GV: Trng Th Tho

O THUT HA HC
Tn sch: O THUT HA HC Nh xut bn: NH XUT BN GIO DC Bin tp: NGUYN XUN TRNG

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GV: Trng Th Tho

A. MT S TH NGHIM VI KH AMONIAC
1. Khng c la... m li c khi
Ly hai a thy tinh u c qun mt t bng. Nhng mt a vo dung dch axit nitric (hoc axit clohiric) m c v nhng a th hai vo dung dch amoniac 25%. a hai u a li gn nhau. Khi trng s xut hin hai u a do s to thnh amoni nitrat (amoni clorua). NH3 + HNO3 ---> NH4NO3

2. Nhm bp than bng a thy tinh

Xp mt t than g vo bp nh nhm l, xong ly u a thy tinh chm vo ng than lp tc ng than bc khi nghi ngt. Cch lm: B than g vo ti bng vi mu ri treo trong bnh rng ming bn di c ng dung dch NH3 m c trong vi ngy. Kh NH3 s b ht vo than. Khi biu din th nghim, a thy tinh cn c nhng vo axit HCl c. Kh HCl gp NH 3 s to ra khi trng l nhng ht nh NH4Cl theo phn ng: NH3 + HCl ---> NH4Cl

3. La v khi
t bn ming bng ln ming knh. Cc ming bng tm cc dung dch sau: Ming th nht tm cn, ming th hai dung dch NH3 m c, ming th ba benzen, ming th t dung dch HCl (pha 1 th tch dung dch HCl m c vi mt th tch nc). bn ming knh cch xa nhau khong 25 30cm, ming knh t bng tm dung dch NH3 v HCl phi t hai u. Sau gii thiu ngn la khng c khi, ngn la c khi v c khi nhng khng c la. Chm la t bng tm cn trc, ri ti bng tm benzen, sau cng gp ming bng tm HCl t ln ming bng tm dung dch NH3. Ch : - C th thay cn bng cc cht khc nh axeton, dietyl ete. - Nn tm t benzen v benzen chy rt nhiu khi, rt r v lu.

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GV: Trng Th Tho - Dung dch HCl nn pha t l 1 : 1 nh trn khng c kh HCl bay ra qu nhiu, ngi xem d nhn thy c khi trc.

4. Ma la
Rt 100ml dung dch amoniac vo mt bnh ming rng ri un nh, sau t t vo bnh bt Cr2O3 c un nng trn mt ming kim loi. Nhng m la sng nh sao l t ri xung ging nh trn ma la. Nu ta vo dung dch amoniac mt t ru etylic, phn ng s xy ra mnh hn. Gii thch: y khng phi Cr2O3 tc dng vi NH3 m l qu trnh oxi ha NH3 bi oxi ca khng kh c Cr2O3 lm xc tc. 4NH3 + 3O2 ---> 2N2 + 6H2O Phn ng xy ra trn b mt ca cc ht Cr 2O3 v ta ra rt nhiu nhit lm cc ht ny nng sng ln.

5. To ra mu hng bng nc l
Thm vi ml dung dch amoniac m c (25%) v 2 3 git dung dch phenoltalein vo cc ng 50ml ru etylic khan. Hn hp khng c mu. Khi biu din, bn nh mt khn gi no mc mt cc nc l pha dn vo hn hp trn. Khi nc mu hng xut hin v cng thm nc th mu hng cng m hn. Gii thch: Khi thm nc, NH3 s tc dng vi nc theo phn ng sau: NH3 + H2O <---> NH4+ + OH Ion OH lm cho phenoltalein chuyn sang mu hng. Cng thm nc cng xut hin thm nhiu ion OH.

6. Lm i mu hoa giy
Cm ngc b hoa giy mu trng vo mt chic bnh c ln, lp tc n s bin thnh b hoa c mu sc s. Cch lm: Lm mt b hoa bng giy thm trng. Chia b hoa thnh bn phn. phn th nht nguyn. Phn th hai tm dung dch phenoltalein. Phn th ba tm dung dch CuSO4 long. Phn th t tm dung dch Hg(NO3)2.

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GV: Trng Th Tho kh ri xp xen k cc bng hoa tm cc dung dch khc nhau, c b hoa vn c mu trng. Cm ngc b hoa vo bnh ln cha y kh NH 3, lp tc b hoa trng bin thnh b hoa mu. Nhng bng tm phenoltalein c mu hng; tm CuSO 4 c mu xanh; tm Hg(NO3)2 c mu en v nhng bng khng tm g, tt nhin vn c mu trng. c kh NH3 v ch vic rt vi ml dung dch NH 3 m c vo bnh ri un nng. Gii thch: Mu hng do ion OH tc dng vi phenoltalein (OH sinh ra do NH3 tc dng vi hi nc). Mu xanh do ion Cu 2+ to vi cc phn t NH3 thnh ion phc Cu(NH3)42+, cn ion Hg2(NO3)2 b phn hy: 2Hg+ ---> Hg2+ + Hg Thy ngn kim loi c gii phng di dng bt mn mu en.

