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I S T HP + XC SUT
PHN 1 : I S T HP
A.Qui tc cng, qui tc nhn :
1.Qui tc nhn : 1 cng vic A c chia thnh nhiu giai on (gn lin nhau) th s
cch chn cng vic A l tch cc giai on
VD: c 3 mt ng h (trn, vung, elip) v 4 loi dy (da, nha, kim loi, vi). Hi c bao
nhiu cch chn 1 ci ng h
Gii : .
Bi tng t :
1/ Bn A c 5 qun ty v 6 o s mi. Hi bn A c bao nhiu chc mt ng phc n trng ?
2.Qui tc cng : cng vic A c chia thnh nhiu trng hp th s cch chn cng
vic A l tng cc trng hp (qui tc cng t gp hn qui tc nhn)
B.Hon v, chnh hp, t hp :
1.Hon v : sp xp n phn t 1 cch th t ta c 1 hon v ca n phn t
K hiu : Pn = n ! = 1.2.3.4.5.....n ( n ! :c l n giai tha)
Qui c : 1!=0!=1
Cng thc : n!=(n-1)!.n
VD: sp xp 4 ngi ngi vo 1 bn gm 4 gh l 1 hon v ca 4 phn t :
P4 = 4! = 1.2.3.4 = 24 cch chn
Ch :
Hon v theo 1 ng thng (bn thng) l hon v thng, c Pn = n ! cch
Hon v theo 1 ng trn (bn trn) l 1 han v trn, c Pn 1 = (n 1) ! cch
Bi tng t : C bao nhiu cch xp 4 ngi :
a/ Ngi dc thnh 1 bn di 4 gh
b/ Ngi dc thnh 1 bn trn 4 gh
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n!
(n k ) !
(1 k n )
6!
6!
= = 3.4.5.6 = .....
(6 4)! 2!
(n + k )!
= (n + 1).(n + 2).(n + 3).....(n + k )
n!
7!
9!
8!
VD : = 4.5.6.7
, = 7.8.9
, =8
3!
6!
7!
3.T hp : cho n phn t, ta chn ra k phn t no ( 0 k n ) sau sp xp khng cn th
t ta c 1 t hp chp k ca n phn t
n!
(0 k n )
k !.(n k )!
Cng thc b xung : Cn0 = Cnn = 1
, Cnk = Cnn k
, Cnk + Cnk +1 = Cnk++11 ( cngthcpascal)
VD: 1 gi bng gm 4 hng v 5 lan. Chn ra 3 bng, hi c bao nhiu cch chn nu:
a/ 4 bng bt k (khng phn bit th t)
b/ 4 bng trong c 1 hng v 3 lan
Gii :
a/ Chn 4 bng bt k t 9 bng ( gm hng v lan ) ta c 1 t hp chp 4 ca 9 :
k
K hiu : Cn =
C94 =
9!
9!
6.7.8.9
=
=
= .............
4!.(9 4)! 4!.5! 1.2.3.4
0 n 0
n
1 n1 1
n
2 n2 2
n
3 n3 3
n
k
n
n k k
n 0 n
n
k =0
ch cn nh :
s m ca a : gim t n xung 0
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I S T HP + XC SUT
M a gim th m b tng
S hng th k + 1 : Tk +1 = Cnk a n k .b k
n
n
1
1
1
n m n
m
2 n
Cng thc cn bit : n = x ; x = x ; x = x ; x = x n ; x m .x n = x m + n
x
0
1
2
C + Cn + Cn + Cn3 + ... + Cnn = 2n
Ch : n0
( quan trng )
Cn Cn1 + Cn2 Cn3 + ... + (1) n Cnn = 0
Bi tp :
2/Cho khai trin ( x + x 2 )12
a.tm s hng th 3,5,8
b.tm h s ca s hng cha x3
c.tm s hng khng cha x
1
3/Tm s hng khng ch x trong khai trin : ( x + )12
x
4/Tm s hng hu t trong khai trin ca cc tng sau
1
16 + 3
3+ 2
+5
3
5/Tm h s ln nht trong khai trin ca cc tng sau
21
1 2x 11
+
1
+
2x
(
)
2
3
10
5
5
3
10
100
( 1 + 0, 5x )
6/ CMR :
1
o
n
c/ Cn Cn + ... + ( 1) Cn = 0
n
b ) 9 0 C no + 91 C n1 + ... + 9 n C nn = 10 n
7/ Cho khai trin bit tng cc h s trong khai trin
(1 + x )
2
8/ Chng minh
1
1
1
(1 + x )
Chn x=5
5n Cno + 5n 1 Cn1 + 5n 2 Cn2 + .. + Cnn = 6n
a) (1 + x )
9/ Chng minh
0
1
2003
2004
a)32004 C2004
+ 32003 C2004
+ ... + 3C2004
+ C2004
= 42004
2004
b) 3
0
2004
+3
2003
.4 C
1
2004
+ ... + 3.4
2003
2003
2004
+4
2004
2004
2004
=7
2004
2004
b) ( a + b )
2004
.Chn x=3
.Chn a=3,b=4
13 12
C12
25 3 x
3
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8 34
C17
25 2 x
6
C12
= 924
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I S T HP + XC SUT
12
28
3
9/ Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin x x + x 15
12
12
28
28
4
28k
12k )
k 3(
x 15
l C12 x
k
16 1
5
k
= C12
x
k
=0k=5
5
5
Vy s hng khng cha x l C12
= 792 .
