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Gii Nobel ha hc t 1901 n 2003

Nh ta bit, khoa hc pht trin nhanh v s ngi nghin cu thnh cng trn th gii cng ngy cng nhiu. Gii Nobel c pht cho ti a l ba ngi cho mi mn. C khi h lm chung mt ch , c khi hi khc bit nhng b tc cho nhau. phn bit ai l tc gi ca cng trnh nghin cu, chng ti tm tn tc gi v cng trnh nghin cu ca h cng mt mu.

Nm 1901

Tn Jacobus H. van't Hoff (1852-1911) Hermann Emil Fischer (18521919) Svante A. Arrhenius (18591927) Sir William Ramsay (18521916) Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917) Henri Moissan (1852-1907) Eduard Buchner (1860-1917) Sir Ernest Rutherford (18711937) Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) Otto Wallach (1847-1931) Marie Curie (1867-1934, gc Poland)

Nc H Lan

Cng trnh kho cu Khm ph lut ng Ho hc v p sut thm thu trong cc dung dch Kho cu v s tng hp cc nhm ng v purine Thuyt in ly (theory of electrolytic dissociation) Khm ph cc kh him (noble gases) trong khng kh v xc nh v tr ca chng trong bng phn loi tun hon

1902

1903

Sweden

1904

Anh

1905

pht trin ha Hu c C cu v ha Germany K ngh. Cng trnh trn cht phm nhum v cc hp cht hydrocarbur thm France Nghin cu v cch ly cht Fluor v cho ra l in phc v cho khoa hc (iu ch acetylene t carbur calcium)

1906

1907

Nghin cu v Sinh Ha . Khm ph s Germany ln men khng t bo (fermentation without cells) Nghin cu trn s phn r cc nguyn t (Decay of the elements) v ha hc cc hp cht phng x (chemistry of radioactive substances) Cng trnh nghin cu cht xc tc, cn bng ha hc v vn tc phn ng

1908

Anh

1909

Germany

1910

Pht trin ngnh ha Hu c v k ngh Germany ha hc nh cc cng trnh s khi trong lnh vc cc hp cht alicyclic Khm ph cht radium v polonium France Bi c thm: Gia nh Marie Curie

1911

Victor Grignard (1871-1935) 1912 Paul Sabatier (1854-1941) 1913 Alfred Werner (1866-1919) Theodore W. Richards (18681928) Richard M. Willsttter (18721942) Thy S France France

Khm ph ra cht phn ng Grignard (ractif Grignard,cc organomagnsien) nh ngnh ha hu c pht trin mnh Hydrogen ha cc hp cht hu c vi s hin din ca cc kim loi Ni gia cc nguyn t trong phn t (Ha v c) Xc nh khi lng nguyn t

1914

USA

1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924

Germany

Nghin cu sc t ca cy, c bit cht chlorophyl (dip lc t)

Fritz Haber (1868Germany Tng hp ammoniac t cc nguyn t 1934)

Walther H. Nernst Nghin cu trn Nhit ng hc (Studies Germany (1864-1941) on thermodynamics) Frederick Soddy (1877-1956) Francis W. Aston (1877-1945) Fritz Pregl (18691930) Anh Anh Austria Ha hc v cc hp cht phng x, s xut hin v bn cht ca cc cht ng v. Khm ph nhiu cht ng v, khi lng v ph k khi (mass spectrograph) Microanalysis of organic compounds

1925

Richard A. Zsigmondy (18651929, gc c) Theodor Svedberg (1884-1971) Heinrich O. Wieland (18771957) Adolf O. R.

Austria

Chng minh tnh khng ng nht ca dung dch keo v nhng phng php ng dng, nhng phng php da trn cn bn ca ha hc v cht keo (Colloid chemistry, ultramicroscope) Disperse systems (ultracentrifuge)

1926

Sweden

1927 1928

Germany Constitution of bile acids Germany Nghin cu v s cu to sterol v s lin

Windaus (18761959) Sir Arthur Harden (1865-1940) Hans von EulerChelpin (18731964, gc Sweden) Hans Fischer (1881-1945)

quan ca chng vi cc vitamin (vitamin D)

1929

Anh Nghin cu s ln men cc cht ng v Germany cc enzyme tham d v s ln men

1930

Nghin cu mu v sc t thc vt, cu to Germany cht hemin v chlorophyl v c bit s tng hp hemin

1931

Friedrich Bergius (1884-1949) Germany Khai trin qu trnh p sut cao trong ha Karl Bosch (1874- Germany hc 1940) Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) USA Surface chemistry

