Trn S Tng

Mnh Tp hp

CHNG II
CHNG
MNH
TP
TP HP
HP
MNH
MNH

I.I. MNH
1. Mnh
Mnh l mt cu khng nh ng hoc mt cu khng nh sai.
Mt mnh khng th va ng, va sai.
2. Mnh ph nh
Cho mnh P.
Mnh "Khng phi P" gl mnh ph nh ca P v k hiu l P .
Nu P ng th P sai, nu P sai th P ng.
3. Mnh ko theo
Cho hai mnh P v Q.
Mnh "Nu P th Q" gl mnh ko theo v k hiu l P Q.
Mnh P Q ch sai khi P ng v Q sai.
Ch : Cc nh l ton hc thng c dng P Q.
Khi :
P l gi thit, Q l kt lun;
P l iu kin c Q;
Q l iu kin cn c P.
4. Mnh o
Cho mnh ko theo P Q. Mnh Q P gl mnh o ca mnh P Q.
5. Mnh tng ng
Cho hai mnh P v Q.
Mnh "P nu v ch nu Q" gl mnh tng ng v k hiu l P Q.
Mnh P Q ng khi v ch khi c hai mnh P Q v Q P u ng.
Ch : Nu mnh P Q l mt nh l th ta ni P l iu kin cn v c Q.
6. Mnh cha bin
Mnh cha bin l mt cu khng nh cha bin nhn gi tr trong mt tp X no
m vi mi gi tr ca bin thuc X ta c mt mnh .
7. K hiu v
"x X, P(x)"
"x X, P(x)"
Mnh ph nh ca mnh "x X, P(x)" l "x X, P(x) ".
Mnh ph nh ca mnh "x X, P(x)" l "x X, P(x) ".
8. Php chng minh phn chng
Gi s ta cn chng minh nh l: A B.
Cch 1: Ta gi thit A ng. Dng suy lun v cc kin thc ton hc bit chng
minh B ng.
Cch 2: (Chng minh phn chng) Ta gi thit B sai, t chng minh A sai. Do A
khng th va ng va sai nn kt qu l B phi ng.
9. B sung
Cho hai mnh P v Q.
Mnh "P v Q" gl giao ca hai mnh P v Q v k hiu l P Q.
Mnh "P hoc Q" gl hp ca hai mnh P v Q v k hiu l P Q.
Ph nh ca giao, hp hai mnh : P Q = P Q ,
P Q = P Q.

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Trong cc cu di y, cu no l mnh , cu no l mnh cha bin:

a) S 11 l s chn.
b) Bn c chm hc khng ?
c) Hu l mt thnh ph ca Vit Nam.
d) 2x + 3 l mt s nguyn dng.
e) 2 5 < 0 .
f) 4 + x = 3.
g) Hy tr li cu hi ny!.
h) Paris l th nc .
2
i) Phng trnh x x + 1= 0 c nghim.
k) 13 l mt s nguyn t.
Bai 2.
Trong cc mnh sau, mnh no l ng ? Gii thch ?
a) Nu a chia ht cho 9 th a chia ht cho 3.
b) Nu a b th a2 b2 .
c) Nu a chia ht cho 3 th a chia ht cho 6.
d) S ln hn 2 v nh hn 4.
e) 2 v 3 l hai s nguyn t cng nhau.
f) 81 l mt s chnh phng.
g) 5 > 3 hoc 5 < 3.
h) S 15 chia ht cho 4 hoc cho 5.
Bai 3.
Trong cc mnh sau, mnh no l ng ? Gii thch ?
a) Hai tam gic bng nhau khi v ch khi chng c din tch bng nhau.
b) Hai tam gic bng nhau khi v ch khi chng ng dng v c mt cnh bng nhau.
c) Mt tam gic l tam gic u khi v ch khi chng c hai ng trung tuyn bng nhau
v c mt gc bng 600 .
d) Mt tam gic l tam gic vung khi v ch khi n c mt gc bng tng ca hai gc
cn li.
e) ng trn c mt tm i xng v mt trc i xng.
f) Hnh ch nht c hai trc i xng.
g) Mt t gic l hnh thoi khi v ch khi n c hai ng cho vung gc vi nhau.
h) Mt t gic ni tip c ng trn khi v ch khi n c hai gc vung.
Bai 4.
Trong cc mnh sau, mnh no l ng ? Gii thch ? Pht biu cc mnh
thnh li:
a) x R, x2 > 0 .
b) x R, x > x2
c) x Q,4x2 1= 0 .
Bai 1.

d) n N, n2 > n .
g) x R, x > 3 x2 > 9 .

