I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

NGUYN TH MINH THUYT

NGHIN CU C IM TIU HNH, C IM NGC HC CA CORINDON THUC MT S KIU NGUN GC KHC NHAU VNG YN BI V K NNG

Chuyn ngnh: Khong vt hc M s: 62 44 57 05

TM TT LUN N TIN S A CHT

H NI, 2009
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Cng trnh c hon thnh ti: Khoa a cht, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni.

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

PGS.TS. Ngy Tuyt Nhung PGS.TS. Nguyn Ngc Khi

Phn bin 1: PGS.TSKH. Nguyn Vn Nhn

Phn bin 2: PGS.TS. Phm Hng Hun

Phn bin 3: TSKH. Trn Trng Ha

Lun n s c bo v trc Hi ng cp nh nc chm lun n tin s hp ti: P418, nh T1, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, 334 Nguyn Tri, Thanh Xun, H Ni.

Vo hi:

9 gi 00 ngy 25 thng 8 nm 2009

C th tm lun n ti: - Th vin Quc gia Vit Nam - Trung tm Thng tin lu tr - Th vin, i hc Quc gia H Ni

M U
Ruby, saphir - cc bin loi ca khong vt corindon - l loi qu c gi tr vo hng cao nht, ch sau kim cng. Vit Nam c nh gi l t nc c tim nng v ruby, saphir. Trn lnh th Vit Nam, corindon phn b ri rc t Bc ti Nam nhng tp trung ch yu cc tnh Yn Bi, Ngh An v vng Ty Nguyn: Yn Bi, corindon gp trong cc loi granosyenit Tn Hng, pegmatit syenit cc vng Lng Cn, Bi Chui, Lng y (Lc Yn); gp trong gneis Trc Lu v trong cc tng hoa An Ph, Minh Tin, Liu , trong corindon trong hoa l loi c cht lng cao. Ngh An, corindon cc mu , hng, lam gp trong hoa vng Qu Chu c cht lng cao. Ty Nguyn, corindon cc mu lam, lc, vng tp trung trong v phong ha basalt cc vng Di Linh (Lm ng), Ma Lm (Bnh Thun), k Tn (k Nng), Ngc Yu (KonTum), trong , corindon k Tn c coi l c cht lng v nhiu tim nng. Corindon ch kt tinh trong iu kin a cht ni sinh nhng cc m ln, c gi tr cng nghip li nm trong sa khong l ch yu. V vy, vic xc nh ngun cung cp sa khong corindon v c tnh ngc hc ca corindon l rt quan trng, gip nh hng cho cng tc tm kim v nh gi tim nng loi khong sn c gi tr ny. xc nh ngun gc ca sa khong corindon c th da vo c im tiu hnh ca chng. V vy, ti Nghin cu c im tiu hnh, c im ngc hc ca corindon thuc mt s kiu ngun gc khc nhau vng Yn Bi v k Nng c la chn. MC TIU CA TI Xc lp c im tiu hnh, nh gi cht lng ngc ca corindon vng nghin cu, lm c s d liu cho vic i snh, xc nh ngun cung cp sa khong corindon. Xc nh ngun gc v iu kin thnh to ca corindon vng nghin cu lm c s cho vic nh gi tim nng, thm d, tm kim corindon.

NHIM V CA TI Thu thp, tng hp ti liu lin quan n i tng v vng nghin cu;
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Kho st thc a, thu thp mu ti hai vng Yn Bi v k Nng; Xc nh cc c im ca corindon (ha hc, mu sc, hnh thi, cu trc tinh th, c im bn trong,..) v xc lp cc c im c trng cho tng vng; Phn tch iu kin a cht vng nghin cu, xc nh c im thnh phn vt cht ca cha corindon; Xc nh iu kin, c ch thnh to ca corindon.

C S TI LIU CA LUN N Ti liu c cng b: Ngun gc, quy lut phn b v tim nng qu, k thut Vit Nam (1995), Nghin cu xc lp cc tin , du hiu tm kim qu trong cc trm tch bin cht cao di b tri Sng Hng (1998); Bo co Bn a cht v Khong sn t oan Hng -Yn Bnh t l 1/50.000 (1995), nhm t Lc Yn Chu (1999); Nghin cu iu kin thnh to v qui lut phn b khong sn qu him lin quan n hot ng magma khu vc Min Trung v Ty Nguyn (2001 - 2003). Ngoi nhng ti liu ch yu trn l cc bi bo ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc (c trnh by trong phn ti liu tham kho). Ti liu thc t NCS trc tip tham gia tin hnh: ti do NCS ch tr: Nghin cu c im thch lun ca cha corindon hai vng m Trc Lu v Lc Yn (HQG, 2007); Nghin cu mi quan h gia c im ngc hc ca ruby, saphir v cha m Lc Yn, Trc Lu tnh Yn Bi, (HQG, 2008); ti tham gia: Nghin cu xc lp mt s loi hnh m qu c trin vng cng nghip ca Vit Nam, 2005 - 2007 (QGT.05.01); Nghin cu xc nh tim nng qu mt s loi hnh pegmatit ca min Bc Vit Nam, 2006 - 2008 (NCCB); Nghin cu cc c im tinh th - khong vt hc v ngc hc ca corindon Min Nam Vit Nam lm c s xy dng quy trnh cng ngh v x l nhit ph hp, 2006 - 2008 (NCCB). S liu mu phn tch: 60 mu lt mng thch hc, 09 mu hunh quang tia X, 03 mu ng v bn oxi, 03 mu ng v bn C, 09 mu nhiu x Rnghen, 65 mu microsond, 19 mu ICPMS, 100 mu xc nh chit sut, t trng, c im bn trong, ph hp th, tnh pht quang. LUN IM BO V Lun im 1: Corindon vng nghin cu c c im tiu hnh v ngc hc nh sau: Corindon trong gneis m Trc Lu l saphir thuc loi cao Fe, thp Cr, Ga, cha bao th biotit, manhetit, ilmenit, cht lng ngc thp; Corindon trong
4

 hoa m An Ph l ruby thuc loi cao Cr, Mg, thp Fe, Ga, cha bao th canxit, phlogopit, pyrit, graphit, cht lng ngc cao; Corindon lin quan n basalt kim m k Tn l saphir nhm BGY thuc loi cao Fe, Ga, thp Cr, Mg, cha bao th pyroclo, columbit, cht lng ngc trung bnh. Lun im 2: Corindon vng nghin cu c thnh to trong nhng iu kin sau: Corindon m Trc Lu c ngun gc bin cht t st giu Al tng amphibolit - granulit, tng ng vi nhit cao nht l 750oC, p sut khong 5,2-7,5 kbar; Corindon m An Ph c ngun gc bin cht t cacbonat giu st tng amphibolit, tng ng vi nhit 750-550oC, p sut khong 5.5kbar; Corindon m k Tn kt tinh di su t magma c thnh phn trung tnh kim, sau c basalt kim a ln b mt. IM MI CA LUN N 1. Ln u tin xc lp c cc c im tiu hnh ca corindon thuc ba kiu ngun gc ph bin v c trin vng Vit Nam. 2. nh gi c cht lng ngc ca corindon thuc cc kiu ngun gc khc nhau, lm c s cho vic nh gi tim nng ca cc m thuc vng nghin cu: m An Ph cung cp ruby c cht lng ngc cao, m k Tn cung cp saphir nhm BGY c cht lng trung bnh. 3. xc nh c iu kin nhit , p sut thnh to ca corindon m Trc Lu v An Ph trn c s phn tch t hp cng sinh khong vt. NGHA KHOA HC V THC TIN Lun n xc lp c im tiu hnh, nh gi cht lng ngc ca corindon mt s kiu ngun gc, t c th i snh v xc nh ngun cung cp chnh cho sa khong corindon cc vng m Yn Bi v k Nng. Lun n xc nh c ngun gc v iu kin thnh to ca corindon cc vng m t gp phn d on qui m, nh hng cho cng tc tm kim khong sn corindon.