B. MT S TH NGHIM DA TRN TNH CHT CA MUI COBAN (II)

1. Mc b mt
Dng mc l dung dch mui coban mu hng vit ln giy pluyza hng s khng nhn thy nt ch. H bc th ln bp than, nt ch s c mu xanh v nhit lm mui coban mt nc v chuyn sang dng khan.

2. Chp nh bng bn l (bn i)

V mt bc chn dung ln giy hng bng dung dch mui coban. Dng bn l nng l ln t giy, bc chn dung mu xanh s xut hin.

3. kt hp vi trng thnh xanh

Dng cp kp mt mnh to canxi clorua khan (mu trng) nhng mt na mnh trong 1/2 giy vo dung dch coban (II) clorua m c (mu ) ng trong cc thy tinh. Sau rt ngay mnh canxi clorua ra khi dung dch. Phn b ngp ca mnh canxi clorua trong chc lt b nhum thnh xanh.

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GV: Trng Th Tho Gii thch: Canxi clorua khan c tnh ho nc nn ht nc ca mui coban (II) clorua (ehirat ha) bin n thnh thnh khan nn c mu xanh.

4. T mt cht pha c hai mu

Bn hy ly mt cht rn, ha tan vo hai cc nc trong sut ging ht nhau, ri khuy u. Hai cc nc trng ging nhau s b nhum thnh hai mu khc hn nhau: Mt cc mu hng v mt cc mu xanh. Gii thch: Cht rn em ha tan l tinh th ca mui coban (II) khan. Cn hai cc, tht ra ch c mt cc l nc cn cc kia l axeton. Khi ha tan vo nc n c mu hng, mu ca ion coban hirat ha. Cn khi ha tan vo trong axeton n c mu xanh, mu ca mui khan.

5. Nng v ngui cng khc mu

Mt dung dch mu hng, un nng n chuyn sang mu tm, ngui n li tr v mu hng. Cch lm: Ha tan 1g mui coban (II) clorua vo 2 3ml nc ri cho thm vo 1ml glixerin s c dung dch c tnh cht trn. Glixerin l cht rt ho nc, n ht cc phn t nc hirat ca cc ion Co 2+ lm thay i mu ca ion ny. Kh nng ht cc phn t nc ca glixeron ph thuc vo nhit .

6. Bc tranh bin i mu sc
Dng dung dch CoCl2 m c v ln giy trng s c mt bc tranh c mu hng. Cng bc tranh ln bng hay ln dy. t mt bng n in gn st bc tranh pha di va mi ngi quan st cho r nhng ng thi cng dng nhit ca bng n in lm kh cc nt v. Nn bng n in lch sang mt bn ca bc tranh. Sau mt thi gian ta s c bc tranh c mu bin i theo khong cch i vi bng n ln lt l: tm xanh, tm xanh thm, tm hng, hng . Sau ta lm ngc li bng cch chuyn ch ca bng n in sang pha bn kia ca bc tranh v ph mt ming vi m ln pha t ngn n trc kia. Khong 2 3 pht sau ta li c mt bc tranh i mu ngc vi trc. C th dng bc tranh mu ny theo di thi tit. Qua bin i mu ca n c th bit c m hay kh hanh ca khng kh. Gii thch: Ty theo s phn t nc mt nhiu hay t m nt v c nhng mu sc khc nhau. Website: http://www.violet.vn/thethao0481

GV: Trng Th Tho

C. MT S TH NGHIM VI NATRI
1. iu v Natri
30ml nc cng vi git dung dch phenoltalein vo mt cc dung tch 100ml v rt 50ml du ha sch ln trn mt nc. Ly mt ming natri co sch, nh bng ht u t cn thn ln lp du ha. Natri chm xung, ni ln ri li chm xung, c nh th khong 10 20 ln cho n khi ming natri tan ht. Trong khi lp nc pha di t trong sut tr thnh hng. Gii thch: Natri nng hn du ha nn chm xung. Nhng khi tip xc vi nc th n lp tc tc dng vi nc gii phng hiro. Bt kh hidro bao bc mu natri v m kh y n ni ln lp du ha. Ti y, cc bt kh tch ra v mu natri li b chm xung.

2. Natri t chy kh cacbonic

Chng ta u bit rng kh CO2 khng chy c nn c dng lm cht cha chy. Th m natri t chy c CO 2 y! chng minh iu ny bn c th biu din th nghim sau y: Np y kh CO2 vo mt bnh thy tinh, a que m ang chy vo bnh, que m s tt ngay. By gi bn dng pipet nh xung y bnh vi git nc ri th mu natri bng ht vo git nc. Natri tc dng vi nc v bc chy trong kh quyn CO 2 theo phn ng: 2Na + CO2 ---> Na2O + CO Th nghim trn cng chng t rng khng th dp tt natri ang chy bng kh CO2 m phi dp bng ct hoc t kh.

