2 nguyn t nh nht

I.Nhng iu cn bit v nguyn t hydrogen

S nguyn t: 1 Trng lng nguyn t: 1,00794 K hiu nguyn t: H

im nng chy: - 259,34 oC im si: - 252,87 oC

Ngun gc tn gi: T hydrogen c xut x t ting Hi Lp hydro (nc) v genes (to ra). Khm ph: Hydrogen c ghi nhn l mt cht ring vo nm 1776 bi Henry Cavendish.

Nguyn t hydrogen c mt proton v mt electron 1/Tnh cht ca hydrogen Hydrogen l nguyn t di do nht trong v tr. Nhng nguyn t nng hn ban u c to ra t cc nguyn t hydrogen v hoc t nhng nguyn t khc ban u c to ra t cc nguyn t hydrogen. c tnh hydrogen chim hn 90% tng s nguyn t - tng ng ba phn t khi lng ca v tr. Nguyn t ny gi mt phn vai tr quan trng trong vic cp ngun cho v tr qua phn ng proton-proton v chu trnh carbon-nitrogen. Qu trnh nhit hch hydrogen trong cc sao lm gii phng nhng lng nng lng khng l bng cch kt hp hydrogen thnh helium. Hydrogen l thnh phn cu to ch yu ca Mc tinh v nhng hnh tinh kh khng l khc trong h mt tri. mt su nht nh bn trong li ca hnh tinh kh, p sut ln n mc hydrogen phn t rn b bin i thnh hydrogen kim loi rn. Mc d hydrogen tinh khit l mt cht kh, nhng c rt t hydrogen trong kh quyn Tri t. Cht kh hydrogen qu nh nn cha kp kt hp thu vn tc t s va chm vi nhng cht kh khc v chng s nhanh chng b phng thch ra khi kh quyn. Trn Tri t, hydrogen xut hin ch yu dng hp cht vi oxygen trong nc, nhng n cn c mt trong vt cht hu c v d nh thc vt sng, du m v than . N c mt di dng nguyn t t do trong kh quyn, nhng chim cha ti
2

mt phn triu tnh theo th tch. Nh nht trong cc cht kh, hydrogen kt hp vi nhng nguyn t khc thnh thong gy n - to ra cc hp cht. 2/Cng dng ca hydrogen Khong 85 triu mt khi hydrogen c sn xut mi nm nc M. Hydrogen c sn xut bng cch:

Bay hi trn carbon nng Dng nhit phn li nhng hydrocarbon nht nh Phn ng ca sodium hoc potassium hydroxide trn nhm in phn nc Cho nhng kim loi nht nh phn ng vi acid

Th trng thng mi cn nhng lng ln hydrogen sn xut phn bn v hydro ha cc cht bo v du. Nhng lng ln hydrogen c s dng trong sn xut methanol v trong lc du. Nhng cng dng khc bao gm nhin liu tn la, hn, sn xut acid hydrochloric, tuyn qung kim loi v bm khinh kh cu. Hydrogen lng c tm quan trng trong ngnh nhit lnh v nghin cu s siu dn, v im nng chy ca n ch l 20 trn khng tuyt i. Pin nhin liu hydrogen l mt cng ngh ang c pht trin s cho php thu c nhng lng ln in nng, s dng mt ngun kh hydrogen.

S pin nhin liu v hydrogen trong xe Chevy nh: General Motors.

cc bnh Equinox.

3/ Cc ng v ca hydrogen ng v bnh thng ca hydrogen c gi l protium. Hydrogen c hai ng v khc na: deuterium v tritium. Hydrogen l nguyn t duy nht c cc ng v c tn gi khc nhau. Deuterium v tritium c dng lm nhin liu trong cc l phn
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ng nhit ht nhn. C mt nguyn t deuterium trong khong 6.000 nguyn t hydrogen bnh thng. Deuterium c dng lm cht iu tit lm chm neutron. Cc nguyn t tritium cng c mt nhng vi t l nh hn nhiu. Tritium c to ra u n trong cc l phn ng ht nhn v c s dng trong sn xut bom khinh kh (bom nhit hch). N cn c dng lm tc nhn phng x trong nc sn pht quang, v lm cht nh du nguyn t.

II. Helium Nhng iu bn nn bit

S nguyn t: 2 Trng lng nguyn t: 4,002602 K hiu nguyn t: He

im nng chy: - 272,2 oC im si: - 268,93 oC Ngun gc tn gi: T helium c xut x t helios, ting Hi Lp ngha l mt tri.

Khm ph: Bng chng u tin ca helium c thu thp trong mt ln nht thc vo nm 1868 bi Jules Cesar Janssen.

1/ Cc tnh cht ca helium Helium ch ng sau hydrogen l nguyn t di do nht trong v tr. Helium c trch xut t kh thin nhin. Mi kh thin nhin u c cha cht t helium. Thnh phn helium ca kh quyn Tri t l khong 1/200.000. Phn ln ngun cung helium ca hnh tinh chng ta c th tm thy trong cc ging m Texas, Oklahoma v Kansas, nc M. Ngoi nc M, c mt vi nh my trch xut helium Nga, Ba Lan v n . Helium gi mt vai tr quan trng trong phn ng proton-proton v chu trnh carbon, phn ng cung cp nng lng cho mt tri v cc ngi sao, v c bit chim u tri nhng ngi sao nng. Tu qu o Trinh st Mt trng (LRO) ca NASA pht hin ra helium trong bu kh quyn mong manh ca mt trng. Helium c mt s tnh cht c o, v d nh n l cht lng ngoan c khng th ha rn bng cch h thp nhit ca n, v n vn th lng ti khng tuyt i p sut chun. 2/ Cng dng ca helium Nhu cu nng lng cho bom khinh kh n t s hp nht ca hydrogen thnh helium. N cn c dng lm mi trng lm lnh cho l phn ng ht nhn, lm l chn kh tr cho hn h quang, lm cht kh cho nhng ng hm gi siu thanh, v lm cht kh bo v trong nui cy tinh th silicon v germanium v sn xut titanium v zirconium.

Helium c s dng trong nghin cu nhit lnh v thc t gn khng tuyt i, n c im nng chy thp nht trong s mi nguyn t. Helium cng khng th thiu trong nghin cu s siu dn. C mt s ng dng y khoa cho helium lng, bao gm chp nh cng hng t (MRI) v nh n hi cng hng t (MRE) tin hnh phn tch mu xc nh mt bnh nhn c mc ung th hay khng. Tn la nhin liu lng p lc l mt cng dng khc mi y ca helium, vi mt v d l cc tn la Saturn c s dng trong cc s mnh mt trng Apollo. Th ln v nhng ngi lm vic di p sut cao s dng mt hn hp gm helium v oxygen to ra mt kh quyn nhn to th. Kh cu Goodyear s dng helium, v cc c quan trc thuc chnh ph bng thm khng pht hin ra cc tn la ang bay thp, hot tnh ca thuc v tin hnh nghin cu kh quyn. Helium cn c s dng bm kh cu n an ton hn hydrogen. 3/ Cc ng v helium C by ng v bit ca helium. C hai dng helium lng (He-4): He-4I v He4II, vi im chuyn tip t ngt ti 2,174 K. Trn nhit ny, He-4I l mt cht lng bnh thng, nhng He-4II khng ging nh bt k cht no khc bit di nhit . N gin ra khi lnh di, v l mt cht dn nhit cc tt. Ngun: Los Alamos National Laboratory - Thuvienvatly.com

ST & gii thiu PHH 4 - 2013