B CC CA LUN N Lun n c trnh by trong 05 chng: M u Chng 1: Lch s nghin cu Chng 2: a cht vng nghin cu Chng 3: Phng php lun v phng php nghin cu Chng 4: c im tiu hnh, c im ngc hc ca corindon vng nghin cu Chng 5: Ngun gc v iu kin thnh to corindon vng nghin cu Kt lun
5

Ti liu tham kho

NI DUNG LUN N
CHNG 1. LCH S NGHIN CU Trc nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, vic nghin cu, tm kim qu, bn qu cn cha c ch trng, tuy nhin chng cng c pht hin trong qu trnh thc hin cc phng n o v bn a cht v khong sn. Nm 1995, ti KT-01-09 ghi nhn c Vit Nam 42 m ruby, 8 m saphir, 42 im qung v 106 im khong ha corindon, phn b ri rc khp t nc. Tuy nhin, cc m ln, c gi tr v kinh t ch tp trung 3 khu vc l Yn Bi, Ngh An v Ty Nguyn.
1.1. KHU VC YN BI

Cc cng trnh nghin cu lin quan n qu khu vc Yn Bi bao gm: nghin cu a cht khu vc, phng n o v bn a cht v khong sn cc t l khc nhau; cc phng n tm kim v cc ti nghin cu chuyn v qu. c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu c im tinh th khong vt hc v ngc hc ca corindon vng Lc Yn, nhng mu vt nghin cu phn ln c thu thp l sa khong. Mt s cc cng trnh c cng b gn y hn, bt u nghin cu corindon c ly t gc, theo , ruby, saphir c coi l sn phm ca qu trnh bin cht trao i (Trn Ngc Qun, 1998, Nguyn Vn Th v nnk, 1999). i vi ruby phn b trong hoa, Ngy Tuyt Nhung v nnk (2007), cho rng ruby c hnh thnh trong qu trnh bin cht trao i, ngun cung cp nhm chnh l phin giu nhm ca h tng Thc B; Hauzenberg et.al., (2003), Giuliani G. et al (2003), Phm Vn Long, 2003, 2006, Virginie Garnier (2008) cho rng vai tr ch o l qu trnh bin cht khu vc, mi trng thnh to thuc h kn; mt s tc gi khc (Hong Quang Vinh, 2001; Nguyn Ngc Khi, 2004) li cho rng t nht c hai qu trnh, thm ch nhiu qu trnh cng tham gia.
1.2. KHU VC K NNG

Pht hin u tin c gi tr v biu hin qu Min Nam Vit Nam vo nm 1978 (Fontaine H. v Workman D.R). Cc cng trnh kho st a cht v khong sn khu vc tip theo cho thy kh nng ha hn v qu ca Min Nam Vit Nam. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu v c im khong vt, ngc hc ca saphir v mt s cng trnh gn y (Nguyn Vit v nnk, 2004; Trn Trng Ha v nnk, 2005; Garnier et al, 2005, Ngy Tuyt Nhung v nnk, 2008) lun gii v ngun gc, thi gian thnh to saphir. Nh vy, c kh nhiu cng trnh nghin cu lin quan ti ruby, saphir vng Yn Bi, k Nng. Tuy nhin, cn mt s vn tn ti: nghin cu c im
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tinh th, khong vt, ngc hc ca corindon cc vng m mi tp trung vo mu sa khong, trong khi cc vng m y corindon c th c kiu ngun gc khc nhau; cha lm r vai tr v mi quan h ca hot ng magma, bin cht trong khu vc vi qu trnh thnh to ca corindon. khc phc nhng tn ti trn, lun n i vo nghin cu cc c im c trng ca corindon trong hoa m An Ph, trong st bin cht m Trc Lu v trong v phong ha basalt k Tn, t i snh vi nhau v vi mt s m in hnh trn th gii nhm xc lp c im tiu hnh ca corindon thuc cc kiu ngun gc nu trn; kt hp vic phn tch thnh phn vt cht vi bi cnh a cht khu vc cho php l gii v iu kin v c ch thnh to corindon. CHNG 2 C IM A CHT VNG NGHIN CU
2.1. C IM A CHT VNG TRC LU

Vng m qu Trc Lu nm trong i cu trc Sng Hng (khng ch bi h thng t gy Sng Hng v Sng Chy), thuc cc x Trc Lu, Phc Li huyn Lc Yn, tnh Yn Bi, cch th x Yn Bi khong 50 km v cch m qu Tn Hng khong 39 km v pha Ty Bc dc theo QL.70, vi phm vi: 104o3612 104o4136 kinh ng, 22o0140 - 22o0547 v bc. 2.1.1. a tng a. H tng Ni Voi (AR?nv): gneis - biotit - granat - silimanit; gneis - biotit granat - silimanit xen phin kt tinh biotit - silimanit - granat, thu knh gneis amphibol. Hot ng migmatit ha trong h tng rt phong ph v pht trin trong mi lp khc nhau (Nguyn Vnh, 1978). Ti khu vc i C Mn, nam thung lng Trc Lu, corindon c tm thy trong gneis ca phn h tng trn h tng Ni Voi. b. H tng Ngi Chi (AR?nc): ch yu l phin kt tinh c thnh phn thch hc gm thch anh - mica t silimanit, granat, xen cc lp mng phin quarzit, quarzit c granat. c. Cc thnh to trm tch t: phn b ch yu trong cc thung lng sui pht trin ko di theo phng TB-N. y l thnh to a cht ng c quan tm nghin cu, v trong thnh phn ca chng c cha kh nhiu sa khong qu ruby, saphir, spinel. 2.1.2. Hot ng magma xm nhp Phc h Tn Hng (gxEth): granit biotit ht nh, granosyenit, syenit l nhng khi nh C Mn, i Cy Si v dc hai bn ng QL.70 on Km50. 2.1.3. Hot ng bin cht: Cc trm tch bin cht trong i cu trc Sng Hng c nhiu tc gi nghin cu v cho rng t n tng amandin amphibolit (Nguyn Vnh, 1978); granulit (Hong Thi Sn, 1997); amphibolit (Nguyn Vn Th,
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1999); 69050oC, 0.650.15GPa (Trn Ngc Nam, 1999); 73565oC, 4.71.7kbar (Leloup et al, 2001); 69050oC v 0.650.15GPa (Trn Ngc Nam, 1999); 650 725oC, 7.5kbar (Nguyn Vn Th, 1999); 790 - 810C v 5,4 -6,2 kbar (Trn Tt Thng, Trn Tun Anh, 2000),.. 2.1.4. Kin to: Trc Lu nm gn trong phm vi i cu trc Sng Hng, nh hng ca hot ng dch trt ca i t gy Sng Hng, c bit l trong Kainozoi.
2.2. C IM A CHT VNG AN PH

Vng nghin cu nm trn trong i cu trc L Gm, vi phm vi: 104o45 104o50 kinh ng, 22o00 - 22o10 v bc, gm cc x nm pha t ngn sng Chy nh Liu , Minh Tin, An Ph... thuc huyn Lc Yn. phn bit vi vng m Trc Lu cng nm trong phm vi huyn Lc Yn, vng m ny c gi l vng m An Ph. 2.2.1. a tng a. H tng Thc B (AR?tb): phin thch anh hai mica xen kp lp phin thch anh biotit b migmatit ho, gneis ho c xen kp cc thu knh hoa, quarzit. dy ca h tng: 850 - 1400m. b. H tng An Ph (AR - e1?ap): hoa canxit xen hoa canxit dolomit, thng cha phlogopit, fucsit, graphit. Trong h tng ri rc xut hin corindon (ch yu l ruby), spinel i cng forsterit, amphibol, phlogopit. c. Trm tch t: cc trm tch aluvi ca cc sng, sui, cc tch t trong cc thung lng karst, thung lng trn sn ni v cc trm tch b ri, sn tch. 2.2.2. Hot ng magma xm nhp a. Phc h Tn Lnh nVPZ2tl: Syenit, mch aplit, granosyenit. b. Phc h Phia Bioc (gT3pb): granit biotit, pegmatit granit. 2.2.3. Hot ng bin cht: Cc bin cht trong vng t n tng amphibolit (Trn Vn Tr, 1977); amphibolit, epidot amphibolit (Hong Thi Sn, 1997). 2.2.4. Kin to a. Cc cu trc kin to: Vng nghin cu nm phn mt pha ng nam i cu trc L Gm, b khng ch bi h thng t gy sng Chy v sng L. b. t gy: H thng t gy sng Chy v sng L ng vai tr t gy phn i. Trong giai on hin i h thng t gy sng Chy hot ng nh mt t gy trt bng phi. Giai on trc Pliocen, cng vi ton b i trt ct Sng Hng, t gy Sng Chy hot ng nh mt t gy trt bng tri ko theo cc hot ng bin cht v magma trong vng.
2.3. C IM A CHT VNG K TN