3. Bn chy tu chin ch
Dng loi giy thm nc gp mt ci tu chin. B vo trong tu mt mu kim loi natri hoc kali to bng ht u ri th vo chu nc c nh thm vi git phenoltalein khng mu. Sau vi pht, tu s t bc chy v nc trong chu c loang mu hng t ch con tu chy, ging nh cnh tu chin ch b bn chy, mu gic nhum dng sng. Gii thch: Nc thm qua giy, tc dng vi natri (hoc kali) theo phng trnh ha hc sau:

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GV: Trng Th Tho 2Na + 2H2O ---> 2NaOH + H2 hoc: 2K + 2H2O ---> 2KOH + H2 Phn ng trn ta nhiu nhit, lm cho kh hidro thot ra t bc chy, ng thi NaOH (hoc KOH) to thnh lm cho phenoltalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng. Ch : Trong th nghim ny, mu natri hoc kali nht thit ch c ly to bng ht u. Nu ly to hn, phn ng xy ra mnh lit s n gy nguy him.

4. Chy trong kh cacbonic

Dng kp st kp mt u on dy magie ri t u dy kia cho chy sng. Sau a vo trong cc ng kh cacbonic. Magie tip tc chy sng chi trong kh cacbonic, phn ng to ra magie oxit mu trng bm y vo kp st v ri xung y cc, ng thi to ra nhng vn cacbon mu en y cc. 2Mg + CO2 ---> 2MgO + C

D. NHNG DUNG DCH PHT SNG

1. Dung dch pht quang mu
Bn hy cho kh clo sc t t vo dung dch cha 10g NaOH v 30ml H 2O2 3% trong 100ml nc. Khi s xy ra phn ng: Cl2 + H2O2 ---> 2HCl + O2 Oxi sinh ra trong phn ng lun lun trng thi kch thch v pht ra nh sng mu . Nu bn mun c mt khng gian sng t, bn ch vic hng dng kh clo ln b mt dung dch.

2. Dung dch hunh quang

Ly mt t l xanh bt k ngm vo ru chit ly dip lc t. lc ly dung dch v bo qun trong bng ti. Ban m di tc dng ca mt chm nh sng trng, dung dch ny s pht ra nh sng mu .

3. Dung dch pht sng trong bng ti

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GV: Trng Th Tho

Ly 1g hidroquinon v 5g potat ha tan trong 40ml dung dch fomandehit 10% vo trong bnh ln hn 1 lt v t nhit phng. Khi mt quen vi bng ti th thm 15ml dung dch hidropeoxit H2O2. Trong bnh si bt v xut hin nh sng mu vng. S pht quang y l do hidroquinon b oxi ha bng H2O2 trong mi trng kim. Nng lng thot ra hu nh hon ton chuyn thnh nh sng, mt phn pht ra di dng nhit v lm cho fomandehit bc hi (do khng nn y bnh).

4. Chic bnh pht sng

Trn 200g K2SO4 vi 81,5g Na2SO4, mt t nc nng vo hn hp n khi tt c cc tinh th mui u tan. ngui dung dch trong phng ti. Sau khi ngui, trong dung dch kt tinh kh nhiu tinh th mui mi v s to thnh mi tinh th km theo s pht sng. Nhng tia sng yu xut hin ngay t nhit 600C, sau tr nn sng hn v cui cng xut hin nh mt trn ma cc tia sng mu xanh lam nht (thi gian ny phi i kh lu, khong 1 ting ri). i khi nhng tia sng hnh nh nhy t thnh bnh bn ny sang thnh bnh bn kia. Gh tai vo thnh bnh, bn s nghe thy nhng ting lp bp nh. Tht l cn ging t trong th gii vi m. Khi s pht sng ngng, ta c th to li mt ln na bng cch lc bnh hay dng a thy tinh o cc tinh th mui di cht lng. Gii thch: Trong th nghim ny, s pht sng c lin quan ti qu trnh ha hc: S to thnh mui kp 2K2SO4.Na2SO4.10H2O v qu trnh kt tinh ca n.

MT S TH NGHIM VI CC CHT KHC

1. Mc b mt
Da trn tnh ho nc ca H2SO4 lm mc b mt. Ly a thy tinh chm dung dch H2SO4 long vit ln giy mt bc th ngn, nt ch s khng c mu. H bc th ln bp than hoc bn l nng, nc nt ch s bay hi lm cho H2SO4 tr nn m c, n s chim nc ca cht xenluloz l thnh phn chnh ca giy v gii phng cacbon, lm cho nt ch ha en. (C6H10O5)n ---> 6nC + 5nH2O (cht xc tc: H2SO4 c) Xenluloz

2. Nhng chic cc thn

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GV: Trng Th Tho

Bn by mt lot nhng chic cc khng ln bn v tuyn b l nhng chic cc c php thn. Bn ln lt nm nhng mu bng vo cc cc trn, cc mu bng s t bc chy. Cch lm v gii thch: y mi cc, bn cho mt t hn hp sn st ca KMnO4 v H2SO4 m c. Vi lng nh hn hp ny y cc ngi xem s khng nhn thy. Bn vin nhng mu bng em tm cn ri nm vo cc cc trn. Khi bng tip xc vi hn hp n s t bc chy.

