ Ct liu v nha u c nung n nhit 80-1000C v trn nng trong thit b. Sau vo kho cho hn hp ngui xung bng nhit khng kh ri em ri. Khi ny dng nha lng c nht cao hn phng php th hai.
5.5. Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha ti ng. 5.5.1. Phm vi s dng, u nhc im.
Mt ng lm theo phng php ny c th s dng trong cc trng hp sau: - c s dng cho mng v mt ng mi. - Dng khi cn gia cng mt ng c (xo xi lp dm hay cp phi si sn ln ri dng nha s l, hoc khi cn gia cng thm chiu dy ca mt ng c). Thng dng phng php trn ti ng khi c iu kin s dng vt liu ti ch (v d nh c m cp phi si sn thin nhin gn ni xy dng), nh vy s nng cao c hiu qu kinh t do gim gi thnh vn chuyn vt liu. t khi dng dm trn nha ti ng tr trng hp xo xi lp dm c. Nhc im ca phng php ny l: - Cng v n nh nc ca mt ng thp hn so vi phng php trn nng trong thit b, v phi dng nha lng c nht nh. - Thi gian hnh thnh cng mt ng ko di, do vy lm tr ngi cho vic thi cng cc lp tip theo. - Tn nhiu cng sc cho vic bo dng v sa cha trong thi gian mt ng hnh thnh cng cng nh trong thi gian s dng mt ng. - Ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit v khng th dng phng php ny trong thi k ma nhiu.
5.5.2. Yu cu vt liu. a. Yu cu i vi . C th dng hai loi vt liu sau: + Theo kiu dm: dm en. + Theo kiu cp phi - phi cng v hao mn theo quy nh (cng nn v ch tiu LA). - Nu l vt liu cp phi th phi tun theo mt cp phi tng i cht. Nu thiu cc thnh phn ht mn (<0.071mm) c th thm vo mt lng t bt hoc tt hn l thm vo mt lng bt khong c ti ch. Nu c d tnh s thm vo hn hp cht ph gia l bt vi hoc xi mng nng cao tnh cht c l th c th gim bt lng ht mn i 3-5%.
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- Lng ht st (<0.005mm) c trong hn hp khng c ln hn 3% (nu lng st qu nhiu th s lm gim cht lng mt v mng ng ng thi kh trn trong lc thi cng v gy tn nha. - m ca phi c m 1-4% nu trn vi nha lng, 3-7% nu trn vi nh tng. b. Yu cu vi nha. Nha ng: dng nha lng ch t du m, c th dng loi ng c chm v ng c va hoc c th dng nh tng.

- Chun b mng ng: mng ng phi bng phng, c mui luyn ( dc ngang 23%). Nhng ch li lm, g phi c v li cn thn v lu ln cht. L ng phi c bt dc ra pha ngoi 4-5% thot nc. Nu phi xo xi li mt ng c th phi loi b cc ht khng dng c. - Vn chuyn hn hp vt liu ra mt ng v gom thnh lung hay ri thnh lp. Dng xe ben vn chuyn hn hp ra mt ng, thnh ng ngay trn mt ca mng ng. Dng my san t hnh nh thnh lung dc theo tim ng sao cho lung c tit din hnh tam gic hoc hnh thang. Trng hp hn hp khng cc thnh phn ht quy nh th phi vn chuyn vt liu ph thm ra mt ng v nh thnh lung dc theo tim ng hoc thnh tng ng nh cch u nhau theo khi lng cn thit sau dng my san trn u hai loi vt liu li ri nh thnh lung dc theo tim ng. Khi c dng thm cht ph gia nh vi, xi mng hoc thm c ht mn nh bt khong, t bt m khi lng khng ln lm th dng my ri vt liu bt hoc dng th cng ri thnh mt lp mng ln trn lp vt liu c bn ri dng my san t hnh hoc my phay t trn u. - Vn chuyn nha hoc nh tng ra mt ng. - Trn hn hp vi nha. Tu theo thit b v my mc s dng m ta c cc cch trn khc nhau: + Trn bng cc my trn di ng. Phng php ny c u im l nng sut cao, cht lng tt. + Trn bng cch dng mt hoc nhiu my phi hp vi nhau nh my san, my phay t, my ba a. Ch : + Nu dng nh tng th sau khi trn, phi mt ngy sau cho nh tng c thi gian phn tch mt phn ri mi san thnh lp. + Nu dng nha lng c tc ng c va th thi gian trn khng nn qu 1 ngy, nu dng nha ng c chm th khng nn qu 2 ngy. + Lc trn, nu gp tri ma th phi gom li thnh tng ng, sau khi ma tnh dng my san o hn hp vt liu nhiu ln cho kh bt i. + Sau khi trn nha phi bc u khp cc ht vt liu, hn hp cng mt mu sc, cc ht khng dnh li vi nhau thnh cc.
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- Ri thnh lp, san phng v to mui luyn. + Lu ln: Tt nht l dng lu bnh lp lu 6-8l/im sau dng lu nng bnh thp 1012T lu4-6l/im. Nu khng c lu bnh lp, th lc u c th dng lu nh 5-7T, lu 5-6 l/im sau dng lu nng bnh thp 10-12T lu4-6l/im - Bo dng: Do mt ng cha hnh thnh cng ngay nn trong 2-3 tun u, phi hn ch tc xe khng qu 40km/h v hn ch ti trng xe (khng cho xe nng i vo), ng thi iu chnh cho xe chy u khp mt ng. Sau khi iu chnh xe chy trong 2-3 tun, cn lm thm lp lng mt bn trn.
5.6. Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha thit b.

Mt ng lm bng hn hp trn nha trong my trn c cht lng tt hn l lm theo phng php trn ti ng. Loi mt ng ny c th chu c 4000 xe c trng ti trung bnh trong mt ngy m. V ch to trong thit b nn khng ch c thnh phn vt liu, hm lng nha, ch nhit trong khi rang, trn vt liu, bo m hn hp c trn u.
5.6.1. Yu cu vt liu. a. Yu cu i vi . Vt liu hn hp trn nha thng l cp phi dm, cp phi si sn, cp phi si ct c thnh phn gn vi cp phi chun. phi c cng chu nn v mi mn quy nh. Hm lng st cha trong hn hp khng qu 1.5%. b. Yu cu i vi nha. Nha c th dng cc loi khc nhau tu theo phng php ri m, ri nng hay ri ngui. - i vi hn hp trn nha ri nng th dng loi nha c c kim ln nh 40/60, 60/90, 90/130. - i vi hn hp trn nha ri ngui th dng loi nha c c kim ln ln 200/300, nha lng ng c chm, nha lng ng c trung bnh. - i vi hn hp trn nha ri ngui th dng loi nha lng ng c chm, nha lng ng c va, nh tng phn tch chm hay trung bnh. Hm lng nha vo khong 4.5-7% khi lng vt liu khi ch to hn hp ri nng v ri m, 4-4.5% khi ch to ngui. 5.6.2. Trnh t thi cng
Trnh t thi cng hn hp trn nha trong thit b bao gm cc bc sau: - Chun b mng: mng phi c qut sch bi bn, sau ti lp nha ph bi bng nha lng ng c va theo tiu chun 0,7-1 lt/m2 hoc c th ti bng nh tng tiu chun 0,4-0,7 lt/m2. - Ch to hn hp trn nha trong thit b. Vi hn hp ri nng v ri m, sau khi trn xong phi vn chuyn ngay ra mt ng thi cng. Cn hn hp trn nha ri ngui c th vn chuyn ra thi cng ngay hoc ct gi cc kho b i. 106 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- Vn chuyn hn hp trn nha ra cng trng bng cc t t . C ly vn chuyn ti a ca hn hp trn nha ri nng v m tu thuc vo tc xe, tc ngui ca hn hp v nhit khng kh. Thng thng nu nhit khng kh trn 100C th thi gian vn chuyn hn hp trn nha ri nng khng qu 1.5h, cn vi hn hp trn nha ri m th khng qu 2-2.5h. Hn hp trn nha ra n ni ri phi cn nhit cn thit c th thi cng c d dng. Nhit khng kh cng thp, yu cu ca nhit hn hp cng cao. i vi hn hp trn nha ri ngui, c ly vn chuyn khng ph thuc vo nhit m chn tu thuc vo iu kin hiu qu kinh t. - Ri hn hp: n cng trng, t hn hp trn nha trc tip vo thng cha ca my ri. B rng vt ri tu thuc vo b rng mt ng v b rng ca my ri. Khi ri th phi ch n cht lng ca mi ni dc gia hai vt ri v mi ni ngang. mi ni dc c tt th tt nht nn dng hai my ri hot ng song song hai vt ri, mi my cch nhau 10-20m, lc my lu s lu ln cng mt lc c chiu rng mt ng, do s khng cn thy ch tip gip dc. Nu c mt my ri th s ln lt ri tng on cho hai na mt ng (ri so le). Khi ri vt sau phi ct thng mp vt trc, sau qut nha nng. - Lu ln: + Hn hp trn nha ri nng v m: Ri n u phi tin hnh lu ngay hn hp trn nha khng b ngui. u tin dng lu nh hoc lu va, lu 5-6l/im, sau dng lu nng lu 12-20 l/im. Nu thi tit lnh nhit ca hn hp ngui nhanh hoc khi dng hn hp ht ln th c th dng lu nng ngay. Ch : + Qu trnh lu ln hn hp ch c hiu qu khi nhit hn hp cn nng, vo khong 50+70% nhit ti thiu quy nh ca hn hp lc bt u ri. Chiu di lu ln ca mi on thng thng 30-50m. + Tc ca my lu lc u l 2-3km/h lc sau c th tng ln 4-5km/h. + Khi lu phi lun b tr cng nhn bi hn hp du nht vo bnh lu nha khng dnh vo bnh. + cho mt ng bng phng, khi my lu chuyn s tin v li, phi thc hin tht m thun v khng c my lu ng lu trn mt ng cha ngui. + Phi phi hp nhp nhng gia cc khu: ch to hn hp, vn chuyn, ri v lu ln sao cho hn hp khng b ngui. + Hn hp trn nha ri ngui:Do nhit ca hn hp nha ri ngui thp nn nht ca nha v ca hn hp trong lc ri cao hn so vi hn hp trn nha ri nng v m. Do bin dng ca mt ng trong lc m nn pht trin rt chm. Nu ch dng my lu th thc t khng th thc hin c cht yu cu cui cng ca n. C th xem qu trnh lu ln mt ng lm bng hn hp nha ri ngui gm c ba giai on: giai on u lu ln bng my lu, giai on hai lu ln bng xe c chy trn ng trong khong thi gian 4-5 tun sau khi thi cng xong, giai on ba lu ln bng xe c chy trn ng trong khong mt nm.
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Trong giai on u thng dng lu bnh lp lu 6-10l/im sau dng lu rung lu 8-10l/im. Trong 3-4 lt u khng cho b phn gy rung hot ng, 5-6 lt sau mi cho b phn rung hot ng. Trong giai on hai phi iu chnh cho xe chy u khp mt ng v hn ch tc xe khng qu 30-40km/h. Thng phi iu chnh xe chy trong 3-4 tun. Nu xe c chy t hoc thi tit lnh th thi gian iu chnh xe chy cn ko di hn. Trong thi gian ny, cn tin hnh sa cha nhng ch li lm, tha hoc thiu nha. Sau giai on hai, mt ng t c cht v cng thng xe khng cn hn ch tc , ti trng v iu chnh ln xe, tuy nhin cng vn cha t tr s thit k. Trong giai on ba, khong mt nm, xe c chy s tip tc ln p mt ng, nh cht v cng c nng cao n tr s thit k.
5.7. Mt ng dm en. 5.7.1. Khi nim.

