Site Survey and Layout of BTS Issue

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Site Survey and Layout of BTS

ISSUE 1.5
Wireless Case & Training Department
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
HUAWEI Confidential
Foreword
The survey and layout of BTS is the basis of construction for radio mobile network. It has the following functions: Showing the system design of the network planning Determining the structure of future network Determining the quality of network operation Thus, the proper survey and layout of BTS can ensure the installation, maintenance, and network planning.
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Purpose
After learning this course, you should be familiar with:
Service flow of BTS survey Selection of site address Design of antenna
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Contents
Chapter 1 Service Description
Chapter 2 Preparation
Chapter 3 Site Selection Chapter 4 Antenna Design Chapter 5 Survey Document
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Service Description
Survey purpose
Collect the site information required by the networking planning and environment description. Check whether the site meets the requirements of construction.
Survey task
Optical test Surrounding architecture environment and nature environment Spectrum measurement Electromagnetic environment Site check
Installation condition of antenna and equipment

Power supply and transmission supply
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Service Description
Position of BTS survey in the network planning
According to width of band, determine frequency multiplex mode According to capacity forecast, traffic distribution, and coverage
requirement, estimate the required quantity of BTSs.

Confirm the position of BTS in theory. Perform BTS survey Design parameters of cell
Network hierarchy structure, transmit power, antenna system, including the type, height, direction, and down tilt of antenna
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Service Flow
Radio network estimation report
Site information
Obtaining site; selecting radius
No
Whether there is a site
Obtaining spare sites
No Yes
Whether conforming site condition
No
Site survey
Whether meeting requirements of site
Electromagnetic environment test
Yes
Survey report
Page 7
Yes
Contents
Chapter 2 Preparation Chapter 3 Site Selection Chapter 4 Antenna Design Chapter 5 Survey Document
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Preparation
Be familiar with the engineering and collect the materials that is
related to the project : Engineering document Background material Network status Map Configuration list
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Preparation
Prepare the following tools that are
available: Digital camera GPS satellite receiver Compass Ruler
Laptop
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Preparation
Survey preparation coordination meeting
Before survey, call in all the relative personnel to hold the survey preparation coordination meeting. The main contents of this meeting are listed as follows:

Testing electromagnetic background
Arranging survey and coordination personnel

Preparing vehicle and equipment Making survey plan and confirming survey route Offering the primary schemes of transmission and power
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Contents
Chapter 2 Preparation
Chapter 3 Site Selection Chapter 4 Antenna Design Chapter 5 Survey Document
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Site Selection
After completing preparation and knowing about the coverage
requirements, start to select site. When confirming the site, consider the following information:
Original network condition

Population distribution and local custom City structure and town distribution
Main streets and traffic flow

Mountainous region, lake, river, and coastline Long-term development trend
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Principles of Selecting Site
Principle
Population distribution Traffic distribution Subscriber flow direction
Choosing sites in the heavy-traffic region and concentrated subscriber region
Trying not to choose sites near
Surrounding environment Signal propagation quality
mountain, radar, broadcasting

station, forest, and electrical factory
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Principles of Selecting Site

The specific principles are described as follows:
Construct BTS on the ideal position of a cell. The offset should not exceed the of coverage radius. Under the condition of the BTS layout is not affected, choose the existing equipment to reduce the construction cost and period as possible . To control the coverage range, reduce the difficulty of engineering construction, and be convenient for maintenance, do not choose the sites on the mountain that is on the border of the city or suburb. (the relative altitude to the city: beyond 100m300m)
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Principles of Selecting Sites

Construct the BTS at a place where transport is fluent, supply of mains is available, environment is safe, and there is a few filed. Do not construct the BTS near the high-power radio transmit station, radar station, and other interference sources. Construct BTS at a place that is far away from the forest to avoid the fast fading of received signal. Consider the signal reflection and time dispersion when constructing the sites in the mountainous area, precipitous shore, dense lake area, highland city, and the environment with high metal building. When choosing site in the complex, realize the division of network structure according to the height of building. At the early stage of constructing network, because of a few of BTSs, ensure good coverage in important areas.
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Contents
Chapter 2 Preparation Chapter 3 Site Selection Chapter 4 Antenna Design Chapter 5 Survey Document
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Selecting Antenna
Selecting Antenna
The selection for antenna is an important part of determining
the network quality.

