Chng I : MENH E TAP HP

1: Menh e va menh e cha bien

A: TOM TAT LY THUYET

1.nh ngha :
Menh e la mot cau khang nh ung hoac Sai .
Mot menh e khong the va ung hoac va sai

2.Menh e phu nh:
Cho menh e P.Menh e Khong phai P goi la menh e phu nh
cua P
Ky hieu la P . Neu P ung th P sai, neu P sai th P ung
V du: P: 3 > 5 th P : 3 s 5

3. Menh e keo theo va menh e ao :
Cho 2 menh e P va Q. Menh e neu P th Q goi la menh e keo theo
Ky hieu la P Q. Menh e P Q ch sai khi P ung Q sai
Cho menh e P Q. Khi o menh e Q P goi la menh e ao cua P
Q

4. Menh e tng ng
Cho 2 menh e P va Q. Menh e P neu va ch neu Q goi la menh
e tng
ng , ky hieu P Q.Menh e P Q ung khi ca P va Q cung ung

5. Phu nh cua menh e xe X, P(x) la menh e -xeX, P(x)
Phu nh cua menh e -xe X, P(x) la menh e xeX, P(x)

V du:
Cho x la so nguyen dng ;P(x) : x chia het cho 6 ; Q(x): x chia het cho 3
Ta co : - P(10) la menh e sai ; Q(6) la menh e ung
- ( ) P x : x khong chia het cho 6
- Menh e keo theo P(x) Q(x) la memh e ung.
- -xe N
*
, P(x) ung co phu nh la xe N
*
, P(x) co tnh sai



B: BAI TAP


B.1: BAI TAP TRAC NGHIEM :

Cau 1: Cho A = xeR : x
2
+1 > 0 th phu nh cua A la:
a) A = xeR : x
2
+1 s 0 b) A = - xeR: x
2
+1= 0
c) A = - xeR: x
2
+1 < 0 d) A = - xeR: x
2
+1 s 0

Cau 2:Xac nh menh e ung:
a) -xeR: x
2
s 0 b) -xeR : x
2
+ x + 3 = 0
c) x eR: x
2
>x d) xe Z : x > - x

Cau 3:Phat bieu nao sau ay la ung:
a) x y x
2
y
2
b) (x +y)
2
x
2
+ y
2
c) x + y >0 th x > 0 hoac y > 0 d) x + y >0 th x.y > 0

Cau 4:Xac nh menh e ung:
a) x eR,-yeR: x.y>0 b) xe N : x - x
c) -xeN, ye N: x chia het cho y d) -xeN : x
2
+4 x + 3 = 0

Cau 5: Cho cac menh e sau, menh e nao co menh e ao ung :
a) Neu t giac ABCD la hnh thoi th AC BD
b) Neu 2 tam giac vuong bang nhau th 2 canh huyen bang nhau
c) Neu 2 day cung cua 1 ng tron bang nhau th 2 cung chan bang nhau
d) Neu so nguyen chia het cho 6 th chia het cho 3

Cau 6: Cho cac menh e sau, menh e nao co menh e ao ung :
a)Neu t giac ABCD la hnh thang can th 2 goc oi bu nhau
b)Neu a = b th a.c = b.c
c)Neu a > b th a
2
> b
2

d)Neu so nguyen chia het cho 6 th chia het cho 3 va 2

Cau 7: Xac nh menh e sai :
a) -xeQ: 4x
2
1 = 0 b) -xeR : x > x
2

c) ne N: n
2
+ 1 khong chia het cho 3 d) ne N : n
2
> n

Cau 8: Cho cac menh e sau, menh e nao sai :
a)Mot tam giac vuong khi va ch khi no co 1 goc bang tong 2 goc kia
b) Mot tam giac eu khi va ch khi no co 2 trung tuyen bang nhau va 1
goc = 60
0
c) hai tam gac bang nhau khi va ch khi chung ong dang va co 1 canh
bang nhau
d) Mot t giac la hnh ch nhat khi va ch khi chung co 3 goc vuong


Cau 9: Cho cac menh e sau, menh e nao co menh e ao ung :
d) Neu t giac ABCD la hnh thang can th 2 goc oi bu nhau
e) Neu a = b th a.c = b.c c)Neu a > b th a
2
> b
2

d)Neu so nguyen chia het cho 10 th chia het cho 5 va 2

Cau 10: Menh e nao sau ay co menh e phu nh ung :

a) -xe Q: x
2
= 2 b) -xeR : x
2
- 3x + 1 = 0
c) n eN : 2n > n d) xe R : x < x + 1