dm c kch c 2x4, 1x2, 0,3x1cm c trn ring tng loi vi nha trong thit b ri ln lt em ri mt ng theo phng php chn ri em m ln gi l mt ng dm en.
5.7.2. Phn loi.

dm ng kch c trn nha c th l loi ri nng, ri m v ri ngui. dm en ri nng: dm c rang n nhit 150-1700C sau trn vi nha nung nng n 160-170oC trong thit b trn. Nha dng loi nha c c kim ln 40/60 hoc 60/90. Nhit lc ri khng di 120-140oC. dm en ri m: dm c rang n nhit 100-1200C sau trn vi nha nung nng n 160-170oC trong thit b trn. Thng dng cc loi nha c c kim ln cao 200/300, nha lng ng c chm hoc ng c va. Nhit lc ri khng di 60-80oC. dm en ri ngui: dm c rang n nhit 80-1000C sau trn vi nha nung nng n 160-170oC trong thit b trn. Thng dng cc nha lng ng c chm hoc ng c va. Nu dng nh tng th khng cn phi rang . Sau khi ch to xong trong thit b phi cho dm en ri ngui h nhit xung bng nhit khng kh ri mi ch ra hin trng hoc ct gi trong kho b i.
5.7.3. Phm vi p dng.

Mun thi cng mt ng dm en i nng v ri m theo phng php chn c cht lng tt phi phi hp nhp nhng v ng lc cc cng vic ch to dm en tng loi trong thit b, vic chuyn ch ra hin trng, vic ri ln lt tng kch c v m ln, lm th no phi gi c nhit quy nh ca dm en khi ri. Do c nhiu kh khn nh vy nn t dng dm en ng kch c ri nng v m m ch dng theo phng php ri ngui khi bo dng sa cha ng c nh v g hoc dng b vnh mt ng c.
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5.7.4. Trnh t thi cng lp dm en ri ngui.

- Chun b mng: mng phi c qut sch bi bn, sau ti lp nha ph bi bng nha lng ng c va theo tiu chun 0,7-1 lt/m2 hoc c th ti bng nh tng tiu chun 0,4-0,7 lt/m2. - Vn chuyn dm en c 2x4cm ra cng trng bng t t v vo my ri chuyn dng hoc thnh ng sau dng my san san. - Dng lu nh hoc lu va lu 4-5 l/im. - Ri dm en c 1x2cm vi tiu chun khong 1m3/100m2. Dng cng nhn qut cho lt xung cc l rng ca c bn. - Dng lu nng lu 3-4 l/im. - Ri dm en c 0.3x1cm vi tiu chun khong 1-1.2 m3/100m2. Dng cng nhn qut cho lt xung cc khe h ca mt ng. - Dng lu nng lu 6-8 l/im. - Sau khi thi cng xong, mt ng dm en c cng thng xe nhng cha hon ton hnh thnh. Phi iu chnh cho xe chy u khp trn mt ng trong vng 2-4 tun. - Sau khi cng mt ng tng i hnh thnh (sm nht l sau hai thng thng xe), cn phi lm lp lng mt. Ch : - Khng thi cng mt ng dm en nu bit chc rng sau khi thi cng xong tri s ma nhiu.
5.8. Mt ng b tng nha. (22 tcn 249-98) 5.8.1. Khi nim.

Mt ng b tng nha (BTN) l loi mt ng s dng ct liu khong cht l dm c kch c khc nhau, ct, bt khong v cht lin kt l nha. em phi hp vi nhau theo mt t l thch hp mt nhit nht nh sau khi lu ln t c mt hn hp c cht ln nht, cng v n nh lm mt ng cp cao. Hin nay, mt ng BTN c dng ph bin hu khp cc nc trn th gii cho cc ng c mt xe ln v ng thnh ph.

