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Nh ta bit, khoa hc pht trin nhanh v s ngi nghin cu thnh cng trn th gii cng ngy cng nhiu. Gii Nobel c pht cho ti a l ba ngi cho mi mn. C khi h lm chung mt ch , c khi hi khc bit nhng b tc cho nhau. phn bit ai l tc gi ca cng trnh nghin cu, chng ti tm tn tc gi v cng trnh nghin cu ca h cng mt mu.
Nm 1901
Tn Jacobus H. van't Hoff (1852-1911) Hermann Emil Fischer (18521919) Svante A. Arrhenius (18591927) Sir William Ramsay (18521916) Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917) Henri Moissan (1852-1907) Eduard Buchner (1860-1917) Sir Ernest Rutherford (18711937) Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) Otto Wallach (1847-1931) Marie Curie (1867-1934, gc Poland)
Nc H Lan
Cng trnh kho cu Khm ph lut ng Ho hc v p sut thm thu trong cc dung dch Kho cu v s tng hp cc nhm ng v purine Thuyt in ly (theory of electrolytic dissociation) Khm ph cc kh him (noble gases) trong khng kh v xc nh v tr ca chng trong bng phn loi tun hon
1902
1903
Sweden
1904
Anh
1905
pht trin ha Hu c C cu v ha Germany K ngh. Cng trnh trn cht phm nhum v cc hp cht hydrocarbur thm France Nghin cu v cch ly cht Fluor v cho ra l in phc v cho khoa hc (iu ch acetylene t carbur calcium)
1906
1907
Nghin cu v Sinh Ha . Khm ph s Germany ln men khng t bo (fermentation without cells) Nghin cu trn s phn r cc nguyn t (Decay of the elements) v ha hc cc hp cht phng x (chemistry of radioactive substances) Cng trnh nghin cu cht xc tc, cn bng ha hc v vn tc phn ng
1908
Anh
1909
Germany
1910
Pht trin ngnh ha Hu c v k ngh Germany ha hc nh cc cng trnh s khi trong lnh vc cc hp cht alicyclic Khm ph cht radium v polonium France Bi c thm: Gia nh Marie Curie
1911
Victor Grignard (1871-1935) 1912 Paul Sabatier (1854-1941) 1913 Alfred Werner (1866-1919) Theodore W. Richards (18681928) Richard M. Willsttter (18721942) Thy S France France
Khm ph ra cht phn ng Grignard (ractif Grignard,cc organomagnsien) nh ngnh ha hu c pht trin mnh Hydrogen ha cc hp cht hu c vi s hin din ca cc kim loi Ni gia cc nguyn t trong phn t (Ha v c) Xc nh khi lng nguyn t
1914
USA
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924
Germany
Walther H. Nernst Nghin cu trn Nhit ng hc (Studies Germany (1864-1941) on thermodynamics) Frederick Soddy (1877-1956) Francis W. Aston (1877-1945) Fritz Pregl (18691930) Anh Anh Austria Ha hc v cc hp cht phng x, s xut hin v bn cht ca cc cht ng v. Khm ph nhiu cht ng v, khi lng v ph k khi (mass spectrograph) Microanalysis of organic compounds
1925
Richard A. Zsigmondy (18651929, gc c) Theodor Svedberg (1884-1971) Heinrich O. Wieland (18771957) Adolf O. R.