2
e) x R, x2 x = 1> 0
f) x R, x > 9 x > 3
h) x R, x2 < 5 x < 5 i) x R,5x 3x2 1

k) x N, x2 + 2x + 5 l hp s.

l) n N, n2 + 1 khng chia ht cho 3.

m) n N* , n(n + 1) l s l.
n) n N* , n(n + 1)(n + 2) chia ht cho 6.
Bai 5.
in vo ch trng t ni "v" hay "hoc" c mnh ng:
a) < 4.... > 5.
b) ab = 0 khi a = 0....b = 0 .
c) ab 0 khi a 0....b 0
d) ab > 0 khi a > 0....b > 0.... a < 0....b < 0 .
e) Mt s chia ht cho 6 khi v ch khi n chia ht cho 2 . cho 3.
f) Mt s chia ht cho 5 khi v ch khi ch s tn cng ca n bng 0 . bng 5.
Bai 6.
Cho mnh cha bin P(x), vi x R. Tm x P(x) l mnh ng:
a) P (x) :" x2 5x + 4 = 0"

b) P (x):" x2 5x + 6 = 0"

d) P (x):" x x"
e) P (x):"2x + 3 7"
Bai 7.
Nu mnh ph nh ca cc mnh sau:
a) S t nhin n chia ht cho 2 v cho 3.
b) S t nhin n c ch s tn cng bng 0 hoc bng 5.
c) T gic T c hai cnh i va song song va bng nhau.
d) S t nhin n c c s bng 1 v bng n.
Bai 8.
Nu mnh ph nh ca cc mnh sau:
a) x R : x2 > 0 .
b) x R : x > x2 .
c) x Q : 4x2 1= 0 .

c) P (x):" x2 3x > 0"

f) P (x):" x2 + x + 1> 0"

d) x R : x2 x + 7 > 0 .
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Mnh Tp hp

e) x R : x2 x 2 < 0 .
f) x R : x2 = 3.
g) n N, n2 + 1 khng chia ht cho 3. h) n N, n2 + 2n + 5 l s nguyn t.
i) n N, n2 + n chia ht cho 2.
k) n N, n2 1 l s l.
Bai 9.
Pht biu cc mnh sau, bng cch s dng khi nim "iu kin cn", "iu
kin ":
a) Nu mt s t nhin c ch s tn cng l ch s 5 th n chia ht cho 5.
b) Nu a + b > 0 th mt trong hai s a v b phi dng.
c) Nu mt s t nhin chia ht cho 6 th n chia ht cho 3.
d) Nu a = b th a2 = b2 .
e) Nu a v b cng chia ht cho c th a + b chia ht cho c.
Bai 10.
Pht biu cc mnh sau, bng cch s dng khi nim "iu kin cn", "iu
kin ":
a) Trong mt phng, nu hai ng thng phn bit cng vung gc vi mt ng thng
th ba th hai ng thng y song song vi nhau.
b) Nu hai tam gic bng nhau th chng c din tch bng nhau.
c) Nu t gic T l mt hnh thoi th n c hai ng cho vung gc vi nhau.
d) Nu t gic H l mt hnh ch nht th n c ba gc vung.
e) Nu tam gic K u th n c hai gc bng nhau.
Bai 11.
Pht biu cc mnh sau, bng cch s dng khi nim "iu kin cn v
":
a) Mt tam gic l vung khi v ch khi n c mt gc bng tng hai gc cn li.
b) Mt t gic l hnh ch nht khi v ch khi n c ba gc vung.
c) Mt t gic l ni tip c trong ng trn khi v ch khi n c hai gc i b nhau.
d) Mt s chia ht cho 6 khi v ch khi n chia ht cho 2 v cho 3.
e) S t nhin n l s l khi v ch khi n2 l s l.
Bai 12.
Chng minh cc mnh sau bng phng php phn chng:
a) Nu a + b < 2 th mt trong hai s a v b nh hn 1.
b) Mt tam gic khng phi l tam gic u th n c t nht mt gc nh hn 600 .
c) Nu x 1 v y 1 th x + y + xy 1.
d) Nu bnh phng ca mt s t nhin n l mt s chn th n cng l mt s chn.
e) Nu tch ca hai s t nhin l mt s l th tng ca chng l mt s chn.
f) Nu mt t gic c tng cc gc i din bng hai gc vung th t gic ni tip
c ng trn.
g) Nu x2 + y2 = 0 th x = 0 v y = 0.

