Chng ta dng rt nhiu cc thit b o, nhng chng ta hiu g v nguyn l o c cc i lng . Hy cng chia s. Ti xin post bi nguyn l o mc m u.

u. K thut o mc Vt liu: c bn loi vt liu : cht rn, cht lng, cht st, mt cch ly. Phng php o : c nhiu phng php o mc : thi bt kh, chnh p, o lc cng, phao ni, cng tc khong h, loadcell, dn in, ht nhn, radar, RF Admittance, siu m, sng viba, . Kiu o: o lin tc v o im. Nhng tc nhn ca qu trnh o lng nh hng n chnh xc: p sut, nhit , cnh khuy, cht n mn, bt ni, mi trng nguy him v mc c hi ca ho cht. Nhng tc nhn nh hng khi thay i v vt liu: t trng, thnh phn ho hc, vt liu bm dnh, c tnh v in, V khng c k thut no l hon ho cho mi ng dng. Ch c khi nim ci ny hay hn ci kia m thi. Thi bt kh: r, n gin, d lp. hin th mc lin tc, ch o c cht lng. dn in: r, n gin hn loi trn, khng c b phn di chuyn, o im, dng cho cht lng dn in, d b nh hng bi lp vt liu bm dnh trn in cc. Chnh p: thng dng, o lin tc, gi hp l, d lp t nhng th phn cng ngy cng gim. D b nh hng bi t trng ca vt liu, khng ph hp khi o cc cht lng c dng ht, khong o nh rt kh s dng, c bit lu n s n mn ca ho cht. Displacer: o mc lin tc mt cch ly, gii hn mc dch chuyn, rt t cc phn t dao ng. Khi t trng thay i phi hiu chun li. Khi b bm dnh phi b u vo, khng tt lm trong ng dng o mc c cnh khuy. Khi di o tng ln th ph u t cng tng ln ng k. Cng tc khong h: cu trc n gin, d lp, chng c s nh hng ca bt kh. ch dng pht hin mc dng im, gii hn v mc nhit . Phao : Phng php ny khng gii hn v mc cao ca bn, chnh xc khng cao, ph u t thp nu khng c phn hin th t xa, gii hn v mc p sut lm vic. Cho kt qu o lin tc & o im. Khi o im c th o c c mt cch ly. i vi cht lng st +ht l khng ph hp, cnh khuy cng nh hng n chnh xc. Loadcell: o khi lng, tin dng cho hu ht cc vt liu cha trn silo. d nh hng bi , bng tuyt cng nh sc gi. RF Admittance: k thut mi cho vic o im cng nh lin tc, di p sut nhit lm vic rng, o c mi cht liu. Khi hng s in mi ca vt liu thay i dn n vic thay i cm bin v b truyn ph hp. Khng b nh hng bi s bm dnh trn cm bin. Ht nhn: o khng tip xc, lp bn ngoi bn cn o mc. Ph hp vi mi trng nhit p sut cao, vt liu n mn. Gi cc cao, khi s dng phi c giy php s dng, chng nhn v kim tra. Kh nng r r phng x cng l iu ngi s dng rt e ngi Siu m: K thut o lin tc khng tip xc, khng c phn t dch chuyn. Nhy cm v v tr hn cc k thut khc. nh hng bi hi nc, bt kh, di nhit v p sut lm vic khng cao cng nh cu trc bn trong bn b. Khng th hot ng trong mi trng chn khng. Radar: o mc lin tc vi chnh xc cao. b qua hi nc. iu kin lm vic gii hn bi di p sut lm vic thp. C th o c mc mt cch ly.

