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GLUCOZ
(Glucoz, Glucose, Gluco, Glucoza, Dextrose, ng nho)

XVI.1. nh ngha

Glucoz l mt loi gluxit (glucid, cht bt ng, cacbon hirat, carbohydrates) n gin nht (ng n, monosaccarit, monosaccarid, monosacchride, loi gluxit khng b thy phn na). Glucoz gp nhiu trong tri nho chn, cc tri cy chn khc, cng nh trong mt ong.

Glucoz c Andreas Marggraf ly trch u tin t tri nho kh vo nm 1747. Tn glucose c Jean Dumas t vo nm 1838. Tn glucose xut pht t ting Hy Lp glycos, c ngha l ng hay ngt. Cu to ca glucoz c Emil Fisher khm ph vo khong thi gian t cui th k 19 n u th k 20.

XVI.2. Cng thc phn t

Glucoz c CTPT l C6H12O6 ( = 1 c 1 lin kt i hoc 1 vng)

Glucoz l mt cht rn, kt tinh, khng mu, c nhit nng chy 146C, ha tan nhiu trong nc, c v ngt, nhng khng ngt bng ng ma (saccaroz, saccarose, sucrose, C12H22O11). Glucoz c ngt bng 0,6 ln so vi ng ma (cho ngt ca ng ma l 1, th ngt ca glucoz bng 0,6). Glucoz c trong c th ngi cng nh ng vt. Trong mu ngi c khong 0,1% glucoz (v khi lng). Trong mt ong c khong 30% glucoz.

XVI.3.

Cng thc cu to

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Glucoz c ba dng cng thc cu to gm mt dng mch h v hai dng vng. Khi ha tan trong nc to dung dch, glucoz c s cn bng, chuyn ha qua li v tn ti c ba dng cu to ny, trong dng vng hin din nhiu hn.

XVI.4. Tnh cht ha hc

Glucoz c tnh cht ca mt ru a chc, cha hai nhm OH lin kt hai nguyn t cacbon k bn, v tnh cht ca mt aldehyd (aldehid) v phn t c cha nhm chc aldehyd CHO.

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XVI.4.1. Phn ng chy
C6H12O6
Glucoz

6O2

6CO2

6H2O

XVI.4.2. Phn ng cng hiro (H2)

XVI.4.3. Glucoz cho c phn ng trng gng, phn ng to kt ta ng (I) oxit c mu gch vi Cu(OH) 2 v trong cu to ca glucoz c cha nhm chc aldehyd.

XVI.4.4.

Dung dch glucoz ha tan c ng (II) hiroxit nhit thng to dung dch c mu xanh lam (v trong cu to ca glucoz c cha hai nhm OH lin kt vo hai nguyn t cacbon k bn v glucoz ha tan trong nc to dung dch)

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XVI.4.5. Glucoz tc dng vi anhirit axetic (CH 3-O-CO-O-CH3) to cht c cha nm nhm chc este (CH 3-COO) (V trong cu to ca glucoz c cha 5 nhm chc ru (OH))

XVI.4.6.

Nhm OH C s 1 ca dng vng tham gia phn ng to nhm chc ete vi ru metylic (CH 3OH), c HCl khan lm xc tc, un nng (Cc nhm OH cn li khng tham gia phn ng trong iu kin ny, v OH C s 1 gn vi O ca

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dng vng nht, nn H trong nhm OH ny linh ng nht, d tham gia loi H2O, to nhm chc ete O-CH3)

XVI.5. ng dng

XVI.5.1.

Phn ng ln men ru (T glucoz iu ch c ru etylic, c men lm xc tc)

C6H12O6
Glucoz

2CH3-CH2-OH

2CO2
Kh cacbonic

Ru etylic

XVI.5.2. Phn ng ln men to axit lactic

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men lactic

C6H12O6
Glucoz

2CH3-CHOH-COOH
Axit lactic; Axit -hiroxipropionic; Axit sa

XVI.5.3.
T glucoz iu ch c sorbitol, axit gluconic, tham gia phn ng trng gng (gn lp kim loi bc ln thy tinh to gng soi, bnh thy gi nhit, linh kin in t,) CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO (Glucoz) + 1/2O2 CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)COOH (Axit gluconic)

Glucoz c dng lm thc n gi tr cho con ngi. Y hc dng glucoz lm thuc b tng lc.