B2: BAI TAP T LUAN :

Bai 1: Cac cau sau day, cau nao la menh e, va menh e o ung hay sai
:
a) ay la ni nao ?
b) Phng trnh x
2
+ x 1 = 0 vo nghiem
c) x + 3 = 5
d) 16 khong la so nguyen to

Bai 2: Neu menh e phu nh cua cac menh e sau :
a) Phng trnh x
2
x 4 = 0 vo nghiem
b) 6 la so nguyen to
c) neN ; n
2
1 la so le

Bai 3: Xac nh tnh ung sai cua menh e A , B va tm phu nh cua no :
A = xe R : x
3
> x
2

B = - xe N , : x chia het cho x +1

Bai 4: Phat bieu menh e P Q va xet tnh ung sai cua no va phat bieu
menh e ao :
a) P: ABCD la hnh ch nhat va Q: AC va BD cat nhau tai trung iem moi
ng
b) P: 3 > 5 va Q : 7 > 10
c) P: Tam giac ABC la tam giac vuong can tai A va Q : Goc B = 45
0


Bai 5: Phat bieu menh e P Q bang 2 cach va va xet tnh ung sai cua no
a) P : ABCD la hnh bnh hanh va Q : AC va BD cat nhau tai trung iem
moi ng
b) P : 9 la so nguyen to va Q: 9
2
+ 1 la so nguyen to

Bai 6:Cho cac menh e sau
a) P: Hnh thoi ABCD co 2 ng cheo AC vuong goc vi BD
b) Q: Tam giac can co 1 goc = 60
0
la tam giac eu
c) R : 13 chia het cho 2 nen 13 chia het cho 10
- Xet tnh ung sai cua cac menh e va phat bieu menh e ao :
- Bieu dien cac menh e tren di dang A B

Bai 7: Cho menh e cha bien P(x) : x > x
2
, xet tnh ung sai cua cac menh
e sau:
a) P(1)
b) P(
1
3
)
c) xeN ; P(x)
d) -xe N ; P(x)

Bai 8: Phat bieu menh e A B va A B cua cac cap menh e sau va xet
tnh ung sai
a) A : T giac T la hnh bnh hanh
B: Hai canh oi dien bang nhau

b) A: T giac ABCD la hnh vuong
B: t giac co 3 goc vuong

c) A: x > y
B: x
2
> y
2
( Vi x y la so thc )

d) A: iem M cach eu 2 canh cua goc xOy
B: iem M nam tren ng phan giac goc xOy

Bai 9: Hay xem xet cac menh e sau ung hay sai va lap phu nh cua no :
a) xeN : x
2
> 2x
b) -xe N : x
2
+ x khong chia het cho 2
c) xeZ : x
2
x 1 = 0
Bai 10 : Trong cac menh e sau, menh e nao co menh e ao ung
a) A : Mot so t nhien tan cung la 6 th so o chia het cho 2
b) B: Tam giac can co 1 goc = 60
0
la tam giac eu
c) C: Neu tch 3 so la so dng th ca 3 so o eu la so dng
d) D : Hnh thoi co 1 goc vuong th la hnh vuong

Bai 11:Phat bieu thanh li cac menh e x: P(x) va -x : P(x) va xet tnh
ung sai cua chung :
a) P(x) : x
2
< 0 b)P(x) :
1
x
> x + 1
c) P(x) :
2
x 4
x 2

= x+ 2 x) P(x): x
2
-3x + 2 > 0




2: AP DUNG MENH E VAO PHEP SUY LUAN
TOAN HOC

A: TOM TAT LY THUYET

1:Trong toan hoc nh ly la 1 menh e ung
Nhieu nh ly c phat bieu di dang xeX , P(x) Q(x)
2: Chng minh phan chng inh ly xeX , P(x) Q(x) gom 2 bc sau:
- Gia s ton tai x
0
thoa P(x
0
)ung va Q(x
0
) sai