According to the requirements of coverage and service
quality, traffic distribution, landform, coverage in the entire network, and interference, to select the antenna.
According to landform or traffic distribution, the environment
of using antenna can be categorized into: City, suburb, countryside, highway, mountainous area, offing, tunnel, and indoor environment
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Principles of Selecting Antenna

Selecting Antenna for the BTS in the city
Choose the directional antenna with 6065 half power angle. Choose the antenna with about 15dBi gain. Choose the antenna with 36tilt angle. Choose dual polarization antenna.
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Selecting antenna for the BTS in the suburb
According to actual conditions, choose the directional antenna with 65or 90 half power angle. Choose 1518dBi middling or high gain antenna. According to actual conditions, determine whether the tilt angle should be used. Dual polarization antenna and vertical polarization antenna are both available.
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Selecting antenna for the BTS in the countryside
According to actual conditions, choose 90or 120 directional antenna or omni-directional antenna. Choose directional antenna with 1618dBi gain. Do not choose presetting tilt antenna. Choose null filling antenna for the high BTS. The vertical polarization antenna is recommended.
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Selecting antenna for the BTS on the
highway In general, choose narrow-beam and high-gain directional antenna. According to actual conditions, you also can choose 8-shaped antenna or omni-directional antenna. Because the BTS on the highway must cover a long distance, do not choose the presetting tilt antenna. The vertical polarization antenna is recommended. The front-to-back ratio of the directional antenna should not too great.
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Selecting antenna for the BTS in the tunnel
Tunnel shorter than 2 km Install the 10dB-12dB Yagi antenna/log-periodic antenna/flat antenna in the jaws of tunnel to cover a road that is less than 2km.
Tunnel longer than 2 km Use leaky feeder, coaxial cable, and fiber distribution system.
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Selecting Indoor Antenna
Omni-directional antenna Vertical polarization, 2dBi gain, cap-shaped or cup-shaped, small size, convenient for installation, graceful Directional antenna Vertical polarization, 90half power angle 7dBi gain
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Antenna Height
Principles of Design for Antenna Height

Due to the installation space or cell planning, the heights of
antennas that are in different cells of a BTS can be different.

For the BTS in the city, the height of antenna is about 25m.
For the BTS in the suburb, the height of antenna is about 40m. If an antenna, particularly the omni-directional antenna, is too high,
the coverage level of the place that nears to the antenna may be lowered, that is, no signal under the power.
In addition, the too high antenna may lead to cross coverage and
intra-frequency/neighboring-frequency interferences that affect the network quality.
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Azimuth Angle
Principles of Design for Antenna Azimuth Angle
Based on signal coverage, ensure that the azimuth angles of three sectors are the
same. Adjust the azimuth angles of antennas according to important coverage objects on the border of city and suburb, in the traffic artery and isolated site of suburb.
To enhance the signal strength and improve call quality, adjust the major lobe of
antenna to face to the heavy-traffic areas.

To control interference, adjust the major lobe of antenna to be apart from intra-
frequency cells.
The cross coverage areas of neighboring cells in the city should not exceed 10%.
The cross coverage areas of neighboring cells in the suburb and village should be
not too large. The azimuth angle of neighboring cells should not less than 90.
To avoid cross coverage, do not make the major lobe of antenna face to the
straight streets in the crowded areas.

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Tilt Angle
Principles of Design for Tilt Angle
The beam tilt is a basic technology for improving Frequency Reuse
capability.
The antenna tilt technology is used to control coverage scope and
reduce the interferences in the system.