k Tn nm trong trng basalt Kainozoi pht trin rng ri t ng ng Nam . Vng m k Tn nm trong khong ta : 12o0602 - 12o10
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24 v bc, 107o3919 - 107 o 44 20 kinh ng, thuc a phn x Trng Xun, huyn k Song, tnh k Nng, cch th x Gia Ngha 16km v pha bc. 2.3.1. a tng: gm trm tch ca h tng La Ng (J2ln), basalt Pliocen v basalt Pliocen - Pleistocen h, cc trm tch aluvi thm bc II, trm tch aluvi thm bc I, trm tch bi bi cao, bi bi thp v lng hin i. a. H Jura - thng trung - h tng La Ng (J2ln): l ra phn ty nam. Thnh phn: ct bt kt xm nht, ct kt xm lc, bt kt xen st kt sc di, xm en. b. H Neogen, thng Pliocen: basalt olivin, plagiobasalt ht ht va n nh. Trong cc basalt ny cha nhiu th t leczolit, tinh th augit, olivin kch thc ln. Kt qu ho silicat cho thy chng nm trong trng basalt cao kim, mu gi i pht hin c saphir i km pyroxen, cromspinel, zircon (Mai Kim Vinh v nnk, 1995). c. H Neogen, thng Pliocen - h t, thng Pleistocen h (bN2 - QI): basalt olivin ht mn, plagiocbasalt ht nh. Cc u b phong ha mnh d. H t - trm tch aluvi H t, thng Pleistocen - Trm tch aluvi thm bc II (aQI): Phn b dc theo thung lng sui k Nng. Thnh phn: bt mu nu , cui, cui basalt, cui sn bauxit,.. cha cromit, zircon. H t, thng Holocen. Trm tch aluvi thm bc I (aQII1-2), trm tch aluvi bi bi v lng hin i (aQII3): phn b tt c cc thung lng ca cc sui trong vng Thnh phn gm: bt, st, sn laterit, cui basalt, sn laterit, cui basalt, sn laterit,.. cha saphir, granat, zircon. H t - Trm tch deluvi khng phn chia (dQ): c dng di hp, phn b sn dc, thoi, dc theo thung lng cc sui trong vng. Thnh phn gm: ct, bt, st mu nu ln mnh basalt, sn laterit., tng basalt, dm, sn, ct i ch cha saphir, granat, zircon. 2.3.2. Kin to Trong vng pht trin cc h thng t gy sau: a. Cc t gy theo phng ng Bc - Ty Nam - t gy ko di theo thung lng sui s 6 c chiu di 5,6km - t gy ko di theo thung lng sui ak Rwe chiu di 2,7km b. Cc t gy theo phng kinh tuyn gm - t gy ko di dc theo khe sui hp ra ty nh 810m, di 1,8km. - t gy dc thung lng sui ak Rwe di 1,7km

CHNG 3 PHNG PHP LUN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1. PHNG PHP LUN, C S L THUYT

3.1.1. Phng php lun Corindon c hnh thnh trong qu trnh a cht ni sinh, nhng nhng m corindon (ruby, saphir) c gi tr ch yu dng sa khong. nhn bit ngun gc nguyn sinh ca corindon phi cn c vo cc c im tiu hnh ca chng, l cc c im tinh th, khong vt hc phn nh iu kin thnh to c th (nhit , p sut, mi trng). Kt hp vi vic phn tch t hp cng sinh khong vt v c im a cht khu vc s cho php khi phc li qu trnh thnh to ca khong vt c gi tr ny. 3.1.2. C s l thuyt a. c im tiu hnh Tiu hnh (typomorphism) l kh nng phn nh nhng thay i v iu kin ha l, mi trng a cht trong qu trnh hnh thnh v tn ti thng qua nhng c im thnh phn, hnh thi, cu trc tinh th, ha tinh th, tnh cht vt l, bao th, cu to - kin trc, sn phm bin i ca cc c th, tp hp, t hp thc ca khong vt v nhng c im ny c gi l c im tiu hnh (typomorphic characteristics). Thut ng tiu hnh ra i t nhng nm 30 - 40 ca th k trc, do nh a ha ngi Nga Fersman A.E. xut. Khi nim ny, sau c cc nh a cht s dng rng ri trong ging dy, nghin cu (Valentin Afanasiev et al, 2004, Hans Rudolf Wenk v Andrei Bulak, 2004), mang ngha v mt khong vt hc ngun gc v khong vt hc ng dng. Theo Valentin Afanasiev et al, 2004, c im tiu hnh ca khong vt gm c im cu trc, hnh thi tinh th v cc c im ha hc phn nh iu kin mi trng trong qu trnh kt tinh ca chng. Theo Hans Rudolf Wenk v Andrei Bulakh trong cun Minerals their constitution and origin, 2004, trng i hc Cambridge, tiu hnh ca khong vt l cc c im thnh phn ha hc, hnh thi tinh th v cc tnh cht phn nh mi trng ha l trong qu trnh kt tinh. Nh vy, c th hiu c im tiu hnh ca khong vt l tt c nhng c im phn nh c mi trng ha l v a cht trong qu trnh kt tinh ca chng. b. c im ngc hc c im ngc hc bao gm cc c im v mu sc, t trng, cng, bao th, tnh pht quang,.. l nhng c im c dng gim nh v nh gi cht lng ngc ca khong vt s dng lm qu.
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3.2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.2.1. Phng php thu thp, tng hp, x l cc ti liu 3.2.2. Phng php thc a kho st a cht 3.2.3. Cc phng php phn tch trong phng 3.2.3.1. Phng php thch hc (phn tch THKVCS, nhit p k a cht) 3.2.3.2. Cc phng php phn tch ho l: microsond, XRF, rnghen,.. 3.2.3.3. Cc phng php ngc hc xc nh chit sut, t trng, c im bn trong (bao th, ng sinh trng,..), ph hp th UV-VIS

CHNG 4 C IM TIU HNH, C IM NGC HC CA CORINDON VNG NGHIN CU

4.1. C IM TINH TH, KHONG VT, NGC HC CA CORINDON TRONG ST BIN CHT M TRC LU

4.1.1. Thnh phn ho hc Corindon c cng thc ha hc l Al2O3, nhng chng thng cha cc nguyn t vt gy mu l Cr, Ti, Fe. Ngoi ra, V, Ga, Mg cng thng xut hin di dng thay th ng hnh vi Al, vi hm lng t hn v cng gp phn to nn s phong ph v mu sc ca corindon. c kh nhiu nghin cu ch ra s khc bit v hm lng nguyn t vt trong corindon ngun gc magma v bin cht. V d: corindon ngun gc bin cht c trng bi hm lng Cr cao, Mg cao (>60ppm); Ga thp (<75ppm), t l Ga/Mg <10, t l Cr2O3/Ga2O3>3, Fe thp (<3.000ppm); corindon ngun gc magma li cao st (3000 - trn 10.000ppm), cao Ga (>140ppm), thp Cr, t l Cr2O3/Ga2O3 nh hn 1, thp Mg, t l Ga/Mg >10. Cc kt qu phn tch thnh phn nguyn t vt trong corindon Trc Lu cho thy, hm lng cc nguyn t vt gim dn t Fe>Ti>Cr>Ga>V. Trong , Fe l nguyn t lun lun c mt v vi hm lng ln t 1167 n 13844, trung bnh l 7653ppm, hu ht ln hn 3000ppm; Ti thay i ln, c mu khng pht hin c nhng cng c mu ln n hn 1000ppm, trung bnh l 118ppm; Cr t 0 582ppm, ch yu nh hn 150ppm, trung bnh l 109ppm; Ga bin thin rt rng (10 - 250ppm), trung bnh l 96ppm; V t 8 50ppm (trung bnh l 20ppm). T s Cr2O3/Ga2O3 ch yu nh hn 3. Ngoi ra, cn pht hin cc nguyn t: Si, Na, K,... 4.1.2. c im cu trc, hnh thi tinh th Thng s c s ca corindon Trc Lu c xc nh da trn gin nhiu x rnghen, cc pik nhiu x c dng tnh l: (0 1 2), (1 0 4), (1 10), (1 1 3), (0
11