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II. TP
TP HP
HP
II.
1. Tp hp
Tp hp l mt khi nim c bn ca ton hc, khng nh ngha.
Cch xc nh tp hp:
+ Lit k cc phn t: vit cc phn t ca tp hp trong hai du mc { }.
+ Ch ra tnh cht c trng cho cc phn t ca tp hp.
Tp rng: l tp hp khng cha phn t no, k hiu .
2. Tp hp con Tp hp bng nhau
A B ( x A x B)
+ A A, A
+ A, A
+ A B, B C A C
A = B ( A B vaB A )
3. Mt s tp con ca tp hp s thc
N* N Z Q R

Khong: (a; b) = { x R a < x < b} ; (a; +) = { x R a < x} ; (; b) = { x R x < b}

on: [a; b] = { x R a x b}

Na khong: [a; b) = { x R a x < b} ;

(a; b] = { x R a < x b} ;

[a; +) = { x R a x} ;
(; b] = { x R x b}
4. Cc php ton tp hp
A B { x x A vax B}
Giao ca hai tp hp:
Hp ca hai tp hp:
Hiu ca hai tp hp:
Phn b:

Bai 1.

A B { x x A hoa
c x B}
A \ B { x x A vax B}

Cho B A th CAB = A \ B .

Vit mi tp hp sau bng cch lit k cc phn t ca n:

{
}
C = { x R (6x2 7x + 1)(x2 5x + 6) = 0}
A = x R (2x2 5x + 3)(x2 4x + 3) = 0

E = { x N x + 3 < 4 + 2x va5x 3 < 4x 1}

B = x R (x2 10x + 21)(x3 x) = 0

D = { x Z 2x2 5x + 3 = 0}
F = { x Z x + 2 1}

G = { x N x < 5}
H = { x R x2 + x + 3 = 0}
Bai 2.
Vit mi tp hp sau bng cch ch r tnh cht c trng cho cc phn t ca
n:
A = { 0; 1; 2; 3; 4}
B = { 0; 4; 8; 12; 16}
C = { 3 ; 9; 27; 81}
D = { 9; 36; 81; 144}
E = { 2,3,5,7,11}
F = { 3,6,9,12,15}
G = Tp tt c cc im thuc ng trung trc ca on thng AB.
H = Tp tt c cc im thuc ng trn tm I cho trc v c bn knh bng 5.
Bai 3.
Trong cc tp hp sau y, tp no l tp rng:
A = { x Z x < 1}

B = { x R x2 x + 1= 0}

C = x Q x2 4x + 2 = 0

D = x Q x2 2 = 0 E = { x N x2 + 7x + 12 = 0} F = { x R x2 4x + 2 = 0}
Bai 4.
Tm tt c cc tp con, cc tp con gm hai phn t ca cc tp hp sau:
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A = { 1, 2}