Cng mt ng hnh thnh tun theo nguyn l cp phi v cht lin kt Asfalt ng vai tr cht dnh kt.
5.8.3. u nhc im. u im: - C cng cao, chu c lu lng xe ln: N > 3000 xe/ng.m - C th chu c xe c ti trng ln. - Tui th ln: c th ti 15 - 20 nm.
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- Khng pht sinh bi, ting ng khi xe chy
- t b bo mn (di 1mm/nm). - C th c gii ho khi thi cng. - D duy tu, bo dng v sa cha. Nhc im: - Cng khng n nh theo nhit : + B gin khi tri lnh: gy nn hin tng nt lp BTN + B chy do khi nhit tng cao: gy nn hin tng trt, ln sng trn b mt mt ng, nht l ti nhng ch chu lc x y ngang ln nh ng ba, ch dc ln, nhng ch dng h m xe. - Km n nh vi nc. Mt ng rt chng b ph hng nhng ni m t ln hay ngp nc. - Cng mt ng b gim dn theo thi gian do hin tng l o ho ca nha. - Cc loi xe bnh xch, bnh st i li trn mt ng BTN thng hay li nhng du vt lm h hng lp trn mt, nn thng khng lm mt ng BTN cho loi xe ny chy. - H s bm s gim i khi mt ng m t nn xe d b trt. Khc phc bng cch thm ln b mt lp vt liu to nhm. - u t ban u tng i ln. Nhng xt ti hiu qu gia chi ph ban u v chi chi ph duy tu, bo dng v vn ti m mt ng BTN em li so vi cc loi mt ng khc th cha chc y l nhc im. Phm vi p dng:. Do nhng u, nhc im trn nn mt ng b tng nha thng c s dng lm lp mt ca: - Mt ng cho nhng ng cp cao. - Mt ng cao tc. - Lm mt ng thnh ph. - Lm mt sn bay, qung trng. - Lp thm trn mt cu b tng xi mng. 5.8.4. Phn loi. a) Theo phng php thi cng. Theo phng php thi cng BTN c phn lm 2 loi l BTN khng cn lu ln v BTN cn lu ln. B tng nha khng cn lu ln. B tng nha khng cn lu ln cn gi l b tng nha do hay b tng nha c. Nhit khi trn ca b tng nha do rt cao, c th ln n 1200C, nhit khi ri t 210-230oC. Hn hp b tng nha do c hm lng bt rt cao, khong 20-35% khi lng hn hp. Thng dng nha c c kim ln 10-70. Hm lng nha thay i t 9-12%. B tng nha do c th l loi ht trung (dmax = 25mm) v b tng nha ht nh (dmax = 15mm). Lp b tng nha do lm mt ng thng c chiu dy t 3-4cm. Khi ri khng cn phi lu ln.
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B tng nha cn lu ln. Tu theo nhit khi ri m c th phn ra: - B tng nha ri nng: C c im sau: + Nhit khi ch to: 140 - 1700C. + Nhit lc ri khng c di 100 - 1200C. + Dng nha c ch to t du m c kim ln 40/60, 60/90 hoc 90/130 ch
to. + Cng ca BTN ri nng hnh thnh rt nhanh. Sau khi lu ln xong, mt ng ngui xung bng nhit khng kh l xem nh c bn hnh thnh. + Phi khng ch thi gian vn chuyn, ri v lu ln. - B tng nha ri m: C c im sau: + Nhit khi ch to: 110 - 1300C. + Nhit lc ri khng di 60 - 800C. + Dng nha c ch to t du m c kim ln 200/300, 130/200 hoc nha lng c tc ng c trung bnh vi nht C605 l 130/200. + Tc hnh thnh cng ca BTN m c th thay i t vi gi n 15-20 ngy m, tu thuc vo loi nha v bt khong s dng, iu kin thi tit, nhit hn hp lc ri v thnh phn, mt xe chy trn ng. + Tuy nhin BTN ri m c u im l c th thi cng trong lc thi tit lnh, c ly chuyn ch xa hn BTN ri nng. - B tng nha ri ngui: C c im sau: + Nhit ch to: 110 - 1200C. + Nhit lc ri ca loi ny bng nhit khng kh, khong 250C. + Dng nha lng c tc tc ng c trung bnh vi nht C605 l 70/130 hay nha c pha du. + C th ct gi BTN ngui kho b i t 4 - 8 thng. + Thi gian hnh thnh cng ca mt ng BTN ri ngui rt chm, c th t 20 - 40 ngy m tu thuc vo loi nha v bt khong s dng, vo iu kin thi tit v thnh phn, mt xe chy trn ng. Do s dng nha c, c kim ln thp nn dnh bm ca nha vi ln. Do vy BTN ri nng c cng cao nht, tip n l BTN ri m v cui cng l BTN ri ngui. BTN ri nng c s dng lm lp mt trn hay di ca mt ng cp cao. BTN ri ngui, m ch c s dng lm lp di trong tng mt ca cc loi mt ng cp cao hay lm lp mt trn trong ca mt ng ng cp thp hn. BTN ngui thng hay s dng hn c trong vic duy tu, sa cha mt ng nha. b) Theo rng cn d ( rng sau khi lu ln). + BTN cht (BTNC): c rng cn d t 3 - 6% th tch. Trong thnh phn dt khot phi c bt khong.
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+ BTN rng (BTNR): c rng cn d t >6% n 10% th tch. Trong thnh phn ca hn hp thng khng c bt khong hoc bt khong ch chim di 4%. Loi BTN rng ch dng cho lp di ca mt ng BTN hai lp hoc lm lp mng. c) Theo hm lng dm: (xem 22 TCN 211-06) Theo hm lng dm ( dm l nhng vin c kch thc > 5 mm) b tng nha c phn thnh cc loi sau: + B tng nha nhiu dm (k hiu BTN loi A): khi hm lng dm chim t 5065% khi lng dm. + B tng nha va dm (k hiu B): khi hm lng dm chim t 35 - 50% khi lng. + B tng nha t dm (k hiu C): khi hm lng dm chim t 20 - 35% khi lng + B tng nha ct (k hiu D): Khng c dm.
vng kh hu nng, t ma v khi c nhiu xe nng chy nn dng BTN nihu dm. Tri li, vng nhiu ma nn dng loi t dm. Cn BTN ct hon ton c cc tnh cht v ch tiu c l cn thit tho m n cho vic lm lp mt ca ng cp cao bt k vng kh hu no, nht l khi bt khong c gia cng trc bng cc cht ph gia hot tnh b mt. BTN ct c kh nng chu hao mn tt, nhng nhc im ca n l kh nng t nn cht km hn cc loi khc nn thng c dng lm lp trn ca mt ng BTN hai lp, khng dng nhng ch ng giao, ni xe, bn b i. d) Theo c ht ln nht danh nh ca cp phi : - BTN ht th: c ht ln nht danh nh 40 mm. - BTN ht trung: c ht ln nht danh nh 25 mm, - BTN ht mn: c ht ln nht danh nh 15 mm, 10mm - BTN ct: c ht ln nht danh nh 5 mm. BTN ht th thng l BTN rng, khng c hoc c rt t bt khong, dng t nha nn gi thnh h v b mt c g gh dnh bm vi lp ri trn n. Cn BTN ht mn l loi BTN cht nn c b mt kn, cht ch nht, chng hao mn tt hn hai loi ht th v ht trung. Do vy thng dng BTN mn lm lp mt trn cng, BTN th dng lm lp di trong mt ng BTN hai lp gm BTN ht th v BTN ht mn. BTN ht trung c th l loi BTN cht hay BTN rng. N c tnh cht trung gian gia hai loi trn nn c th lm lp mt trn hay lp di ca lp BTN mn. 5.8.5. Cu to mt ng BTN.
- dc ngang ca mt ng BTN ly t 1.5 - 2%. dc dc khng nn qu 6%. Trng hp dc dc ln hn 6%, cn lm loi BTN c nhm cao hay lm thm mt lp lng mt c nhm cao ln lp BTN. - Tng mt BTN c th mt hoc hai lp:
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+ Nu tng mt BTN ch c mt lp th nn chn BTN ht trung (c th cng l BTN ht mn) vi chiu dy 5-7 cm v lp mng trn ngay st lp BTN ln lm bng vt liu c s dng nha. + Nu tng mt BTN gm hai lp BTN th lp mt nn chn l BTN ht mn dy khong 3-5 cm, lp di l BTN ht th dy 5 - 7 cm. Nh vy tng chiu dy c th t 8-12 cm. - Lp BTN trong mt ng BTN mt lp hay lp trn ca mt ng hai lp dt khot phi l BTN cht, loi I. Lp di trong mt ng hai lp thng chn BTN rng, loi I hoc loi II. - m bo kh nng c th lu ln cht c th chiu dy thm 1 lp BTN thng l: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 cm. Khi mt lp ln hn 7 cm th phi phn lm hai thi cng. - Lp BTN c th t trn: mng dm, CPD, mt ng BTN c, BTXM, v CPD gia c xi mng (chiu dy min ca n phi t 12-15cm khi tm BTXM co gi n v nhit th mt ng khng b nt).
5.9. mt ng b tng nha ri nng.

