Ni dung tm tt:

ANEHIT XETON ANEHIT A/ TNG QUT I/ nh ngha: l hp cht hu c c 1 hoc nhiu nhm CHO (nhm cacbanehit) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C hoc H.

II/ Cng thc: Anehit n chc, no: CnH2n+1CHO ( n 0)

RCHO, Anehit no:

hay CmH2mO

CnH2n+2-x (CHO)x

Anehit thm, n chc, no: CnH2n-7CHO

III/ Danh php: Anehit n chc, no ankanal 1) Tn thng thng: Xut pht t axit tng ng thay t axit bng t anehit. 2) Tn thay th: Tn = Ch : Mch chnh: Cha nhm CHO v di nht. s ch v tr nhnh tn nhnh tn mch chnh + al

V d:

nh s th t bt u t nhm -CHO

Danh php mt s cht thng dng

Andehit H-CHO CH3-CHO CH3-CH2- CHO CH3- CH2- CH2-CHO

CH3CH(CH3) C HO
CH3-(CH2)3 - CHO C6H5-CHO CH2=CH- CHO

Thng thng Andehit fomic (fomandehit) Andehit axetic Andehit propionic Andehit butiric Andehit isobutiric

Thay th Metanal Etanal Propanal Butanal 2-metylpropanal

Andehit valeric Andehit benzoic Andehit acrylic

Pentanal Phenylmetanal Prop-2-enal (propenal)

B) CHT TIU BIU: I) L tnh

Anehit n chc, no.

- C1, C2 : kh, C3 tr i l cht lng - Nhit si ca anehit thp: do khng c lin kt hiro. II/ Ha tnh 1/ Phn ng cng H2 ( phn ng kh anehit) to ancol bc I

R-CH=O

+ H2 Ni,t0

R-CH2OH

V d: H-CH=O + H2 Ni,t0 CH3OH

CH2=CH- CHO

+ 2H2 Ni,t0 CH3-CH2- CH2OH

2/ Phn ng oxi ha anehit( xeton khng c tnh cht ny) to axit tng ng. a/ Vi oxi 2RCHO + O2

Mn2+,t02RCOOH

V d: 2CH3-CHO

O2 Mn2+,t0 2 CH3COOH

Andehit axetic b/

axit axetic

Phn ng trng gng, trng bc

R-CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O t0 RCOONH4 + 2 NH4NO3 + 2Ag

V d: HCHO 2Ag

+ 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O

t0 HCOONH4 + 2 NH4NO3 +

CH3-CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O 2Ag

t0 CH3COONH4 + 2 NH4NO3 +

c/ Vi Cu(OH)2 un nng R-CHO + 2 Cu(OH)2 + NaOH t0 RCOONa + Cu2O gch + 3H2O

V d:

HCHO

+ 2 Cu(OH)2 + NaOH t0 HCOONa

+ Cu2O + 3H2O

CH3-CHO + 2 Cu(OH)2 + NaOH t0 CH3COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O

d/ Vi cht oxi ha mnh( KMnO4, nc Brom) R-CHO + Br2 + H2O t0 RCOOH + 2HBr

KT LUN Nhm CHO l nhm chc c trng ca andehit

 Anehit l sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh oxi ha ru bc I thnh axit tng ng. Thuc th nhn bit anehit : ddAgNO3 / NH3 III) iu ch: 1) Phng php chung a) Oxi ha ancol bc I + CuOt0 R-CH=O + H2O + Cu

R-CH2-OH

V d:

CH3-CH2-OH

+ CuO t0

CH3-CH=O

+ H2O + Cu

Andehit axetic b) Thy phn dn xut halogen bc I V d: CH2=CH- Cl + NaOH t0,p CH3-CH=O + NaCl + 2 NaOH t0,p CH3-CH=O + 2 NaCl + H2O

CH3-CHCl2

2) Phong php ring a) Andehit axetic: CH3CHO CH CH + H2O HgSO4,800C CH3-CH=O

2 CH2 = CH2

+ O2

t0,xt

2 CH3-CH=O

b) Andehit fomic:

CH4 + O2

t0,xt

HCHO + H2O

C ) XETON

I. nh ngha - L nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm C. lin kt trc tip vi hai nguyn t

V d:

CH3-CO-CH3 (imetyl xeton),

CH3-CO-C6H5 (metyl phenyl xeton) . . .

II. Tnh cht ha hc a) Cng H2 to thnh ancol bc II.

R-CO-R

H2

Ni,t0

RCH(OH)R

CH3-CO-CH3

+ H2 Ni,t0

CH3CH(OH)CH3

b) Xeton khng tham gia phn ng trng gng. 3. iu ch - Oxi ha khng hon ton ancol bc II. CH3CH(OH)CH3 + CuO

t0

CH3-CO-CH3 +

Cu

H2O

- i t hidrocacbon.

C6H5CH(CH3)2 + C6H5OH

2.H2O,H2SO41.O2

CH3-CO-CH3

DNG TON C BN Dng: Xc nh cng thc phn t 1 anhit hoc hn hp anhit. xc nh cng thc ca mt anehit: 1/ Da vo phn ng trng gng xc nh s nhm chc CHO. 2/ xc nh anehit no hay khng no ta da vo t l: nanehit : nH2 . Do anehit khng no cng hp H2 cho ancol no, bc I, nn ta c t l:

nH2 (phn ng) : nanehit khng no 2

3/ Nu anehit cn tm n chc, c d kin v phn ng trng gng, phi gi s anehit ny khng phi l HCHO, sau khi gii xong cn th li xem nu l HCHO c ph hp vi iu kin bi ton khng.

4/ Ch ring HCHO v cc anehit 2 ln anehit cho phn ng trng gng vi t l s mol: n anehit : nAg = 1:4; cc anehit n chc cn li cho t l: n anehit : nAg = 1:2.

=> nu hn hp gm 2 anehit n chc cho phn ng trng gng vi t l n hh anehit : nAg < th chc chn phi c anehit n chc l HCHO.

5/ Ngoi anehit cn c cc ankin c ni 3 u mch cng phn ng vi dd AgNO 3/NH3 to kt ta.

Dng: Ton da vo phng trnh phn ng. 1/ Vit ng v cc phng trnh phn ng - Nu c 1 phng trnh phn ng nn dng quy tc tam sut. - Nu c nhiu phng trnh phn ng lin tip xy ra nn dng s hp thc v s mol cht u (hay cht cui) tnh. 2/ Khi bi cho ng thi lng ca c 2 cht tham gia phn ng phi tm cht cho v cht cho d. Sau tnh theo cht cho . 3/ Vn dng cng thc tnh hiu sut: Hp = msn phm (thc t thu).100/ msn phm (l thuyt) Hp = mnguyn liu (thc t cn).100/ mnguyn liu (l thuyt) Nu qu trnh xy ra gm nhiu giai on, bit hiu sut tng giai on: A H1 B H2 C H3 D H4 E H5 G

Hiu sut ca c qu trnh l H% = H1%. H2%. H3%. H4%. H5%. 4/ C th dng nh lut bo ton khi lng. manehit + mH2 = mru