To reduce the interferences from co-channel cells and meet the
coverage requirements, set the tilt angles based on specific conditions.

The design for tilt angle should be based on transmitter power, antenna
height, cell coverage, and radio environment.
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Tilt Angle
The antenna tilt is categorized into electrical mode and mechanical mode.
The angle of the electrical tilt is relative to the model of antenna. The angle of the mechanical tilt is adjustable, but it is limited by installation accessory and signal transportation. Often the angle should not exceed 15.
The electrical tilt and mechanical tilt have surface radiations that differ with
the increases of angles.
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Installing Antenna
A. Installation Environment
The installation environment contains the ambient of antenna and that of BTS. For the ambient of antenna, check the isolation between antennas and impacts of tower and roof on antennas. For the ambient of BTS, check whether the high buildings that are 500m away have impacts on signal transportation.
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Installing Antenna
When installing antenna, consider whether the ambient affects the
coverage cell. Keep the antenna away from barriers. If you need to install antenna on the roof, try to install it on the edge.
FREQ
Dm 0 1
hm 0.5 2 3 3.5 0.5 1 2
GSM 900M
110 1030 30 0 2
GSM 1800M
210 10
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Installing Antenna
B. Antenna Isolation
The receiver and transmitter must have a certain isolation. Isolation between antennas: Attenuation of signal from a antenna port to another GSM system: The isolation between two transmitter antennas and the isolation between the transmitter antenna and the receiver antenna should be not fewer than 30dB. Antenna vertical layout: Lv=28+40log(k/)(dB) Antenna horizontal layout: Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)(S1+S2)(dB)
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Installing Antenna
C. Requirements for Space of Diversity
When you perform space diversity, the distance between two receiver antennas should be 12 to 18.
When an antenna is installed highly, the horizontal space of the diversity

antenna should be large. Usually the space of diversity antenna is 0.11 times of the height of the antenna. To achieve the same effort, the vertical diversity space should be five to
six times of the horizontal diversity space.

To reduce the mutual effects of two antennas, the horizontal diversity space should be more than 3m.
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Contents
Chapter 1 Service Description Chapter 2 Preparation Chapter 3 Site Selection Chapter 4 Antenna Design Chapter 5 Survey Document
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Page 33
Survey Document
Survey report
network planning and network optimization. It is the guarantee of engineering quality and the basis of planning for network capacity. The survey report consists of survey table and memo. The survey table records the longitude and latitude of a BTS, antenna design, and ambient.
The standard survey report provides service for the subsequent
Shoot the picture of BTS coverage area in the direction of north. Get eight pictures every 45.
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Illustration of Survey Document

Engineering Parameter Table
Survey Table
Page 35
Surrounding of BTS
Installation platform
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Thank You
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Security Level:

Site Survey and Layout of BTS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Service flow of BTS survey Selection of site address Design of antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Installation condition of antenna and equipment

requirement, estimate the required quantity of BTSs.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Obtaining site; selecting radius

Obtaining spare sites

Whether meeting requirements of site

Electromagnetic environment test

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

available: Digital camera GPS satellite receiver Compass Ruler

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Testing electromagnetic background

Arranging survey and coordination personnel

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Original network condition

Main streets and traffic flow

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Site

Population distribution Traffic distribution Subscriber flow direction

Choosing sites in the heavy-traffic region and concentrated subscriber region

Trying not to choose sites near

Surrounding environment Signal propagation quality

mountain, radar, broadcasting

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Site

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Sites

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

The selection for antenna is an important part of determining

the network quality.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Selecting Antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Design for Antenna Height

antennas that are in different cells of a BTS can be different.

intra-frequency/neighboring-frequency interferences that affect the network quality.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Principles of Design for Antenna Azimuth Angle

antenna to face to the heavy-traffic areas.

straight streets in the crowded areas.

Principles of Design for Tilt Angle

The beam tilt is a basic technology for improving Frequency Reuse

reduce the interferences in the system.

coverage requirements, set the tilt angles based on specific conditions.