3. i phun nc
Bn c th lm mt ci i phun nc nh b, xinh xn lm p thm cho m hnh mt cng vin chng hn. Mun vy, bn ly 2 3g axit oxalic H 2C2O4 trn vi 2 3g NaHCO 3 v hn hp ny vo ng nghim th tch khong 60ml. Sau , nc vo v nt cht ng nghim bng nt cao su c ng dn kh xuyn qua. ng ny cn cm ti y ng nghim. Nc trong ng s phun ra rt mnh nh mt i phun nc trong cng vin vy. Gii thch: Gia dung dch H2C2O4 v mui NaHCO3 c phn ng: H2C2O4 + 2NaHCO3 ---> Na2C2O4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 Kh CO2 sinh ra nn rt mnh ln dung dch trong ng nghim v y n phun mnh ra ngoi. Th nghim ny cng c th minh ha cho nguyn tc hot ng ca bnh cu ha.

4. t chy bng kh cacbonic

Tht l chuyn l i! Chng ta ai cng bit kh CO 2 khng duy tr s chy, nn c dng lm cht cha chy. Bn ly cp gp mt ming bng gi ln cho mi ngi xem ri cho lung kh CO2 iu ch t bnh Kp thi vo ming bng, ming bng s bng chy trc con mt ngc nhin ca mi ngi. Cch lm v gii thch: Nhng ming bng lm th nghim cn c chun b trc bng cch rc bt natri peoxit Na 2O2 kh ln. Khi thi kh CO2 vo, Na2O2 s tc dng vi CO2 theo phng trnh ha hc sau: 2Na2O2 + 2CO2 ---> 2Na2CO3 + O2 Phn ng trn va ta nhit, va gi phng ra O2 nn ming bng chy tc khc.

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GV: Trng Th Tho Ch : Nhng ming bng tm bt Na2O2 dng khng ht khng c dnh li trong phng th nghim v c th t bc chy do tc dng ca kh CO 2 trong khng kh. Tt hn ht l nn t ngay i.

5. t chy nc
Bn ly mt nm nc b vo mt ng b thp v rng ming ri bt dim t trn mt ng b. Tht k l! Nc bc chy. Cch lm v gii thch: Trong ng b, bn t sn vi mu canxi cacbua CaC 2. Khi b nc vo, CaC2 s tc dng vi nc, gii phng kh C2H2. CaC2 + 2H2O ---> C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 Kh C2H2 thot ln mt nc , khi t n s chy trng ging ht nc chy vy. 2C2H2 + 5O2 ---> 4CO2 + 2H2O

6. Sao bng trong ng nghim

Rt dung dch st (II) sunfat vo dung dch axit oxalic s thu c kt ta st oxalat. em lc v sy kh kt ta ri nung nng trong ng nghim y kn khng cho khng kh lt vo s xut hin nhng ht st nng bay trong ng nghim trng nh cnh sao bng. Gii thch: Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau: FeSO4 + (COOH)2 ---> Fe(COO)2 + H2SO4 Fe(COO)2 ---> Fe + 2CO2 Phn ng th hai gii phng CO2 thi nhng ht st nng bay ln nh sao bng.

7. Dng ng lm thuc sng

Nghin ng thnh bt trn vi mui KClO3 theo t l bng nhau v khi lng. hn hp thu c ln mt ming st ty ri vun li thnh mt ng nh hnh nn, nh nh lm xung. Dng ng nh git ly H 2SO4 m c v nh vi git vo nh lm ca hnh nn. Hn hp lp tc bng ln v gn nh chy mt cch chp nhong to thnh nhng lung khi dy c, ta rng ln trn ht nh t thuc sng vy. Gii thch: KClO3 tc dng vi H2SO4 to ra axit HClO3: 2KClO3 + H2SO4 ---> K2SO4 + 2HClO3

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GV: Trng Th Tho Axit HClO3 b phn hy thnh nc, oxi v clodioxit ClO 2, cht ny li b phn hy rt mnh gii phng O2 v lm cho ng bc chy. V phn ng khi u pht trin rt nhanh nn cng nh thuc sng, ng b chy hu nh tc thi.

8. Nhum mt ln thnh c sao vng

Dng mt ming vi trng nh, hnh ch nht v ngi sao bng bt ch m ri kho lo tm ch vi trong ngi sao bng dung dch crom (III) sunfat Cr2(SO4)3 trong mi trng kim. Phn cn li tm bng dung dch nhm sunfat Al 2(SO4)3 bo ha. Phi kh, ming vi s hon ton trng. Trc lc biu din th nghim cn treo ming vi trn ni nc si lm m. Dng bm nc hoa phun dung dch alizarin ln ming vi. Ngi sao s c mu vng, cn nn c s c mu ti.

9. t chy ng
Bnh thng, ng t khng chy m ch b nng chy, y th m ta c php l lm cho ng cng chy c. Php l ny tht n gin. Bn ch vic rc tn thuc l vo ming ng ri bt dim t, ming ng s bt la v chy vi ngn la mu xanh. Tc dng ca tn thuc l i vi s chy ca ng c th gii thch nh sau: Trong tro tn thuc c cha nhiu hp cht ha hc, trong c hp cht ca liti c tc dng nh cht xc tc khi mo s chy ca ng.

