1. Phng php d bo s lng mu cn ly 2.

Cc phng php ly mu

3. Tnh i din trong ly mu

4. K thut ly mu 5. Phng php bo qun mu sau thu thp

Chun b ly mu
Cc vn cn chun b trc khi ly mu
Quyt nh mc tin cy ca ton b chng trnh quan trc Quyt nh chng trnh ly mu Quyt nh tng s mu cn ly Quyt nh v tr ly mu v thit b ly mu Quyt nh th tch mu cn ly v dng c bo qun mu Quyt nh phng php bo qun mu Quyt nh phng php phn tch

Chun b ly mu
Kh nng bin ng - Khng gian - Thi gian Mc tiu quan trc - Tuyn quan trc - Xu hng im nng - Sai s cho php Hiu qu/Li ch - Chi ph cho php - Chi ph ly mu - Chi ph phn tch Tnh php l - Tin ch - Kh nng nh gi - Kh nng chp nhn

Ly u? Khi no? Ly bao nhiu? Nh th no?

Chng trnh ly mu

C s xc nh s lng mu
Bc 1. Cn c vo bin ng ca cc yu t mi trng
Thu thp s liu th cp (n)

Bin ng ca cc yu t mi trng (S2)

Kho st thc a (n)

Bc 2. Cn c sai s cho php (e)

s2 e t n
quan tm; tiu chun nh gi

Trong :

t: l gi tr kim tra student s2: phng sai mu hiu chnh n: s mu

Sai s cho php ph thuc vo mc tiu quan trc; thng s mi trng cn V nguyn tc, sai s cho php cng nh th s lng mu ly cng ln v ngc

li

S mu cn ly
Cng thc manly (2001)
Trc tin ta phi tnh c mc sai s e
S lng mu cn ly c tnh bng phng trnh sau:

/e n 4s
2

Trong : s^2: phng sai tp hp mu cha hiu chnh n: s mu

S mu cn ly
Cng thc kim nh fisher (US EPA)
Trc tin ta phi tnh c mc sai s e
S lng mu cn ly c tnh bng phng trnh sau:

n t s /e
2 2
Trong : t: l gi tr kim tra student s2: tng bnh phng n: s mu

10

400

200

8.6

6.4

7.5

28-07-07 28-08-07 28-09-07

28-10-07 28-11-07 28-12-07 28-01-08 28-02-08

V d

pH

DO

Eh

28-03-08 28-04-08 28-05-08 28-06-08 28-07-08 28-08-08 28-09-08 28-10-08 28-11-08 28-12-08

DO 1.61 pH 0.29

lch chun (s) ca tp hp 50 mu

60

30

20

40

20

0 28-07-07 28-08-07 28-09-07 28-10-07 28-11-07 28-12-07 28-01-08 28-02-08 28-03-08 28-04-08 28-05-08 28-06-08 28-07-08 28-08-08 28-09-08 28-10-08 28-11-08 28-12-08

10

Eh 56.75

NH4+ 6.53

Amon

Photphat

BOD5

PO433.46 BOD5 10.39

Bi tp 1
Chng ta c tp hp 10 mu c ly ngu nhin ti mt khu vc. Gi tr o ca Pb c trnh by trong bng di y. a. S dng cc phng trnh cung cp trn tnh ton mc sai s.
Mu
Hm lng Pb (ppm)

1
91

8
89

9
85

10
89

95 104 82

95 103 97

b. Nu mc chnh xc thu c bng trn khng th chp nhn v ch cho php sai s ti a l 2 ppm, bao nhiu mu cn c ly mc ngha 0,05?

Bi gii
Mu Pb (xi) ppb Gi tr trung bnh X lch (X xi) Phng sai (X xi)2 1 91 -2 4 2 95 2 4 3 104 4 82 5 95 6 103 93 2 10 4 100 7 97 4 16 8 89 -4 16 9 85 8 64 10 89 -4 16

11 -11 121 121

a. Tnh e
Phng sai s2 = 466/9 = 51,8 e ( mc tin cy 95%) = 2,262(5,18)0.5 = 5,14 ppm

b. S mu cn ly c sai s l 2ppm:
n = (2,262)2 x (51,8)/22 = 66,3 Kt lun s mu cn ly l 67 mu

Bi tp 2
S liu th cp cho thy nng Hg mt khu vc dao ng trong khong 2 20 g/kg v lch chun s = 3,25 g/kg. a. D bo s lng mu ly trong chng trnh kho st mi sao cho sai s ti a cho php thp hn 1 g/kg mc ngha 0,05 ( tin cy 95%) b. D bo s lng mu ly trong chng trnh kho st mi sao cho sai s ti a cho php thp hn 2 g/kg mc ngha 0,05 ( tin cy 95%) c. Nhn xt kt qu thu c.

Mc ngha (a) tin cy (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 120 Rt ln

0.8 20 0.325 0.289 0.277 0.271 0.267 0.265 0.263 0.262 0.261 0.260 0.260 0.259 0.259 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.257 0.257 0.257 0.257 0.257 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.255 0.255 0.254 0.254 0.253

0.6 40 0.727 0.617 0.584 0.569 0.559 0.553 0.549 0.546 0.543 0.542 0.540 0.539 0.538 0.537 0.536 0.535 0.534 0.534 0.533 0.533 0.532 0.532 0.532 0.531 0.531 0.531 0.531 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.529 0.528 0.527 0.526 0.524

0.4 60 1.376 1.061 0.978 0.941 0.920 0.906 0.896 0.889 0.883 0.879 0.876 0.873 0.870 0.868 0.866 0.865 0.863 0.862 0.861 0.860 0.859 0.858 0.858 0.857 0.856 0.856 0.855 0.855 0.854 0.854 0.851 0.849 0.848 0.845 0.842

