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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Kim nh Sn, 12A1, THPT Chuyn Vnh Phc

1.M u K thut phn tch tng bnh phng trong chng minh bt ng thc i vi chng ta khng cn xa l.Trong cc bt ng thc ba bin, c bit c tnh i xng, k thut ny t ra rt hiu qu trong vic chng minh. Tuy nhin, chng minh cc bt ng thc bng phng php ny chng ta cng cn c nhng nh l, m t chng ta c th gii quyt nt on cui. Bi vit ny s gii thiu mt nh l v SOS v nhng vn xung quanh n ( tuy khng m i nhng cng rt th v ). Sau khi bin i , phn tch bt ng thc ba bin v dng:

Trong lin quan n 2. nh l

l cc biu thc theo ba bin . Cc nh l chng ta xt ti s , v t ta c th khng nh l ng.

Chng ta c nh l sau nh l 1 Nu v th khi bt ng thc ng.

C nhng cch khc nhau chng minh nh l ny, chng hn cch sau y s dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai Chng minh t v . Khi c dng:

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Nu ng. Nu

khi ta c th coi khc khi t

, v , khi

tng ng vi tng ng vi

v iu ny

Xt = Do , nn theo nh l v du tam thc bc hai ta c iu phi chng minh. Chng minh trn cng k h th v, tuy nhin bn th ngh xem, liu n c li nhng h qu g? R rng l bn kh c th thy c, vy ti sao chng ta li khng i tm mt chng minh khc m t ta thu c h qu b ch sau ny. Trc ht, ta hy xt mt bi ton trong mt cun sch ca Vasile. Bi ton : Gi s l nhng s thc dng, khi :

Li gii Bin i bt ng thc v dng

Trong

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

T ng thc

Do ta chng t

. Ta c

y ta s dng BT Schur bc

ng thc xy ra khi iu c bit u tin m bn nhn thy li gii trn c l chnh l ng thc kho y chng minh li nh l Chng minh Ta c ng thc sau ,

chnh l chic cha kho gii bi ton, vy ti sao chng ta li khng cm ly chic cha

V nh l c chng minh. Bn thy th no? Qu tuyt phi khng?. Chng minh khng kh. u tin bn hy chng Page 3 of 12

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

minh

, iu ny n gin, sau ch vic cng ba ng thc tng t nh th v ta thu c .

.V by gi chng ta hy n vi nhng h qu th v t ng thc H qu

Vi m i H qu Nu v Thc cht h qu , khi bt ng thc (1) i chiu chnh l nh l 1. V ta c nhn xt th v sau : ta c th coi

l cc s thc. T ta thu c nh l mnh sau nh l 2 Vi m s thc , khi ta c bt ng thc

By gi chng ta s n vi cc bi ton m li gii ca chng s dng nh l 1 v nh l 2. Bi ton 2 Vi m i s thc , khi bt ng thc sau lun ng

y l bi ton quen thuc, n c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc bt kh. Li gii ca Vasile bng tam thc bc hai kh phc tp( cng chnh l tc gi ca bi ton ). Chng ta cng bit n cc chng minh c dng SOS quen thuc, v chng ta hy n vi mt phn tch sau y xem n c iu g l . Page 4 of 12

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Li gii Bin i bt v dng

v ta c

Khi

Do theo

, ta c

Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. Phn tch trn tht tuyt phi khng cc bn? N khc hon ton vi cch phn tch thng thng khc (c th l mi chng? ng thc xy ra khi Remark Vi t tng trong chng minh trn, ta c nhn xt th v sau Nu th ta c bt ), v chc chn rng vic tm ra du bng s n gin hn.

V s dng nhn xt ta c bi ton tng qut cho bt

sau y

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Nu

l cc s thc, khi

Bt ng thc ny c dng

Trong Nu chn t ta c bt . Nu chn , khi ta c bt ng thc

Nu chn

ta c bt

Ngoi ra, ta cn c mt bt ng thc tng t

ca Vasile

( Bi ton 3 Gi s

l cc s thc khng m tho mn

. Khi

Li gii Nu tho mn bi ton n gin, tuy nhin s khng nh vy trong trng hp

khc , v vy ta s dng k thut phn tch tng bnh phng gii chng nh sau.

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Bin i bt v dng

Hay

, khi

Do theo dnh l

ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.

Remark Cng vi tng trn Ta c bi ton tng t sau Gi s l cc s thc dng tho mn , trong l

s thc dng ln hn , khi

Nu

cnh ca mt tam gic, khi ta c bt:

Bi ton 4 Gi s l ba s thc dng, khi

Bi ton ny s dng nh l Bi ton

chn

v ta c bt

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Nu

l cc s thc, khi

Li gii T nh l , chn Remark Ta c bi ton tng t sau Nu l cc s thc, khi

, ta thu c bt.

Bi ton 5 Gi s l cc s thc dng tho mn . Khi

Li gii Bi ton ny mc d nhn qua c v khng ng chm my n S.O.S, tuy nhin ta c th gii n bng phng php ny (mc d iu kin ca bi ton nh lng gic). Bin i bt v dng

T y p dng h qu

ta c

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

T suy ra iu phi chng minh. Bi ton 6[Kim nh Sn] Vi lun ng l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic, khi vi m i , ta c bt ng thc sau

Li gii Chng ta bin i bt ng thc trn v dng S.O.S nh sau

V ta p dng nh l 1 Remark Vi , ta c bt ng thc sau vn ng

Trong

l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic

Nhng ti cha r vi m i

bi ton c cn ng khng, v b rng buc bi

Hy vng c trao i cng cc bn v vn ny. Remark Gi s Bi ton tng ng l cc s thc dng , khi vi mi , ta c bt ng thc sau lun ng

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Bi ton 7[Kim nh Sn] Gi s l cc s thc dng tho mn , khi

Bi ton 8[Kim nh Sn] Gi s 1) 2) l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic, khi cc bt sau ng

3) Bi ton 9( Bt ng thc Shur bc Cho l cc s thc, khi )

Qua cc v d trn, chc hn cc bn thy nh l

tht th v phi khng? Nh nh l

chng ta c th to ra c nhiu bt ng thc khc. Nu nh cch thng thng (p dng nhng nh l v S.O.S khc) r rng l kh h n hn, bi v chng t c tnh i xng gia ba bin, v nh l chng ta c th thy chng hon ton i xng. Hy vng qua bi vit ny s c trao i thm vi cc bn v bt ng thc, c bit l k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

Ti liu tham kho


Sng to bt ng thc Tc gi : Phm Kim Hng Algebraic Inequalities Old and New Method Author : Vasile Cirtoaje

Kim nh Sn, 12A1, THPT Chuyn Vnh Phc FRANCISCO-kimson

nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng SOS Page 11 of 12

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nh l v k thut phn tch tng bnh phng S.O.S S.o.S Theorem

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