10. Lm nc si bng si dy kim loi

Rt nc vo mt phn ba ng nghim, ri nhng vo mt si dy kim loi mu trng. Lp tc nc s si sng sc ri hi nc bay m mt, m c thnh ng nghim. Nhc si dy kim loi ra, nc trong ng ngng si, nhng si dy vo, n li si sng sc. Cch lm v gii thch: Dng dung dch axit HCl lm nc v cn un nng trc khi biu din. Si dy kim loi mu trng l dy nhm. Khi nhng nhm vo dung dch HCl nng, phn ng xy ra mnh lit. Bt kh H 2 thot ra rt mnh trng nh nc ang si sng sc. Mt khc, phn ng cng lm cho nhit ca dung dch tng ln dn v nc bay hi m mt cng lm cho hin tng xy ra ging ht nh nc ang si.

11. Cht ch ng phn ng

Bn tuyn b va iu ch ra c cht ch ng phn ng. Vi cht ny, ta c th lm cho mt phn ng ang xy ra mnh lit phi dng li ngay. Cch lm v gii thch: B vi mu kim loi vo mt cc thy tinh nh ri rt vo khong 1/4 cc dung dch axit HCl long (1 : 3). Phn ng s xy ra mnh vi nhng bt kh H2 sng sc bc ln. Bn rt thm vo cc cht ch ng phn ng, phn ng lp tc dng ngay li. Website: http://www.violet.vn/thethao0481

GV: Trng Th Tho

Cht ch ng l dung dch NaOH m c, khi thm vo s trung ha axit nn phn ng dng ngay li.

12. Ngn la xanh lc

Cho vo chn s khong 1g axit boric, 10ml cn v 1ml H 2SO4 c. Dng a thy tinh khuy u hn hp ri t, ta s c ngn la mu xanh rt p. Gii thch: Axit boric tc dng vi ru etylic to thnh este v H 2O theo phn ng sau: H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH ---> (C2H5)3BO3 + 3H2O Hi ca trietyl borat chy cho ngn la mu xanh l cy rt p. H 2SO4 c dng ht nc sinh ra trong phn ng trn. Ngi ta thng dng phng php ny pht hin nguyn t Bo ln trong cc cht khc.

13. Dung dch mun mu

Rt vo ng nghim 3ml dung dch KMnO4 bo ha l 1ml dung dch KOH 10%. Thm 10 15 git dung dch Na 2SO3 long. Lc ng nghim cho ti khi xut hin mu lc sm. Khi khuy mnh, dung dch mu lc sm nhanh chng tr thnh mu xanh, tm v cui cng l thm. Gii thch: Mu lc sm xut hin l do phn ng to thnh kali manganat nh sau: 2KMnO4 + 2KOH + Na2SO3 ---> 2K2MnO4 + H2O + Na2SO4 S bin i ca mu lc sm thnh xanh tm v sm l do kali manganat b phn hy do tc dng ca oxi trong khng kh. Khi tin hnh th nghim, cn lu rng nu c d Na 2SO3 hoc thiu KOH th s khng to ra K2MnO4.

14. Quy nc l thnh ru mi

Bn gi cho mi ngi xem cc nc l trong sut v quy nc bng mt a thy tinh, cc nc vn khng mu. Bn tuyn b rng c php l: C th quy nc l thnh ru mi ri li quy ln, qu nhin cc nc l bin ngay thnh cc ru mi c mu hng. Cch lm: Nc l y l dung dch kim.

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GV: Trng Th Tho Th d NaOH, KOH... lc u bn quy bng u a sch, ln th hai bn b mt quay u a quy bng u a nhng dung dch phenoltalein. Dung dch kim long lm cho phenoltalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng.

15. Lc nc l thnh mu
Rt nc n na bnh cu ri cho thm vo 2 3ml dung dch phenoltalein. y bnh bng nt, y nt c mt khe cha mt mu NaOH hoc KOH. Lc bnh sao cho cht lng khng chm vo nt, nh vy tt nhin nc khng b nhum mu. Khi tuyn b l c th lc nc l thnh mu bn s lc mnh hn, mt phn cht kim tan vo nc v phenoltalein c mu thm.

16. Thuc hin hnh

Ly giy lc tm dung dch phenoltalein ri phi kh n vn c mu trng. Ly giy ny ct thnh ch hay thnh hnh ty ri dn ln giy trng. Nhng t giy ny vo dung dch kim long, ch hay hnh s hin ln bng mu hng rt p nh khi ra nh vy.

17. Ct chy mu tay

Bn cm mt con dao sng long ca vo lng bn tay, lp tc li dao ca bn b nhum mu v t lng bn tay nhng git mu ti chy xung. Bn ra sch mu v a lng bn tay va b ct cho mi ngi xem. Nhng l thay! Tay bn khng h b thng. Cch lm: Dng dung dch FeCl3 nng 3 5% (mu vng nht) xoa lng bn tay ni rng l nc iot long st trng trc khi ct, v dng dung dch KCNS nng 3 5% (khng mu) lm nc ra li dao. Ch : Cn cho cc dung dch trn cn dnh li trong lng bn tay v trn li dao cng nhiu cng tt. Dng li dao cn nhng c nh sng long lt nh ln lng bn tay, lp tc mu s chy ra. Gii thch: FeCl3 tc dng vi KCNS to thnh cht Fe(CNS)3 c mu mu. FeCl3 + 3KCNS ---> Fe(CNS)3 + 3KCl Mu xut hin ngay c trong nhng dung dch c nng ion Fe 3+ rt thp, nn phn ng to ra Fe(CNS)3 c s dng rng ri trong phn tch nh tnh v nh lng.