0.2 80 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.299 1.296 1.289 1.282

0.1 90 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.676 1.671 1.658 1.645

0.05 95 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.009 2.000 1.980 1.960

0.02 98 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.403 2.390 2.358 2.327

0.01 99 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.678 2.660 2.617 2.576

Phn b cc yu t mi trng

Cc dng phn b cc yu t mi trng

1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

Phn b ngu nhin Phn b ng u Phn b hp nhm Phn b theo phn lp Phn b theo gradien

3.1. Tnh i din

Tnh i din c xc nh

bng mc ng v chnh xc ca s liu phn nh c c trng ca qun th, gi tr thng s ti v tr ly mu trong mt chng trnh ly mu v mt iu kin mi trng nht nh
Tnh i din l mt trong

5 ch th cht lng s liu (PARCC: tnh ng, tnh chnh xc, tnh i din, tnh hon chnh v tnh ng nht)

Yu cu Thnh phn sai s Tnh chnh Thng s ly mu xc Phng php o Thao tc ngoi hin trng v PTN Tnh ng Thit k chng trnh ly mu Phng php o Phn tch v qun l s liu Tnh i Thit k chng trnh ly mu din Thao tc ngoi hin trng Trnh din kt qu Qun l mu Qun l s liu Tnh thng Phng php nht Thao tc ngoi hin trng v PTN Tnh hon Qun l s liu chnh Thao tc ngoi hin trng v PTN

Tnh i din
Tnh i din cho nng /mt ca yu t mi trng Tnh i din theo khng gian

Tnh i din theo thi gian

200 ha 100 m2 1 kg 20 g 0.2 g

Khu vc chu nh hng ca thm canh la

rung in hnh cho hot ng thm canh la Mu t thu thp c

Mu ly chun b phn tch

Mu phn tch N tng s

Tnh i din
Khu vc i din: l khu vc phn nh ng v chnh xc cho

p lc ti cht lng mi trng. Mt khu vc c xem l i din khi ti cc p lc v tc ng n mi trng l ng nht.

V tr i din: l v tr phn nh ng v chnh xc cho i

tng mi trng cn c nh gi. V tr i din c th l mt im hoc mt tp hp cc im ta khng gian c cng tnh cht.
im i din: l im phn nh ng v chnh xc cho c

trng v iu kin mi trng ca v tr ly mu.

nh chp v tinh khu vc nghin cu

V d: Mi trng nc chy Tnh i din xc nh theo s phn nhnh ca dng chy

Sng Cu by
p lc t hot ng

sn xut nng nghip p lc t nc thi sinh hot p lc t nc thi cng nghip

3.2. Cc loi mu i din

Mu n: l mu c thu thp v xc nh cc thnh phn

mi trng cho mt v tr nht nh vo mt thi im nht nh (DOE, 1996) cn c gi l mu thi im hay mu ri rc (US ACE, 1994).
Mu hn hp: l mu c trn ln t hai hoc nhiu mu

n c ly ti mt v tr v/hoc ti nhng thi im khc nhau (US ACE, 1994). Mu hn hp c to thnh bng cch trn cn thn mt lng bng nhau cc mu n ly c gi tr trung bnh gia cc mu ny.
Cc mu n trong mu hn hp phi c tnh tng ng Mu hn hp cn dng ng nht cao

3.3. Cn c xc nh mu i din
Mc tiu quan trc: mu i din i vi mc tiu ny nhng khng i din trong nhng mc tiu quan trc khc Mc tiu quan trc Thng s quan trc i tng mi trng cn quan trc Ly mu i din l tng cho mi trng l vic lm rt kh khn do tnh ng nht ca mi trng xut hin c theo khng gian v thi gian (Eberhardt, 1978; Kerekes and Freedman, 1989)

2 3 1 Khu th 4 Khu du lch

Khu cng nghip

5 6

Khu nui trng thy sn 9

Ca bin

3.4. Cc yu t nh hng ti tnh i din

i din cho tc ng ti mi trng
c im ngun thi c im s dng

i din cho iu kin mi trng chu tc ng

i vi mu cht rn
Qu trnh vn chuyn, tch ly cc cht nhim trong t din

ra trong mt thi gian di gy ra s phn tng ng k theo su. Do , tnh i din phi c xc nh l i din theo su. a hnh v a cht l nhng thng tin quan trng
Do cu thnh t nhiu thnh phn pha v thnh phn vt cht

nn tnh khng ng nht xut hin phm vi rt nh trong khi xt trn phm vi v m nht nh, mu rn c th l ng nht.
Dng chy nh hng ti tnh i din ca mu bn CTR l loi mu kh mu i din bng phng php s dng

mu hn hp nu cha bit chc v c tnh ca chng

i vi mu cht kh
Tnh linh ng rt cao trong mu kh Cc yu t nh hng ti tnh i din:
Nhit dn ti cc qu trnh i lu mnh trong khng kh Hng gi quyt nh hng di chuyn ca cc cht nhim t

ng khi
Tc gi quyt nh mc di chuyn ca cc cht ny
Vt cn

i vi mu cht lng

S phn tng i vi nc ng V tr xo trn hon ton i vi nc chy Do , i vi vic ly mu m bo tnh i din cho cht lng nc cc h thng ng, vic u tin phi xc nh dng chy.
Trong : Q l lu lng x thi (m3/s) wn l chiu rng ti im th n (m) hn l su ti im th n (m) vn l vn tc dng nc ti im th n (m/s)

i vi mu sinh vt
Mu sinh vt c s dng vi 2 loi quan trc c bn: Sinh vt l mt thng s mi trng nh gi mc tch ly cc cht c (sinh vt l mt mi trng) S khng ng nht i vi mu sinh vt th hin nhiu mc :

khc nhau v loi, trong mt loi cn c s khc nhau v kch thc, gii tnh, kh nng di ng, cc thng s lin quan kh nng hp th cc cht Tnh i din ca mu sinh vt phi bao hm c c im sinh thi ni sng v phn nh ton vng i ca sinh vt trong khong thi gian nghin cu. c tnh hp th cc cht c trong mi trng ca sinh vt khc nhau nn trong nhng nghin cu loi ny cc nhm c th nghin cu phi c cng c tnh: loi, gii tnh, tui pht trin, kch thc (EPA, 1997)