Austria
Chng minh tnh khng ng nht ca dung dch keo v nhng phng php ng dng, nhng phng php da trn cn bn ca ha hc v cht keo (Colloid chemistry, ultramicroscope) Disperse systems (ultracentrifuge)
1926
Sweden
1927 1928
Windaus (18761959) Sir Arthur Harden (1865-1940) Hans von EulerChelpin (18731964, gc Sweden) Hans Fischer (1881-1945)
1929
1930
Nghin cu mu v sc t thc vt, cu to Germany cht hemin v chlorophyl v c bit s tng hp hemin
1931
Friedrich Bergius (1884-1949) Germany Khai trin qu trnh p sut cao trong ha Karl Bosch (1874- Germany hc 1940) Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) USA Surface chemistry
Harold C. Urey (1893-1981) Jean Frdric Joliot (1900-1958 Irne Joliot-Curie (1897-1956) Peter J. W. Debye (gc H Lan, 1884-1966) Walter N. Haworth (18831950) Paul Karrer (1889-1971) Richard Kuhn (1900-1967) Adolf F. J. Butenandt (19031995) Leopold Ruzicka (1887-1976)
USA
1935
France France
1936
Nghin cu momen lng cc (momen Germany in phn t) v trn s nhiu x tia X v tia in t bi cht kh Nghin cu carbohydrat v vitamin C Nghin cu carotenoids, flavins, vitamins A v B2
1937
Anh Thy S
1938
1939
Nghin cu kch thch t gii tnh Germany Nghin cu polymethylenes v c cu Thy S terpenes
1940 1941
1942 1943 Georg de Hevesy (1885-1966) Otto Hahn (18791968) Artturi I. Virtanen (1895-1973) James B. Sumner (1887-1955) 1946 John H. Northrop (1891-1987) Wendell M. Stanley (19041971) Sir Robert Robinson (18861975) Arne W. K. Tiselius (19021971) USA USA USA p dng ca cht ng v nh mt cht Hungary ch th (indicator) trong s kho cu qu trnh ha hc. Germany Khm ph s phn hch ca nguyn t (nuclear fission of atoms) Khm ph trong lnh vc ha hc nng nghip v thc phm, c bit tm ra cch bo qun rm
1944
1945
Finland
Khm ph kh nng kt tinh enzym iu ch enzym v protein ca virus di dng tinh cht
1947
Anh
Nghin cu sn phm thc vt , c bit cht alkaloids Phn tch bng cch dng in in di v s thm thu (electrophoresis and adsorption), nhng khm ph tnh d nguyn (heterogenous) ca cc protein huyt thanh (serum proteins) ng gp cho nhit ng ha hc, tnh cht ca cc cht khi nhit v cng thp (s kh t on nhit, adiabatic demagnetization) Khm ph v khai trin tng hp ni i v nhng kiu phn ng trn ni i
1948
Sweden
1949
USA
1950 Otto P. H. Diels (1876-1954) Edwin M. McMillan (19071991) Glenn T. Seaborg (1912-1999) Archer J. P. Martin (1910Richard L. M.
Germany Germany Din t v s quan trng ca sn cn bn thm ca cc Steroids (Aromatic Basic Skeleton of the Steroids)
1951
USA USA
1952
Anh Anh
my
distribution
Synge (19141994) 1953 Hermann Staudinger (18811965) Linus C. Pauling (1901-1994) Vincent du Vigneaud (19011978) Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood (1897-1957) Nikolai N. Semenov (18961986) Sir Alexander R. Todd (1907-1997) Frederick Sanger (1918Jaroslav Heyrovsky18901967) Willard F. Libby (1908-1980) Melvin Calvin (1911-1997) John C. Kendrew (1917Max F. Perutz (1914- gc Anh) Giulio Natta (1903-1979) Karl Ziegler (1898-1973) Dorothy CrowfootHodgkin (19101994) Germany Nhng khm ph trong lnh vc ha i phn t (macromolecular chemistry) Nghin cu tnh cht ca ni ha hc (chemical bond) v lm sng t cu trc phn t phc tp ca cc protein Nghin cu trn tnh cht sinh ha cc hp cht quan trng ca lu hunh. Ln u tin tng hp c kch thch t polypeptide
1954
USA
1955
USA
1956
Anh Lin X
1957 1958
Anh Anh