18. Lt da bn tay
Cm dao ca vo tay ri lt da tay t t, mu s a ra v mt nhn li au n.

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GV: Trng Th Tho Cch lm: Bi mt lp mng glixerin vo lng bn tay, sau bi mt lp colodiong ln trn. i lp colodiong kh, li bi tip mt lp th hai. Lp colodiong dy s bc khi da tay. Xoa ln lp colodiong mt dung dch mui st (III), v d Fe2(SO4)3. Khi biu din ta cm con dao cn nhng vo dung dch KCNS, t m dao p ln trn lng bn tay ca v t t lt lp colodiong ln. Mu s chy bn tay. Gii thch: Colodiong to mng mng hi ng ng nu ging mu da tay. Mng mng colodiong bm vo tay v c th bc ra d dng. Dung dch Fe 2(SO4)3 s tc dng vi dung dch KCNS to ra cht Fe(CNS) 3 c mu mu. Bi glixeron ln da lp colodiong khng bm qu chc vo da tay lm cho kh lt da. Ch : C th dng phim nh ha tan vo axeton hay etyl axetat thay dung dch colodiong.

19. t chy bn tay

Xn tay o ri nhng c bn tay v c tay vo chu nc. Sau nh vi git axeton vo lng bn tay v chm nhanh ngn la n cn. Bn tay s bt la v bc chy. Bn ng s, ete hay axeton s chy rt nhanh v ch mt long l chy ht, ngn la s tt. Bn ch thy hi nng ch khng h b bng. Gii thch: Ete v axeton l nhng cht bay hi rt nhanh v bt la rt mnh. Vi vi git cc cht trn, khi chy nhit lng ta ra ch lm bay hi mt phn nc trn da tay. V th, ta ch cm thy hi nng ch khng sao c.

20. t khn khng chy

Nhng t mt khn mi soa, sau nh ln vi git ete hay axeton ri t. Khi khn chy cm mt gc khn vung mnh. Mt lc sau la tt, chic khn vn cn nguyn vn.

21. Pht hin du tay

iu tra cc v n mng hay trm cp, cng an thng rc bt pht hin du vn tay ca th phm. Ta cng c th biu din th nghim vui ny. Bn a mt t giy trng v sch cho khn gi v yu cu h b mt in u ngn tay ci v ngn tay tr hai bn tay ca mt ngi no ln t giy. Bn thu li t giy v mang y p t giy ln ming l ng cn iot. Sau mt thi gian, ly ra bn s thy r cc du tay xut hin trn giy. Bn ch cn thu chng minh th ca khn gi i chiu du tay v tm ngay c th phm. Gii thch: Khi ta in tay ln giy, tay ta s li trn giy vt m ca da. Cn iot s ha tan vt m ny lm xut hin du tay.

22. Tm thm bay

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GV: Trng Th Tho Ly mt ming vi nh, sc s (ging nh mt tm thm) buc vo bn gc nhng si ch tm i tm li nhiu ln bng dung dch mui n bo ha ri phi kh. Buc u kia ca nhng si ch vo bn im c nh, lm thnh mt tm thm treo. Sau ly dim t chy nhng si ch, tm thm s khng ri xung m nh bay l lng trong khng kh. Gii thch: Khi nc bay hi, nhng si bng trong ch chy bnh thng, nhng cc tinh th mui n gn nh khng mu m ta tm nc trong ch th vn cn li. Chng dnh vo nhau kh cht sc gi tm thm khng b ri. o thut s nh tht nu lm vo bui ti v ngi biu din ng pha sau, mc o sm mu. Cn chn si ch kh dy.

23. Ni la phun
Ly 100g mt st mn cng vi 50g lu hunh bt. Trn k v vo mt cht nc nng cho n khi hn hp tr nn sn st. Sau , t hn hp ln mt a hoc khay st v ly t st nho trn vi nhng hn si nh, p ph ln hn hp mt st v lu hunh, sao cho ging nh mt ngn ni thc s. Dng que g chc t ming ni mt l, qua lp t st. Sau 10 12 pht ni la t hon bt u hot ng. T ming phun, khi bc m mt v dung nham phun tro ra d di, ging ht mt ngn ni la trong thin nhin, ch thiu ting n. Gii thch: Fe v S sau khi tip xc vi nhau mt thi gian ngn, bt u phn ng to thnh FeS. Phn ng ta nhit lm nc bc hi v cng nh nhit phn ng mnh, lm c khi si tro ra ngoi.

24. Giy... bit chy

Gp i cc bng giy ri dng ng trn mt bn. Ly u a thy tinh chm vo cc bng giy . K l thay! Cc bng giy chy bn i nh s hi chic a thy tinh. Cch lm: Ly giy lc ct thnh di hp v tm vo dung dch iot trong nc amoniac 25% ri phi kh. Nh vy cc bng giy c tm nit iotua, thc cht l hp cht ca NI3 vi mt lng amoniac bin thin. Nit iotua rt khng bn v dng kh, c th n khi c mt vt rn tip xc. Bng giy cng chy mnh nu c tm k v nng dung dch nit iotua cng m c.