1932 1933 1934

Harold C. Urey (1893-1981) Jean Frdric Joliot (1900-1958 Irne Joliot-Curie (1897-1956) Peter J. W. Debye (gc H Lan, 1884-1966) Walter N. Haworth (18831950) Paul Karrer (1889-1971) Richard Kuhn (1900-1967) Adolf F. J. Butenandt (19031995) Leopold Ruzicka (1887-1976)

USA

Khm ph Hydrogen nng (deterium)

1935

France France

Tng hp nhng nguyn t phng x nhn to mi

1936

Nghin cu momen lng cc (momen Germany in phn t) v trn s nhiu x tia X v tia in t bi cht kh Nghin cu carbohydrat v vitamin C Nghin cu carotenoids, flavins, vitamins A v B2

1937

Anh Thy S

1938

Germany Nghin cu carotenoids v vitamins

1939

Nghin cu kch thch t gii tnh Germany Nghin cu polymethylenes v c cu Thy S terpenes

1940 1941

1942 1943 Georg de Hevesy (1885-1966) Otto Hahn (18791968) Artturi I. Virtanen (1895-1973) James B. Sumner (1887-1955) 1946 John H. Northrop (1891-1987) Wendell M. Stanley (19041971) Sir Robert Robinson (18861975) Arne W. K. Tiselius (19021971) USA USA USA p dng ca cht ng v nh mt cht Hungary ch th (indicator) trong s kho cu qu trnh ha hc. Germany Khm ph s phn hch ca nguyn t (nuclear fission of atoms) Khm ph trong lnh vc ha hc nng nghip v thc phm, c bit tm ra cch bo qun rm

1944

1945

Finland

Khm ph kh nng kt tinh enzym iu ch enzym v protein ca virus di dng tinh cht

1947

Anh

Nghin cu sn phm thc vt , c bit cht alkaloids Phn tch bng cch dng in in di v s thm thu (electrophoresis and adsorption), nhng khm ph tnh d nguyn (heterogenous) ca cc protein huyt thanh (serum proteins) ng gp cho nhit ng ha hc, tnh cht ca cc cht khi nhit v cng thp (s kh t on nhit, adiabatic demagnetization) Khm ph v khai trin tng hp ni i v nhng kiu phn ng trn ni i

1948

Sweden

1949

William F. Giauque (18951982) Kurt Alder (19021958)

USA

1950 Otto P. H. Diels (1876-1954) Edwin M. McMillan (19071991) Glenn T. Seaborg (1912-1999) Archer J. P. Martin (1910Richard L. M.

Germany Germany Din t v s quan trng ca sn cn bn thm ca cc Steroids (Aromatic Basic Skeleton of the Steroids)

1951

USA USA

Khm ph trong ha hc cc nguyn t siu uranium (transuranium elements)

1952

Anh Anh

Pht minh chromatography

my

distribution

Synge (19141994) 1953 Hermann Staudinger (18811965) Linus C. Pauling (1901-1994) Vincent du Vigneaud (19011978) Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood (1897-1957) Nikolai N. Semenov (18961986) Sir Alexander R. Todd (1907-1997) Frederick Sanger (1918Jaroslav Heyrovsky18901967) Willard F. Libby (1908-1980) Melvin Calvin (1911-1997) John C. Kendrew (1917Max F. Perutz (1914- gc Anh) Giulio Natta (1903-1979) Karl Ziegler (1898-1973) Dorothy CrowfootHodgkin (19101994) Germany Nhng khm ph trong lnh vc ha i phn t (macromolecular chemistry) Nghin cu tnh cht ca ni ha hc (chemical bond) v lm sng t cu trc phn t phc tp ca cc protein Nghin cu trn tnh cht sinh ha cc hp cht quan trng ca lu hunh. Ln u tin tng hp c kch thch t polypeptide

1954

USA

1955

USA

1956

Anh Lin X

C ch ca nhng phn ng ha hc (Mechanisms of chemical reactions)

1957 1958

Anh Anh

Nghin cu cc nucleotides v coenzymes ca chng Cu trc ca proteins, c bit insulin

1959

Czech Khm ph v khai trin phng php Republic phn tch cc ph (Polarography) Khm ph cht phng x Carbon14 dng nh tui trong kho c hc, a cht hc, a vt l (radiocarbon dating) Nghin cu s hp thu acid carbonic ca cy (photosynthesis)