XVI.6. iu ch Glucoz

Do s thy phn ca tinh bt hay xenluloz (celluloz, cellulose)

c men hay axit HCl lm xc tc.

Cc men hay HCl

(C6H10O5)n

+ nH2O

nC6H12O6
Glucoz

Tinh bt hoc xenluloz

Do s lc hp fomaldehyd

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(trng hp trong 6 monome l fomaldehyd kt hp nhau), c Canxi hiroxit lm xc tc
Trng hp, Ca(OH)2

6HCHO
Fomaldehyd Formaldehid

C6H12O6
Glucoz Glucoz

Do s quang hp ca cy xanh

6CO2
oxi

6H2O
Nc

nh sng mt tri, Dip lc t

C6H12O6
Glucoz

6O2
Kh

Kh cacbonic

Bi tp 170 (Sch Bi tp Ha Hc 12)

a) Gluxit l g? b) Bng nhng phn ng ha hc no c th chng minh nhng c im cu to sau ca glucoz: C nhiu nhm hiroxyl. Trong phn t c 5 nhm hiroxyl C nhm chc aldehyd.

Bi tp 171 (Sch Bi tp Ha Hc 12)

a) Cho glucoz ln men thnh ru etylic. Dn kh cacbonic sinh ra vo nc vi trong c d, thu c 50 gam cht kt ta. Tnh khi lng ru thu c. Tnh khi lng glucoz cho ln men, bit hiu sut qu trnh ln men t 80%.

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b) Cho 2,5 kg glucoz cha 20% tp cht ln men thnh ru etylic. Trong qu trnh ch bin, ru b hao ht mt 10%. Tnh khi lng ru thu c. Nu pha long ru thnh ru 40 th s c bao nhiu lt? Bit ru nguyn cht c khi lng ring l 0,8 g/ml. (C = 12; O = 16; Ca = 40; H = 1) S: 18,4 g C2H5OH; 56,25 g C6H12O6; 920 g C2H5OH; 2,875 lt ru 40

Bi tp 172 (Sch Bi tp Ha Hc 12)

Phn ng tng hp glucoz trong cy xanh t kh CO 2 v H2O cn c cung cp nng lng: 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2813kJ C6H12O6 + 6O2

Nu trong mt pht, mi cm2 b mt tri t nhn c khong 2,09 J nng lng mt tri th cn bao nhiu thi gian 10 l xanh vi din tch l 10 cm2 to ra c 1,8 gam glucoz. Bit nng lng mt tri ch c s dung 10% vo phn ng tng hp glucoz. (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16) S: 22 gi 26 pht

BBi tp 173 (Sch Bi tp Ha Hc 12)

a) Aldehyd v glucoz u c phn ng trng gng. Cho bit ti sao trong thc t ngi ta ch dng glucoz trng rut phch v trng gng (gng soi, gng trang tr) m khng dng aldehyd? b) Trong nc tiu ngi b bnh i ng c cha glucoz. Nu hai phn ng ha hc c th dng xc nhn s c mt glucoz trong nc tiu. Vit phng trnh phn ng.

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Bi tp 174 (Sch Bi tp Ha Hc 12)
iu ch glucoz ngi ta un si hn hp gm tinh bt (t go, bp, khoai m,) v dung dch H2SO4 long trong ni st trng men. Sau khi phn ng kt thc, em lm ngui hn hp, cho vi bt vo hn hp sn phm cho n khi dung dch t mi trng trung tnh. Lc b kt ta. C c dung dch thu ly glucoz. Gii thch qu trnh tin hnh. Vit phng trnh phn ng.