- Dung suy luan va cac kien thc toan hoc e i en mau thuan
3: Cho nh ly xeX , P(x) Q(x) . Khi o
P(x) la ieu kien u e co Q(x)
Q(x) la ieu kien can e co P(x)
4: Cho nh ly xeX , P(x) Q(x) (1)
Neu menh e ao xeX , Q(x) P(x) ung c goi la dnh ly
ao cua (1)
Luc o (1) c goi la nh ly thuan va khi o co the gop lai
xeX , P(x) Q(x) Goi la P(x) la ieu kien can va u e co
Q(x)


B: BAI TAP :

Bai 1: Phat bieu cac menh e sau vi thuat ng ieu kien can, ieu
kien u
a) Neu 2 tam giac bang nhau th chung co cung dien tch
b) So nguyen dng chia het cho 6 th chia het cho 3
c) Mothnh thang co 2 ng cheo bang nhau la hnh thang can

Bai 2: Dung phng phap chng minh phan chng e chng minh :
a) Vi n la so nguyen dng, neu n
2
chia het cho 3 th n chia het cho 3
b) Chng minh rang 2 la so vo ty
c) Vi n la so nguyen dng , neu n
2
la so le th n la so le

Bai 3: Phat bieu cac nh ly sau ay bang cach s dung khai niem ieu
kien u
a)Neu trong mat phang, hai ng thang cung vuong goc vi ng
thang
th 3 th hai ng thang o song song vi nhau
b)Neu 2 tam giac bang nhau th chung co dien tch bang nhau
c)Neu so nguyen dng a tan cung bang 5 th chia het cho 5
d)Neu t giac la hnh thoi th 2 ng cheo vuong goc vi nhau




Bai 4: Phat bieu cac nh ly sau ay bang cach s dung khai niemieu
kien can
a)Neu trong mat phang, hai ng thang cung song song vi ng thang
th 3 th hai ng thang o song song vi nhau
b)Neu 2 tam giac bang nhau th chung co cac goc tng ng bang nhau
c)so nguyen dng a chia het cho 24 th chia het cho 4 va 6
d)Neu t giac ABCD la hnh vuong th 4 canh bang nhau

Bai 5: Chng minh bang phng phap phan chng
a) Neu a=b=c th a
2
+b
2
+ c
2
> ab + bc + ca
b) Neu a.b chia het cho 7 th a hoac b chia het cho 7

c) Neu x
2
+ y
2
= 0 th x = 0 va y = 0

Bai 6 :Cho cac inh ly sau, nh ly nao co nh ly ao, hay phat bieu :
a) Neu 1 so t nhien chia het cho 3 va 4 th chia het cho 12
b) Mot tam giac vuong th co trung tuyen tng ng bang na canh huyen

c) Hai tam giac ong dang va co 1 canh bang nhau th hai tam giac o
bang nhau
d) Neu 1 so t nhien n khong chia het cho 3 th n
2
chia 3 d 1

















3: Tap hp va cac phep toan tren tap hp

A.TOM TAT LY THUYET :

1. Tap hp la khai niem cua toan hoc . Co 2 cach trnh bay tap hp
Lietke cac phan t :
VD : A = {a; 1; 3; 4; b} hoac N = { 0 ; 1; 2; . . . . ; n ; . . . . }
Ch ro tnh chat ac trng cua cac phan t trong tap hp ; dang A =
{{x/ P(x)}
VD : A = {xe N/ x le va x < 6} A = {1 ; 3; 5}
*. Tap con : Ac B (x, xeA xeB)

Cho A C co t nhat 2 tap con la C va A

2. cac phep toan tren tap hp :

Phep giao Phep hp Hieu cua 2 tap hp




AB = {x /xeA va
xeB}




AB = {x /xeA hoac xeB}




A\ B = {x /xeA va xeB}

Chu y: Neu A c E th C
E
A = A\ B = {x /xeE va xeA}

3. cac tap con cua tap hp so thc
Ten goi, ky hieu Tap hp Hnh bieu dien
oan [a ; b] {xeR/ a s x s b}


Khoang (a ; b )
Khoang (- ; a)
Khoang(a ; + )
{xeR/ a < x < b}
{xeR/ x < a}
{xeR/ a< x }

Na khoang [a ; b)
Na khoang (a ; b]
Na khoang (- ; a]
Na khoang [a ; )
{eR/ a s x < b}
{xeR/ a < x s b}
{xeR/ x s a}
{xeR/ a s x }




B: BAI TAP :

B1.BAI TRAC NGHIEM

Cau 1: Cho tap hp A ={a;{b;c};d}, phat bieu nao la sai:
a) aeA b) {a ; d} c A
c) {b; c} c A d) {d} c A