Cc cch o mc cht lng v nguyn l lm vic Nhu cu v nhng h thng t ng ha x l tinh vi, s nghim ngt ca nhng quy chun trong iu khin qu trnh, v nhng yu cu ngy cng kht khe trong mi trng o mc khin k s qu trnh phi i tm nhng h thng o mc tin cy hn, chnh xc hn. Kt qu o chnh xc cao hn lm gim thiu nhng kh nng sai lch trong qu trnh x l ha cht ( cp trong bi vit ny l ho cht dng lng), nng cao cht lng ca sn phm u ra, gim chi ph v lng ph. Nhng cng ngh o mc tin tin hin nay c th gip cc k s d dng tm c thit b ng , p ng c nhng yu cu nu trn. S giao thi trong cng ngh o mc Thit b o mc n gin v c nht trong cng nghip l mt loi bnh trong sut. L phng php o th cng truyn thng v n c nhiu hn ch: vt liu ca thit b c th b n mn, chu s tc ng ca mi trng; con ngi phi tip xc trc tip vi mi trng o; c th xy ra tnh trng chy, n d r r cht lng qua np, v cn ca cht lng c th hn ch tm nhn. Do c qu nhiu hn ch, nn thit b ny nhanh chng b cc thit b cng ngh tin tin hn thay th. Mt thit b o mc khc da vo trng lc, l thc o kiu phao. Mt chic phao n gin c th ni trn b mt cht lu. Chic phao ny chu s tc ng t lc ca cht lu v khng kh pha trn lm n ni trn b mt v dao ng theo mc cht lu. Bn cnh , mt thit b khc cng c s dng rng ri xc nh mc cht lu l u o thy tnh. Trn y l nhng thit b o mc n gin, quen thuc vi ngi s dng. Nhng khi xut hin nhng nguyn tc v ng dng o mc tr nn phc tp hn, th y l lc ngnh cng nghip o mc chuyn mnh vi s ra i ca nhng cng ngh mi s dng my tnh tnh ton. Khi cng ngh o mc gn vi cng ngh my tnh th d liu t cm bin truyn v h thng iu khin v gim st phi dng my c th c c. Trong , nhng dng tn hiu u ra hu dng l dng tn hiu dng in mch vng (current loops), in p tng t (analog voltages), v tn hiu s (digital signals). Tn hiu in p tng t l dng tn hiu d thit lp v gii m, tuy nhin n li d b nh hng bi ting n v yu t ngoi vi khc. Tn hiu in mch vng 4-20 mA l dng tn hiu thng dng ngy nay. Dng tn hiu ny c th truyn khong cch xa m t b suy hao. Dng tn hiu s c m ha di dng nghi thc bt k (nh Foundation Fieldbus, Hart, Honeywell DE, Profibus, and RS-232) l dng tn hiu khe nht. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng cng ngh c nh RS-232 th tn hiu s ch c th c truyn khong cch nht nh. Cn i vi cng ngh khng dy mi th tn hiu di dng s c th truyn c khong cch xa hn nhiu m hu nh khng nh hng g n cht lng tn hiu truyn. Khi cng xut hin nhng cng ngh o tin tin (nh siu m, ra a, laze) th dng tn hiu m ha cng cng tinh vi hn, i hi phi c my tnh s thng minh nh dng m tn hiu. Cng vi l nhu cu lin lc tin tin v h thng nh dng s cho chng

ta nhng li gii thch v xu hng tin ti s dng my tnh vi x l nhng trong hu ht nhng thit b o mc (hnh 1).

Nhng cng ngh o mc "trng thnh" Trong bi vit ny chng ta coi m c ca kh khong trng trong bnh l khng ng k so vi m c ca cht lu cn o. Ngoi ra, cng coi cht lu cn o trong bnh cha ch l mt loi duy nht, bt bin. Mt s trong nhng cng ngh o mc c th dng o a mc, trong c 2 hay nhiu loi cht lng khc nhau trong cng mt bnh cha. - Phao. Phao c nguyn l lm vic rt n gin. Phao l mt vt ni t trn mt nc do trng lc ca cht lng v khng kh pha trn tc ng. theo di mc dao ng ca cht lng, ta gn mt thit b c kh vi phao. Nhng h thng phao u tin s dng cc thit b c kh nh dy cp, thc dy, rng rc v bnh rng theo di mc dao ng ca cht lng. Nhng kiu o ny cho chnh xc khng cao. Ngy nay, mt loi phao ph dng l phao t. Nhng b pht tn hiu mc u tin i km vi phao l nhng thit b cho tn hiu tng t hoc ri rc s dng mt mng thit b in tr v b chuyn mch nhiu li g. Do cho gi tr o ri rc, nn gi tr o gia cc bc tn hiu b b qua. - Thit b thy tnh. ng thy, phng php o bng bong bng v b pht tn hiu p sut vi sai u c gi l thit b o thy tnh.

ng thy hot ng da trn nh lut c-si-mt. Nh trong hnh 2 ta thy, ng thy c nhng trong cht lu. Cht lu trong ng thy m c hn ngoi bnh cha. Khi cht lu trong bnh cha dng th cht lu trong ng thy cng dng tng ng. Mc cht lu trong ng thy thay i s to ra mt p lc, v mt b chuyn i ni vi b pht tn hiu lm nhim v kim sot s thay i p lc . Qua ta bit c s thay i mc cht lu trong bnh cha.

Cm bin mc kiu bong bng (hnh 3) c 1 ng dn kh xung y bnh cha to bong bng. Khi kh c dn vo, p sut trong ng s tng cho n khi thng c p sut ca cht lng trong bnh. Mt b chuyn i c ni vi ng dn kh gim st s tng p trong ng. T p sut o c s tnh ra mc cht lng trong bnh cha.