BTN ri nng l loi c s dng ph bin hin nay nc ta lm lp mt cc tuyn ng cp cao, ng thnh ph, sn bay. Do s dng loi nha c c nht ln nn n c cng cao, n nh tt vi nc, vi nhit v ph hp vi iu kin thi tit nng m nc ta hn c so vi cc loi mt ng ri m, ri. ngui.
5.9.1. Yu cu vt liu. a) Yu cu vi dm. - dm dng ch to BTN ri nng c phi tun theo mt thnh phn cp phi nht nh, l loi dm nghin, c xay t tng, ni c cng t 60-120 MPa. - Lng dm mm yu v phong ho khng c vt qu 10% khi lng i vi BTN lp trn, khng qu 15% vi lp di. - Lng ht dt ca dm khng c qu 15% khi lng hn hp. - Hm lng bi, bn, st trong dm khng c vt qu 2% khi lng, trong hm lng st khng qu 0.05% khi lng . b) Yu cu vi ct. - ch to BTN nng c th dng ct thin nhin hoc ct xay. xay ra ct phi c cng nn khng nh hn ca dng sn xut ra dm. - Ct thin nhin phi c m uyn ln Mk > 2, trng hp Mk < 2 th phi trn thm ct ht ln hoc ct xay t ra. - i vi BTN ct, phi dng ct ht ln hoc ht trung c Mk > 2 v hm lng ht t 5 1.25mm khng di 14%.
Mk = A 2, 5 + A 1, 25 + A 0 , 63 + A 0 ,315 + A 0 ,14 100
Trong :
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A2,5; A1,25; A0,63; A0,315; A0,14 l lng ct cn li ton b trn cc sng c kch thc mt sng l: 2,5; 1,25; 0,63; 0,315; 0,14mm tnh theo phn trm khi lng.
- H s ng lng ct (ES) ca phn c ht 0 - 4.75mm trong ct thin nhin phi ln hn 80, trong ct xay phi ln hn 50, - Ct phi sch, lng bi, bn st trong ct khng qu 3% theo khi lng trong ct thin nhin, khng qu 7% trong ct xay, trong lng st khng qu 0.5%. Ct khng c cc ln tp cht hu c, cht gy n mn. c) Yu cu vi bt khong. - Bt khong c nghin t cacbonat ( vi canxit, lmt, du,...) c cng nn khng nh hn 20MPa. Tt nht nn dng bt khong nghin t c ngun gc ging dm. - cacbont sn xut bt khong phi sch, hm lng bi, bn, st khng qu 5% theo khi lng. - Bt khong yu cu phi ti, kh. Bng cc ch tiu k thut ca bt khong nghin t cacbonat.
Cc ch tiu 1. Thnh phn c ht, % khi lng - Nh hn 1.25 mm - Nh hn 0.315 mm - Nh hn 0.071 mm 2. rng, % th tch 3. n ca mu ch to bng hn hp bt khong v nha, % 4. m, % khi lng Tr s Phng php th nghim 22TCN 63 - 90
100 90 70 (1) 35 2.5 1.0
22 TCN 58 - 84 22 TCN 63 - 90 22 TCN 63 - 90
5. Kh nng ht nha ca bt khong, KHN (lng NFP 98 - 256 40 g bt khong c th ht ht 15g bitum mc 60/70) 6. Kh nng lm cng nha ca bt khng (l hiu 100TNDM 22 TCN 63 - 84 0 s gia nhit mm ca va nha c t l 40% (Th nghim vng bi) 20 C (2) theo trng lng l nha mc 60/70 v 60% l bt khong vi nhit mm ca nha cng mc 60/70) Ghi ch: (1) Nu bt khong xay t c Rn 40 MPa th cho php gim i 5% (2) Th nghim cha bt buc
d) Yu cu vi nha. - Nha ng dng ch to hn hp BTN ri nng l loi nha ng c gc du m. - Nha c ch to BTN ri nng phi thng dng l loi c kim ln 40/60, 60/70 vi lp trn v 60/70, 70/100 vi lp di. - Nha phi sch, khng ln nc v tp cht. 114 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
- Trc khi s dng nha phi c h s v cc ch tiu k thut ca cc loi nha s dng v phi th nghim li nh qui nh.
5.9.2. Thi cng cc lp mt ng B tng nha. a) Phi hp cc cng vic thi cng. Phi m bo nhp nhng hot ng ca trm trn, phng tin vn chuyn hn hp ra hin trng, thit b ri v phng tin lu ln. Do vy trc khi thi cng phi thit k s t chc thi cng chi tit. b) iu kin thi cng. - Ch c thi cng mt ng BTN trong nhng ngy khng ma, mng ng kh ro v nhit khng kh trn + 50C. - Trong nhng ngy u thi cng hoc khi s dng mt loi BTN mi phi tin hnh thi cng th mt on kim tra v xc nh cng ngh ca qu trnh ri, lu ln ri mi p dng cho i tr. on thi cng th phi dng t nht 80 tn hn hp BTN. Nu on th cha t yu cu cht lng, nht l v cht, bng phng th phi lm mt on th khc vi s iu chnh cng ngh ri, lu ln cho n khi t c cht lng yu cu. c) Chun b lp mng. - Trc khi ri BTN phi lm sch, kh v bng phng b mt lp mng (hoc mt ng c), x l dc ngang ng yu cu thit k. - Cc cng vic sa cha ch li lm, v g, b vnh mt ng c nu dng hn hp nha ri ngui hoc BTN ri ngui phi c tin hnh trc khi ri lp BTN nng khng t hn 15 ngy vt liu v g ny c ln p cht. Nu dng hn hp nha ri nng hoc BTN ri nng th ch cn m ln cht ngay trc khi thi cng lp BTN. - Ch cho php ri BTN khi cao mt lp mng, bng phng, dc ngang, dc dc c sai s nm trong phm vi nh bng sau:
Cc c trng ca lp mng Cao lp mng bng phng di thc 3 m dc ngang, sai khng qu dc dc trn on di 25 m, sai khng qu Sai s cho php + 5mm, - 10mm 5 mm 0.2% 0.1 % Dng c v phng php kim tra Bng my thu bnh, mia 22 TCN 016 - 79 Bng my thu bnh, mia hoc thc dc ngang Bng my thu bnh, mia
- Trc khi ri lp BTN ln trn lp mng hoc mt ng c c sa cha, lm v sinh, phi ti mt lp nha dnh bm. Tu theo loi mng v trng thi m lng nha thm bm thay i t 0.8 - 1.3 lt/m2. Dng nha lng ng c nhanh hoc ng c va (RC-70, MC-70); dng nh tng phn tch chm (nh tng cation CSS-1, nh tng anion SS-1) hay dng nha c 60/70 pha vi du ho theo t l du/ nha c = 80/ 100 theo trng lng, ti nha pha du nhit 450 C 100C.
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- Trn cc lp mng c dng nha (thm nhp, lng nha,...) va mi thi cng xong hoc trn lp BTN th nht va mi ri xong cn sch v kh ro th ch cn ti nha lng RC-70, MC-70; nh tng CSS-1, SS-1 hay nha c 60/70 pha du ho vi t l du ho/ nha c = 25/ 100, vi hm lng 0.2 - 0.5 l/m2 - Phi ti trc 4 6h nha lng ng c li hay nh tng phn tch xong mi c ri lp BTN ln trn. - Phi nh v tr v cao ri hai mp mt ng ng vi thit k. Khi c va 2 bn cn nh du cao ri v qut lp nha lng (hoc nh tng) thnh va, kim tra cao bng my thu bnh. - Khi dng my ri c b phn t ng iu chnh cao lc ri, cn chun b cn thn cc ng chun nh cao lc ri: ng chun c th dng dy cng tht thng hoc t thanh ray l ng chun t dc theo hai bn mp vt ri. d) Vn chuyn hn hp BTN. - Dng t t vn chuyn hn hp BTN. Chn ti trng v s lng ca t ph hp vi cng sut ca trm trn, vi my ri v c ly vn chuyn, m bo s lin tc, nhp nhng gia cc khu. - C ly vn chuyn phi chn sao cho nhit ca hn hp n ni ri khng thp hn 0 120 C. - Thng xe phi kn, sch, c qut lp mng dung dch x phng vo y, thnh thng xe hoc du chng dnh bm. Khng c dng du mazut hay cc dung mi ho tan c nha. Xe vn chuyn hn hp BTN phi c bt che kn gi nhit, chng ma. - Trc khi hn hp vo my ri phi kim ta nhit ca BTN bng nhit k, nu nhit di 1200C th phi loi. - Thi gian vn chuyn ca BTN ri nng trn ng ni chung khng nn qu 1.5 ting. e) Ri hn hp BTN. Ch c ri BTN nng bng my ri chuyn dng, nhng ch hp khng ri c bng my th cho php ri bng th cng. H s lu ln ca BTN ri nng ly bng 1.35 - 1.45 Ri bng my ri: - Tu theo b rng mt ng, nn dng 2 hoc 3 my ri hot ng ng thi trn 2 hoc 3 vt ri. Cc my ri ny i trc sau cch nhau 10 - 20 m. Nu ch dng mt my nhng ri hai vt ng thi, th phi ri theo phng php so le, b di ca mi on t 25 - 80 m tng ng vi nhit khng kh lc ri l 50C - 300C
I II III IV
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Hnh 5.4. S ri b tng nha khi c mt my ri.
- Khi bt u ca lm vic, cho my ri hot ng khng ti 10 - 15 pht kim tra my, s hot ng ca gung xon, bng chuyn, t nng tm l. - t ch hn hp i li ti phu my ri, bnh xe tip xc u v nh nhng vi 2 trc ln ca my ri. Sau iu khin cho thng ben t t t hn hp BTN xung gia phu my ri. Xe s 0, my ri s y t t t v pha trc cng my ri. - Khi hn hp phn u dc theo gung xon ca my ri v ngp ti 2/3 chiu cao gung xon th my bt u tin v pha trc theo vt qui nh. Trong sut qu trnh ri hn hp BTN phi lun thng xuyn ngp 2/3 chiu cao gung xon. - Trong sut thi gian ri hn hp BTN nng, bt buc phi thanh m ca my ri lun hot ng. - Tc my ri thch hp c chn cn c theo b dy lp ri, vo nng sut my trn, vo kh nng chuyn ch kp thi BTN ca t. Khi nng sut ca cc trm trn thp hn nng sut my ri th chn tc ca my ri nh gim thiu s ln dng i ca my ri. Tc cng cao khi lp ri cng mng v BTN cng linh ng.
Hnh 5.5. t trc tip hn hp vo my ri.
- Trong c qu trnh ri, phi gi tc my ri tht u. - Trn nhng on c dc > 4%, phi tin hnh ri BTN t chn dc ln. - Phi thng xuyn kim tra b dy ca lp BTN bng que st iu chnh kp thi b dy ri. - Khi my ri lm vic, b tr cng nhn cm dng c theo my ph gip cc cng vic nh: + T ph hn hp ht nh ly t trong phu my ri, to thnh lp mng dc theo mi ni, san u cc ch li lm, r ca mi ni trc khi lu ln (nhng on mp hai bn sau khi my ri i qua)
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+ Xc o b ch mi ri b qu thiu hoc qu tha nha, san lp nhng ch bng hn hp ng tiu chun. + Gt b, b ph nhng ch li lm cc b trn b mt lp BTN. - Khi phi ri 1 vt di lin tc c b rng ln hn b rng ca my khong 40-50 cm th c php m m thp bn p 2 u gung xon tng chiu ngang vt ri ca my. Lc ny cn t thanh chn bng g hoc ray c chiu cao bng b dy ri dc theo hai bn mp. Cc thanh ny phi c ghim cht xung mt ng. - Cc vt dng thi cng cui ngy: cui ngy lm vic, my ri phi chy khng ti ra qu vt ri khong 5-7 m mi c dng li. Dng bn trang nng, co st nng vun vt cho mp cui vt ri chiu dy v thnh mt ng thng, thng gc vi tim ng. Sau khi lu ln xong phn ny, phi xn b mt phn hn hp theo mt mt phng thng ng, vung gc vi tim ng to ra mt vt dng thi cng hon chnh. - Truc khi ri tip phi sa sang li mp ch ni tip dc v ngang: qut mt lp mng nha lng ng c va hay nh tng nha ng phn tch nhanh hay sy nng ch ni tip bng thit b chuyn dng bo m s dnh kt tt gia hai vt ri c v mi. - Khe ni dc lp trn v lp di phi so le nhau t nht 20 cm. Khe ni ngang lp trn v di cch nhau t nht 1m. Nu lp trn l BTN, lp di ngay st l vt liu gia c xi mng th v tr khe ni ca hai lp cng tun theo nguyn tc trn. Ri th cng: - Dng xng xc hn hp, thp tay. Khng c ht t xa hn hp khng b phn tng. - Dng co, bn trang tri u thnh mt lp bng phng, t dc mui luyn v chiu dy ri h1 = (1.35 - 1.45)h, h: chiu dy thit k. - Ri th cng ng thi vi my ri bn ngoi c th chung vt lu ln, m bo cho mt ng khng c vt ni. f) Lu ln lp BTN. - Trc khi lu ln phi thit k s lu ln hp l. S lt lu ln qua mt im c xc nh trn on thi cng th. - Vic lu ln BTN ri nng c th dng cc loi lu: + Lu bnh hi phi hp lu bnh cng. + Lu rung v phi hp lu bnh cng + Lu rung kt hp lu bnh hi. - My ri hn hp BTN xong n u l my lu phi tin hnh theo st lu ln ngay n y. Cn tranh th lu ln xong khi hn hp cn nhit lu ln c hiu qu. Nhit lu ln c hiu qu nht ca hn hp BTN nng l 130 - 1400C, khi nhit ca lp BTN h xung di 700C th vic lu ln khng cn hiu qu na. - Trong qu trnh lu, i vi lu bnh st phi thng xuyn lm m bnh st bng nc trnh hin tng BTN b bc mt dnh vo bnh st. i vi lu bnh hi, dng du chng dnh bm bi vi lt u, v sau khi nhit lp xp x bng nhit BTN th s khng xy ra hin
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tng dnh bm na. Khng c dng du mazut bi vo bnh xe lu (tt c cc loi lu) chng dnh bm. - Vt bnh lu phi chng ln nhau t nht l 20 cm. Trng hp ri theo phng php so le, khi lu vt ri th nht cn cha li mt di rng chng 10 cm sau lu cng vi vt ri th hai, nhm lm cho khe ni dc c lin. - Khi my lu khi ng, i hng tin lui th thao tc phi nh nhng. My lu khng c dng li trn lp BTN cha lu ln cht v cha ngui hn. - Sau mt lt lu u tin, phi kim tra ngay bng phng bng thc 3 m, b khuyt ngay nhng ch li lm. - Trong khi lu ln, nu thy lp BTN b nt n phi tm nguyn nhn sa cha kp thi. Ch :- Trng hp my ang ri b hng, thi gian sa cha phi ko di hng gi th phi bo ngay v trm trn, tm ngng cung cp hn hp. Khi ny cho php dng my san t hnh san tip s vt liu cn li nu chiu dy lp BTN > 4 cm hoc ri nt bng th cng khi hn hp vt liu cn li khng nhiu v phi lm vt dng thi cng - Trng hp ang ri b gp ma: + Bo ngay v trm trn tm ngng cung cp + Khi lp BTN c lu ln n khong 2/3 cht yu cu th cho php tip tc lu trong ma cho ht s lt lu ln yu cu. + Khi lp BTN cha lu ln t c 2/3 cht yu cu th ngng lu, san b hn hp ra khi phm vi mt ng. Ch khi no mt ng kh ro li th mi c thi ri tip. + Sau khi thi ma xong, khi cn thit thi cng gp, cho xe ch ct rang nng trm trn (170 - 1800C) n ri mt lp dy khong 2 cm ln mt ng lm kh. Sau qut sch ct ra khi mt ng, ti nha dnh bm ri tip tc ri hn hp BTN. Cng c th dng my hi p v n kh lm kh mt ng.
5.9.3. Gim st, kim tra v nghim thu. a) Kim tra, gim st. Vic gim st, kim tra phi tin hnh thng xuyn tin hnh trc, trong v sau khi thi cng. Kim tra, gim st vic ch to BTN trm trn. - Kim tra s hot ng bnh thng ca my mc thit b trm trn. c bit l s chnh xc ca h thng cn ong. - Kim tra cc ch tiu k thut ca vt liu a vo ch to hn hp. - Kim tra cht lng ca BTN khi ri trm trn. + Kim tra nhit ca hn hp sau mi m trn + Kim tra cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp BTN. + Kim tra thnh phn cp phi ht v hm lng nha ca hn hp sau khi trn vi cp phi ht, hm lng nha thit k. Dung sai ca hn hp thc t so vi qui nh trong thit k nh sau.
Dung sai cho php ca cp phi ht v lng nha ca hn hp thc t so vi thit k.
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C ht C ht ln hn15 mm tr ln C ht t 10 - 15 mm C ht t 2.5 - 1.25 mm C ht t 0.63 - 0.315 mm C ht nh hn hoc bng 0.071mm Hm lng nha
Dung sai cho php, % 8 7 6 5 2 0.1
Phng php kim tra
Bng sng
Kim tra hin trng trc khi ri BTN: kim tra lp mng: bng phng, cao ... Kim tra trong khi ri v lu ln: - Kim tra nhit trc khi vo my ri - Kim tra cht lng vt liu xem c b phn tng ca mi chuyn xe ch n. - Trong khi ri phi thng xuyn kim tra b dy ca lp BTN ri. b) Nghim thu mt ng B tng nha. Nghim thu kch thc hnh hc:
- B rng mt ng: bng thc thp, sai s cho php 5 cm, tng s cc ch hp khng vt qu 5% chiu di on ng. - B dy: bng phng php cao c hay khoan mu. Sai s chiu dy khng qu 10% vi lp di, 8% vi lp trn v 5% vi lp mt ri bng my c iu chnh t ng, iu ny p dng cho 95% trong tng s im o, cn li 5% cho php khng vt qu 10 mm. - dc ngang cu mt ng BTN: i vi lp di khng qu 0.005, khng qu 0.0025 vi lp trn. iu ny p dng cho 95% im o. - dc dc: cao c dc tim ng: khng qu -10 mm vi lp di, khng qu 5 mm vi lp trn. p dng cho 95% im o. Kim tra bng phng: dng thc g di 3 m. Nn dng my o hin i kim tra bng phng: nh my phn tch trc dc (APL), my o xc (Bl),.... bng phng tnh theo ch s bng phng quc t IRI phi 2.
nhm: Bng phng php rc ct. Yu cu chiu cao (Htb) 0.4 mm