2.1. Ly mu thm tra

Khi nim: Ly mu thm tra cho php la chn cc v tr ly mu da theo mc ch xc nh t trc khi thc hin chng trnh ly mu c trng: i hi phi s dng mt lng thng tin th cp kh y v khu vc ly mu

Ngi ly mu phi c hiu bit y v i tng mi trng tip cn ly mu.

Thu thp thng tin th cp l quan trng nht trong thit k chng trnh ly mu thm tra

Phng php thu thp thng tin th cp

nh gi trc quan (quan st nhng yu t nh hng ti cht lng mi trng) cho v d?
Mi trng t Mi trng nc Mi trng khng kh

Kin thc bn a iu tra, Phng vn kin chuyn gia Cc s liu th cp (VD: bo co hin

trng mi trng quc gia)

Ly mu thm tra
Phm vi p dng Xc nh s c mt hay vng mt ca mt cht, mt yu t mi trng Xc nh ngun gc, mc cht nhim khi xy ra s c mi trng Kim tra gi thuyt nghin cu Yu cu nh gi b sung (thm tra li kt qu quan trc) V d: Quan trc nc ngm s dng ly mu thm tra i vi cc ging sn c Kim k ngun thi l mc tiu nghin cu cho php ly mu thm tra i vi tt c cc ngun thi

Ly mu thm tra
u im
Xc nh s lng, v tr mu n gin

S lng mu thy nh hn ch c nhn cng v chi ph

Hn ch
i hi ngi ly mu phi c k thut, thao tc tt

Kt qu ca ly mu thm tra c s dng cho cc nghin cu

hoc quan trc cao hn v thng khng c cng b

Keith (1990) cho rng ly mu i vi nhng nghin cu s dng

nhng thng tin th cp m bo tnh khoa hc v tin cy th c th s dng ly mu thm tra, nhng nhng ly mu cho nhng quan trc mang tnh php l th tt nht nn s dng cc phng php ly mu ngu nhin, phn lp hoc h thng.

2.2. Ly mu ngu nhin

Khi nim: Ly mu ngu nhin n gin l phng php ly mu vi v tr ly mu xc nh bt k khng c ch ch t trc. c trng: Trong ly mu ngu nhin, mi n v nng /mt ca mu u c th c chn Cc mu hon ton c lp, khng c mi quan h thng k vi nhau

2.2. Ly mu ngu nhin

Trnh t thc hin:
Bc

1: t giy bng knh t ln bn khu vc nghin cu t cc trong khu vc nghin cu v bc thm ngu nhin

Bc 2: nh s th

Bc 3: Tin hnh ly

mu ti cc la chn

Ly mu ngu nhin
Phm vi p dng: Phng php ly mu ngu nhin tha nhn s thay i gi tr cc yu t mi trng l khng quan trng:
Cc i tng m ti s phn b cc yu t l ng u

(uniform) hoc thun nht (homogeneous);

Cc i tng nghin cu m thng tin th cp v nng cc

cht hay phn b cc yu t mi trng c c t nht hoc khng ng tin cy, khng c gi tr thng k. Theo US EPA, 1995 phng php ny khng nn p dng cho cc loi hnh mi trng ng (nc chy, dng kh i lu)

Ly mu ngu nhin
u im:
Xc nh v tr ly mu n gin

R rng v minh bch trong trong phn tch thng k

Hn ch:
B qua mt s nhng v tr, thi im c bit (im nng mi

trng) khc phc bng ly mu h thng

La chn v tr ly mu khng s dng ht nhng kin thc v

i tng mi trng quan trc tng chi ph

im ly mu ngu nhin c chn c th ri vo v tr

kh/khng th ly mu

2.2. Ly mu ngu nhin

V d v hn ch ca ly mu ngu nhin (b qua nhng im nng mi trng) khi ly mu nc thi ca mt nh my c kh
6
Nng Pb (mg/l)

3 Ngy 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31

Trong mu c ly ngu nhin 9 ngy trong vng 1 thng: 2, 7, 10, 15, 18, 20, 24, 28 v 31

2.3. Ly mu h thng
Khi nim: l phng php ly mu m ti cc mu c quan h thng k cht ch vi nhau theo khng gian v thi gian

c trng: cho php cc mu c ly theo nhng hng v khong nht nh theo thi gian hoc khng gian

Ly mu h thng

V d v ly mu h thng theo mng vung

Ly mu h thng
Phm vi p dng: xc nh mc nhim trong nc, khng kh v t; xc nh din bin cc yu t mi trng u im: Kt qu mu h thng minh bch v c gi tr php l cao (US EPA, 2002) Xc nh c quy lut bin ng theo khng gian v thi gian Ngoi suy c theo khng gian v thi gian D qun l mng li ly mu Hn ch: Nu mi trng c s bin ng theo chu k, c th dn ti cc mu b cng xu hng Tnh cng nhc ca mng li ly mu