HD : 1 + x2 (1 x) = x2 (1 x) + 1
0 16
8
= C8 x (1 x) + ... + C84 x 8 (1 x)4 + C83 x 6 (1 x)3 + ... + C88 .
Suy ra h s ca s hng cha x 8 ch c trong 2 s hng C48 x 8 (1 x)4 v C38 x 6 (1 x)3 .
+ C48 x 8 (1 x)4 = C48 x 8 ( C04 C14 x + ... + C44 x 4 ) nn c h s cha x8 l C48C04 .
HD : ( 1 + x + x2 + x 3 )
10
= (1 + x )
10
10
( 1 + x2 )
0
10
0
1 2
10 20
= ( C10
+ C110 x + ... + C10
10 x )( C10 + C10 x + ... + C10 x ) .
Thc hin php nhn phn phi ta suy ra h s ca s hng cha x 5 ch c trong 3 s hng:
2 5
3
1 5
5
0 5
C110 .C10
x , C10
.C10
x v C10
.C10
x .
----------------------
PHN 2: XC SUT
A.Php th, khng gian mu, bin c :
1.Php th : l th 1 cch ngu nhin, khng bit trc kt qu m ch bit tp ht qu.
VD: gieo 1 con sc sc c 6 mt l 1 php th, ta khng bit trc s ra mt no nhng bit chc
chn s nt gieo c t 1 6
2.Khng gian mu : tp cc kt qu ca php th, k hiu l
VD: gieo 1 con sc sc 6 c 6 mt th khng gian mu l : = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6}
3.Bin c : l tp con ca khng gian mu
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I S T HP + XC SUT
A n( A)
, vi A , n( A) l s phn t trong A;
=
n()
VD: gieo 1 con sc sc v t ta c khng gian mu l : = {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6} .tnh xc sut
c : a/ bin c A l s l
b/ bin c B l 1 s ln hn 4
Gii:
3 1
=
6 2
2 1
b/ Ta c B = {5, 6} nn P( B) = =
6 3
a/ Ta c A = {1,3,5} nn P( A) =
Bi tp tng t :
1/Trong 1 bnh ng 6 vin bi ging nhau trong c 4 bi xanh v 3 bi . Ly ngu nhin 2 bi.
Tnh xc sut c 2 bi xanh
2/Gieo ngu nhin 1 con sc sc cn i v ng cht 2 ln
a.M t khng gian mu
b.xc nh cc bin c sau :
A: Tng s chm 2 ln gieo khng b hn 10
B: mt 5 chm xut hin t nht 1 ln
c.tnh P(A), P(B) ?
C.Tnh cht xc sut :
1.nh l 1: a) Vi mi xc sut ta u c : 0 P( A) 1
b) P() = 0;
P() = 1
c) nu 2 bin c A v B xung khc th P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B )
2.nh l 2 : A l bin c b ca A, tc l A = \ A th ta lun c P ( A) + P ( A) = 1
3.Cng thc cng xc sut : vi 2 bin c A v B bt k ta lun c :
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I S T HP + XC SUT
P ( A B) = P( A) + P( B ) P( A B)
Khi A,B xung khc th A B = suy ra P() = 0 nn tr v nh l 1
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I S T HP + XC SUT
6/
1
1
1
n = n
n
C4 C5 C6
1 2
6
A2 x Ax2 Cx3 + 10
2
x
0
1
2 2
14/ Cn + 3Cn + 3 Cn + ... + 3n Cn0 = 1024
11/
1/ + x
x
18
2/ x3 + 3
x
10
3/ 2x3 + 2
x
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25 10
b) Tm h s x y trong khai trin ( x3 + xy )15
c) Bit h s ca x 2 trong khai trin (1 3x) n l 95. Tm n
n
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BI TP (C A)
Bi 1. Cn xp 3 nam v 2 n vo 1 hng gh c 7 ch ngi sao cho 3 nam ngi k nhau v 2 n
ngi k nhau. Hi c bao nhiu cch.
Bi 2. Xt a gic u c n cnh, bit s ng cho gp i s cnh. Tnh s cnh ca a gic
u .
Bi 3. Tnh s cc s t nhin i mt khc nhau c 6 ch s to thnh t cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 sao cho 2 ch s 3 v 4 ng cnh nhau.
Bi 4. Tnh s cc s t nhin c 4 ch s i mt khc nhau c thnh lp t 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
sao cho trong mi s u c mt t nht ch s 1 hoc 2.
Bi 5. Hai nhm ngi cn mua nn nh, nhm th nht c 2 ngi v h mun mua 2 nn k
nhau, nhm th hai c 3 ngi v h mun mua 3 nn k nhau. H tm c mt l t chia
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Ta c: C2n n = 2n
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10
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11
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(2n)!
n!
= 20
3! ( 2n 3 ) !
2! ( n 2 ) !
2n(2n 1)(2n 2)
n(n 1)
= 20
n = 8.
6
2
12
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3.68 = 204.
46 + 204
250
=
im.
91
91
13
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I S T HP + XC SUT
14
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