Nn dng cc thit b hin i nh xe o lc, thit b con lc Anh, chp nh... xc nh nhm ca mt ng. cht lu ln: H s cht lu ln K ca lp mt ng sau khi lu ln khng c nh hn 0.98 K = tn/ o
Trong :
tn: dung trng trung bnh ca BTN sau khi thi cng ngoi hin trng. Thng khoan ly 3 mu ngoi hin trng em v xc inh dung trng ri ly gi tr trung bnh
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o: dung trng trung bnh ca BTN trong phng th nghim. Ly mu BTN t trm trn tng ng vi l trnh, c y cc ch tiu: cp phi ht, hm lng nha, ch tiu c l,,,nh trong thit k em v phng th nghim ch to mu ri th nghim xc nh dung trong ca BTN.
- C 200 m ng hai ln xe hoc 1500 m2 mt ng BTN khoan ly 1 t gm 3 mu ng knh 101.6 mm xc nh dung trng tn
Cng mt ng BTN
Ett Etk
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Chng 6
mt ng B tng xi mng
6.1. khi nim chung. 6.1.1. Khi nim.
Mt ng B tng xi mng l loi mt ng cng chu un. Hn hp b tng xi mng c ct liu l (theo mt thnh phn cp phi nht nh), ct vng, xi mng, nc v ph gia c phi hp theo mt t l nht nh.
6.1.2. u nhc im. u im: - Cng cao, thch hp vi tt c cc loi phng tin vn ti, k c xe bnh xch, bnh st. - Cng mt ng BTXM khng thay i theo nhit nh mt ng BTN. - Rt n nh vi tc dng ph hoi ca nc. Do vy thng hay c s dng trong nhng on ng hay ngp nc, ch thu nhit ca nn ng khng tt. - iu kin thi cng khng kht khe nh khi thi cng mt ng BTN.
- Hao mn t, hao mn thng khng qu 0.1 0.2 mm/nm. H s bm gia bnh xe v mt ng cao v khng thay i khi mt ng b m t. - Tui th ln. (20 - 40 nm). - Mu mt ng sng, d phn bit vi l ng mu sm nn tng an ton chy xe v ban m rt nhiu. - Tn dng vt liu a phng. C th c gii ho hon ton trong cng tc thi cng, do y c tc thi cng, tng nng sut lao ng, h gi thnh,... - Cng tc duy tu, bo dng t v n gin. Do vy mt ng BTXM rt thch hp lm nhng khu vc t c iu kin duy tu, bo dng thng xuyn. - Vi cc ng giao thng nng thn, c th thi cng mt ng BTXM bng cc cng c n gin, phng tin i hi khng my phc tp, k thut thi cng b tng xi mng tng i ph cp trong ton dn. Mt khc, xi mng, , si, ct u c th l vt liu a phng. Do vy mt ng BTXM rt thch hp vi ng giao thng nng thn, bi v khi lng BTXM trong ng giao thng nng thn khng nhiu, nn gi u t cng va phi. * Nhc im: - Khng thng xe c ngay sau khi xy dng m phi mt mt thi gian bo dng. - Do phi xy dng cc khe co d n nn bng phng ca mt ng b gim mnh: xe chy b xc mnh mi khi qua cc khe ni nn cht lng chy xe, tc chy xe gim i rt nhiu.
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Khe ni l vn yu im nht ca mt ng BTXM, cn tp trung ch khc phc nhc im ny. Mun vy, cn phi ch n vn vt liu, k thut x l cc khe ni ny sao cho t hiu qu cao nht. Cng c th tng bng phng, trit tiu tc dng ca khe ni bng cch thm ln trn mt ng BTXM mt lp BTN to phng. - u t ban u rt cao (t gp 2-2.5 ln mt ng b tng nha). - Ting n khi khai thc ln. Trong thc t, cn phi so snh gia hai kt cu BTN v BTXM theo cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ch yu chn mt phng kt cu hp l nht.
6.1.3. Phm vi p dng.

- Dng cho cc ng cp cao A1 nh mt sn bay, mt ng cao tc, ng dn dng cp cao, c nhiu xe nng chy (ti trng trc trn 10T/trc), p sut bnh xe ln mt ng t 0.5 0.7 MPa, lu lng xe chy ln vi vn tc cao. - Dng cho nhng ng hay b ngp nc, dc cao, nhng ng khng c iu kin duy tu bo dng thng xuyn. - ng vo khu cng nghip, nh my. - Qung trng.
6.2. Phn loi mt ng B Tng Xi Mng. 6.2.1. Theo phng php thi cng.
- Mt ng BTXM ti ch: phi mt mt thi gian bo dng mi thng xe c. - Mt ng BTXM lp ghp.
6.2.2. Theo cng .

- Mt ng BTXM thng (#20-35MPa). - Mt ng BTXM cng cao (#500\-60 MPa). - BTXM ngho (#10-15 MPa) (Ch dng cho mng).
6.2.3. Theo st.