25. Phong cnh ma ng x lnh

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GV: Trng Th Tho un nng nc (tt nht l nc ct) ri ha tan ch nitrat vo vi t l 25g mui trong 100g nc. Sau ly mt chu thy tinh thnh dy v t y chu mt s tinh th nh amoni clorua, cch nhau. Ch cho n khi dung dch mui ch nitrat ngui th n vo chu thy tinh. Nhng mu trng nh tuyt do ch clorua to thnh s nhanh chng xut hin cc tinh th. Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4Cl ---> PbCl2 + 2NH4NO3 Cc mm s pht trin kh nhanh v pha trn v mc thm nhng nhnh xung quanh. Nhng cnh trng nh tuyt dn dn ln vi nhau v sau mt gi, mt phong cnh ma ng s xut hin trc mt bn.

26. Cy Diana
Nhng mt si dy ng nh sch v un thnh hnh l x vo mt dung dch bc nitrat trong nc, trong dung dch s xut hin mt dng cy bng bc gi l cy Diana (Diana l n thn La M v sn bn). Gii thch: ng hot ng ha hc mnh hn bc nn y bc ra khi mui. Bc c gii phng bm vo si dy ng to ra cy bng bc. Cu + 2AgNO3 ---> Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

27. Pho dy n gin

Gm cc ha cht ly theo t l khi lng nh sau: 68% KNO3 + 15% S + 12% C + 5% Mg. Tt c u sy kh (tr S) v nghin mn ring tng th. Trn tht k hn hp. Ct nhng bng giy bn mng ngang 3cm, ri u hn hp trn bng giy ri cun li theo cch v xon. Trn mt giy bn mng c nhng si nh, c tc dng kt dnh gi cc cht bt mn khng b ri. Khi chy, magie s pht ra nhng tia sng trng trng rt p mt.

28. Pho hoa

C th lm pho hoa nh kiu pho dy. Cng thc pha ch nh sau: - La mu xanh l cy: 55% Ba(NO3)2 + 20% KNO3 + 15% S + 5% Mg + 5% C. - La : 55% Sr(NO3)2 + 20% KNO3 + 15% S + 5% Mg + 5% C. - La vng: 60% NaNO3 + 15% S + 10% PbS + 15% C. - La tm: 50% KNO3 + 15% KClO3 + 15% K2CO3 + 15% phn nhm + 5% C.

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GV: Trng Th Tho Nu c iu kin th cho thm mi cng thc 2 5% SbS th pho chy tt hn.

29. Pho hoa t ming ng nghim

Trn na tha kali pemanganat KMnO4 v cng chng y than g nghin nh. c hn hp y vo mt th nghim, kp cht v t nng. Mt lc sau, t ming ng nghim s bn ra mt b nhng tia la sng rc nh chm hoa. Gii thch: Khi un nng, KMnO4 b phn hy gii phng ra oxi: 2KMnO4 ---> K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 Oxi c gii phng s t chy cc ht than rt nh c nung nng. Kh oxi thot ra t trong hn hp lm bn tung cc ht than ang chy ln.

30. Pin bt ch
Pin ny cng theo nguyn tc ch to nh chic pin thng dng. Ch chic bt ch ly li v tho mt chic pin hng ly MnO 2. Nghin MnO2 thnh bt thm mt cht keo v pht oxit ny quanh li ch. Tip dng giy bc bc li sao cho lp mt ca giy bc tip xc vi MnO 2. C th qun vi lp v cui cng dn li cho cht. Ch : Khng bc ht li ch m mt u h 1cm. Ly dy qun cht vo hai cc, ta s c mt chic pin. chng t c dng in, ta nh vi git phenoltalein vo nc mui, nhng dy dn ni hai cc ca pin vo nc mui, mu hng s xut hin quanh cc m, v dung dch NaCl b in phn to ra OH ti cc m.

31. Lm thay i mu bc k ha
Dng giy qu tm ct thnh nhng di nh ri dn theo nt v ca mt bc k ha, ta s c mt bc k ha c to ra theo kiu ct dn. Nhng bc k ha mu tm vo dung dch axit, n s bin thnh mu nht, ly ra nhng vo dung dch kim, n li bin thnh mu xanh.

32. Cy ph tuyt
cc nc n i, v ma ng rt lnh, cy ci thng rng ht l v b ph tuyt trng xa. Ta c th to ra cnh cy ph tuyt nh sau: Dng cc phoi ng chp ni thnh mt ci cy rng ht l. Th chm ci cy ny vo cc thy tinh loi ln cha y dung dch AgNO3. Sau vi gi cy s b ph y tuyt trng xa. Gii thch: Cu hot ng hn Ag nn y Ag ra khi mui AgNO3.

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GV: Trng Th Tho

Cu + 2AgNO3 ---> Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Cc tinh th Ag bm trn cnh cy trng ging nh cy b ph tuyt.