Cm bin p sut vi sai c m t nh trong hnh 4. Loi cm bin ny o mc bng cch o chnh lch p sut tng y bnh cha v p sut tnh hay cn gi l p sut ca khong khng kh trong bnh cha tnh ra mc ca cht lng. Loi cm bin ny ly khng kh bn ngoi lm tham chiu. Nh trong hnh 4 ta thy, trn nc bnh cha c mt l thng kh nhm cn bng khng kh trong bnh cha v khng kh mi trng bn ngoi. Khng ging nh cm bin o mc bng bong bng kh, cm bin p sut vi sai c th s dng trong mi trng nn p. - Loadcell (cu in tr o p lc). Loadcell hay thc o bin dng/cu in tr o p lc l mt loi gi c kh c trang b mt hay nhiu cm bin o lch/nghing ca gi . Khi lc tc ng vo loadcell thay i lm cho gi cng thay i theo v to ra tn hiu u ra tng ng. Cc loadcell c thit k ph hp vi mi kch c thit b (t thit b nh c trng lng vi gam n thit b c trong lng tnh bng tn). Loadcell o mc bng cch chuyn i trng lc ca cht lng tc ng nn n thnh tn hiu c th c c. Khi mc cht lng trong bnh cha tng, th lc tc ng ln loadcell cng tng v ngc li. Li th ca loadcell l o khng tip xc vi cht lng nn n c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau, nhng nhc im ca n l gi thnh cao v tnh nng b gim nhanh chng theo thi gian. - Thc o mc t tnh

Thc o mc t tnh (hnh 5) c ly lm vt thay th cho phng php o bng bnh trong sut. Thc o t tnh c nguyn l o ging nh phao, nhng c im khc l chng xc nh mc bng t tnh. Mt chic phao t tnh t trong ng ph gn thng 2 u vi bnh cha. Do vy, khi mc cht lng trong bnh cha tng th mc cht lng trong ng ph cng s tng tng ng hoc ngc li. V phao t tnh trong ng ph cng dng ln hoc h xung tng ng theo mc cht lng trong ng ph. Mt con thoi/mn hnh hin th chuyn ng theo phao t tnh, do vy ta xc nh c mc cht lng. Thc o t tnh ch hot ng c khi ng ph c lm bng vt liu khng hp th t tnh. Thc o t tnh c th c s dng nhng ni c nhit , p sut cao, hay trong nhng cht lng n mn. - Cm bin o mc bng in dung

Cm bin mc in dung (hnh 6) hot ng da trn s khc bit hng s in mi gia cht lu v khng kh. iu kin cn thit p dng phng php ny l hng s in mi ca cht lu phi ln hn hng s in mi ca khng kh, thng l gp i. Hng s in mi ca khng kh l khong 1.0; du c hng s in mi t 1,8 n 5; nc c hng s in mi gia khong 50 n 80. Khi mc cht lu thay i th hng s in mi cng thay i tng ng. Mt loi t in c gi l cu in dung o ton b in dung v cho tn hiu o lin tc.

Nhng cng ngh mi ni C l s khc bit ln nht gia cng ngh o mc tn hiu lin tc trc y v by gi l thi gian cho kt qu tn hiu o. Nhng thit b o mi c trang b cng ngh hin i ngy nay cho kt qu o bng cch o khong cch gia cht lu v im t cm bin hoc b truyn tn hiu ti nc bnh cha. Nhng thit b ny pht ra mt sng xung xuyn qua lp khng kh hoc cht dn trong bnh, gp b mt cht lu v di ngc tr li cm bin. Mt mch in nh thi trong cm bin o tng thi gian sng xung phi di chuyn, chia i, v sau tnh ra mc ca cht lu. Nhng cng ngh mi qua th nghim v c chp nhn rng ri l sng siu m, sng vi ba (ra-a) v nh sng. - Cm bin mc t gio. T gio l cng ngh qua thc t kim nghim v c cng nhn l phng php c v tr phao c chnh xc cao. Khng ging nh thit b c kh, b truyn tn hiu t gio ly tc ca dng sng xon chy dc theo dy dn pht hin ra v tr ca phao.

Trong cu trc ca mt cm bin mc t gio (hnh 7), mt chic phao c gn cc thanh nam chm vnh cu. Dy cm bin c ni vi mt cm bin mng gm p in, ng dn ca cm bin chy xuyn qua l ca phao. xc nh v tr ca phao, b truyn tn hiu pht i mt xung in ngn dc theo dy cm bin to nn mt mi trng in t bao quanh chiu di dy dn. ng thi mch in nh thi cng c kch hot cng lc. T trng ca dy dn ngay lp tc tng tc vi t trng do nam chm gn trn phao sinh ra. Kt qu l mt lc xon c sinh ra dc theo dy dn. Lc ny b di ngc tr li cm bin mng gm p in. Khi cm bin cm nhn c lc ny, s sinh ra mt tn hiu in dng hot ng ca mch in nh thi. Mch in nh thi o khong thi gian t lc pht tn hiu xung in cho ti lc cm bin nhn c tn hiu phn hi. T nhng thng tin thu c, v tr ca phao c xc nh chnh xc v c hin th di dng tn hiu mc. Li ch ca cng ngh ny l tc tn hiu xc nh c v bt bin trong nhng ng dng o nh nhit v p sut. Ngoi ra, tn hiu ca cng ngh ny khng b nh hng bi bt bong bng, cc chm tia sng hay m thanh. Mt li ch khc l ch c phao l thit b duy nht phi chuyn ng tng ng vi b mt cht lu.