2 4), (1 1 6), (2 1 1), (1 2 2), (2 1 4), (1 0 10), (1 1 9), (2 1 7), (3 0 6), (2 2 3), (1 2 8) v (0 2 10). Kt qu thu c l: a = 4.764 0.0003, c = 12.993 0.008A. Corindon Trc Lu c t hnh cao, phn ln gp dng tinh th l hnh ghp ca lng tr 6 phng vi hnh i mt. Kch thc tinh th kh ln, ng knh ngang thay i t vi milimet n 60 - 70mm. T l gia chiu cao v b ngang tinh th thng dao ng trong khong 3 n 1, nn tinh th thng c dng ct ngn, nhiu tinh th chiu ngang li pht trin hn chiu cao, tinh th tr nn c dng tm lc gic 4.1.3. c im ngc hc a. Mu sc: Ch yu c mu xm trng, trng c, xm pht vng, trng c loang l. Loi ruby mu trong gc hu nh rt him khi gp, ch gp mt vi vin mu hng nht c kch thc rt nh. b. c im bn trong: Corindon cha nhiu bao th rn, sm mu nh biotit, ilmenit, manhetit, zircon (phn nh mi trng kt tinh giu Fe, Ti) v bao th th sinh nh clorit, cc ph hy sau qu trnh kt tinh (song tinh, nt n) c. T trng: Gi tr t trng thay i t 3,95 - 3,99. d. Chit sut: Dao ng trong khong 1,762 - 1,771. e. Tnh pht quang: Hu nh khng pht quang di tia cc tm sng ngn vi di. f. Ph hp th: Mt s vin quan st thy vch ph hp th ng vi gi tr 378 v 456nm c trng cho loi corindon cha Fe.
4.1. C IM TINH TH, KHONG VT, NGC HC CA CORINDON TRONG HOA M AN PH

4.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc Khc vi corindon m Trc Lu v k Tn, corindon m An Ph c trng bng s u th ca Cr. Hm lng cc nguyn t vt trong corindon An Ph gim dn theo th t: Cr>Ti>Fe>Mg>V>Ga. Trong , Cr thay i t 157 2672ppm, trung bnh l 1764ppm, v hu ht cc mu c hm lng >350ppm ( corindon c mu ); Ti thay i rng, t 0 894ppm, trung bnh l 369ppm; Fe t 0 591ppm, trung bnh l 251ppm; Mg t 30 - 150, trung bnh l 105ppm; V thay i t 10 hn 109ppm, trung bnh 75ppm; Ga hu ht <75ppm, trung bnh l 67ppm, c trng cho loi ngun gc bin cht; T s Cr2O3/Ga2O3>1, ch yu >10. Ngoi ra, cn pht hin cc nguyn t tp cht nh: Si, Na, K,... 4.2.2. Thnh phn ng v bn Kt qu d18O ca corindon An Ph (LY101: 25.1; LY122: 24.1; LY123: 25.2) c gi tr gn vi ca corindon c ngun gc bin cht trong hoa Mogok, Mongshu. 4.2.3. c im cu trc, hnh thi tinh th

12

Thng s mng c s: a = 4.7638 0.0003, c = 12.9934 0.0078Ao. Tinh th ko di theo trc c, gm hnh lng tr, thp i su phng v hnh thoi. i khi gp cc tinh th hnh thng ru thp, gn nh ng thc hoc khng r hnh dng. 4.2.4. c im ngc hc a. Mu sc mu vi m nht khc nhau, c th ti, thm, chuyn sang ta, nht chuyn sang hng nht, n gn nh khng mu, hoc ln cc m mu lam, lam nht. Corindon mu lam hu nh khng gp. b. T trng: Dao ng t 3,83 n 4,01, trung bnh thng l 3,94 - 3,99 c. Chit sut, lng chit sut: 1,762 - 1,770, lng chit sut - 0,008 d. Tnh pht quang: Th hin r, c bit nhng vin mu m, mu di tia cc tm sng di, yu hn di tia cc tm sng ngn. e. c im bn trong: Bao th c trng ca corindon An Ph l: canxit, phlogopit, pyrit, graphit. Ngoi ra, cn gp cc bao th apatit, zircon, plagiocla, corindon, rutil v bao th lng a pha cha t hp CO2-H2S-COS-S8-AlO(OH) (Gaston Giuliani v nnk, 2003). Bn cnh s phong ph ca cc loi bao th khc nhau th hin tng nt n, song tinh ph hy hnh thnh sau qu trnh kt tinh lm nh hng n cht lng ngc ca corindon vng m ny.
4.3. C IM TINH TH, KHONG VT, NGC HC CA CORINDON LIN QUAN N BASALT M K TN

4.3.1. Thnh phn ha hc Theo cc kt qu phn tch c th nhn thy hm lng cc nguyn t vt gim dn: Fe>Ti>Ga>Cr>V>Mg. Nh vy, trong cc nguyn t gy mu th Fe chim t l cao nht, t 1141 14297ppm, trung bnh l 7927ppm, hu ht c >3000ppm; hm lng Ti thay i rt ln, t 0 2028ppm, trung bnh 196; Ga cao, t 7 339, trung bnh 177ppm; Cr thp, t 0 106ppm, trung bnh l 43ppm; V t 0 56, trung bnh 16ppm; Mg thp, t 0 33ppm trung bnh l 15ppm; Hu ht cc mu c t l Cr2O3/Ga2O3 nh hn 1 v Ga/Mg >10. Ngoi ra, cn pht hin mt s nguyn t tp cht khc nh: Si, Na. 4.3.2. Thnh phn ng v bn Kt qu xc nh thnh phn ng v bn oxi trong corindon k Tn t 6.0 n 6.9o/oo (Garnier v nnk, 2005). 4.3.3. c im cu trc, hnh thi tinh th Phn ln vt liu thu c u l cc tinh th hoc mnh tinh th c mc bo trn yu. S t cn gi c hnh dng tinh th ban u l dng thp i su phng. Mt c im ng lu i vi tinh th corindon ca vng m ny l b mt nhiu tinh th c du hiu ha tan.
13

Thng s mng c s c xc nh da trn gin nhiu x n tinh th cho kt qu: a = 4.7651 0.0001, c = 12.9876 0.0079Ao. 4.3.4. c im ngc hc a. Mu sc: Thng c trng bi mu xanh en thm. Cc mu khc cng gp nh xanh lc, xanh nc bin, xanh da tri, xanh mc, xanh lc vng (corindon nhm BGY). Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh kho st m k Tn khu vc sui ak Ha, thu thp c mt s vin mu tm pht hng. b. T trng: 3.99 - 4,02 c. Chit sut, lng chit sut: 1,762 - 1,770; lng chit sut: 0,008 d. Tnh pht quang: Tr khi chiu tia cc tm. e. Ph hp th: Ph hp th IR trn 8 mu nghin cu u cho kt qu tng t: cc vch ph trong khong 2200 - 2400 cm-1 gy ra do dao ng ca phn t CO2, cc vch ph trong khong 3300 - 3400 cm -1 do dao ng ca nhm OH, c hai vch ng vi bc sng 3624 v 3694 cm-1 ca kaolinit, y c th l cc sn phm bin i ca bao th feldspar. f. Cc c im bn trong c im sinh trng: Hin tng phn i mu rt ph bin trong corindon k Tn. Cc i mu thng pht trin song song cc mt thoi (r), cc mt lng thp (Z). c im bao th: Bao th c trng: pyroclo, columbit. Ngoi ra, c th gp: zircon, hecxynit, spinel, rutil, corindon, clinozoizit. Theo Trn Trng Ha, 2005, trong corindon k Tn cn gp cc bao th fluit l CO2.
4.4. SO SNH C IM TIU HNH CA CORINDON CC VNG NGHIN CU

So snh cc c im tinh th, khong vt, ngc hc ca corindon cc vng nghin cu vi nhau v vi mt s m in hnh trn th gii (Bng 4.5) c th thy s khc bit r nt v thnh phn nguyn t vt; cu trc, hnh thi tinh th; mu sc, tnh pht quang; c im bn trong v chnh nhng c im khc bit phn nh c mi trng thnh to khc nhau v cng l c im tiu hnh ca corindon. 4.4.1. Thnh phn ha hc So snh hm lng nguyn t vt trong corindon cc vng nghin cu vi nhau v vi mt s m ca th gii (Bng 4.5), c th thy: Hm lng nguyn t vt ca corindon Trc Lu c c trng l: cao Fe; thp Cr. T s Cr2O3/Ga2O3 ch yu < 3, xt tng quan gia t l Fe2O3/TiO2 v Cr2O3/Ga2O3 (Hnh 4.50), corindon Trc Lu c trng cho loi c ngun gc bin cht t st.