Cau 2: Cho tap hp A = {xe N / (x
3
9x)(2x
2
5x + 2 )= 0 }, A c viet theo kieu liet ke
la :
a) A = {0, 2, 3, -3} b) A = {0 , 2 , 3 }
c) A = {0,
2
1
, 2 , 3 , -3} d) A = { 2 , 3}


Cau 3: Cho A = {xe N / (x
4
5x
2
+ 4)(3x
2
10x + 3 )= 0 }, A c viet theo kieu liet ke la :
a) A = {1, 4, 3} b) A = {1 , 2 , 3 }
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///////////////////(
////////////[ ) /////////
////////////( ] /////////
]/////////////////////
///////////////////[

c) A = {1,-1, 2 , -2 ,
3
1
} d) A = { -1,1,2 , -2, 3}


Cau 4: Cho tap A = {xe N / 3x
2
10x + 3 = 0 hoac x
3
- 8x
2
+ 15x = 0}, A c viet theo kieu
liet ke la :
a) A = { 3} b) A = {0 , 3 }
c) A = {0,
3
1
, 5 , 3 } d) A = { 5, 3}


Cau 5:Cho A la tap hp . xac nh cau ung sau ay ( Khong can giai thch )
a) {C}c A b) Ce A c) A C = A d) A C = A

Cau 6: Tm menh e ung trong cac menh e sau:
a) R
+
R
-
= {0} b) R \ R
-
= [ 0 , + )
c) R
*
+
R
*
-
= R d) R \ R
+
= R

Cau 7: Cho tap hp so sau A = ( - 1, 5] ; B = ( 2, 7) . tap hp A\B nao sau ay la
ung:
a) ( -1, 2] b) (2 , 5] c) ( - 1 , 7) d) ( - 1 , 2)

Cau 8: Cho A = {a; b; c ; d ; e}. So tap con cua A co 3 phan t la:
a)10 b)12 c) 32 d) 8

Cau 9: Tap hp nao la tap hp rong:
a) {xe Z / x<1} b) {xe Q / x
2
4x +2 = 0}
c) {xe Z / 6x
2
7x +1 = 0} d) {xe R / x
2
4x +3 = 0}

Cau 10: Trong cac tap hp sau, tap nao co ung 1 tap con
a) C b){x} c) {C} d) {C; 1}


Cau 11: Cho X= {ne N/ n la boi so cua 4 va 6}
Y= {ne N/ n la boi so cua 12}
Cac menh e sau, menh e nao sai :
a) XcY b) Y c X c) X = Y d) - n: neX va ne Y

Cau 12 : Cho H = tap hp cac hnh bnh hanh
V = tap hp cac hnh vuong
N = tap hp cac hnh ch nhat
T = tap hp cac hnh thoi
Tm menh e sai
a) Vc T b)Vc N c)Hc T d)Nc H

Cau 13 : Cho A =C . Tm cau ung
a) A\ C =C b) C\A = A c) C \ C = A d) A\ A =C

B2.BAI T LUAN

Bai 1: Cho tap hp A = {xe N / x
2
10 x +21 = 0 hay x
3
x = 0}
Hay liet ke tat ca cac tap con cua A ch cha ung 2 phan t


Bai 2: Cho A = {x eR/ x
2
+x 12 = 0 va 2x
2
7x + 3 = 0}
B = {x eR / 3x
2
-13x +12 =0 hay x
2
3x = 0 }
Xac nh cac tap hp sau
A B ; A \ B ; B \ A ; AB

Bai 3: Cho A = {xeN / x < 7} va B = {1 ; 2 ;3 ; 6; 7; 8}
a) Xac nh AUB ; AB ; A\B ; B\ A
b) CMR : (AUB)\ (AB) = (A\B)U(B\ A)
Bai 4: Cho A = {2 ; 5} ; B = {5 ; x} C = {x; y; 5}
Tm cac gia tr cua cap so (x ; y) e tap hp A = B = C

Bai 5: Xac nh cac tap hp sau bang cach neu tnh chat ac trng
A = {0 ; 1; 2; 3; 4}
B = {0 ; 4; 8; 12;16}
C = {-3 ; 9; -27; 81}
D = {9 ; 36; 81; 144}
E = ng trung trc oan thang AB
F = ng tron tam I co nh co ban knh = 5 cm
Bai 6: Bieu dien hnh anh tap hp A ; B ; C bang bieu o Ven
A = {0 ; 1; 2; 3}
B = {0 ; 2; 4; 6}
C = {0 ; 3; 4; 5}