- Mt ng BTXM thng. - Mt ng BTXM kh ( st <1.5cm). SN =
6.2.4. Theo tnh cht.

- Mt ng BTXM thng. - Mt ng BTXM dng ph gia (ph gia tng do, ph gia ng cng nhanh...). - Mt ng BTXM Polime.
6.2.5. Theo hm lng ct thp.

- Mt ng BTXM thng (khng ct thp).
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Hnh 6.1. Mt ng b tng xi mng khng ct thp
- Mt ng BTXM c ct thp, loi ny gm: + Mt ng b tng ct thp d ng lc: Do b tng lm ng c kh nng chu nn rt tt, cng chu nn thng bng 8 - 10 ln cng chu ko, cho nn nu to nn mt s nn trc trong b tng th ng sut ko xut hin trong mt ng ch bng hiu ca ng sut ko ban u vi ng sut nn trc. + Mt ng b tng ct thp c mi ni tng cng: Cc tm b tng c chiu di ti thiu 15m, c b tr ct thp. Di nh hng ca cc nhn t bn ngoi ((ma, nng, nhit , m,...) s sinh ra ng nt ngang cch nhau khong 4.6m, rng 0.2-0.4m, do chiu rng vt nt nh v nh c ct thp m vt nt ny khng m rng c do vy m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca tm b tng (m bo c s truyn lc ngang gia cc tm v hn ch nc thm qua mt ng).
Hnh 6.2. Mt ng b tng xi mng ct thp c mi ni tng cng.
+ Mt ng b tng ct thp lin tc: Mt ng BTCT lin tc ch b tr khe thi cng, khe ti v tr nt giao, hoc ti v tr cng trnh thot nc. Cng nh mt ng b tng
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ct thp c mi ni, trn mt ng cng xut hin cc ng nt ngang, rng t 0.2 - 0.4 mm, nhng vi khong cch mau hn (1.1-2.4 m).
Hnh 6.3. Mt ng b tng xi mng ct thp lin tc.
Hnh 6.4. Mt ng b tng xi mng ct thp ang lm.
Loi mt ng ny c xem l kinh t, ph tn ct thp s c b li nh tit kim b tng v cht lng khai thc th tt hn nhiu (do gim c s lng ca khe ni ngang).
6.2.6. Theo s lp.

- Mt ng BTXM mt lp: Lm bng hn hp b tng cng mt thnh phn cp phi v mt ln trn ton b chiu dy. - Mt ng BTXM hai lp: b tng thnh hai lp vi chiu dy lp di ln hn chiu dy lp trn. So vi mt ng hai lp, mt ng mt lp c nhng u im sau: - Gi thnh xy dng thp hn do c th gim mc b tng v yu cu ca cng vt liu lp di. - C th t chc m nn thnh tng lp ring r khi chiu dy mt ng vt qu kh nng ca my m nn.
6.3. cu to mt ng b tng xi mng.

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6.3.1. Cu to mt ng b tng xi mng. a. Tm b tng. L b phn ch yu ca mt ng b tng xi mng. Tm b tng c th l BT khng ct thp, BTCT, BTCT d ng lc.... - Chiu dy ca tm b tng xi mng do tnh ton thit k quyt nh. Thng thng n bin i khong 18 - 24 cm. Vi ng sn bay 24-36cm. - dc ngang ca mt ng BTXM thng khong 1.5 - 2%. - Tm b tng thng c cu to chiu dy khng i. Cng c khi chiu dy tm thay i, hai bn mp c tng cng lm dy hn gia, tuy nhin iu ny gy kh khn cho thi cng v vy khng nn dng. - Ti v tr gc tm, l v tr yu nht. C th tng cng bng cch b tr cc thanh thp gc tm. c). Lp gin cch. Lp gi n cch c th lm bng cc vt liu sau: - Lm bng giy du: thng dng khi lp mng h, c kh nng thm nc (ct, dm, cp phi...). Tc dng ch yu ca lp giy du l ngn khng cho mng ct ht nc ca tm b tng khi b tng mi v lm gim ma st ca tm b tng vi y mng, lm cho tm b tng c th di chuyn khi nhit thay i m khng gy nt b mt. - Lm bng ct trn nha dy 2-5cm (thng dng nha lng t 2-4% theo khi lng hoc nh tng t 4-8% theo khi lng). Lp ct trn nha c lm khi cc lp mng l dm, dm gia c xi mng, t gia c. N c tc dng to phng v lm gim ma st ca tm b tng vi y mng. Nu khng c ct trn nha c th lm bng ct thin nhin (tt nht l ct mn) to phng sau tri giy du ln. c) Lp mng. Thng bng t gia c, ct gia c xi mng, cp phi dm, cp phi dm gia c xi mng, b tng ngho hoc dm. Hin ch lm lp mng ct trn cc ng c t xe chy v xe ti trng nh. Chiu dy lp mng do tnh ton quyt nh. 6.3.2. Cu to khe ni mt ng b tng xi mng. a) Tc dung khe ni. Khi c s thay i nhit , trong tm b tng s xut hin ng sut nhit do tm b tng co, gi n. gim bt ng sut ny, khng cho b tng xut hin cc ng nt, cn phi chia tm b tng thnh tng tm ring r bng cc khe ni dc v ngang. Cc khe ni ny c mc ch c th nh sau:
- Bo m kh nng bin dng bnh thng ca tm b tng (co, d n, un vng) do s thay i nhit , m.
- Gim bt cc vt nt xut hin trong tm b tng do s bt li v ch thu nhit ca nn ng gy ra.

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- Bo m s tip xc bnh thng gia cc tm b tng khi khng th thi cng cng thi im. C 3 loi khe ni trong mt ng b tng xi mng: khe co, khe d n v khe ni dc.
Hnh 6.5. S b tr khe co, gi n, v khe dc. (1- Khe d n, 2- Khe co, 3- Khe dc, 4- Thanh truyn lc)
Ch : truyn lc gia cc tm, trnh v cnh v mp tm, phi b tr thanh truyn lc

bng thp trn, ng knh = 18-24mm, chiu di 40-60cm, mt u qut nha lng hoc nh tng c th chuyn v t do.
a) Khng c thanh truyn lc.
b) C thanh truyn lc. Hnh 6.6. Tc dng ca thanh truyn lc truyn lc.
Hnh 6.7. B tr thanh truyn lc truyn lc gia cc tm.
b) Khe dn. - Mc ch: khe d n lm cho tm b tng c th d n ra khi nhit tng. - Khi b tng theo tng vt lin tc th b tr khe d n c thanh truyn lc. Khi b tng tng tm mt theo phng php th cng th thng lm khe d n kiu ngm.
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- m bo cho tm b tng c th d n di v gim bt lc nn hai u tm, cn phi b tr tm m n hi bng g mm trong khe d n. Tm m ny thng lm thp hn mt tm b tng 3 cm, trn chn ma tt vo. - B rng khe d n khong 20 - 25 mm khi khong cch gia hai khe d n t 25 - 40 m. - Cc thanh truyn lc b tr song song vi mt tm b tng, cch nhau khong 30 - 40 cm b tr mt thanh, gn hai mp ngoi tm gim xung cn 15 - 20 cm. - Chiu di, ng knh thanh truyn lc chn ph thuc vo chiu dy tm b tng.
Chiu dy tm, cm ng knh thanh, mm Chiu di thanh, mm 22 - 24 24 - 26 60 - 70 20 - 22 20 - 22 50 - 60 18 - 20 18 - 20 40 - 50
- Khe d n c th c cc loi sau:
Hnh 6.8. Khe d n c thanh truyn lc.

1- Thanh truyn lc. 2- Ma tt nha. 3- ng tn hoc ct tng. 4-Tm g m dy 1.5 2cm. 5- Mt ca tm nha. 6- Thp cu to 6. 7- Qut nha.
Hnh 6.9. Khe d n c tm b tng. 1-Ma tt nha. 2-Tm b tng.
Hnh 6.10. Khe d n kiu ngm. 1-Ma tt nha. 2-Tm g m dy 1.5 2cm.
c) Khe co. - Mc ch: lm cho tm b tng c th co vo khi nhit gim.

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- Khi b tng lin tc theo tng vt, thng lm khe co gi, khi b tng tng tm theo phng php th cng thng dng khe co kiu ngm.
Hnh 6.11. Khe co kiu ngm. 2-Ma tt nha. 3-Qut nha bi tum.
Kch thc a, b, c ca khe co kiu ngm c th ly nh sau:

Chiu dy tm b tng (cm) 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 a 6 7 7.5 8 9 9.5 10 12 13.5 Cc kch thc ca ngm, cm b 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 13 c 6 7 7.5 8 9 9.5 10 12 13.5 l (chiu di ua ra) 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0
- Khe co gi: lm gim yu tit din ngang ca tm b tng i t nht l 1/3 chiu dy tm. Khi b tng chu ko do co ngt th mt ng b nt ti v tr khe v tch ra thnh tng tm ring r. C th dng my x khe hoc t trc mt thanh g xung di trc khi b tng, ti v tr ny tit din mt ng s b thu hp li. Nu dng thanh g to khe th nn dng mt thanh thp mng rch ln b mt b tng ti v tr c khe co vt nt thnh mt ng thng. Trong khe co, c th b tr hoc khng b tr cc thanh truyn lc. Nu t thanh truyn lc th khong cch gia cc thanh truyn lc khong 1 m.
Hnh 6.12. Khe co c thanh g gim yu tit din. 1-Thanh truyn lc. 2-Ma tt nha. 3-Qut nha bi tum. 4- Thanh g gin yu tit din
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Hnh 6.13. Khe co x trong b tng ng cng.