14

Hm lng nguyn t vt ca corindon An Ph c c trng: cao Cr, Mg; thp Ga, t s ch yu >10, xt tng quan gia t l Fe2O3/TiO2 v Cr2O3/Ga2O3, corindon An Ph c c im tng t vi corindon ngun gc bin cht trong hoa mt s m: Mogok, Mongshu, Apganixtan, Nepal. Hm lng cc nguyn t vt ca corindon k Tn c c trng: cao Fe, Ga; thp Cr, Mg; hu ht cc mu c t l Cr2O3/Ga2O3<1 v Ga/Mg>10, tng ng vi corindon c ngun gc magma. Khi xt t l cc nguyn t Ti Mg Fe; Mg/Ga Fe th hu ht corindon vng m ny thuc trng c trng cho loi c ngun gc magma.
Bng 4.5. So snh thnh phn nguyn t vt (ppm) trung bnh ca corindon trong vng nghin cu v vi mt s m trn th gii Nguyn Trc t Lu Cr Fe Ti Mg Ga V 109 7653 118 96 23 An Ph 1764 251 369 105 67 75 k Tn 43 7927 196 15 177 16 Sri Apga- Mogok Monghsu Garba Chantha Kenya -buri Lanca nixtan 27 1199 264 115 74 20 1197 544 270 22 25 1923 218 156 45 185 3034 78 468 34 135 2 9552 33 11 133 2 16 6125 279 18 186 11

Ch gii: corindon ngun gc bin cht (trong metapelit) Sri Lanca; corindon ngun gc bin cht (trong hoa) Apganixtan -15 mu, Mogok -19 mu, Mongshu -11 mu; corindon ngun gc magma (trong syenit) Garba Tula, Kenya; corindon ngun gc magma (lin quan n basalt kim) Chanthaburi -12mu;

4.4.2. c im cu trc, hnh thi Cc thng s mng c s cho thy s khc nhau gia corindon ca ba vng (Bng 4.6). Thng s a ca corindon cc vng nghin cu u ln hn thng s l thuyt, cn s khc bit ca thng s c nm trong sai s ca php o. Corindon An Ph c gi tr a nh nht, corindon k Tn c gi tr a ln nht. V s thay th Al3+ bi cc ion c bn knh ln hn lm gin n cu trc theo hng trc a. Hm lng Fe corindon k Tn cao nht dn n thng s a ca tinh th corindon vng ny c gi tr ln nht, tip theo l corindon m Trc Lu v An Ph.
Bng 4.6. So snh thng s mng c s ca corindon cc vng nghin cu Thng s mng c s (A)

L thuyt 4.758 12.991

Corindon Trc Lu 4.7638 0.0003 12.9934 0.0078

15

Corindon An Ph 4.7609 0.0016 12.9940 0.0083

Corindon k Tn 4.7651 0.0001 12.9876 0.0079

a c

V hnh thi c th thy corindon An Ph v corindon k Tn kh ging nhau: c hnh con sut hoc thng ru. Trn b mt tinh th corindon k Tn thng cn li du vt ca s ha tan, gm mn. Trn mt tinh th ca corindon An Ph thng thy cc vt kha, vt ln. Cc tinh th corindon Trc Lu c hnh tr ngn hoc tm lc lng vi gc vt nh. Cc mt tinh th ca corindon Trc Lu khng bng phng, thng gn nhiu khong vt nh feldspar, biotit. 4.4.3. Mu sc, tnh pht quang S khc bit v thnh phn ha hc ca corindon t 3 vng m: An Ph, Trc Lu v k Tn dn n cc c trng mu sc, tnh pht quang ca chng rt khc nhau (Bng 4.7, 4.8).
Bng 4.7. So snh cc c trng mu sc ca corindon cc vng nghin cu

c trng

Trc Lu

An Ph

k Tn

Lam ti, xm trng, ti, thm, Xanh en thm, xanh trng c, xm pht lc, xanh da tri, xanh Gam mu ta, nht vng, trng c loang l mc, xanh lc vng Cng mu a s xn T rt xn n ti Xn n ti Tng mu Rt nht n nht Rt nht n rt m T nht n ti ng u T khng u n u T khng u n T khng u n u ca mu sc mu loang l u Bng 4.8. Tnh pht quang ca corindon cc vng nghin cu Di tia cc tm Sng ngn Sng di Trc Lu Tr Tr An Ph Pht quang Pht quang , mnh k Tn Tr Tr

4.4.4. c im bn trong ba vng c im bao th ca corindon rt khc nhau c v chng loi (Bng 4.9). Xt v s lng bao th trn mt n v th tch th corindon Trc Lu l cao nht v li cha nhiu bao th ti mu, kch thc ln dn n trong sut ca corindon vng ny thp nht. Bng 4.9. So snh th loi bao th c trng ca ba khu vc nghin cu
Vng Bao th c trng Biotit Canxit Columbit Phlogopit Graphit Ilmenit Trc Lu + + + + + +
16

An Ph

k Tn

Vng Bao th c trng Manhetit Pyrit Pyroclo

Trc Lu +

An Ph

k Tn

+ +

Nh vy, c th xc lp c im tiu hnh ca corindon trong cc vng nghin cu nh sau (Bng 4.10).
Bng 4.10. Bng lit k cc c im tiu hnh ca corindon vng nghin cu

Thuc tnh

Trc Lu

An Ph cao Cr (trung bnh l 1764ppm), cao Mg (trung bnh l 105ppm), thp Ga (hu ht <75ppm), t s Cr2O3/Ga2O3 ch yu >10. ti, thm, ta, nht; Hu ht pht quang di tia cc tm sng ngn v sng di Canxit, phlogopit, graphit, pyrit

k Tn cao Fe (trung bnh l 7927ppm), cao Ga (trung bnh 177ppm), thp Cr (trung bnh l 43ppm), thp Mg (trung bnh l 15ppm), hu ht cc mu c t l Cr2O3/Ga2O3 < 1. Xanh en thm, xanh lc, xanh da tri, xanh mc, xanh lc vng; Hu ht u tr di tia cc tm sng ngn v sng di Columbit, pyroclo

Thnh phn ha cao Fe (trung bnh l 7653ppm); cao Ga hc (trung bnh l 96ppm); thp Cr ch yu nh hn 150ppm. T s Cr2O3/Ga2O3 ch yu < 3 Cu trc tinh th a = 4.76380.0003 Mu sc, tnh Lam ti, xm trng, trng c, xm pht pht quang vng, trng c loang l; Hu ht u tr di tia cc tm sng ngn v sng di Bao th trng c Biotit, ilmenit, manhetit

a = 4.7609 0.0016 a = 4.7651 0.0001

4.5. SO SNH C IM CHT LNG NGC CA CORINDON CC VNG NGHIN CU

Cht lng ngc ca corindon c nh gi qua ba tiu ch c bn l mu sc, tinh khit v kch thc. - Mu sc: Corindon m Trc Lu c cc mu xanh xm, lam xm, lam pht vng vi cng rt xn. Corindon An Ph c mu , ta, hng vi cng t xn n rt ti. Corindon k Tn c cc mu lam, lam lc, t lc vng, vng vi cng t xn n ti. Nh vy, xt theo tiu ch mu sc th corindon An Ph c cht lng cao nht, tip theo l k Tn. Trc Lu c cht lng mu sc thp hn. - tinh khit: tinh khit ca corindon Trc Lu rt thp do cha nhiu bao th sm mu nh: biotit, ilmenit, manhetit v hin tng ph hy sau qu trnh kt tinh: song tinh ph hy, nt n. Mc d cha nhiu loi bao th, nhng vi
17

s lng v kch thc nh, t nt n hn nn tinh khit ca corindon An Ph v k Tn cao hn so vi corindon Trc Lu. - Kch thc: Corindon thuc 3 vng m u c kch thc t nh (c <mm) n ln (4, 5cm). Tuy nhin, corindon Trc Lu thng c kch thc ln hn, tip theo l corindon An Ph v k Tn. Vi cc c trng cht lng ngc nh trn c th kt lun: Corindon trong hoa m An Ph c cht lng ngc cao nht, tip theo l corindon lin quan n basalt v cui cng l corindon trong st bin cht. CHNG 5 NGUN GC, IU KIN THNH TO CA CORINDON VNG NGHIN CU
5.1. NGUN GC, IU KIN THNH TO CA CORINDON M TRC LU

5.1. 1. c im thnh phn vt cht gneis m Trc Lu a. Thnh phn ha hc

Bng 5.1. So snh thnh phn cc nguyn t ha hc ca gneis Trc Lu vi hm lng trung bnh ca chng trong phin st TT 1 2 3 4 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O SiO2
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

Cr

Ga

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

0.061 13.71 0.744 14.19 4.999 29.62 0.65 15.4

0.61 6.02 19.88 4.02

0.09 0.54 0.25 2.44

1.2 2.03 0.57 3.11

3.33 3.02 2.03 1.30

4.97 73.72 4.68 65.52 5.56 35.79 3.24 58.10

<5 <5 51 100

17 25 46 80

< 12 < 12 292 130

Ch thch: 1,2: gneis khng cha corindon; 3: gneis cha corindon; 4: phin st (theo a ha hc - ng Trung Thun, 2005).