Mnh Tp hp
B = { 1, 2, 3}

C = { a, b, c, d}

D = { x R 2x2 5x + 2 = 0}
E = x Q x2 4x + 2 = 0
Bai 5.
Trong cc tp hp sau, tp no l tp con ca tp no?
a) A = { 1, 2, 3} , B = { x N x < 4} , C = (0; + ) , D = { x R 2x2 7x + 3 = 0} .
b) A = Tp cc c s t nhin ca 6 ; B = Tp cc c s t nhin ca 12.
c) A = Tp cc hnh bnh hnh;
B = Tp cc hnh ch nht;
C = Tp cc hnh thoi;
D = Tp cc hnh vung.
d) A = Tp cc tam gic cn;
B = Tp cc tam gic u;
C = Tp cc tam gic vung;
D = Tp cc tam gic vung cn.
Bai 6.
Tm A B, A B, A \ B, B \ A vi:
a) A = {2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12}, B = {2, 8, 9, 12}
b) A = {2, 4, 6, 9}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
c) A = { x R 2x2 3x + 1= 0} , B = { x R 2x 1 = 1} .
d) A = Tp cc c s ca 12, B = Tp cc c s ca 18.

e) A = x R (x + 1)(x 2)(x2 8x + 15) = 0 , B = Tp cc s nguyn t c mt ch s.

f) A = { x Z x2 < 4} , B = x Z (5x 3x2)(x2 2x 3) = 0 .

n tox
, 5} .
g) A = x N (x2 9)(x2 5x 6) = 0 , B = { x N x lasonguye
Tm tt c cc tp hp X sao cho:
a) {1, 2} X {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
b) {1, 2} X = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
c) X {1, 2, 3, 4}, X {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} d)
Bai 8.
Tm cc tp hp A, B sao cho:
a) AB = {0;1;2;3;4}, A\B = {3; 2}, B\A = {6; 9; 10}.
b) AB = {1;2;3}, A\B = {4; 5}, B\A = {6; 9}.
Bai 9.
Tm A B, A B, A \ B, B \ A vi:
a) A = [4; 4], B = [1; 7]
b) A = [4; 2], B = (3; 7]
c) A = [4; 2], B = (3; 7)
d) A = (; 2], B = [3; +)
e) A = [3; +), B = (0; 4)
f) A = (1; 4), B = (2; 6)
Bai 10.
Tm A B C, A B C vi:
a) A = [1; 4], B = (2; 6), C = (1; 2)
b) A = (; 2], B = [3; +), C = (0; 4)
c) A = [0; 4], B = (1; 5), C = (3; 1]
d) A = (; 2], B = [2; +), C = (0; 3)
e) A = (5; 1], B = [3; +), C = (; 2)
Bai 11.
Chng minh rng:
a) Nu A B th A B = A.
b) Nu A C v B C th (A B) C.
c) Nu A B = A B th A = B
d) Nu A B v A C th A (B C).
Bai 7.

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III. S
S GN
GN NG
NG SAI
SAI S
S
III.
1. S gn ng
Trong o c, tnh ton ta thng ch nhn c cc s gn ng.
2. Sai s tuyt i
Nu a l s gn ng ca s ng a th a = a a gl sai s tuyt i ca s gn ng
a.
3. chnh xc ca mt s gn ng
Nu a = a a d th a d a a + d . Ta ni a l ss gn ng ca a vi chnh
xc d, v qui c vit gn l a = a d .
4. Sai s tng i

Sai s tng i ca s gn ng a l t s gia sai s tuyt i v a , k hiu a = a .

a
a cng nh th chnh xc ca php o c hoc tnh ton cng ln.
Ta thng vit a di dng phn trm.
5. Qui trn s gn ng
Nu ch s ngay sau hng qui trn nh hn 5 th ta ch vic thay th ch s v cc
ch s bn phi n bi s 0.
Nu ch s ngay sau hng qui trn ln hn hay bng 5 th ta thay th ch s v cc
ch s bn phi n bi s 0 v cng thm mt n v vo ch s hng qui trn.
Nhn xt: Khi thay s ng bi s qui trn n mt hng no th sai s tuyt i ca
s qui trn khng vt qu na n v ca hng qui trn. Nh vy, chnh xc ca s
qui trn bng na n v ca hng qui trn.
6. Ch s chc
Cho s gn ng a ca s a vi chnh xc d. Trong s a, mt ch s gl ch s chc
(hay ng tin) nu d khng vt qu na n v ca hng c ch s .
Nhn xt: Tt c cc ch s ng bn tri ch s chc u l ch s chc. Tt c cc
ch s ng bn phi ch s khng chc u l ch s khng chc.

Bai 1.

a)

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