1-Thanh truyn lc. 2-Ma tt nha. 3-Qut nha bi tum.
Hnh 6.14. My x trong b tng ng cng.
Hnh 6.15. Khe sau khi ct.
d) Khe dc. Khe dc l mt dng ca khe co v c th b tr theo kiu khe co gi khi tm b tng lin tc theo di hoc kiu ngm khi th cng tng tm mt. trnh cho cho khe dc khng m rng ming, cc thanh truyn lc trong khe dc c t c nh trong b tng (khng qut nha ng), to nn nhng khp mm trong mt ng. B tr c ly khe dc: cn c vo iu kin thi cng, b rng mt ng m ta chia tm cho ph hp. Thng, khong cch gia cc khe dc khng c qu 4.5m v thng bng b rng mt ln xe. e) Khe thi cng. Thng tn ti cui ca thi cng v nn b tr trng khe d n hoc co. 6.4. yu cu vt liu mt ng b tng xi mng. 6.4.1. Yu cu i vi B tng lm ng. http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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Thnh phn, tnh cht v yu cu i vi b tng lm mt ng khc nhiu so vi cc loi b tng dng trong xy dng dn dng, thu li,... - B tng lm ng trc tip chu tc dng ca ti trng xe chy, tc dng ca iu kin kh hu thi tit, ca iu kin a hnh, a cht v ch thu nhit ca khu vc xy dng. - cho b tng chu c cc tc dng trn y m khng b ph hng th b tng xi mng phi c cng cn thit, c kh nng chng bo mn ln v nhm. Kt qu nghim cu cho thy, dng b tng c cng chu nn trn 30 MPa s m bo c iu kin n nh chng mi mn trong iu kin khai thc bnh thng. T s gia cng ko un v cng nn (Rku/Rn) c th c trng cho kh nng bin dng ca b tng lm ng. Khi t s ny cng cao th kh nng chng bin dng, d tr cng cng ln, tc kh nng chu mi ca b tng cng cao.
6.4.2. Yu cu i vi vt liu trn B tng. a) Yu cu vi xi mng. - Xi mng dng lm mt ng phi l loi xi mng poclng mc30, 40 MPa (PC40, PC30), ring lm lp mng c th dng xi mng pooclang x l cao mc khng di 30 MPa. Mc xi mng c chn theo mc b tng, thng thng mc xi mng phi cao hn. Nu khng m bo yu cu ny th phi tng lng xi mng, iu ny s khng kinh t. - Khng cho php trn cc cht ph gia tr nh ct nghin bt hoc cht hot tnh (tro bay, x nghin,...) vo xi mng, bi v cc cht ny s lm km phm cht ca hn hp v nh hng n s ng cng bnh thng ca b tng. V vy ch dng xi mng poclng c s dng cht ph gia khong vt lm lp mng. - Thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng phi c th thi cng hn hp (ti thiu 120). b) Yu cu vi ct. - Ct dng trong b tng lm ng l ct thin nhin, ct nghin v ct ci thin (ct thin nhin trn thm vi ct xay). - Thnh phn ht: c trng bng m uyn ln Mk v lng ct cn st li trn sng 0.63 mm - Khng cho php dng ct ht mn (Mk < 1.5) lm lp mt, nu lm th phi trn thm ct ht ln hay ct xay. Cho php dng ct ht nh trong xy dng lp mng. - Vi ct dng lm lp mt, phi dng ct ht ln (Mk 2.5) vi lng st li trn sng 0.63 mm khng di 30%, c th dng ct ht nh vi lng st trn sng 0.63 mm khng di 10%. - Hm lng bi, st khng qu 2% vi ct thin nhin, khng qu 5% vi ct nghin. - Hm lng ht > 5 mm trong ct khng c qu 5%, hm lng cc ht nh hn 0.14 mm khng qu 10% - Ct nghin dng trong b tng lp mt phi c nghin t phn xut c cng nn khng di 80 MPa. Nu dng lm lp di th c th nghin t vi c cng khng di 80 MPa hay trm tch c cng khng di 40 MPa.
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c) Yu cu vi . - Thnh phn cp phi ca dm, si dng lm mt ng b tng xi mng phi tun theo mt cp phi nht nh. - Ct liu ht ln ca b tng xi mng l dm nghin t gc, t cui si hoc t x l cao vi Dmax = 40 mm khi lm lp mt, Dmax = 70 mm khi lm lp mng. - Nu dng dm nghin t si cui hoc si sn th yu cu phi ra sch, hm lng bn st khng qu 2%. - dm phi c dng hnh khi, hm lng ht dt khng qu 25% theo khi lng. - Hm lng cc ht c cng thp trong ct liu ht ln khng c qu 7% theo khi lng vi lp trn, khng qu 10% vi lp di. - Yu cu i vi gc sn xut ct liu ln ca b tng lm mt ng nh sau:
Cng chu nn gii hn ca Loi ct liu ln + dm sn xut t phn xut + dm sx t trm tch v bin cht + dm v si sx t x l cao gc bo ho nc, MPa Lp mt 120 80 Lp mng 80 30 mi mong Los-Angeles Lp mt 25 40 30 Lp mng 45 50 50
- Cng c th dng si sui lm ct liu sn xut b tng xi mng. Nhng cng ko un ca BTXM si khng bng BTXM dm. Nhng dng si s tn dng c vt liu a phng, tn cng m nn. - bo m thnh phn ht ca ct liu ht khng thay i trong qu trrnh thi cng th phi phn ct liu ln ra lm hai nhm: Vi Dmax = 70 mm, chia lm hai nhm: 5 - 40 mm v 40 - 70 mm. Vi Dmax = 40 mm, chia lm hai nhm: 5 - 20 mm v 20 - 40 mm. - Thnh phn cp phi ca dm, si dng lm mt ng b tng xi mng phi tun theo qui lut cp phi. T s gii hn ca tng nhm ht tnh theo lng cn st li trn sng, bo m cho c thnh phn ht tt nht, vi rng khng qu 45% nh sau: Dmin = 100-50%; 0,5(Dmax + Dmin) = 40-70%; Dmax = 5-0%; 1,25Dmax = 0% Nu biu din trn th, ta s c phm vi c thnh phn ht tt nht ca vt liu l phn c gch cho. Cc loi dm, si c thnh phn nm ngoi phm vi gch cho ny u khng t yu cu.
Lng st tch lu trn sng %
Dmin
0,5(Dmax + Dmin)
Dmax
1,25Dmax
Lng lt qua sng %
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Hnh 6.16. th biu din thnh phn ht tt nht ca vt liu (c khoai tiu chun).
d) Yu cu i vi nc. - Nc l thnh phn quan trng to thnh hn hp b tng xi mng. Nc thc hin phn ng ho hc vi vi cc khong vt ca xi mng to thnh xi mng l cht kt dnh ca b tng. Phi dng nc khng cha cc cht c hi cho xi mng v ct thp. - Khng dng nc c hm lng mui ho tan trn 5000 mg/lt, trong lng mi 2SO4 khng qu 2700 mg/l, bi v nu cao hn s gy ra hin tng n mn xi mng. - pH ca nc khng c nh hn 4 v tt nht nn dng nc ung c. - Hm lng nc trong b tng rt quan trng. V c tnh ca b tng mt ng l thi cng trn mt din rng, li t trc tip trn nn t. Do vy hm lng nc thng ln hn trong b tng cu kin. Tuy nhin chon hm lng nc bao nhiu phi c tnh ton cn c c vo iu kin thi cng, iu kin thi tit. e) Cht ph gia: - Cht ph gia ng cng nhanh thng l mui CaCl2 v NaCl. Khng dng loi ny cho mt ng b tng xi mng c b tr ct thp v gy n mn. - Cht ph gia tng do thng c ch bin t b giy, nc ta ch to c gi l dung dch en. Trn cht ph gia ny vi hm lng 0.15 - 0.2% khi lng xi mng th st ca hn hp b tng c th thay i trong phm v rng, do c th gim nh t l N/X, tuy nhin khi tng t l ph gia ny qu 1% th st ca b tng khng tng ln na. - Cht ph gia ht kh c tc dng nng cao n nh nhit ca b tng ng cng, v vy n c s dng khi b tng nhit thp. 6.4.3. i vi vt liu chn khe.
cho nc khng thm qua cc khe ni, lm hng mng v nn ng, phi chn kn ma tt nha vo cc khe co d n ca mt ng b tng xi mng. Ma tt nha phi tho m n cc yu cu sau: - Dnh bm chc vi b tng trong bt k iu kin thi tit no. - Phi n hi, c kh nng bin dng nhit thp (khng b nt), ng thi khng b chy v phi ln mt ng khi nhit cao. - Khng thm nc. - Khng ho cng theo thi gian. - C mu sc gn ging mu ca b tng. Hin nay vn cha tm c loi matt nha tho m n hon ton cc yu cu trn nn trong qu trnh s dng, sau mi ln matit nha b hng cn phi ra sch v chn khe li. Thnh phn ca matit nha c th gm: bitum, bt cao su ti sinh, bt aming, bt vi.
6.5. Trnh t thi cng mt ng b tng xi mng ti ch. 6.5.1. Chun b mng.
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Thi cng cc lp mng bn di. Sau khi thi cng xong phi kim tra cht cao , bng phng, b rng, dc ngang ca mng...theo cc quy trnh hin hnh. Ch : + Nu l mt ng c th phi b ph, v g v v sinh. + Nu l mng bng cht lin kt v c th ti thiu sau 7 ngy mi c thi cng. - Thi cng lp gi n cch: tu theo loi vt liu lm lp gi n cch m c cch thi cng khc nhau: + Nu l ct, ct trn nha th dng my san kt hp vi nhn lc. + Nu bng giy du dng th cng.
6.5.2. t vn khun.
- C th dng vn khun thp hoc vn khun g. - nh v vn khun bng cch dng my kinh v ng cc cc cch nhau khong 50m v cc ch thay i a hnh sau cng dy t vn khun. - Kim tra cao nh vn khun bng my thu bnh. - Qut du chng dnh cho vn khun (c th dng va vi v t st). Yu cu: - Sai s v cao nh vn khun l 3mm. - Sai s v tr vn khun l 5mm. - Vn khun phi thng ng, gc lch nh hn 10o. - Vn khun phi vng chc v khng x dch khi thi cng.
Hnh 6.17. Vn khun thp.
6.5.3 Gia cng v lp t ct thp, b tr cc khe ni.