T kt qu phn tch trn c th nhn thy: mu cha corindon c s thay i t bin: hm lng Al rt cao so vi 2 mu cn li, cng nh vy vi hm lng Fe v Ti, K v Na, trong khi Si gim ng k. cc mu ny, thch anh gn nh vng mt hon ton, trong khi s lng khong vt ph giu st, titian nh manhetit, ilmenit li c mt thng xuyn vi hm lng ng k. c bit, khi so snh hm lng cc nguyn t trong gneis cha corindon vi ph bin ca chng trong trm tch (st v phin st) nhn thy gneis cha corindon Trc Lu tng cao hm lng cc nguyn t Al, Ti, Fe, Na, K, V nhng li gim cc nguyn t Mg, Ca, Cr v Ga. c im ny nh hng rt r nt trong thnh phn ca
18

t hp cng sinh khong vt cng nh c im ca corindon (thnh phn ha hc, mu sc, ph pht quang, cu trc tinh th nh trnh by chng trc). b. Thnh phn thch hc v t hp khong vt cng sinh c trng Thnh phn gneis cha corindon Trc Lu gm ch yu l feldspar (53 90%), trong plagiocla 4 - 75%, K- feldspar < 1 - 40%, biotit vi % - 40% loi gneis biotit. Silimanit c mt tt c cc mu. Granat t xut hin, spinel hercynit c t vi ht n 6%, khong vt qung c manhetit, ilmenit. Zircon cng xut hin vi ht trong cc lt mng, thch anh xut hin trong mt s lt mng. Mu gneis cha corindon cho cc t hp sau: Sillimanit dng lng tr + granat + spinel + corindon + biotit + feldspar K+ plagiocla Sillimanit dng lng tr + corindon + spinel + feldspar K+ plagiocla Sillimanit dng lng tr + granat + biotit + feldspar K+ plagiocla. 5.1.2. iu kin thnh to corindon m Trc Lu Da vo thnh phn ha hc c th xt st bin cht m Trc Lu qua s bin i cc t hp khong vt ca h ha hc thnh phn KNASH v KFASH. Thng s p, T thnh to corindon c xc nh da vo cc cp nhit, p k a cht. Thnh phn ha hc ca khong vt c xc nh bng phng php microsond ti Vin hn lm Sinica, i Loan. Pick nhit bin cht c tnh ton da vo cp khong vt granat - biotit (theo Perchuk et. al., 85 v Thompson, 76) l 724C v 769C; cp feldspar Kali plagiocla (theo Perchuk et. al., 89) l 650C. p sut c xc nh bng GPAQ (theo Koziol, 89-Sill) l 7.6 - 5.9 kbar; (Koziol & Newton, 89-Sill) l 6.7 - 5.2kbar. Nh vy, c th cho rng corindon m Trc Lu kt tinh trong iu kin nhit : 650 - 769oC, p sut: 7.6 - 5.2kbar, thuc tng amphibolit n phn thp tng granulit. iu c gii thch nh sau: a. Trong iu kin nhit , p sut trn xy ra nhng phn ng sau: Ms + Qtz = As (Sil) + Kfs Ms = Cor + Kfs + H2O (1) (2)

Vi phn ng s (2) c th thy, corindon c hnh thnh do s bin i ca khong vt muscovit v gii phng H2O. iu kin thun li hnh thnh corindon l Pfluid < Pthch tnh,. Ti cc i ph hy, t gy, i shearzone: thm ln, cht bc (Fluid) c th thot ra to dng Fluid lm gim gradient p sut v nhit hnh thnh vng c pfluid < pthch tnh . Cng trong nhng i kin to ny cn hnh thnh cc th ti nng chy anatectic (phn ng 3, 4). As + Kfs + Qtz + H2O = L Bt + Sil + Qtz + Pl = Grt + Kfs + L
19

(3) (4)

Frank S. Pear, 1993 S.H. Bttner, 2005

Nh vy, cc st vng Trc Lu tri qua qu trnh bin cht khu vc t tng amphibolit n phn thp ca tng granulit, km theo hot ng ti nng chy cho sn phm l gneis cha corindon v cc th migmatit (pegmatoit) cha corindon Tui thnh to ca corindon c xc nh gin tip qua khong vt biotit. Kt qu phn tch tui ng v K/Ar trn biotit cng sinh vi corindon cho tui 22.920.54 tr.nm (Ngy Tuyt Nhung v nnk, 2007), 24.40.4 n 23.20.6 triu nm (Virginie Garnier, 2008). Nh vy, vo giai on Oligocen n Miocen, do nh hng dch trt tri ca i t gy Sng Hng, cc giu Al, Fe, Ti thuc h tng Ni Voi vng Trc Lu b bin cht t n phn thp ca tng granulit km theo hin tng migmatit ha. Kt qu ca qu trnh ny l s hnh thnh khong vt corindon vi cc c im c trng: cao Fe, mu xanh en, lam xm loang l, cha nhiu bao th sm mu (biotit, manhetit, ilmenit) nh trnh by chi tit trong chng 4.
5.2. NGUN GC, IU KIN THNH TO CORINDON M LC YN

5.2.1. c im thnh phn vt cht hoa m An Ph hoa cha corindon m An Ph gm cc hoa canxit, canxit dolomit vi cc c im nh sau: a. Thnh phn ha hc T kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc (Bng 5.4) ca hoa cha corindon, h tng An Ph c th xp chng vo h ha hc CMFAKSH. Hm lng cc nguyn t chnh: Si, Ti v c bit l Al tng cao. Thnh phn Cr tng trong khi Ga, V li thp hn hm lng trung bnh.
Bng 5.4. Thnh phn ha hc ca hoa cha corindon v spinel h tng An Ph (phn tch bng phng php hunh quang tia X ti Vin a cht, Greifswald, c)

SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO (%) (%) (%) 3.60 2.43 1.18 1.39 0.54 (%) 0.49 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.54 (%) 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.05 (%) 0.77 1.80 1.35 7.90 0.42 0.118 1.42 0.051 3.29 0.020 1.42 0.044 0.06 0.81

CaO (%) 51.80 51.05 52.26 42.61

Na2O K2O P2O5 (%) 0.04 0.13 0.06 0.09 0.05 (%) (%) 0.02 0.018 0.16 0.020 0.01 0.068 0.06 0.050 0.33 0.04

Cr* Ga* 32 18 77 15 11 <3 <3 <3 <3 4

V*
< 12

ppm ppm ppm 12 13

< 12

0.022 10.41 42.72

Hm lng trung bnh cc nguyn t trong cacbonat (a ha hc, ng Trung Thun, 2005) 20
1- AP4; 2- LY101: hoa canxit cha corindon; 3- LY120; 4- LY140: hoa canxit dolomit cha spinel.

5.2.1. Thnh phn thch hc v t hp khong vt cng sinh c trng

20

 hoa cha corindon h tng An Ph bao gm cc dng thch hc sau: a. hoa canxit - mu trng, kin trc ht bin tinh, khng u, kch thc t nh n ln, bao gm cc t hp cng sinh khong vt sau: - Canxit + corindon graphit pyrit - Canxit + corindon + amphibon +/ graphit pyrit - Canxit + corindon + amphibon + phlogopit +/- margarit +/- graphit +/- pyrit b. hoa canxit dolomit mu trng, trng xm. Kin trc ht bin tinh, khng u, ht nh n va, i khi ht ln, gm cc t hp sau: - Dolomit canxit + spinel - Dolomit canxit + spinel + forsterit graphit pyrit - Dolomit canxit + spinel + forsterit + amphibon graphit pyrit - Dolomit canxit + spinel + forsterit + amphibon clinohumit graphit pyrit Phn tch Rnghen cho kt qu cc mu hoa canxit dolomit gm cc khong vt forsterit, amphibon, phlogopit, clinoclo, margarit, muscovit v graphit. 5.2.2. iu kin p - T thnh to corindon An Ph Nhit , p sut thnh to ca corindon c xc nh da trn iu kin xy ra phn ng bin cht hnh thnh cc t hp cng sinh khong vt cha corindon. Dng chng trnh PTAX - version 1.0 ca Th. Brown, RG Berman; EH Perkins, 1988, 1989 tnh ton cc iu kin p - T xy ra phn ng bin cht. hoa canxit, canxit dolomit cha corindon, spinel gm cc hp phn ha hc KCMFASH, hnh thnh cc i, cc THCSKV nh by trn. V vy, hp phn ha hc a vo tnh ton qu trnh xy ra cc phn ng bin cht gm Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, K, H, Si, C, O; cc pha khong vt l nhng khong vt xc nh c trn lt mng thch hc gm corindon, spinel, amphibon, olivin, phlogopit, canxit, dolomit,.. Kt qu l thi im xy ra cc phn ng (Bng 5.8). Cc phn ng bin cht c xt trong iu kin p sut t 1.5 n 5.5kbar. Trong , ti thi im p = 5.5kbar th cc phn ng cho t hp ph hp nht vi t hp khong vt xc nh trn lt mng. C ch hnh thnh nn nhng i, t hp khong vt nh trn do phn ng gia cc khong vt, kt hp vi qu trnh thm lc, ti tp trung cc nguyn t ha hc (Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, K..) nh vai tr dng Fluid (cha F, Cl, OH,..) iu kin nhit khong 750 n 550oC, p sut khong 5.5kbar, l qu trnh bin cht cacbanat b iu khin bi s thm lc - metamorphism driven by infiltration.