Ly mu h thng
Mt s dng thng gp: H thng chun tc (Ly mu h thng theo chia) vi h thng chia c thit lp t trc, mu c ly im nt hoc gia mi Ngu nhin h thng:
Mu u tin c ly hon ton ngu nhin, cc mu sau c ly

cch mu u mt khong nht nh H thng chia c sn, cc mu c ly ngu nhin trong mi

Ly mu h thng
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1: Xc nh loi mng chia

Bc 2: Xc nh kch thc ca mt c s (L) Loi mng chia Mng vung

Mng tam gic

Mng mt chiu

L= N/n

Mng hai chiu

Mng ba chiu
Bc 3: Tin hnh ly mu ti mi

2.4. Ly mu theo phn lp

Khi nim: Ly mu theo phn lp s dng phng php phn chia khu vc ly mu ra thnh cc lp v trong mi lp mu c ly ngu nhin hoc theo h thng c trng: Trong mi lp, s phn b ca cc yu t mi trng ng nht hn so vi tng th khu vc ly mu Lp c th c phn theo thi gian hoc khng gian ty theo thuc tnh ca i tng.

Ly mu theo phn lp
Lp thi gian c xc nh da trn s thay i theo nhng

khong thi xc nh:

Chu k ngy (ngy v m, gi trong ngy) Chu k tun (ngy trong tun v ngy cui tun) Chu k thng (hot ng ca nh my) Chu k nm (cc hot ng sinh hc) Chu k nhiu nm

Lp khng gian thng ph bin hn da trn s thay i ca nhiu

yu t:

Theo su (s phn tng ca h, s phn tng theo phu din t,

trm tch); Tui v gii tnh trong dn s (n ng, n b, tr em), a hnh, a cht, loi t, loi hnh s dng t, vng nhim, hng gi (cui hng gi, u hng gi), Ranh gii hnh chnh

Ly mu theo phn lp
u im: S dng trit s liu th cp phn lp cc yu t mi trng S lng mu ly va m bo tnh php l, va m bo tnh kinh t Tnh linh ng cao trong tip cn ly mu VD: S lng mu trong mi lp khc nhau: Cho php so snh gia cc lp Hn ch: Khi so snh gia cc lp phi xem xt n tm quan trng ca mi lp Phm vi p dng: khi xc nh c quy lut phn b cc yu t mi trng theo phn lp hoc theo chu k r rt

Ly mu theo phn lp
Trong ly mu theo phn lp, s lng mu cn ly trong mi lp c th ging nhau hoc khng ging nhau. Bi ton: Gi s mt khu vc ta c: Tng s lng mu cn ly: N S lng phn lp: k Kch thc ca ton b i tng (theo thi gian hoc khng gian: A Ta cn xc nh s lng mu cn ly cho mi lp: nk Cc cch phn phi s lng mu cn ly: Phn phi u Phn phi theo t l Phn phi ti u

Ly mu theo phn lp
a. Phn phi u
Bc 1: Xc nh tng s mu cn ly (N) theo mt trong hai

cng thc trn. V d tnh c s lng mu cn ly l 60 mu

Bc 2: Phn phi s mu ly:

nA = nB = nC = N/3 = 60/3 = 20 (mu)

Ly mu theo phn lp
b. Phn phi theo t l
V d: Tng din tch tnh S l 40.000 ha, th chim 7.000 ha, khu cng nhip chim 13.000 ha, cn li l khu vc sn xut nng nghip. Tng s mu cn ly l 41 mu.

nA = 41*7000/40000 = 7 mu (7,2) nB = 41* 13000/41000 = 13 mu (13,3) nC = 41*21000/40000 = 21 mu (20,5)

Ly mu theo phn lp
c. Phn phi ti u S lng mu trong lp th k c lin quan n mc bin ng trong lp (sk) v chi ph trn n v mu (Ck) c tnh bng cng thc c bn (1) hoc cng thc Neyman (2):

2.5. Mt s phng php khc

Ly mu thm d c th coi l mt dng ca ly mu thm tra xc nh gi thuyt nghin cu hoc thc hin bng phng php ly mu ngu nhin n gin.

ng dng ly mu thm d trong xc nh v quan trc vn mi trng

Mt s phng php khc

Ly mu lt ct c th coi l dng bin i ca ly mu h thng theo mng cho php vch cc tuyn ly mu c th song song (1) hoc khng song song (2)

ng dng:
Ly mu bn y, ca sng, t vi a hnh c bit.

Xc nh nh hng ca ngun im di tc ng ca gi.

Cc h, h cha, m ph, cc vng bin vi din tch ln m vic ly

mu phi s dng tu thuyn.

Tuyn zig zag trn sn dc

Kt lun
La chn phng php cn c vo mc tiu c th
Phng n tip cn ly mu Mc tiu quan trc Thm Ngu Phn H Ngu nhin Thm tra nhin lp thng phn lp d Xc nh p lc/tc ng 1 4 3 2 3 3 Xc nh ngun tc ng 1 4 2 2 3 2 Xc nh phm vi cht nhim 4 3 3 1 1 1 nh gi x l 3 3 1 2 2 4 nh gi mc bin ng 4 1 3 1 1 1 Ghi ch: 1 Tt; 2 Chp nhn; 3 Mc chp nhn trung bnh; 4 Mc chp nhn yu Lt ct 2 3 1 2 1

Tnh linh ng trong vic p dng cc phng php

Ly mu thm d

Ly mu thm tra

Ly mu ngu nhin Ly mu h thng Ly mu theo phn lp

Bi tp
Chn phng php ly mu xc nh nng trung bnh ca SO2 pht sinh t vic t than ca mt nh my sn xut gch men, nu u v nhc im ca tng phng php trong cc trng hp sau: a. La chn ngu nhin 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy. b. Ly 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy theo h thng: 12 gi mt ln (9h sng v ti) c. Ly 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy theo phn lp: 1 mu ngu nhin ban ngy, mt mu ngu nhin ban m d. Tng t nh c, nhng 4 mu ngu nhin cho ban ngy v 4 mu ngu nhin ban m.