- Gia cng v lp t ct thp (nu c). - Lm gi ct thp truyn lc v cc tm g m gin yu tit din. - nh v v b tr ct thp khe ni v tm g m.
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Hnh 6.18. Cng tc lp t ct thp.
Hnh 6.19. Gi d thanh truyn lc v cc v tr khe b tr.
6.5.4. Trn v vn chuyn.

- Hn hp b tng xi mng c th trn theo hai phng php:
+ Trn trong x nghip, dng xe t chuyn dng ch ra mt ng ri.
+ Trn trong cc trm trn di ng ngay ti mt ng.
Hnh 6.20. t chuyn dng vn chuyn hn hp b tng nha.
- Trn trong cc trm trn di ng ti ng: s dung cc my trn t do hay cng bc. Sai s cho php i vi nc, xi mng khng qu 1%, ct liu: 3%, ph gia: 2%.
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Thi gian trn ti thiu vi my trn ri t do l 90s, my trn cng bc l 60s. Thi gian trn khng c vt qu thi gian qui nh 3 ln, v trn qu lu s lm nt v ct liu. - Trn ti trm: cho php m bo cht lng cao, c gii ho trong thi cng mt ng. - Khi trn hn hp phi ly mu xc nh thnh phn ht, v lng xi mng, v cng ca hn hp, v st ca b tng.
6.5.5. Ri v m nn hn hp BTXM.
- Tt nht l ri bng my ri chuyn dng, nu khng c my ri chuyn dng c th ri v m nn bn th cng. Chiu dy ri ca BTXM : h1 = K . h vi K = 1.15 - 1.3. H s ny c xc nh thng qua ri th hoc th nghim. - Ri bng my ri chuyn dng: my ri va tin hnh ri, va tin hnh m ln v hon thin lp b tng. Ngoi ra, mt s loi my ri cn c th t ng b tr ct thp truyn lc khi b tng cha ng cng:
Hnh 6.21. My ri chuyn dng ca CIENCO4.
Hnh 6.22. My ri chuyn dng c b phn cm thanh truyn lc.
- Ri v m nn bng bn th cng: + Dng bn san san gt phng b tng. + Dng cc loi m sau m: ./ Dng m di: mt v tr m 45s, sau di chuyn n v tr mi. 136 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
./ m bn: mt v tr m 45-60s, chng ln nhau 10cm. ./ m nga: m cui cng, tc khong 0.5-1m/pht. + Nguyn tc: m cnh gc trc, gia m sau.
Hnh 6.23. m di. 1- Di chn ng. 2- ng c in. 3- Dy cp in mm.
Hnh 6.24. Cc loi m bn.
Hnh 6.25. m nga.

a) m nga bng thp ch I c lp m t chn ng. b) m nga lm bng on ray.
Ch : K t lc nc vo hn hp n lc thi cng m nn xong, thi gian khng c qu thi gian bt u ninh kt ca xi mng. 6.5.6. Hon thin b mt.
- Mc ch l lm cho mt ng bng phng, nhm. - Dng bn trang v ng ln hoc tm l lp sau my ri lm phng b mt. - To nhm bng cch dng bn chi cht do, bn chi st qut ngang mt ng to thnh cc r nh nh ngang.
137
a) Bn trang.
b) ng ln
c) Tm l.
Hnh 6.26. Cc thit b lm phng b mt b tng.
Hnh 6.27. To nhm cho mt ng b tng.
6.5.7. Lm khe.
Sau khi b tng ng cng tin hnh to khe v hon thin khe. - Vic lm khe i vi khe ni kiu ngm rt n gin, ch vic tho np g con trn cng sau matt. - Vi cc khe khc tin hnh nh v v ct khe ni bng my x khe v rt ma tt.
6.5.8. Bo dng.
Bo dng b tng l mt khu quan trng m bo cht lng ca mt ng btng xi mng. Trong qu trnh btng xi mng ng cng cn bo m cc vn sau: - Khng cho xe c v ngi i li lm h hng mt ng. - Khng cho b tng co rt t ngt di tc dng ca nng v gi. - Khng cho ma xi hng b tng. - Khng cho nc trong hn hp b tng bc hi lm thiu mt lng nc cn thit to thnh xi mng.
138
Trong vic quan trng nht l gi khng cho nc trong btng bc hi m bo cho b tng lun c lng nc cn thit ng cng. Cc bin php bo dng btng: - Ti nc hng ngy, c th ti bng th cng hoc dng xe phun. - T ct gi m v ti nc. - Lm nh, lu di ng. - Hin nay, ngi ta cn dng mt phng php khc bo dng l phun mt lp mng mng vt liu khng thm nc ln b mt tm b tng. (Lp ny c th l nh tng, nha lng hoc sn r tin).

- Phi thng xuyn gim st, kim tra cht lng vt liu trong khi trn, ri, m nn - Kim tra kch thc hnh hc: b rng, chiu dy tm - Kim tra bng phng - Kim tra cht lng khe ni. - Kim tra cng b tng: khoan ly mu em v th nghim - Kim tra thnh phn cp phi, hm lng xi mng: ly mu em v phn tch.
139

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Chng 1

Hnh 1.1. S phn b ng sut trong kt cu o ng theo chiu su.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn Hnh 1.2. Cu to o ng mm

Tng mng Nn ng Hnh 1.3. Cu to o ng cng

Hnh 1.4. Vt liu theo nguyn l chn .

Hnh: Mng ng 4x6 (trc khi chn)

Hnh: Mng ng 4x6 (sau khi chn)

Hnh 1.5. Vt liu theo nguyn l xp lt.

Hnh 1.6. Mt s gch block hin ang s dng Vit Nam.

Hnh 1.7. Thit b lt gch block t chn.

Hnh 1.8. Gch block t chn lm ng t.

Hnh 1.9. Gch block t chn lm b i sn bay.

Hnh 1.10. Gch block t chn lm bn cng.

Hnh 1.11. Vt liu theo nguyn l cp phi.

Cp phi thin nhin

B tng nha ht th (trc khi lu)

B tng nha ht th (sau khi lu)

B tng nha ht mn (HVT C Chi)

B tng nha ht mn (BP)

d n 1 d1 d 2 d 3 d = d = d = .... = d = 0.5 2 3 4 n g1 = g 2 = g 3 = .... = g n 1 = K = 0.81 gn g2 g3 g4

Hnh 1.12. Mt dy chuyn gia c t.

0.6m >0.2m >0.25m

Hnh 1.13. B tr r nh xng c trn mt ct ngang

Hnh 1.14. Cu to mt ct ngang r nh xng c

a) Khi dc dc id 2% b) Khi dc dc id > 2% Hnh 1.15. B tr r nh xng c trn mt bng.

Hnh 1.16. B tr ng thot nc t tng m ct qua l.

Hnh 1.17. Cu to b phn thu nc u ng

a) Ho thu nc ngang chy v mt bn b) Ho thu nc ngang chy v hai bn

Hnh 1.18. S b tr ho thu nc ngang trn bnh

Hnh 1.19. S b tr ho thu nc ngang trn trc ngang

b) Ho thu nc khng b tr ng.

c) Lu rung hai bnh ch ng

Hnh 2.3. Khi vt liu n v b m nn cht ca vt liu c th tch V l:

QdV dV = (2) 2 V V dV = 1 x 1 x dS (3)

th tch phn hai v ca (7) vi iu kin bin khi p th max

Hnh 2.4. th quan h gia cht v ti trng m nn

- ct ht nh, ct bi - t st, s ct bi trng thi m t

2.2. Chn cc phng tin m nn mt ng. 2.2.1. Yu cu.

Hnh 2.5. Lu bnh cng

Hnh 2.6. Lu bnh lp

Hnh 2.6. Lu rung

Hnh 2.7. Din truyn p lc ca lu bnh cng khi mi lu.

p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu tc dng xung lp vt liu lu ln:

Hnh 2.7. Din truyn p lc ca lu bnh lp.

S= Xt tam gic vung trn hnh v ta c:

p lc trung bnh ca bnh lu lp cng c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

p lc lu y lp vt liu chiu dy h: (p lc ny khng c ln hn sc chu ti ca

2.2.5. Cng m nn v s ln m ln cn thit.

Zn: tng bin dng tch lu sau n ln m nn.

150 1 2 25 3 4 150 5 6 225 125 25

Hnh 2.8. V d v s lu (B=7m, lu hai bnh hai trc c b=1.5m).

2.2.7. Chiu di on cng tc L.

2.2.8. Nng sut lu.

N = nck. nht vi nck =

nyc : s ln m nn yu cu (ln/ im) n : s lt m nn t c sau 1 chu k (ln/ im)

3.2. Mt ng t t nhin 3.2.1. Khi nim.

3.2.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh cng .

3.2.4. Trnh t thi cng.

3.3. Mt ng t gia c bng vt liu ht 3.2.1. Khi nim.

3.2.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh cng .

3.2.4. Trnh t thi cng.

3.2.5. Kim tra, nghim thu.

4.1. Mt ng dm nc 4.1.1. Khi nim.