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Cc phn ng bin cht c xt trong iu kin p sut t 1.5 n 5.5kbar. Trong , ti thi im p = 5.5kbar th cc phn ng cho t hp ph hp nht vi t hp khong vt xc nh trn lt mng. Ban u l s hnh thnh cc i, cc t hp cha spinel km theo gii phng CO2 v H2O (W), tip theo l cc i cha corindon. Qu trnh hnh thnh spinel kt thc cho n khi phn ng dehydrat chim u th, spinel b ph hy do phn ng vi khong vt anoctit (phn ng s 22 c ghi nhn trong mu LY140). Ti nhng ni spinel tip xc vi anoctit th khong vt clinoclo v margarit c hnh thnh. Mi trng thun li kt tinh corindon l cacbonat canxi giu nhm, pCO2 > pH2O. Nu mi trng giu magie - cha khong vt dolomit v t l pH2O > pCO2 th corindon s b ph hy v chuyn thnh khong vt spinel (phn ng s 14 - 16, 19 n 21), n khi CO2 chim u th th corindon li c hnh thnh (p 24 - 28). Ngun cung cp nhng nguyn t Al, Fe, Ca, K, Si,.. l nhng khong vt: clorit, kaolinit, hydromica, feldspar,.. nm ngay trong tng cacbonat h tng An Ph. cacbonat h tng An Ph ph chnh hp vi cc ca h tng Thc B ( phin thch anh hai mica, thch anh biotit,.. do bin cht t st), thuc nhm nhng chuyn tip gia vi v st. Theo l thuyt, nhm ny cha n 5% hm lng l khong vt st. V nguyn t Cr, y l nguyn t c hnh vi a ha khng n nh trong qu trnh ngoi sinh. Cr c th c hm lng rt cao hoc rt thp trong trm tch ha hc. So snh hm lng nguyn t Cr trong hoa cha corindon An Ph vi hm lng trung bnh trong cacbonat c th thy chng tri hn, tuy nhin ph bin vn hng chc ppm v khng c s t bin. Nh vy c th cho rng, ngun cung cp Cr corindon An Ph c mu l ngun ti ch, chng c lm giu cng vi qu trnh lm giu cc nguyn t Al, Fe, Ca, K, Si,.., trc khi hnh thnh corindon. Tui ca corindon l 31.0+/-1.0 triu nm (Phm Vn Long, 2003). Trong khi , thi gian thnh to ca thn pegmatit kim loi kim him, cha tuamalin, lepidolit, amazonit (l cc khong vt giu cht bc Bo, F, OH) trong khu vc c tui 30.58+/-0.67 triu nm (Ngy Tuyt Nhung v nnk, 2008). Nh vy, c th cho rng, dng fluid thc y qu trnh bin cht thm lc hnh thnh nn corindon v spinel c quan h cht ch vi cc hot ng magma cha kim loi kim him trong khu vc. S c mt ca ca dng fluid giu F, Cl, OH c phn nh r trong thnh phn ha hc ca cc khong vt t hp vi corindon v spinel nh pargasit (amphibon), clinohumit, phlogopit.
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Ngoi s dng phng php phn tch t hp cng sinh tnh ton iu kin nhit ca qu trnh bin cht, lun n cn s dng cp nhit k canxit - graphit theo gi tr ng v bn ca cacbon. Cc gi tr d13C ca graphit, canxit cho php xc nh nhit thnh to cp khong vt ny khong 550 - 750oC.

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Bng 5.8. Nhit v cc phn ng bin cht tnh theo chng trnh PTAX
TT 1
755 - 550

T hp Do +/- Cc + Spi + Fo Do +/- Cc + Spi + Fo + Amp + Phl +/- Cor

739 - 581

734 - 618

Do +/- Cc + Spi + Amp

735 - 550

Do +/- Cc + Spi Do +/- Cc + Spi + Fo + An

Cc+/- Do + Mrg + Chl

Nhit 755 - 706 685 - 550 787 - 650 739 - 685 731 - 581 693 - 631 734 - 650 729 - 703 722 - 706 710 - 680 706 - 658 704 - 685 687 - 650 665 - 631 662 - 618 735 - 550 703 - 619 676 - 648 662 - 645 653 - 593 593 - 531 693 - 550 620 - 549 591 - 550 581-553 594 - 553

5 6

703 - 593 593 - 531

693 - 550

Cc + Cor + Phl + Amp + Phl + An Cc + Cor

Phn ng 2Al + + Mg + 4CO3 = Spi + 2Fo + 4CO2 Chl + 2Mg + 2CO32- = Spi + 3Fo + 4W + 2CO2 6An + 4Chl = 31Spi + 5Cor + 13W + 3Amp 4Cc + 11Chl = 11Spi + 17Fo + Amp + 42W + 4CO2 6Do + 24Fo + 13Kfs = 3Amp + 13Phl + 12CO2 13Chl + 4Do = 13Spi + 23Fo + 2Amp + 50W + 8CO2 17An + 5Cc + 18 Chl = 35 Spi + 11Amp + 61W + 5CO2 Chl + 13SiO44- + 10Mg2+ + 4Ca2+ + 8Al3+ = 5Spi + 2Amp + 2W 18Fo + 11An + 5W + CO2 = Cc + 11Spi + 5Amp 43Mg + 12Ca2+ + 50SiO44- + 26Al3+ + 6W + 2CO2 = Do + 13Spi + 6Amp 8Al3+ + 8SiO44- + 2Ca2+ + 7CO32- + W = 4Spi + Amp + 7CO2 6 Ca2+ + 8Chl + 11CO2 = 8Spi + 17Mg2+ + 3Amp + 29W 23An + 22Chl + 5Do = 45pi + 14Amp + 74W + 10CO2 23Cor + 6Do + 8Chl = 31Spi + 3Amp + 29W + 12CO2 13Cor + 2Do + 8Fo + W = 13Spi + Amp + 4CO2 Cor + Mg2+ + CO32- = Spi + Ca2+ + CO2 Mg2+ + 2Al3+ + 6CO32- = MgAl2O4 (spinel) + 6CO2 + O2 2Cc + 5Chl = 3Spi + 11Fo + 2An + 2CO2 + 20W 6Cor + Do + 2Fo = 5Spi + An + 2CO2 11Cor + 2Do + Amp = 7Spi + 4An + W + 4CO2 3Cc + 11Cor + 2Chl = 10Spi + 3An + 8W + 3CO2 10Spi + 14An + 3CO2 + 19W = 11Mrg + 2Chl + 3Cc 18An + 12Chl + 5Ms = 35Cor + 9Amp + 5Phl + 39W 3Mg2+ + 3CO32- + Mus = Cor + Phl + 39W 13An + 5Sp + 2CO2 + 10W = Amp + 9Mrg + 2Cc 8An + 5Do + W = Amp + 4Mrg + 7Cc + 3 CO2 Mrg = Cor + An + W 3CO32- + 2Al3+ = Al2O3 + 3CO2
3+

2SiO442+

2+

S p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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5.3. NGUN GC, IU KIN THNH TO CORINDON M K TN