- Cm bin mc sng siu m. C nguyn l o gn ging nh cm bin t gio, cm bin mc sng siu m (hnh 8) xc nh mc bng cch o khong thi gian t lc truyn sng ti lc nhn c sng phn hi. Khc vi cm bin t gio, cm bin mc sng siu m s dng sng di tn s 10 KHz. Tc truyn ca sng (340m/giy trong khng kh 15 C) ph thuc vo loi kh v nhit ca kh bn trong bnh cha.

Cm bin mc tia laze. c thit k o dng cht rn, dung dch c nh du nht, sa... cm bin mc tia laze c nguyn l hot ng n gin, tng t nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin o mc sng siu m. Nhng thay v dng tc ca m thanh xc nh mc cht lu, loi cm bin ny dng tc ca nh sng xc nh mc (hnh 9).

Cm bin laze c t trn nc bnh cha pht mt tia laze xung b mt cht lu. Tia ny b di ngc li ti b pht hin ca cm bin. Mch in nh thi o thi gian i ca tia sng v tnh ton ra mc ca cht lu. Li th ca tia laze l khng b phn tn, khng b nh hng bi m thanh v c truyn thng qua khng kh. Phng php o bng tia laze c chnh xc cao, ngay c trong iu kin mi trng hi nc hay bt bng, v c khong cch o ln n 450m. y l phng php l tng trong nhng bnh cha c nhiu vt cn. i vi nhng ng dng c p sut v nhit cao nh trong l phn ng ht nhn th laze l phng php la chn hng u. - Cm bin mc raa. Cm bin mc raa s dng ng ten t trn nc bnh cha pht ra nhng chm sng viba xung b mt cht lu, v mch in nh thi lm nhim v tnh ton khong cch t u ng ten ti b mt cht lu da vo thi gian di chuyn ca sng viba t lc pht i ti lc nhn c. phng php ny, nu hng s in mi ca cht lu thp c th nh hng ti cht lng ca kt qu o, v lng nng lng sng phn hi ph thuc vo hng s in mi ca cht lu. Nu hng s in mi thp, sng viba (raa) s b hp th vo dung dch hoc i xuyn qua. Sng viba (raa) cng b phn tn ging nh sng siu m trong cm bin sng siu m. Thnh bnh cha, cn bm vo ng ten, hay cc vt cn cng c th gy ra tn hiu sai lch cho cm bin. khc phc nhc im ny, nhng thut ton phc tp s dng logic m c tch hp cho b pht tn hiu. Nhng nu nh vy li xy ra mt kh khn khc l vic lp trnh tr nn phc tp v phi thay i theo tng mi trng.

Mt gii php c coi l cu tr li cho nhng kh khn trn l mt loi cm bin raa dn sng (hnh 10). Mt ng dn sng lm bng vt liu cng hay mt dy ng ten lm thit b dn sng viba t nc bnh cha xung b mt cht lu v a tn hiu v b nhn. Phng php ny t ra hiu qu hn nhiu so vi phng php trc. Sng viba khng b nh hng bi vt cn, nhit hay p sut. Ngoi ra, n cn linh hot trong lp t, c th lp t theo chiu ngang hay dc u c. Thay li kt Chng ta va im qua cc cch o mc t n gin n hin i. Qua cho thy c xu hng pht trin ca cm bin o mc. Cng ngh s ang tip sc cho cm bin o mc ni ring v cm bin ni chung, lm cho chng tr nn thn thin hn, d lp t

hn v c chi ph thp hn. Nhng giao din lin lc tin tin gip truyn ti d liu ca cm bin ti h iu khin v/hoc h thng thng tin ti cng ty tr nn n gin hn. Cm bin mc ngy ny c lm t nhiu loi vt liu chu ng trong nhng mi trng khc nghit nh du, axt, nhit v p sut cao. Nhng vt liu mi gip cm bin mc c th thm nhp vo hu ht mi ng dng. Xu hng ngy nay l thay th nhng thit b c kh v p sut bng nhng thit b o khong cch ti b mt cht lu bng phng php o nh thi. Cm bin t gio, sng siu m, raa v laze l nhng cng ngh a nng ang to nn s chuyn mnh mnh m trong cng ngh o mc.