Bi tp 175 (Sch Bi tp Ha Hc 12)

C bn bnh mt nhn ng ring bit cc cht: glixerin, ru etylic, dung dch glucoz, dung dch anilin. Bng phng php ha hc lm th no nhn ra tng cht? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.

Bi tp 176 (Sch Ha Hc 12 Ban Khoa hc t nhin)

Dng mch h ca glucoz chuyn thnh dng mch vng nh th no? Trong s nhng hp cht sau y, hp cht no c th chuyn thnh dng vng? Vit cng thc ca dng vng . a) CH2(OCH3)-(CHOCH3)4-CH=O b) CH2(OCH3)-(CHOH)-(CHOCH3)3-CH=O c) CH2OH-(CHOH)3-CH=O

Bi tp 177 (Sch Ha Hc 12 Ban Khoa hc t nhin)

t chy hon ton 0,9 gam hp cht thin nhin C xHyOz thu c 1,32 gam CO2 v 0,54 gam H2O. Hp cht ny c v ngt hn ng ma; khi un vi AgNO3 trong amoniac cho Ag v tc dng c vi hiro c Ni xc tc. Hy xc nh CTPT v CTCT, bit phn t khi l 180 vC. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. (C = 12; H = 1; O = 16) S: C6H12O6 Frutoz

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XVII.

FRUCTOZ

(FRUCTOZ, FRUCTOSE, LEVULOSE, NG TRI CY)

Fructoz l mt loi monosaccarit (monosaccarid, gluxit n gin, ng n), ng phn vi glucoz. Fructoz l cht rn kt tinh, d ha tan trong nc, c v ngt gp 1,5 ng ma (saccaroz, saccaroz, sucrose), gp 2,5 ln glucoz (ng nho). Fructoz l loi gluxit c v ngt nht. Trong mt ong c cha khong 40% fructoz, do mt ong c v ngt gt. Fructoz nng chy khong nhit 102 - 104C.

CTPT: C6H12O6 ( = 1, nn fructoz c cha mt lin kt i hoc mt vng)

CTCT: mch h v mch vng, trong dung dch c s cn bng tn ti c dng mch h ln mch vng

lpha Fructoz -Fructoz

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Dung dch fructoz tc dng Cu(OH)2 nhit thng to dung dch mu xanh lam (tnh cht ca ru a chc c cha hai nhm OH lin kt hai nguyn t cacbon cnh nhau). Fructoz cng hiro (H2) c Ni lm xc tc, to sorbitol (CH 2OH-(CHOH)4CH2OH).

Trong mi trng baz (mi trng kim, l mi trng thc hin phn

ng trng gng, cng nh tc dng Cu(OH) 2 trong mi trng kim un nng) th fructoz chuyn ha mt phn (cn bng) thnh glucoz. Do trong thc t fructoz cng cho c phn ng trng gng, cng nh phn ng vi dung dch Fehling (dung dch hn hp mui tartrat natri kali, ng (II) sunfat, NaOH), un nng, to c kt ta ng (I) oxit (Cu 2O) c mu gch

XVIII.

SACCAROZ

(Saccaroz, Saccarose, Saccharose, Sucrose, ng ma, ng c ci, ng tht nt, ng ct, ng knh, ng phn, ung phi)

Saccaroz l mt loi isaccarit, c to ra do hai monosaccarit l glucoz v -fructoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -glicozit C1 ca glucoz, hay lin kt -glicozit C2 ca fructoz. (Nhm OH

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C s 1 ca -glucoz vi nhm OH C s 2 ca -fructoz kt hp vi nhau v loi ra mt phn t H 2O, to nhm chc ete O m thnh). Saccaroz l loi ng thng gp nht, n c nhiu trong cc cy ma, tht nt, c ci ng

Saccaroz hin din dng rn iu kin thng, khng mu, khng mi, c v ngt. Saccaroz nng chy 184-185C, t tan trong ruu, tan nhiu trong nc, nc cng nng cng ha tan nhiu saccaroz.