1960

USA

1961

USA

1962

Anh o

Nghin cu cu trc ca globulin proteins

1963

Italy Ha hc v cng ngh cc cht cao Germany polymer (high polymers)

1964

Anh

Xc nh cu trc ca cc hp cht sinh hc quan trng nh tia X

1965

Robert B. Woodward (19171979) Robert S. Mulliken (18981986) Manfred Eigen (1927-) Ronald G. W. Norrish (18971978) George Porter (1920) Lars Onsager (1903-1976) Derek H. R. Barton (19181998) Odd Hassel (1897-1981) Luis F. Leloir (1906-1987)

USA

Tng hp cc cht hu c thin nhin nh quinine... Nghin cu cc ni ha hc v c cu in t ca cc phn t bng cch dng phng php qu o cc phn t ( orbital method)

1966

USA

1967

Nghin cu cc phn ng ha hc v Germany cng nhanh nh lm ri lon s cn bng Anh khi dng cc xung nng lng rt ngn Anh (disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy) Nghin cu nhit ng hc ca qu trnh khng thun nghch (thermodynamics of irreversible processes) Khai trin quan nim v hnh dng cc phn t hu c trong khng gian (dng gh, thuyn) v p dng trong ha hc

1968

USA Norway

1969

Anh Norway

1970

Khm ph ng nucleotides v vai tr ca chng trong s sinh tng hp ca Argentina carbohydrates ( biosynthesis of carbohydrates Canada Cu trc ca electron v hnh hc cc phn t, c bit cc gc t do (free radicals, molecular spectroscopy) Nghin cu enzym ribonuclease USA USA USA Nghin cu s lin quan gia c cu ha hc v tnh xc tc ca trung tm hot tnh ca ribonuclease

1971

Gerhard Herzberg (1904-1999) Christian B. Anfinsen (19161995) Stanford Moore (1913-1982) William H. Stein (1911-1980) Ernst Otto Fischer (1918) Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921) Paul J. Flory (1910-1985) Sir John Cornforth (1917,

1972

1973

Ho hu c kim loi vi c cu hp cht Germany kiu bnh kp sandwich (Chemistry of Anh metal-organic sandwich compounds) USA Anh Thy S Ha l cc cht i phn t (Physical chemistry of macromolecules) Ha lp th ca cc phn ng dng cht xc tc l nhng enzyme hu c

1974 1975

gc Australia) Vladimir Prelog (1906-1998, gc Yugoslavia) 1976 William N. Lipscomb (1919) USA

(Stereochemistry reactions)

of

enzyme

catalysis

Nghin cu ha lp th cc phn t hu c v phn ng ca chng Cu trc ca boranes v gii thch tnh cht ca ni ha hc phc tp ca chng ng gp cho ngnh nhit ng hc nhng qu trnh khng thng hng v khng thun nghch, c bit cho thuyt cu trc phn r ( theory of dissipative structures) c ch cho nhiu ngnh Nghin cu s truyn nng lng sinh hc ( biological energy transfer), khai trin thuyt thm thu ha hc (chemiosmotic theory)

1977

Ilya Prigogine (1917)

Belgium

1978

Peter Mitchell (1920-1992) Herbert C. Brown (1912) George Wittig (1897-1987)

Anh

1979

Khai trin cc hp cht Bor hu c v cc USA hp cht phospho cha nhiu tc nhn Germany trong s tng hp hu c Nghin cu sinh ha ca nucleic acids, c bit Berg l ngi u tin lm ra phn t cha mt phn gen ngi v mt phn gen vi khun nh ha cht (k thut gii phu gen) Xc nh cc base sequences (cc on nh DNA) trong nucleic acids (DNA) nh dng cc DNA ca virus v vi khun Bi c thm

Paul Berg (1926) USA USA Anh

1980

Walter Gilbert (1932) Frederick Sanger (1918)

1981

Kenichi Fukui (1918-1998) Roald Hoffmann (1937) Aaron Klug (1926)

Japan USA

Thuyt v s tin trin ca cc phn ng ha hc. (bin gii ca orbital theory) (1)

1982

Pht trin cc phng php tinh th hc (crystallographic) gii thch cu trc Nam Phi cc protein ca acid nucleic phc tp quan trng. Canada USA C ch phn ng ca s di chuyn cc electrons , c bit vi cc cht phc tp kim loi (metal complexes) Phng php iu ch peptides v proteins