Chun b ly mu
Cc cu hi cn phi tr li:
Cn thit phi xin kin ca ch s hu? Vic ly mu c cn phi s dng cc thit b c bit hay khng v iu kin hin c? 3. S mu v s ln lp li l bao nhiu? 4. Yu cu ca mu cn phn tch nh tnh hay nh lng? 5. Ho cht v dng c yu cu l g? 6. Phng php phn tch v thit b phn tch cn l g? 7. Th tch mu yu cu i vi k thut phn tch l bao nhiu? 8. C cn phi p dng cc quy nh chun i vi khu vc ly mu khng? 9. Loi bnh cha mu v yu cu bo qun ca cc thng s phn tch l g, c iu kin thc hin khng? 10. Bnh cha c yu cu cn phi x l trc khi ly mu hay khng v cch x l? 11. Thit b dng bo qun mu l g?
1. 2.

K THUT LY MU NC
1. T chc mng li ly mu nc
V d: mng li ly mu nc thi khu th
1. Cng thi 2. im thu gom nc 3. im thu gom nc chnh 4. Ngp nc do ma 5. X l nc thi 6. Ni tip nhn
4 3 1 6 5

1 1 3 1 2 3 2

2
1

1. T chc mng li ly mu nc
Cc nguyn tc c bn:
Hn ch xo trn mi trng
Gim thi gian v chi ph Gim yu cu bo qun

ng dng:

Cht hu c bay hi
Tng cht hu c Hu c halogen Cc mu lc ngoi hin trng Cc mu thm ha cht bo qun Hp cht c kim Tng kim loi nng Dinh dng dng anion Dinh dng dng cation tng s

2. Dng c ly mu nc
2.1. Gii thiu cc loi dng c
a. Gu mc v cc bnh ly mu khng chuyn dng
Khng s dng vi nc thi

b. Dng c ly mu bng bm
Khuyn co s dng trong nhng nghin cu ly mu nc chnh xc theo su

c. Dng c ly mu dng bnh treo

1. Dy iu khin np y 2. Np y 3. Thnh bnh ly mu 4. ai gi bnh ly mu 5. Vt nng

1. Dng bnh Dussart (bnh thot kh dng c hp) 2. Dng bnh Valas: thit b ng m c t tnh

d. Bnh ly mu dng tr m
Bnh Runner Bnh Kemmerer Bnh Friedinger Bnh Vondorn

2.2. Yu cu dng c
La chn loi dng c ph hp
Bnh nha polypropylene v polyetylene Gi thnh r.

Bnh Quartz hoc teflon Loi ny tt nht nhng t nht.

Bnh thu tinh Bnh thu tinh l loi thng dng.

Dng ly mu v cha mu phi c ra sch trc khi s

dng

Quy trnh trng ra dng c

Ra sch bnh thu tinh hoc nha bng cc cht ty ra. Cht

ty ra c photphat t do l tt nht. Ra k bng nc sch. Ra bng dung dch axit clohidric 1:1 v dung dch axit nitric 1:1. (Axit nitric l tt nht cho ch v nhng kim loi khc). Ra sch bng nc ct. Vi mu cha crm, ra khong 1215 ln l thch hp. iu kin khng kh kh. Bo qun bnh thu tinh trnh khi cc ngun gy nhim. S dng axit crmic hoc crm t do trao i loi b cht lng hu c khi bnh cha thu tinh. Sau , ra k bng nc loi b tt c cc dng vt ca crm.

3. Th tc ly mu
L lch mu r rng (ghi li a im ly mu, thi gian,

khong cch, tnh trng v cc bc tin hnh cho mi ln ly mu)

m bo yu cu k thut v chnh xc i vi tng thng

s (ha cht, bo qun, kh trng)

Khng gy sai s trong qu trnh ly mu v bo qun

3.1. Ly mu nc ngm
Mu nc ngm thng c thu thp thng qua cc ging quan trc hoc ging ang s dng

3.2. Ly mu nc cp
chy ht phn nc c ri ly mu. Thi gian tho ht nc c cn phi tnh ton da trn cc yu t: khong

cch t vi n ngun cp, kch thc vi, vn tc

Ly y mu t t trnh xut hin bt kh trong bnh cha

3.3. Ly mu nc mt v nc thi
Thao tc s dng bnh khng chuyn dng Thao tc s dng bnh treo

Thao tc s dng bm

K THUT LY MU BN T chc mng li ly mu bn

Mu c ly t tng bn mt xung cc su cao hn Mu c ly t h ngun ln thng ngun u tin ly mu cc v tr c nng cao v phn tch cc

thng s c bn thp Tng t i vi mu nc

2. Dng c ly mu bn
a. Gu mc b. Khoan bn Khoan trng lc s dng lc trng trng do khi lng ln m

xuyn vo tng bn, do su ca vt khoan ph thuc vo khi lng ca khoan. i vi loi khoan ny vn hnh n gin nhng thao tc phi nhanh chng v chnh xc khng lm mt mt bn sau khi khoan, ly mu su di 2 m ngoi tr khoan Kastenlot (6m). Khoan pittong l dng khoan di thng s dng ly mu bn mn, s dng lc ht chn khng thu mu do c th ly mu su trn 20 m. Khoan xon l dng khoang trung bnh c s dng ly mu hu ht cc dng bn, cu trc khoan gm mt phn ng tr bn ngoi v tr xon bn trong, khi ly mu khoan xon c th lm thay i cu trc bn, ly mu su khng qu 12 m