1959
Czech Khm ph v khai trin phng php Republic phn tch cc ph (Polarography) Khm ph cht phng x Carbon14 dng nh tui trong kho c hc, a cht hc, a vt l (radiocarbon dating) Nghin cu s hp thu acid carbonic ca cy (photosynthesis)
1960
USA
1961
USA
1962
Anh o
1963
1964
Anh
1965
Robert B. Woodward (19171979) Robert S. Mulliken (18981986) Manfred Eigen (1927-) Ronald G. W. Norrish (18971978) George Porter (1920) Lars Onsager (1903-1976) Derek H. R. Barton (19181998) Odd Hassel (1897-1981) Luis F. Leloir (1906-1987)
USA
Tng hp cc cht hu c thin nhin nh quinine... Nghin cu cc ni ha hc v c cu in t ca cc phn t bng cch dng phng php qu o cc phn t ( orbital method)
1966
USA
1967
Nghin cu cc phn ng ha hc v Germany cng nhanh nh lm ri lon s cn bng Anh khi dng cc xung nng lng rt ngn Anh (disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy) Nghin cu nhit ng hc ca qu trnh khng thun nghch (thermodynamics of irreversible processes) Khai trin quan nim v hnh dng cc phn t hu c trong khng gian (dng gh, thuyn) v p dng trong ha hc
1968
USA Norway
1969
Anh Norway
1970
Khm ph ng nucleotides v vai tr ca chng trong s sinh tng hp ca Argentina carbohydrates ( biosynthesis of carbohydrates Canada Cu trc ca electron v hnh hc cc phn t, c bit cc gc t do (free radicals, molecular spectroscopy) Nghin cu enzym ribonuclease USA USA USA Nghin cu s lin quan gia c cu ha hc v tnh xc tc ca trung tm hot tnh ca ribonuclease
1971
Gerhard Herzberg (1904-1999) Christian B. Anfinsen (19161995) Stanford Moore (1913-1982) William H. Stein (1911-1980) Ernst Otto Fischer (1918) Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921) Paul J. Flory (1910-1985) Sir John Cornforth (1917,
1972
1973
Ho hu c kim loi vi c cu hp cht Germany kiu bnh kp sandwich (Chemistry of Anh metal-organic sandwich compounds) USA Anh Thy S Ha l cc cht i phn t (Physical chemistry of macromolecules) Ha lp th ca cc phn ng dng cht xc tc l nhng enzyme hu c
1974 1975
gc Australia) Vladimir Prelog (1906-1998, gc Yugoslavia) 1976 William N. Lipscomb (1919) USA
(Stereochemistry reactions)
of
enzyme
catalysis
Nghin cu ha lp th cc phn t hu c v phn ng ca chng Cu trc ca boranes v gii thch tnh cht ca ni ha hc phc tp ca chng ng gp cho ngnh nhit ng hc nhng qu trnh khng thng hng v khng thun nghch, c bit cho thuyt cu trc phn r ( theory of dissipative structures) c ch cho nhiu ngnh Nghin cu s truyn nng lng sinh hc ( biological energy transfer), khai trin thuyt thm thu ha hc (chemiosmotic theory)
1977
Belgium
1978
Anh
1979
Khai trin cc hp cht Bor hu c v cc USA hp cht phospho cha nhiu tc nhn Germany trong s tng hp hu c Nghin cu sinh ha ca nucleic acids, c bit Berg l ngi u tin lm ra phn t cha mt phn gen ngi v mt phn gen vi khun nh ha cht (k thut gii phu gen) Xc nh cc base sequences (cc on nh DNA) trong nucleic acids (DNA) nh dng cc DNA ca virus v vi khun Bi c thm
1980
1981
Japan USA
Thuyt v s tin trin ca cc phn ng ha hc. (bin gii ca orbital theory) (1)
1982
Pht trin cc phng php tinh th hc (crystallographic) gii thch cu trc Nam Phi cc protein ca acid nucleic phc tp quan trng. Canada USA C ch phn ng ca s di chuyn cc electrons , c bit vi cc cht phc tp kim loi (metal complexes) Phng php iu ch peptides v proteins
1983 1984