CTPT: C12H22O11 ( = 2 => C 2 vng no)

CTCT: Cu to ca saccaroz do nhm OH gn vo C s 1 ca -glucoz kt hp vi nhm OH gn vo C s 2 ca -fructoz v loi mt phn t H2O to thnh nhm ete O lin kt hai vng ny ( lin kt -glicozit C1 ca -glucoz hay lin kt -glicozit C 2 ca fructoz).

Phn ng thy phn:

Vi s hin din ca axit v c (H +) hoc men lm xc tc, saccaroz b thy phn to hai monosaccarit to nn n l glucoz v fructoz

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C12H22O11
Saccaroz

H2O
Nc

C6H12O6
Glucoz

C6H12O6
Fructoz

Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2:
Dung dch saccaroz ha tan c Cu(OH) 2 nhit thng to dung dch c mu xanh lam, do c to ng (II) saccarat tan, c mu xanh lam. V trong cu to ca saccaroz c cha hai nhm OH lin kt hai nguyn t C k bn (tnh cht ca mt ru a chc).

Saccaroz tc dng vi vi sa (hn hp Ca(OH) 2 - H2O, c) to mui canxi saccarat (Saccarat Calcium) (tan, dung dch trong). Kh CO 2 tc dng dung dch canxi saccarat ti to saccaroz (tan) v canxi cacbonat (Carbonat Calcium, CaCO3, khng tan). Ngi ta p dng tnh cht ny loi cc tp cht nh protit, axit hu ctrong qu trnh sn xut ng t ma.

C12H22O11
Saccaroz

Ca(OH)2 +

H2O

C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O
Canxi saccarat (tan, trong)

Vi sa (t tan, c)

C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O + CO2
Kh cacbonic

C12H22O11 +
Saccaroz (tan)

CaCO3 +

2H2O

Canxi cacbonat (khng tan)

Saccroz khng m vng to nhm chc aldehyd c (v nhm OH C s 1 ca -glucoz dng ete, khng th m vng to nhm chc aldehyd), nn dung dch saccaroz khng cho phn ng trng gng v khng tc dng vi dung dch Fehling hay Cu(OH) 2 trong mi trng kim. Do saccaroz l loi ng khng c tnh kh (khng l ng kh). Ch sau khi thy phn, c s to glucoz v fructoz, lc by gi, dung dch thu c mi cho c phn ng trng gng, cng nh tc dng c vi dung dch Fehling.

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Cc giai on sn xut ng t ma nh sau:
Ma thu hoch c em nghin v p ly nc ma. Trong nc ma c cha khong 18% khi lung saccaroz. Dng nc nng chit ly thm ng t b c p. Nc ma thu c ch ha vi vi sa loi cc tp cht nh protit, axit hu c (nh axit oxalic, axit citric,), axit v c (axit photphoric, acid phosphoric, H3PO4), c trong nc ma. Cc tp cht ny s kt hp vi vi sa to kt ta, c lc b. C mt phn saccaroroz tc dng vi sa to mui canxi saccarat tan trong dung dch. Lc b kt ta. Sc kh CO2 vo dung dch qua lc loi Ca 2+ trong nc vi cn d, ng thi ti to saccaroz t canxi saccarat.

Ty mu nc ng

bng cho lc qua than xng hay than hot tnh hoc ch ha vi kh SO2 (kh sulfur) hoc dng NaHSO3 (hiposulfit natri). un nng nuc ng nhit khong 100C kt ta hon ton cc tp cht. Lc b ton b kt ta thu ly nc ng sch v trong. C c dung dch nc ng p sut thp lm tng nng ng. Lm lnh dung dch nc ng v dng my ly tm tch ly ng kt tinh.

Phn nc ng khng th kt tinh ht cng nh cn ln cc tp cht c gi l r ng. R ng c dng cho ln men iu ch ru etylic.

