1.

Cu trc chung:

S + Modal Verbs + V(bare-infinitive)

(bare-infinitive: ng t nguyn th khng to)
Ex: They can speak French and English. 2. Khng bin i dng th trong cc ngi. He can use our phone. (He cans use your phone) 3. Tn ti th Hin ti v th Qu kh n. She can cook meals. She could cook meals when she was twelve. I. CAN COULD A. CAN CAN ch c 2 th: Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thc khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng c th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt s cch ni ring. 1. CAN v COULD c ngha l c th, din t mt kh nng (ability). Can you swim? She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old. 2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho php (permission) v th ph nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on (prohibition). In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs. 3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility). Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l Is it possible? Can it be true? It surely cant be four oclock already! 4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra (virtual impossibility). He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully. 5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho ngha tng ng vi th Tip din (Continuous Tense). Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (khng dng I am hearing) B. COULD 1. COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN. She could swim when she was five. 2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin. If you tried, you could do that work. 3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tnh cht lch s hn CAN. Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you tell me the right time, please? 4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng. His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.

I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow. 5. COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO

- Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO.
He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match. The door was locked, and I couldnt open it. - Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khng phi COULD. I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.

II. MAY MIGHT

1. MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission).
May I take this book? Yes, you may. She asked if she might go to the party. 2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay khng th xy ra. It may rain. He admitted that the news might be true. 3. Dng trong cu cm thn, MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc. May all your dreams come true! Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thi cch (Subjunctive).

4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng).
I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction. He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction. 5. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession). He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor) Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard) 6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cng thng dng CANCOULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT. She was studying so /that she might read English books. 7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulant reproach). You might listen when I am talking to you. (Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni) You might try to be a little more helpful. (Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht) III. MUST 1. MUST c ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc. You must drive on the left in London.

2. MUST dng trong cu suy lun logic.

Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired. 3. MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm. You mustnt walk on the grass. 4. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha khng cn thit ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT). Must I do it now? No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough. 6. MUST v HAVE TO

- HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c.
We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train. - HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST trong cu suy lun logic. He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad) - MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external circumstances) You must do what I tell you. Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc) IV. SHALL SHOULD 1. SHALL: c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:

- Dng trong cu trc th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht.

I shall do what I like. - Din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt (determination) hay mt mi e da (threat). If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. (determination) 2. SHOULD c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:

- Dng trong cu khuyn ai nn lm g, v tng ng vi ought to. You should do what the teacher tells you. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb) - Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc ai phi lm g. Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary. V. WILL WOULD 1. WILL: - c dng th Tng lai (simple future), din t mt k hoch (plan), s mong mun (willingness), mt li ha (promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination).

All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness) I wont forget little Margarets birthday. I will send her a present. (promise) - Dng trong cu ngh. Will you shut the door? Shall I open the window? 2. WOULD: - Dng hnh thnh th Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin. He said he would send it to me, but he didnt. If she were here, she would help us. He would have been very happy if he had known about it. - Din t mt thi quen trong qu kh. Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay choused to. Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire. VI. OUGHT TO DARE NEED 1. OUGHT TO OUGHT TO c ngha l nn, gn ging vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th bng should. They ought to (should) pay the money. He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself. - OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability). If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now. - OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday Our team ought to win the match tomorrow. - OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh. You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing. 2. DARE - DARE c ngha l dm, c gan c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny. Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu) You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu) He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng) She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng) - Thnh ng I dare say c ngha l c th, c l ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht. He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later. 3. NEED - C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt

ng t khuyt thiu. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to. V th n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must. Need he work so hard? You neednt go yet, need you? - C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh v nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt t ng ph nh.
You neednt see him, but I must. I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday. VII. USED TO - USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuyt thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn. You used to live in London, usednt you? He usednt to smoke as much as he does now. He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now. Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden? - Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch s dng never. Cch dng usednt to rt him gp v cch vit hay nhm ln v kh c. You never used to make that mistake. 1. USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na. People used to think that the earth was flat. 2. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnh ng y. He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu) He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu) 3. Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc

- USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh - (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g - (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g.
He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it.
BI TP: The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we dont have to read it if we don't want to. cu nu khng dng must not v khng phi s cng bch t ngi ni m l t hon cnh. Susan couldnt hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly. cu ny dng COULDNT v qu kh cu sau (was cheering) v th hin khng c kh nng lm g .