33. Chic a to la
Bn tuyn b l c chic a to la. C th dng ly la khng cn n dim. Bn a u a thy tinh ny vo chn s. Cht cha trong chn s bng chy. Gii thch: Cht cha trong chn s l cacbon isunfua CS 2. u a thy tinh cn c t nng trc. Cht CS2 c th bc chy nhit thp pht ra ngn la mu vng c mi kh ngi. Nn thi tt ngn la ngay.

34. Cht lm si dung dch

C hai chu hay bnh thy tinh cha dung dch mu tm hng v mu xanh. Bn tuyn b l mi iu ch c mt cht c tnh cht k l l lm si ngay cc dung dch m khng cn un nng. Bn b vo cc dung dch trn cc mu nc kh (CO2 trng thi rn) hay cn gi l tuyt cacbonic. Nc kh s thng hoa rt nhanh lm cc bt kh CO 2 thot ra rt mnh trng ging nh cc dung dch ang si sng sc. Mun c dung dch mu tm hng ta pha vo nc vi tinh th KMnO 4, dung dch mu xanh th pha vi gam CuSO4.5H2O. Cc dung dch c mu lm cho th nghim p mt hn.

35. Bong bng x phng bay l lng

Bn dng ng thy tinh nh thi vo nc x phng ng trong mt bnh thy tinh. Bong bng x phng bay ln v l lng gn ming bnh ch khng ri xung y bnh. Cch lm: Trong bnh thy tinh cha nc x phng bn np y kh CO2. Kh CO2 nng hn khng kh ngn khng cho bong bng x phng ri xung y bnh.

36. Lc cng lm i mu dung dch

Trong mt bnh thy tinh nt kn cha mt cht lng khng mu. Bn cm bnh lc mnh ln pha trn. Cht lng trong bnh bin thnh mu xanh c, mi giy sau, n chuyn sang mu hng ri bin thnh khng mu. Cch lm: Ha tan 5g KOH, 3g extroz, mt t cht xanh metylen vo mt phn t lt nc v vo bnh dung tch mt lt, nt cht bnh bng nt cao su. Khi lc nhanh

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GV: Trng Th Tho v mnh v pha trn s to ra s i mu. Nu lc nhanh v mnh hn, cht lng s gi mu lu hn. C th lp li th nghim nhiu ln, sau vi ngy cc cht phn ng s mt dn tnh i mu. Nn ly rt t cht xanh metylen. S i mu xy ra do tc ng ca khng kh ln cht phn ng.

37. Dung dch lm nc ng bng

mt t nc ln mt ming g mng ri t ln mt cc thy tinh. nc vo cc ri ha tan vo 50g mui amoni nitrat NH 4NO3. Quy cho mui ha tan, s ha tan hp th kh nhiu nhit lm cho dung dch trong cc lnh n mc nc y cc ng bng v lm cho ming g dnh cht vo y cc.

38. Dp tt ri thp li ngn nn bng kh

Bn cm mt ng ong ng mt kh vo ngn nn ang chy, ngn nn tt. Cm tip ng ong vo ngn nn va tt, ngn nn li bng chy. Gii thch: ng ong th nht cha kh CO2 cn ng ong th hai cha kh O2. Cn ngay kh O2 khi ngn nn va tt v cn tn .

39. Pht ha bng nc

5g bt nhm ln mt ming gch men thnh ng hnh nn cao 1cm. Rc khong 0,5g bt natri peoxit ln, dng que m gt nh sao cho bt natri peoxit thm vo kim loi nhm. Nh mt git nc vo hn hp n s bng chy vi ngn la sng chi. Gii thch: Nc tc dng vi Na2O2 theo phn ng sau: 2Na2O2 + 2H2O ---> 4NaOH + O2 Phn ng trn gii phng O2 v ta nhit lm cho bt nhm bc chy.

40. Bc v bng la
Dng bt lng v thuc v c bit v mt bc tranh. Khi va v xong cc nt v lin bc chy to ra bc v bng la. Cch lm: Ha tan photpho trng vo cacbon isunfua lm thuc v. Khi v xong, cacbon isunfua bay hi v photpho trng t bc chy trong khng kh. Ch : Phi v nhanh xong trc khi photpho bc chy. Dung dch photpho rt d bt la v gy bng da nn phi thn trng khi s dng.

41. n la
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GV: Trng Th Tho Mt qu chui chn bc la c a vo ming n ngon lnh. Nghe qua thy khip s! Bn c th thc hin mn biu din ny vi nho kh rc chy v dng a a vo ming. Cch lm v gii thch: Bn hy nhng mt u qu chui chn vo cn (ru etylic) ri dng bt la t ln. Ngn la s tt do bn thi, lc a qu chui vo ming. S ngui nhanh ca nhng tri cy khi b t bng cn gip ta c th n lin, ngay khi tri cy ang rc la.

42. Ting n di chn

Rc nhng mu giy xung sn nh, khi bc ln ta s nghe thy nhng ting n lp bp di chn. Cch lm v gii thch: Cht gy n l NI3. dng kh cht ny pht n khi b va chm nh. Sc n khng mnh nhng cc nhy. Khi m t n khng n. dung dch NH3 m c vo chu thy tinh ri ha iot v nit iotua vo . Lc dung dch ly phn bt m pht ln nhng ming giy lc. X giy lc thnh nhng ming nh ri phi tht kh.

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