HOOC-COOH

Ca(OH)2

CaC2O4

2H2O

Axit oxalic (Acid oxalic)

Canxi oxalat (Oxalat calcium)

2H3PO4

3Ca(OH)2
(Acid phosphoric)

Ca3(PO4)2
Canxi

6H2O
(Phosphat

Axit photphoric calcium)

photphat

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C12H22O11
Saccaroz

Ca(OH)2 +

H2O

C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O
Canxi saccarat (tan, trong)

Vi sa (t tan, c)

Ca(OH)2 (cn d)

CO2 (c d)

CaCO3

+ +

H2O 2H2O

C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O + CO2
Canxi saccarat Kh cacbonic

C12H22O11 + CaCO3

Saccaroz (tan) Canxi cacbonat (khng tan)

Bi tp
a) Ti sao khi lm nc chanh ng hay c ph , ngi bn hng cho ng vo ly v khuy u trc khi cho nc vo ly? b) Ti sao c kh nhiu tn ch saccaroz trong ting Vit nh saccaroz, saccarose, saccaroza, ng ct, ng th, ng inh, ng phn, ng phi, ng knh, ng ngo, ng trng, ng vng, ng tinh, ng ma, ng mung, ng cc, ng tht nt, ng c ci, ng n, ng chy, ng phn, ng tn, ng vin...? Ci tn c ni ln ni dung g khng?

XIX. MANTOZ
(Maltoz, Maltose, Manto, Mantoza, ng mch nha)

Mantoz (Maltoz), cn gi ng mch nha, l mt isaccarit (disaccarid, disaccharide) ng phn ca saccaroz (saccaroz). Mantoz khng c sn trong t nhin, n c to ra khi tinh bt b thy phn. Mantoz hin din tinh th ngm mt phn t nc, nng chy 102-103C. Tinh th ny khng mt nc khi un dui p sut thp, cng nh khi dng cc cht lm khan nc nh H2SO4 m c hay P2O5. C ti liu cho bit mantoz khan c nhit nng chy 110C. Mantoz c ngt bng 1/3 so vi ng sacccaroz. Mantoz tan trong nc, t tan trong ru, khng tan trong ete (eter).

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CTPT: C12H22O11 ( = 2, c 2 vng no)

CTCT: Cu to ca mantoz do hai monosaccarit l -glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4-glicozit (hay -glucozit, -glucosid) m thnh (nhm OH C s 1 ca -glucoz ny kt hp vi nhm OH C s 4 ca -glucoz kia, loi mt phn t H 2O, to nhm chc ete, O ,ni hai vng -glucoz vi nhau).

Trong dung dch, mantoz c s cn bng m vng mt phn to thnh nhm chc aldehyd (aldehid), -CHO, C s 1 ca vng glucoz c mang nhm OH . Do dung dch mantoz cho c phn ng trng gng v tc dng vi dung dch Fehling to Cu 2O khng tan c mu gch. V th mantoz l mt loi ng kh. Dung dch mantoz cng ha tan c Cu(OH)2 nhit thng to dung dch c mu xanh lam, v trong cu to ca mantoz c cha hai nhm OH lin kt hai nguyn t C cnh nhau.

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Phn ng thy phn:

Mantoz b thy phn c hin din men maltase hay axit v c (H +) lm xc tc, to ra hai monosaccarit l glucoz.

iu ch:
Mantoz c iu ch bng cch thy phn tinh bt vi s hin din men (enzim) amilase (men ny c trong mm la, cng c trong nc ming, nc bt ca ngi). Phn ng thy phn ny cng xy ra trong c th ngi cng nh ng vt. Ngi ta nu ko mch nha t bt np (go, khoai m) vi mm la hay np lm xc tc. Qung Ngi c c sn ni ting l ko mch nha, c lm t np.

XX.