2. Dng c ly mu bn
c. Gu ngom

Gu ngom
Franklin-Anderson Dietz-LaFond Peterson Ponar Birge-Ekman Shipek

Kch thc mu
Ln Nh Ln Ln Nh Ln

Loi bn
Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct, t si nh Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct, si Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct, si Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct mn Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct si

c im dng c ly mu bn
c im ng kn ca thit b Pha trn Pha di Vt ct thy c Mt mt khi lng Thao tc s dng Khi lng mu ly c An ton trong s dng Din tch b mt mu su ly mu Chi ph nh gi vt l nh gi ha hc nh gi sinh hc nh gi cht lng nc trong bn Gu mc Khng Khng Khng Khng C D Nh Cao Rng Nh Thp Khng Khng C Khng Gu ngom C Np Li C C Trung bnh Trung bnh Thp Rng Trung bnh Trung bnh C C C C/khng Khoan C Np Khng C C Kh Nh/trung bnh Trung bnh Hp Ln Trung bnh/cao C C C/khng C

Dng c ly mu bn

Loi thy vc H Gu ngom Khoan Gu ngom

Bn y

Trm tch (bn lng)

Thit b ly mu bn lng Ly mu nc (lc, ly tm)

Sng
Ca sng

Ly mu ven b bng tay (gu mc) Gu ngom Khoan

Ly mu nc (lc, ly tm)
Ly mu nc (lc, ly tm)

3. Th tc ly mu bn
Thao tc ly mu bn dng khoan hoc gu ngom
Hn ch ti a nhiu lon vt l i vi mi trng

Hn ch ti a mt mt vt cht do ra tri
Thay i t nht kt cu bn sau khi thu thp Kim sot nh hng do nhim bn mu

K THUT LY MU T 1. T chc mng li ly mu t

V d v t chc mng li ly mu t

2. Dng c ly mu t
Xng cm tay: hoc cc dng c tng t c s dng trong ly mu t tng mt. Khoan t: C hai dng khoan ly mu t c bn l khoan thng v khoan xon.

3. Th tc ly mu t
Ly mu tng mt

Xc nh im ly mu t, ti v tr ly mu t m t cc c im mi

trng lin quan n c tnh ca t vo s tay ly mu cng vi l lch mu cn ly trc khi tin hnh ly mu. Lm sch b mt (loi b thc vt b mt, si, vt cht ngoi lai) o h su 15 cm, mt mt o phng to gc nghing khong 20 - 30o so vi trc vung gc mt t Dng xng o ly mt lp t dy khong 1 inch (2,5 3 cm). Dng dao hoc cc vt sc tng t ct ly mt di t chnh gia xng vi rng khong 1 inch, phn cn li loi b. Lp li bc 4 v 5 vi ln cho n khi khi lng t yu cu (thng khong 300 500g ty theo thng s phn tch). Chuyn mu vo ti ng, buc kn, ghi nhn mc.

3. Th tc ly mu t
Ly mu theo su
Xc nh im ly mu t Lm sch b mt t khoan vo ng v tr v vung gc vi mt t, vn khoan

theo chiu kim ng h ng thi n xung. Ch thc o trn ng khoan, dng li su 15 cm; vn khoan ngc chiu kim ng h ng thi nhc ln Dng dao hoc que u nhn cn thn tch t khi ng khoan, chuyn vo ti ng, buc kn, ghi nhn. Trong nhng trng hp ly mu t ch thc hin vi tng mt, k thut ly mu ch gm c 5 bc trn. Lm sch khoan, t khoan vo ng v tr c, thip tc lp li bc 3, 4 v 5 i vi cc su tip theo

K THUT LY MU KH 1. T chc mng li ly mu

Theo loi hnh qun l
Ly mu cht lng khng kh Ly mu pht thi

Theo bn cht cht nhim

Ly mu bi Ly mu kh

Theo phng php tin hnh

Ly mu ch ng (active sampling) Ly mu th ng (passive sampling)

S liu kh tng
Nhit khng kh: nhit ti thi im ly mu, nhit ti

ca x (ming ng khi, trong nh xng, ca thng gi cng trnh...) nhit trung bnh ngy, nhit ti cao, ti thp trung bnh ngy...
Hng gi ch o (thng thng thng tin c biu din

di dng l gi i vi cc bn hin trng)

Vn tc gi ti thi im o, vn tc gi trung bnh, vn tc

gi theo cc hng gi...

Bc x mt tri ti thi im o, bc x mt tri trung bnh

ngy, s gi nng, tng lng bc x trung bnh nm...

m tng i, m tuyt i ca khng kh ti thi im

o...

2. Dng c ly mu kh
Cc thit b o Cc thit b ly mu
Ly mu th ng: dng c ly mu c b mt thong ln cho

php kh-bi i qua bng qu trnh khuch tn

Ly mu ch ng: dng c ly mu c kt hp bm ht kh

3. Th tc ly mu cht lng khng kh

Ly mu bi

Tng bi
Ly mu th ng: kh c cho khuch tn qua li lc, cc

ht bi c kch thc ln s b gi li. Phng php ny c p dng i vi cc dng y

Ly mu ch ng (cng p): s dng bm ht ht mt lng

kh nht nh cho khng kh i qua li lc, cc ht bi c gi li trn li.