Merrifield (1921) Herbert A. Hauptman (1917) Jerome Karle (1918) Dudley Herschbach (1932) Yuan T. Lee (1936) John C. Polanyi (1929) Donald J. Cram (1919) Charles J. Pedersen (19041989) Jean-Marie Lehn (1939) Johann Deisenhofer (1943) Robert Huber (1937) Hartmut Michel (1948) Thomas R. Cech (1947) Sidney Altman (1939) Elias James Corey (1928) USA USA Pht trin phng php trc tip xc nh cu trc cc tinh th
1985
1986
ng hc v cc qu trnh ha hc c bn
1987
S khai trin v cch dng ca nhng phn t c tng tc cu trc c bit vi s chn la k Bi c thm
1988
Nghin cu trn cu trc protein dng Germany trong quang hp: xc nh cu trc 3 Germany chiu ca trung tm phn ng quang hp Germany (photosynthetic reaction center)
1989
USA USA
Khm ph tnh cht xc tc ca RNA (ribonucleic acid) Pht trin phng php mi cho s tng hp cc hp cht hu c thin nhin (retrosynthetic analysis) Pht trin phng php hc cho ph cng hng t hch tm vi phn gii cao(high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR) Thuyt v s truyn in t Theories of electron transfer Pht minh phng php polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cy DNA Cng trnh c bn trn ngun gc s t
1990
USA
1991
Richard R. Ernst (1933) Rudolph A. Marcus (1923, gc Canada) Kary B. Mullis (1944) Michael Smith
Thy S
1992 1993
(1932, gc Anh)
bin (mutagenesis) cn c trn vic dng cc oligonucleotides v p dng s t bin nghin cu cc proteines Sng ch phng php lm cc carbocations bn nghin cu cu trc, bn v phn ng ca chng bng phng php ph hc
1994
George A. Olah (1927) Paul Crutzen (1933) Mario Molina (1943, gc Mexico) F. Sherwood Rowland (1927) Harold W. Kroto (1939) Robert F. Curl, Jr. (1933) Richard E. Smalley (1943) Paul D. Boyer (1918) John E. Walker (1941) Jens C. Skou (1918) Walter Kohn (1923)
USA
1995
Cng trnh v ha hc kh quyn:s cn bng ozone trong kh quyn, c bit v s to thnh v phn hy ca ozone bi cc gc t do.
1996
Khm ph fullerenes
1997
Lm sng t c ch dng enzym tng hp adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Ngi khm ph ra u tin ion mang enzyme l ion Na+, K+-ATPase Khai trin thuyt density-functional nghin cu c ch phn ng ha hc bng enzymes, th d khi nc dc bin i thnh oxygen trong s quang hp
1998
Pht trin phng php k thut my tnh trong ha lng t (quantum chemistry, GAUSSIAN computer programs) phc v cho vic kim tra v xc nh cu trc ha hc v nhng chi tit ca vt cht Nghin cu nhng giai on chuyn tip ca cc phn ng ha hc bng cch dng my chp hnh laser cc nhanh, bng 1015 giy my femtosecond spectroscopy Khm ph v pht trin cc cht nha dn in (conductive polymers)
1999
USA
2000
USA USA
Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927) Hideki Shirakawa (1936) William S. Knowles (1917) Ryoji Noyori (1938) K. Barry Sharpless (1941) John B. Fenn (1917) Koichi Tanaka (1959) Kurt Wthrich (1938)
Japan
2001
Nghin cu nhng phn ng hydrogen ha xc tc bi cht trin quang (chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions) Nghin cu nhng phn ng oxd ha xc tc bi cht trin quang (chirally catalysed Pht trin nhng phng php ion ha v gii hp nh cho s phn tch ph khi lng ca cc cht i phn t trong sinh hc pht trin ph t cng hng hch tm xc nh cu trc khng gian ba chiu ca cht i phn t trong sinh hc Kho st cc ng dn nc v ions trong cc t bo sinh vt:
2002
Khm ph cc knh (channels) trong mng t bo Khm ph nhng knh nc Discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes: Cu trc v nghin cu c ch ca ion knh