TINH BT (CHT BT)

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Tinh bt hay cht bt, c nhiu trong cc ht ng cc (la, np, bp, u, k), cng nh cc c, khoai, ht hay tri thc vt khc, nh c lang (khoai lang), c m (khoai m, sn), c t (khoai t), c lng (khoai m, Dioscorea alata L.), c khoai (khoai mn, khoai s, Colocasia esculenta L.), c u, c nng, khoai ty, mnh tinh (hunh tinh, Maranta arundinacea L.), chui (cha chn), ht mt, tri mt (cha chn), sak,... Tinh bt hin din dng rn, mu trng, v nh hnh, khng tan trong nc lnh (ngui), nhng trng phng trong nc nng (trn 65C) thnh h tinh bt c dng nho, nht. Tinh bt l mt loi polysaccarit (polysaccarid, polysaccharide), c to ra do cc monosaccarit l cc -glucoz (glucoz, glucose) lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4-glicozit v -1,6-glicozit (glicosid, glycoside, glucozit, glucosid, glucoside) m thnh. Tinh bt coi l mt polime (polimer), gm cc monome (monomer) l cht glucoz trng ngng m thnh. Cng thc kiu cng thc phn t ca tinh bt l (C6H10O5)n (n t 1 000 n 6 000). Cng thc cu to ca tinh bt c hai dng: dng amyloz (amylose) chim khong 10-30% khi lng tinh bt v dng amylopectin (amylosepectin) chim khong 70-90% khi lng tinh bt. Dng amyloz do cc -glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4glicozit (glucozit), ngha l nhm OH C s 1 ca vng -glucoz ny kt hp vi nhm OH ca C s 4 ca vng -glucoz kia v loi ra mt phn t H2O, v lin hai vng -glucoz bng lin kt ete (-O-). Do dng amyloz ca tinh bt c cu to mch thng.

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Dng amylopectin chim khong 70 - 90% khi lng tinh bt. Dng ny do cc -glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4-glicozit v -1,6glicozit. Do dng amylopectin c mch Cacbon phn nhnh. V v dng amylopectin chim a s, nn tinh bt c dng ht,

Ngi ta ly tinh bt t cc c, khoai, tri, ht ca cc thc vt. Tinh bt c cc thc vt to ra do s quang hp:

C th coi phn ng trn l gp ca hai phn ng: CO 2 v nc do s quang hp to Glucoz trc, sau Cc phn t Glucoz trng ngng to tinh bt.

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Ngc li, khi thy phn n cng, thu c glucoz. S thy phn tinh bt cn hin din cht xc tc thch hp l cc men (enzym) hay axit v c (H+). S thy phn Glucoz tri qua cc giai on to Dextrin (cng l cc polysaccarit, nhng khi lng phn t nh hn so vi tinh bt) , Maltoz, v cui cng l to Glucoz.

S thy phn trn tri qua cc giai on sau:

Dung dch h tinh bt (ly 2 gam tinh bt pha trong 1 lt nc si, ri ngui) khi gp dung dch Iot (Iod, I 2) th to mt phc cht c mu xanh dng (da tri, xanh lam), khi un nng th mt mu xanh, khi ngui li xut hin mu xanh. Nguyn nhn l dng amyloz ca tinh bt to mt cu trng (cu dng) hnh xon c v phn t I 2 b gi trong ng ny to phc cht c mu xanh dng. Khi un nng th cu trng xon c b

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ph hy, do khng cn mu xanh na, nhng nu ngui li ti to dng ng nn I2 li b nht trong ng ny, v th xut hin mu xanh tr li. Do dung dch h tinh bt l thuc th nhn bit Iot v ngc li, dung dch Iot l mt loi thuc th nhn bit tinh bt. Khi dung dch Iot gp tinh bt nng cao th to mu xanh dng m hay mu en. Tinh bt l mt trong cc ngun thc phm chnh (Gluxit, Lipit, Protit, Vitamin, Nc, Mui khong) ca con ngi cng nh ca nhiu loi ng vt khc. Con ngi bit trng trt t lu cc loi thc vt (la, bp, khoai, c,...) ly tinh bt lm thc phm.

XXI.