5.3.1. Khi qut v cc m corindon lin quan vi basalt Cc m corindon lin quan n basalt c pht hin c 5 chu lc, trn 15 quc gia vi 40 trng basalt (Sutherland, 2001), trong , tp trung nhiu nht cc nc Nam v c. C hai kiu tp hp corindon khc nhau lin quan n basalt: - Kiu tp hp th nht: l corindon vi cc mu lam (blue), lc (green), vng (yellow), v th cn c gi l corindon BGY. Loi corindon ny c c trng v thnh phn ha hc so vi corindon cc ngun gc khc l c hm lng Fe, Ga cao, v thp Cr. T s Cr2O3/Ga2O3 thng di 1. - Kiu tp hp th hai: corindon vi cc mu , lam nht, tm hoa c, ta, hng. Hm lng cc nguyn t vt trong loi ny c xu hng thp Fe, Ga, cao Cr. T s Cr2O3/Ga2O3 vt xa gi tr 1. - Mc d corindon nm trong basalt nhng c ch hnh thnh chng vn c nhng cch gii thch khc nhau. Hin nay, hu ht kin cho rng corindon l xenocrystal trong basalt, c thnh to di su trc , sau c basalt li ko vo trong qu trnh a ln mt t. Ngun gc cc thnh to di su ny c cho l khc nhau, c th l magma, c th l bin cht, thm ch l lai tp do bin cht trao i (Sutherland F.L., 2001, Levinson A.A., 1994, Guo J., 1996). Theo Sutherland, 2001, da vo c im cc xenolith cha corindon trong basalt, c im bao th bn trong, corindon thuc kiu tp hp th nht (BGY) c ngun gc magma, corindon thuc kiu tp hp th hai c ngun gc bin cht. Trong s rt t mu basalt cha saphir c tm thy th mu basalt Bo Phloi (Thai land) (Visut Pisutha-Arnond, 2005) cho thy c rim phn ng gia saphir v basalt cha n. iu ny chng t saphir l xenocrystal hn l phenocrystal. V th, hu ht kin hin nay cho rng corindon l xenocrystal trong basalt, c thnh to di su trc , sau c basalt li ko vo trong qu trnh di chuyn ln mt t. Theo nghin cu v c im v thnh phn bao th ca corindon k Nng, Trn Trng Ha v cng s (2005, 2006) cho rng corindon lin quan n basalt vng m ny c ngun gc magma thnh phn tng ng vi syenit; Da vo thnh phn ng v bn oxi, Garnier v nnk (2005) cng cho kt qu tng t l corindon m k Tn c ngun gc magma c thnh phn l syenit. Trong qu trnh di chuyn ln b mt, corindon thng b n mn (bng chng l nhng du vt b ha tan li trn mt tinh th).
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Vic a corindon ln b mt Tri t bng loi magma no vn cn l vn tranh lun: mt s cho rng ch c basalt kim mi su qua vng tn ti ca corindon (Levinson, 1994) v hm lng SiO2, nht ca basalt kim nh hn ca basalt tholeiit dn n tc di chuyn ln b mt nhanh hn, mc ha tan Al2O3 km hn nn corindon cn tn ti. Mt khc, thc t l nhng m corindon (ruby, saphir) lin quan n basalt c tm thy trn th gii n nay u lin quan n basalt kim. 5.3.2. Ngun gc corindon m k Tn Theo cc c im tiu hnh: - V mu sc, thnh phn nguyn t vt, corindon k Tn thuc nhm BGY; cao Fe, Ga, thp Cr, Mg, t s Cr2O3/Ga2O3<1 cho thy chng c trng cho corindon ngun gc magma (Hnh 4.51 - 4.53); - V c im bn trong, corindon k Tn c ng sinh trng, i mu gc cnh, cha bao th pyroclo, columbit phn nh corindon kt tinh t magma c thnh phn trung tnh kim, giu cc nguyn t Ta, Nb. - Du hiu b mt tinh th b gm mn phn nh s ha tan trong qu trnh c a ln b mt Tri t ca tinh th corindon. Theo quan h a cht: - Corindon i cng pyroxen, cromspinel, zircon v c mt trong basalt cao kim (theo kt qu mu gi i Mai Kim Vinh, 1995). - Corindon sa khong c mt trong thm bc I v bi bi cng vi cui basalt, sn laterit, zircon, granat pht trin trn nn basalt kim Kainozoi. Nh vy, c th cho rng corindon m k Tn ch yu c ngun gc magma, kt tinh t magma c thnh phn trung tnh kim di su ri c basalt kim Kainozoi a ln b mt Tri t. Mc d, trong vng m hin cha xc nh c nhng th syenit cha corindon. Tuy nhin, gn , ti khu m EaKnop, tm thy nhng tinh th corindon c mu lam sm trong pegmatit syenit. Mt khc, mt s tc gi khc nghin cu v ngun gc ca corindon k Tn c kt qu tng t l: corindon c ngun gc magma, tng ng vi syenit (Garnier v nnk, 2005, Trn Trng Ha v nnk, 2005), sau c basalt Kainozoi a ln b mt.

26

KT LUN

T nhng nghin cu trn c th i n mt s kt lun: 1. Corindon thuc cc kiu ngun gc khc nhau vng nghin cu c c im tiu hnh nh sau: - Corindon ngun gc bin cht t st m Trc Lu thuc loi cao Fe, Ga, thp Cr; Tinh th c dng hnh tr ngn hoc tm lc lng; Ch yu mu xanh xm, lam xm, lam pht vng vi cng mu xn v hu ht u tr di tia cc tm; Cha nhiu bao th sm mu: biotit, ilmenit, manhetit; b nt n nhiu, trong sut thp - Corindon ngun gc bin cht t cacbonat m An Ph thuc loi cao Cr, Mg, thp Fe, Ga, t s Cr2O3/Ga2O3 ch yu >10; Tinh th c hnh thng ru hoc gn ging con sut; Ch yu mu , pht quang di tia cc tm; Cha bao th canxit, phlogopit, pyrit, graphit. - Corindon ngun gc magma m k Tn thuc loi cao Fe, Ga, thp Cr, Mg, t l Cr2O3/Ga2O3 < 1; Tinh th c dng con sut, mt tinh th thng thy cc du vt ca s ha tan, gm mn; Ch yu mu lam, lam lc, t lc vng, vng v hu ht u tr di tia cc tm; Bao th c trng l columbit, pyroclo. 2. Corindon ngun gc bin cht t st m Trc Lu l saphir c cht lng ngc thp; Corindon ngun gc bin cht t cacbonat m An Ph l ruby c cht lng ngc cao; Corindon ngun gc magma m k Tn l saphir nhm BGY c cht lng ngc trung bnh. 3. Corindon trong gneis m Trc Lu c kt tinh t st giu nhm trong iu kin nhit cao nht khong 750oC, p sut khong 5.2 7.5kbar, pthch tnh > pring phn; Corindon m An Ph kt tinh trong qu trnh bin cht ca cacbonat b iu khin bi qu trnh thm lc nh cht lu nhit 750 - 550oC, p sut khong 5.5kbar; Corindon m k Tn kt tinh t magma c thnh phn trung tnh kim, sau c basalt kim Kainozoi a ln b mt.

27

DANH MC CC CNG TRNH KHOA HC CNG B CA TC GI LIN QUAN N LUN N

1. Ngy Tuyt Nhung, Nguyn Th Minh Thuyt (2005), Xc nh cc bin loi tourmalin cht lng ngc vng Lc Yn bng phng php nhiu x rnghen, Tp ch a cht, lot A, s 289. 7-8/2005. 2. Ngy Tuyt Nhung, Nguyn Th Minh Thuyt, Nguyn Ngc Trng, V Ngc Anh, Nguyn Vn Nam (2005), c im thnh phn khong vt ca pegmatit cha qu vng Lc Yn, Tuyn tp bo co Hi ngh Khoa hc 60 nm a cht Vit Nam. 2005. 3. Ngy Tuyt Nhung, Nguyn Vn Nam, Nguyn Ngc Khi, Phan Vn Qunh, Nguyn Th Minh Thuyt, V Vn Tch (2006), Characteristics of Corundum from Primary Deposit in Truc Lau Area, Northern Vietnam, The 1st International Gem and Jewelry Conference GIT 2006. Bangkok, Thailand, 6-9 December, 2006. 4. Nguyn Ngc Khi, Ngy Tuyt Nhung, Phan Vn Qunh, Nguyn Th Minh Thuyt (2006), Phuoc Hiep Occurence A New Source of Gem Corundums from Metapelite Hosted Deposit Type in Vietnam, The 1st International Gem and Jewelry Conference GIT 2006. Bangkok, Thailand, 6-9 December, 2006. 5. Nguyn Ngc Khi, Ngy Tuyt Nhung, Nguyn Th Minh Thuyt, Phan Vn Qunh (2007) Characteristics of corundums from Phuoc Hiep occurrence (Quang Nam province), Tp ch Khoa hc, Vo 23, N.3, 2007. 6. Nguyn Th Minh Thuyt, Ngy Tuyt Nhung, Nguyn Ngc Khi (2007), iu kin nhit - p sut thnh to hoa cha qu vng m Lc Yn, TC Cc khoa hc v Tri t, s3 (T29). 2007.

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