Bai 7 : Hay liet ke tap A, B:
A= {(x;x
2
) / x e {-1 ; 0 ; 1}}
B= {(x ; y) / x
2
+ y
2
s 2 va x ,y eZ}

Bai 8: Cho A = {x eR/ x s 4} ; B = {x eR / -5 < x -1 s 8 }
Viet cac tap hp sau di dang khoang oan na khoang
A B ; A \ B ; B \ A ; R \ ( AB)

Bai 9: Cho A = {x eR/ x
2
s 4} ; B = {x eR / -2 s x +1 < 3 }
Viet cac tap hp sau di dang khoang oan na khoang
A B ; A \ B ; B \ A ; R \ ( AB)

Bai 10: Goi N(A) la so phan t cua tap A . Cho N(A) = 25; N(B)=29, N(AUB)=
41.
Tnh N(AB) ; N(A\B); N(B\A)

Bai 11: a) Xac nh cac tap hp X sao cho {a ; b}c X c {a ; b ;c ;d ; e}
b)Cho A = (1 ; 2} ; B = {1 ; 2 ; 3; 4; 5}
Xac nh cac tap hp X sao cho A X = B
c) Tm A; B biet A B = {0;1;2;3;4}; A\B = {-3 ; -2} ; B\A = {6 ; 9;10}

Bai 12: Cho A = {xeR/ x s -3 hoac x >6 }
B={xeR / x
2
25 s 0}

a) Tm cac khoang , doan, na khoang sau :
A\B ; B\ A ; R \ ( AB); R \ (AB) ; R \(A\B)
b)Cho C={xeR / x s a} ; D={xeR / x > b }. Xac nh a va b biet rang
CB va DB la cac oan co chieu dai lan lt la 7 va 9. Tm CD

Bai 13: Cho A = {x eR/ x
2
s 4} ; B = {x eR / -3 s x < 2 }
Viet cac tap hp sau di dang khoang oan na khoang
A B ; A \ B ; B \ A ; R \ ( AB)

Bai 14: Viet phan bu trong R cua cac tap hp sau :
A= {xeR / 2 s x < 1 0}
B= {xeR / x> 2}
C = {xeR / -4 < x + 2 s 5}

Bai 15: Cho Tv = tap hp tat ca cac tam giac vuong
T = tap hp tat ca cac tam giac
Tc = tap hp tat ca cac tam giac can
T = tap hp tat ca cac tam giac eu
Tvc= tap hp tat ca cac tam giac vuong can

Xac nh tat ca cac quan he bao ham gia cac tap hp tren

Bai 16: Xac nh cac tap hp sau bang cach liet ke
A= { xeQ / (2x + 1)(x
2
+ x - 1)(2x
2
-3x + 1) =0}
B= { xeZ / 6x
2
-5x + 1 =0}
C= { xeN / (2x + x
2
)(x
2
+ x - 2)(x
2
-x - 12) =0}
D= { xeN / x
2
> 2 va x < 4}
E= { xeZ / x s 2 va x > -2}

Bai 17:Cho A = {x eZ / x
2
< 4}
B = { xeZ / (5x - 3x
2
)(x
2
-2 x - 3) = 0}
a) Liet ke A ; B
b) CMR (A B) \ (A B) = (A \ B) (B \ A)

Bai 18: Cho E = { xeN / 1 s x < 7}
A= { xeN / (x
2
-9)(x
2
5x 6) = 0 }
B = { xeN / x la so nguyen to s 5}
a) Chng minh rang Ac E va B c E
b) Tm C
E
A ; C
E
B ; C
E
(AB)
c) Chng minh rang : E \ (A B)= (E \A) ( E \B)
E \ ( AB) = ( E \A) ( E \ B)
Bai 19 :
a) Cho A c C va Bc D , chng minh rang (AB)c (CD)
b) CMR : A \(B C) = (A\B)(A\C)
c) CMR : A \(B C) = (A\B)(A\C)



BAI TAP ON TAP CHNG I :

Lam cac bai 50 en het bai 60 sach toan lp 10 nang cao
Lam cac bai 1.42 en het bai 1.50 sach bai tap toan lp 10 nang cao