1983 1984

Henry Taube (1915) Robert Bruce

Merrifield (1921) Herbert A. Hauptman (1917) Jerome Karle (1918) Dudley Herschbach (1932) Yuan T. Lee (1936) John C. Polanyi (1929) Donald J. Cram (1919) Charles J. Pedersen (19041989) Jean-Marie Lehn (1939) Johann Deisenhofer (1943) Robert Huber (1937) Hartmut Michel (1948) Thomas R. Cech (1947) Sidney Altman (1939) Elias James Corey (1928) USA USA Pht trin phng php trc tip xc nh cu trc cc tinh th

1985

1986

USA USA Canada

ng hc v cc qu trnh ha hc c bn

1987

USA USA France

S khai trin v cch dng ca nhng phn t c tng tc cu trc c bit vi s chn la k Bi c thm

1988

Nghin cu trn cu trc protein dng Germany trong quang hp: xc nh cu trc 3 Germany chiu ca trung tm phn ng quang hp Germany (photosynthetic reaction center)

1989

USA USA

Khm ph tnh cht xc tc ca RNA (ribonucleic acid) Pht trin phng php mi cho s tng hp cc hp cht hu c thin nhin (retrosynthetic analysis) Pht trin phng php hc cho ph cng hng t hch tm vi phn gii cao(high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR) Thuyt v s truyn in t Theories of electron transfer Pht minh phng php polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cy DNA Cng trnh c bn trn ngun gc s t

1990

USA

1991

Richard R. Ernst (1933) Rudolph A. Marcus (1923, gc Canada) Kary B. Mullis (1944) Michael Smith

Thy S

1992 1993

USA USA Canada

(1932, gc Anh)

bin (mutagenesis) cn c trn vic dng cc oligonucleotides v p dng s t bin nghin cu cc proteines Sng ch phng php lm cc carbocations bn nghin cu cu trc, bn v phn ng ca chng bng phng php ph hc

1994

George A. Olah (1927) Paul Crutzen (1933) Mario Molina (1943, gc Mexico) F. Sherwood Rowland (1927) Harold W. Kroto (1939) Robert F. Curl, Jr. (1933) Richard E. Smalley (1943) Paul D. Boyer (1918) John E. Walker (1941) Jens C. Skou (1918) Walter Kohn (1923)

USA

1995

H Lan USA USA

Cng trnh v ha hc kh quyn:s cn bng ozone trong kh quyn, c bit v s to thnh v phn hy ca ozone bi cc gc t do.

1996

Anh USA USA

Khm ph fullerenes

1997

USA Anh Denmark

Lm sng t c ch dng enzym tng hp adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Ngi khm ph ra u tin ion mang enzyme l ion Na+, K+-ATPase Khai trin thuyt density-functional nghin cu c ch phn ng ha hc bng enzymes, th d khi nc dc bin i thnh oxygen trong s quang hp

1998

USA Anh John A. Pople (1925-2004)

Pht trin phng php k thut my tnh trong ha lng t (quantum chemistry, GAUSSIAN computer programs) phc v cho vic kim tra v xc nh cu trc ha hc v nhng chi tit ca vt cht Nghin cu nhng giai on chuyn tip ca cc phn ng ha hc bng cch dng my chp hnh laser cc nhanh, bng 1015 giy my femtosecond spectroscopy Khm ph v pht trin cc cht nha dn in (conductive polymers)

1999

Ahmed H. Zewail (1946, gc Egypt) Alan J. Heeger ( 1936)

USA

2000

USA USA

Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927) Hideki Shirakawa (1936) William S. Knowles (1917) Ryoji Noyori (1938) K. Barry Sharpless (1941) John B. Fenn (1917) Koichi Tanaka (1959) Kurt Wthrich (1938)

Japan

2001

USA Japan USA

Nghin cu nhng phn ng hydrogen ha xc tc bi cht trin quang (chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions) Nghin cu nhng phn ng oxd ha xc tc bi cht trin quang (chirally catalysed Pht trin nhng phng php ion ha v gii hp nh cho s phn tch ph khi lng ca cc cht i phn t trong sinh hc pht trin ph t cng hng hch tm xc nh cu trc khng gian ba chiu ca cht i phn t trong sinh hc Kho st cc ng dn nc v ions trong cc t bo sinh vt:

2002

USA Japan Thy S

Peter Agre (1949) 2003 Roderick MacKinnon (1956) USA USA

Khm ph cc knh (channels) trong mng t bo Khm ph nhng knh nc Discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes: Cu trc v nghin cu c ch ca ion knh

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