XENLULOZ (CELLULOSE, CHT X)

Xenluloz hin din dng rn, mu trng, khng mi, khng v, khng tan trong nuc, k c nuc nng. Xenluloz cng khng b ha tan trong cc dung mi hu c thng thng nh benzen, ruu, ete, axeton (aceton)...Xenluloz b ha tan trong nc Schweitzer (dung dch phc cht [Cu(NH3)4]2+ c mu xanh bic, xanh dng m, do dung dch NH3 ha tan Cu(OH)2) to dung dch nht. Xenluloz c nhiu vch t bo thc vt. Xenluloz c nhiu trong bng vi, bng gn (95-98%), ay, gai, tre, na, v da... Trong g, Xenluloz chim khonh 40-50%. Xenluloz l mt loi polysaccarit (gluxit phc tp) do cc monosaccarit (gluxit n gin) l cc -Glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4glicozit (hay glucozit) m thnh. Cng thc dng cng thc phn t ca Xenluloz l (C6H10O5)n. Do mi mt xch ca Xenluloz c cha 3 nhm OH nn Xenluloz cn c vit l [C6H7O2(OH)3]n. Khi lng phn t Xenluloz rt ln, khong 1 000 000 2 400 000 vC. Cng thc cu to ca Xenluloz do cc -Glucoz lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4-glicozit (hay -1,4-glucozit, -1,4-glicozid, -1,4-glycoside; -1,4-glucoside). Do Xenluloz c mch thng v Xenluloz thng gp c dng si. Si bng gn, bng vi hay si x da m ta thy l s xon hay chp vo nhau ca v s cc i phn t Xenluloz chung quanh mt trc chung.

Nguyn Vn Hiu
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Xenluloz c to ra do cy xanh quang hp vi s hin din ca dip lc t (chlorophyll).

Xenluloz b thy phn n cng to Glucoz vi s hin din cc men (enzym) thch hp hay axit v c (H+) lm xc tc. Trong c th con ngi khng c men thy phn c Xenluloz, nhng trong loi ng vt nhai li (tru, b,...) c men cellulosase nn thy phn Xenluloz to Glucoz. Do con ngi khng tiu ha c Xenluloz, nhng cc loi ng vt n c tiu ha c Xenluloz.

Xenluloz tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 m c, c dung dch H2SO4 m c lm xc tc, un nng, c th thu c xenluloz mononitrat, xenluloz initrat, xenloluloz trinitrat, do mt, hai hay ba nhm OH trong mi n v mt xch ca Xenluloz tham gia phn ng to thnh nhm este v c nitrat (-ONO 2). Xenluloz trinitrat dng lm thuc sng khng khi (pyrocellulose, guncotton), lu n, mn.

[C6H7O2(OH)3]n
Xenluloz

3nHNO3
Axit nitric

[C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n +
Xenluloz trinitrat

3nH2O

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Xenluloz tc dng vi anhirit axetic (anhidrid acetic), c H 2SO4 lm xc tc, to xenluloz monoaxetat, xenluloz iaxetat v xenluloz triaxetat, ty theo mt hai hay ba nhm OH trong mi n v mt xch ca xenluloz tham gia phn ng to nhm chc este (-OCOCH 3). Hn hp xeluloz iaxetat v xenluoz triaxetat c dng lm t si axetat cng nh phim nh.

[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+2nCH3COOCOCH3 H
Xenluloz Anhirit axetic

[C6H7O2OH(OCOCH3)2]n+2nCH3COO

Xenluloz iaxetat

Axit axetic

[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 3nCH3COOCOCH3
Xenluloz Anhirit axetic

[C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3]n + 3nCH3COOH Xenluloz triaxetat Axit axetic

T xenluloz cng iu ch c cc loi t si nhn to visco, t ng-amoniac (ha tan xenluloz trong nc Schweitzer, to dung dch nht, ri p dung dch nht ny qua nhng l nh to si t ngamoniac).

Xenluloz trong bng, ay, gai, v tri da, tre, g...c dng lm vi (cotton), bn dy thng, lm giy vit, vt liu xy dng, lm bn gh ( g)... Xenluloz cn c dng iu ch ru etylic (thy phn to glucoz, ri cho ln men ru).

Nguyn Vn Hiu
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