Bi PM10, PM2,5
B va chm kiu tng
B va chm o B va chm ly tm

3. Th tc ly mu cht lng khng kh

Ly mu kh

Cc phng php ly mu kh
Hp th

Hp ph
Ngng t Th ch kh (kh t)

Phng php ly mu kh n gin (th ch kh)

Thit b ly mu c th

tch nht nh Ht kh sao cho lng kh i qua thit b gp 6 ln th thch ca n u im: khng ch c qu trnh nhim bn Mt v d: C:\Users\Admin\Docume nts\Downloads\Monitorin g\YouTube - Collecting an air sample.....mp4

Phng php ly mu t n gin (th ch kh)

Mt s cht kh c th ho tan vo cht lng gy ra mt mt cc cht,

ngc li cng s c mt s thnh phn bay hi t nc vo khng kh. Do , nn s dng cc loi dung dch c ha tan cc cht kh thp (cc dung dch tr) hoc tin hnh nhit cao. Lng mu kh thu thp kh ln nn khi chuyn cht kh vo dng c phn tch cn phi s dng lng kh ln cc cht lng.

Ly mu kh kh (phng php hp ph)

Yu cu i vi vt liu hp ph Din tch b mt ring ln Kch thc ht v kch thc mao qun ph hp C kh nng hp ph chn lc cc cht kh C kh nng gii hp C bn c hc v bn nhit cao

Ly mu t (phng php hp th)

Vic thu mu mt thi gian do qu trnh hp th xy ra chm H s hp th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: bn cht cht kh v

cht lng, nhit , vn tc bm kh... Thng thng, h s hp th khng th t 100% do thng phi s dng cc h s chuyn i cn c vo loi cht hp th v b hp th.
Ch p dng c i vi mt s cht kh c kh nng ha tan

cao: Cc oxit axit c hp th vo dung dch kim, kh mang tnh baz c hp th trong dung dch mang tnh axit.

4. Th tc ly mu pht thi
R

V tr ly mu

V tr ly mu

0.088 R 0.206 R 0.296 R

Tnh theo phng php ly mu h thng

Ch trong ly mu ng khi
Yu cu: qu trnh ly mu phi m bo isokinetic
A khng thu c mu

B m bo isokinetic
C khng i din D khng i din

1. Vai tr ca bo qun mu 2. Ni dung ca bo qun mu 3. Th tc bo qun mu

1. Vai tr ca bo qun
Cc qu trnh nh hng ti cht lng mu:
Nhim bn t thit b hoc ha cht bo qun

Kh cc cht kh: oxy, nit, metan ha tan trong nc hoc kh

t do trong t
Mt cc cht kh do thay i pH ca mu (CO2)

Hp ph kim loi ln thnh bnh thy tinh

Hp th cc kh do qu trnh oxi ha v kt ta kim loi Phn hy v chuyn ha sinh hc Bay hi cc cht hu c c nhit si thp Phn ng ha hc v quang ha

Cc qu trnh c bn nh hng ti cht lng mu

Phn hy ca sinh vt Phn ng ha hc Bay hi, bc hi

Hp ph
Hp th Khuch tn

1. Vai tr ca bo qun
Phn hy ca sinh vt Phn ng ha hc Bay hi Gi lnh trong ti
(nhit t 2 6 oC)

Thm ha cht bo qun

(Axit, Baz, Cht km hm)

Hp ph Hp th Khuch tn Quang ha Chn bnh cha ph hp

(Thy tinh/Nha) (C np/C vch ngn) (Trong/Ti mu)

 Bo qun mu l s dng mt hoc mt t hp cc bin php

k thut nhm hn ch nhng bin i cht lng mu trong thi gian lu tr. Tm li, vai tr ca bo qun mu:
Hn ch cc qu trnh t nhin lm bin i nng cc cht

trong mu sau thu thp

Hn ch cc qu trnh nhim bn t thit b hoc ha cht bo

qun

V d v phng php bo qun

Thng s Kim loi Ester phtalat Du VOCs NH3 CNPAH Cht hu c

Bin i khi lu tr Phng php bo qun Hp ph ln thnh bnh thy tinh S dng bnh nha
Kt ta Khuch tn t bnh nha Hp ph ln thnh bnh nha Bay hi Bay hi Bay hi Phn ng vi Clo Quang ha Chuyn ha bi sinh vt Thm axit nitric pH < 2 S dng bnh thy tinh S dng bnh thy tinh Np kn Thm axit sunfuric pH < 2 Thm NaOH pH > 12 Axit ascorbic loi Clo Bnh ti mu pH, nhit thp, cht c HgCl2

2. Ni dung c bn ca bo qun mu
1. La chn ng dng c cha mu 2. Bo qun lnh

3. Bo qun bng ha cht

4. Thi gian bo qun

2.1. La chn dng c cha mu

Cc sai s c bn do dng c cha mu Nhim bn dung mi t cc bnh nha PE, PVC Hp ph kim loi ln thnh bnh thy tinh Hp ph cht hu c ln thnh bnh nha PE, PVC Ha tan cc ion kim loi t thnh bnh cha bng ng, thp Tiu ch la chn dng c Cn c lng (th tch/khi lng) mu cn ly Cn c thng s cn phn tch: La chn loi bnh nha, thy tinh, teflon Cn c yu cu v thong kh: dng c c np y/vch ngn/ai bo qun Cn c yu cu v nh sng: bnh trong/bnh ti mu

V d v la chn loi dng c cha mu

Ch tiu phn tch Bnh cha Tng s Coliform, phn P,G Amni P,G Nhu cu oxi sinh ho (BOD) P,G Bo P, T Brm P,G Nhu cu oxi sinh ho, c cacbon P,G Nhu cu oxi ho hc (COD) P,G Mu sc P,G Cyanua tng s P,G Florua P Cht rn P,G pH P,G Nit hu c P,G Crm VI P,G Thu ngn P,G Kim loi tr Bo, Cr VI v Hg P,G Nitrat P,G Ch tiu phn tch Bnh cha Nitrat-nitrit P,G Cacbon hu c P,G Orthophotphat P,G DO G Phenol G Photpho G Photpho tng s P,G Cht lng tng s P,G TSS, SS, TDS P,G Cht lng c th lng xung su P,G Cht lng dng d bay hi P,G Silic P,G dn P,G Sunfat P,G Sunfit P,G Cht hot ng b mt P,G c P,G

2.2. Bo qun lnh

Lm lnh nhit 4oC Lm lnh su Nhit ng bng ca nc ph thuc vo mt s yu t trong c nng cc cht ha tan v d mn ca mu.
mn (o/oo) im ng bng (oC) 0 0 10 -0.5 20 -1.1 30 -1.6 35 -1.9

Thnh phn cc cht ha tan khc nhau cng lm thay i nhit

ng bng ca mu nc, ng thi cc cht ha tan c th hnh thnh tinh th nhng nhit khc nhau v phn b ri rc trong mu: Natri sunphat -8 oC v natri clorit -22 oC. ng bng lm thay i tng th tch mu nc trong mt trng hp c th gy ph v bnh cha mu, do khi ly mu nc ch nn ly mu y 75 90 % bnh cha. c bit ch khi s dng vi mu cht rn (mu t, bn, CTR)

2.3. Bo qun bng ha cht

Axit ha mu Hn ch qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca sinh vt (c xc nh bt u gy nh hng n trao i cht hoc gy cht sinh vt t gi tr pH < 5) Gim kh nng hp ph kim loi ln thnh bnh thy tinh Tng tnh tan ca kim loi, ngn qu trnh kt ta kim loi dng oxit v hydroxit. Mt mt vt cht dng nitrit, thay i cn bng amoni v amoniac, thay i tnh tan ca mt s cht v c v hu c; thy phn cc dng hu c hoc kt ta ca photpho. Kim ha mu Kim ha c thc hin vi mu phn tch cyanua v sunfit hn ch mt mt cc ion ny do qu trnh bay hi dng HCN v SO2. Gy nh hng mnh m n tnh tan ca cc cht rn trong o c cc oxit v hydroxit kim loi, a nhiu cht v trng thi kt ta gy mt mt vt cht ha tan trong mu.

2.3. Bo qun bng ha cht

Gy cht sinh vt Cloroform 1 10% Formandehit 5 10% i vi mu nc, 10 20% i vi mu rn HgCl2 1 500 g/l u im: gy cht sinh vt mt nng nht nh theo c ch ph v hot ng ca mng t bo, gy mt hot mt s emzym hoc cc protein chc nng Nhc im:

Gy nh hng n vic xc nh cc cht bng phng php quang ph v d xc nh amoni bng phng php indophenol.

Ph v cu trc t bo gii phng dinh dng ha tan

HgCl2 cng c th gy tng tc vi nhng thnh phn hu c v kim loi trong mu L nhng cht c c cao an ton phng th nghim nghim ngt

2.4. Thi gian bo qun

Gii hn thi gian bo qun c xc nh l thi gian lu

nht m mu c th lu gi k t lc ly mu n lc o c hoc x l (i vi cc thng s phn tch) m khng gy nh hng ng k n kt qu phn tch, o c

Gii hn thi gian bo qun c xc nh cho tng thng s,

loi mu, phng php ly mu, phng php bo qun, phng php phn tch s dng xc nh gi tr thng s.
Gii hn thi gian bo qun cho php c th ko di hng nm

(photpho trong nc bin), nhiu thng (kim loi nng pH di 2, bo qun trong 6 thng) nhng cng c th rt ngn (E. coli 6h).

V d v thi gian bo qun

Phn tch ngay Nhit DO (pp in cc) CO2, I2, O3 Cl2 ClO2 mn pH 6 48 h Mi BOD DO (phng php Winkler) c, kim/ chua CN-, Cr6+ Chlorophyll Cht hot ng b mt 7 28 ngy NH3, TN, COD, TOC Thnh phn hu c Thuc BVTV Cht rn dn in B, Si, Hg, F- S2-, SO42TP, PO43-, NO3Kim loi cng 6 thng

mu

Du m

3. Th tc tin hnh bo qun mu

(1) Sau khi ly mu, ngi ly mu phi tin hnh tch mu thnh cc nhm thng s c yu cu bo qun ging nhau v thc hin bn qun ring theo nhm. (2) Mu phi c b sung ha cht bo qun (nu c) ngay sau khi ly mu trnh m dng c, bao b cha mu qu nhiu ln trc khi phn tch. (3) i vi mt s mu c bit c th c nhng yu cu bo qun ring, cc bin php bo qun ny phi c thc hin ng v y cc th tc quy nh. V d mt s mu phn tch yu cu tit trng (kh trng) trc khi bo qun c th thc hin bng mt trong nhng k thut sau: Tit trng bng tia cc tm, phng php nhit m (kh trng bng hi nc), phng php nhit kh (kh trng trn ngn la, tro ha mu (500 650 oC trong 4 8h), sy kh mu (60 - 90oC trong 10 48h)) (4) Sau khi tin hnh b sung ha cht, mu phi c dn nhn, nhn mu phi ghi y cc thng tin lin quan n phng php bo qun nh: yu cu bo qun, thi gian bo qun, loi ha cht bo qun, th tch thm vo, gii hn thi gian bo qun lm c s thc hin cc bc tip theo. (5) Hu ht tt c cc mu phi c bo qun lnh ngay ngoi hin trng, cn c vo cc iu kin c th c th dng thng gi lnh, t nh n bo qun mu bng nc hoc kh hoc s dng t lnh (6) Tin hnh bo qun ng thi mu phn tch v cc mu kim sot cht lng (mu trng dng c, mu trng hin trng, mu trng vn chuyn v cc mu chun) (7) Khng thc hin o c, phn tch mu vt qu gii hn thi gian bo qun.