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1 Chng I: CHT HOT NG B MT...........................................................2 I. NH NGHA ...................................................................................................2 II. C IM.......................................................................................................2 III. NG DNG....................................................................................................2 Chng II : GII THIU V LAS........................................................................2 I. S RA I CA LAS ( LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE) :....2 II. QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA LAS..........................................................3 III. LAB (LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SUNLPHONATE) V LAS (LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE) :.....................................................................4 Chng III: CNG NGH SN XUT LAS.......................................................6 I. C S L THUYT:.......................................................................................6 II. CC QU TRNH PHN NG.....................................................................6 III. NGUN NGUYN LIU BAN U V SN PHM...............................7 IV. C CH PHN NG.....................................................................................8 V. TC NHN V XC TC...........................................................................10 VI.NG HC CA QU TRNH...................................................................12 VII. CC YU T NH HNG.....................................................................13 VIII. CC PHN NG PH ............................................................................14 IX. THIT B PHN NG.................................................................................15 X. S QUY TRNH SN XUT LAS........................................................17 XI.S TIU TH LAS ......................................................................................19 Chng IV: TC NG CA LAS I VI MI TRNG........................20 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................21

Chng I: CHT HOT NG B MT


I. NH NGHA
Cht hot ng b mt (CHBM) l cht c sc cng b mt nh hn sc cng b mt ca dung mi, v trong dung dch, nng ca n b mt cao hn bn trong dung dch, lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung dch. Nhng CHBM quan trng thng l nhng hp cht hu c gm hai phn: phn phn cc (phn a nc) v phn khng phn cc (phn k nc). Axit bo l CHBM gm gc hirocabon l phn khng phn cc v nhm cacboxyl l phn phn cc. CHBM c s dng rt ph bin trong cng nghip, vd. trong vic tuyn qung, iu ch cc cht ty ra vv

II. C IM
Cc cht hot ng b mt l thnh phn ch yu ca mt s sn phm ty ra m nhim v l m bo s ty i cc vt bn v nhng cht l lng trong nc git ngn cn s bm li ca chng trn vi, chnh l hin tng ty ra. Cht hot ha b mt c dng lm gim sc cng b mt ca mt cht lng. Nu c nhiu hn hai cht lng khng ha tan th cht hot ha b mt lm tng din tch tip xc gia hai cht lng . Khi ha cht hot ha b mt vo trong mt cht lng th cc phn t ca cht hot ha b mt c xu hng to m (micelle, cn c dch l mixen), nng m ti cc phn t bt u to m c gi l nng to m ti hn. Nu cht lng l nc th cc phn t s chm ui k nc li vi nhau v quay u a nc ra to nn nhng hnh dng khc nhau nh hnh cu (0 chiu), hnh tr (1 chiu), mng (2 chiu). Tnh a, k nc ca mt cht hot ha b mt c c trng bi mt thng s l cn bng a k nc (ting Anh: Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance-HLB), gi tr ny c th t 0 n 40. HLB cng cao th ha cht cng d ha tan trong nc, HLB cng thp th ha cht cng d ha tan trong cc dung mi khng phn cc nh du.

III. NG DNG
Cht hot ha b mt ng dng rt nhiu trong i sng hng ngy. ng dng ph bin nht l bt git. LAS hin chim khang 1/3 thnh phn trong bt git v c s dng rng ri.

Chng II : GII THIU V LAS


I. S RA I CA LAS ( LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE) :
Tht ra x phng l cht ty ra u tin xut hin trong nn vn minh ca chng ta. Cc cuc nghin cu u tin gn vic pht minh x phng cho ngi Gaulois, mi cho n khi ngi ta khm ph ra trong thung lng Indus (c th ha 2500 nm trc cng nguyn) mt hypocauste ngha l mt phng ngm di t trong ngi ta un nng nc v chnh l ngun gc u tin. Cho d s ch bin cn th s nhng trong nhiu th k x phng vn l sn phm xa x tm gi, va l m phm v ngay c dc liu. Nh s thc y ca hai nh khoa hc Php m x phng tr thnh mt sn phm thng dng. Vo cui th k 18 Leblane khm ph ra rng xt c th c sn xut t natri clorua. Vi nm sau, Chvreul thnh cng khi gii thch c phn ng ha hc gia cht kim v triglyxerit. T thi k ny, s sn xut cng nghip tr nn d dng hn v c hiu

r nn vic dng x phng cng tr thnh ph bin. Vo thi i ny, nhiu x nghip xut hin trong vng a Trung Hi x phng Maroeille ni ting ra i. Nhng cho d cc lnh vc s dng x phng rng ln nhng ch gii hn ring l. Khuyt im chnh ca n l ngi ta lm x phng t cc cht c mi nng. S ci tin u tin t c do thm vo cht natri silicat gip va lm du nc, va loi cc ion Fe ra, cc ion Fe ny l nguyn nhn lm cho vi b vng a. Sau khi quan st thy vi qun o phi kh trn c ng ni cn trng hn na (do tc ng phi hp gia nh sng v cn ngun khng kh), ngi ta ny sinh sng kin a mt cht ph gia, c c iu ny phi th nghim nhiu ln. Ring cht perborat natri khi c a vo cc hp cht ty ra l mt cuc cch mng nh. V sau cc nh khoa hc hng cc cuc nghin cu v nhng sn phm thay th cn hu hiu hn c x phng, c c nh tng hp ha cht. Fruitz Guinther ca BASF thnh cng khi sng ch ct ty ra tng hp u tin bng cch ankyl ha ri sunfua ha cht naphtalen. Tuy nhin chui phn t alkyl naphtalen qu ngn, khng th c y nhng c tnh ty ra. ng Bertsch ngi c khm ph rng este ha cht axit bo ca du km theo vic sunfua ha lm pht sinh mt cht mang nhng c tnh thm t tuyt vi (cht butyleste sunfonat) nhng hiu qu git ty cn qu km. Mt trong nhng c tnh ca nh nghin cu l tnh phn u. Vi nm sau, Betsch v cc cng tc vin ca ng ch bin thnh cng nhng cht ty ra tuyt vi bng cch sulfonat ha cc ru bo. Do cc sunphat ru bo gia nhp vo th gii cc cht hot ng b mt. Vo nm 1946, ngi ta vt qua mt gia on quan trng khc khi han chnh mt nguyn liu mi khng t lm v cng khng tc hi. Cht alkylbenzen sulfonat (hay ABS) c th thay th hu hiu x phng v cc bt git gc dng trong cc cng vic ty git trong gia nh. Vi tnh cht t cm ng vi cht vi, phi hp vi hiu qu tuyt ho v gi c hp l, ABS tr thnh cht hot ng b mt ni ting nht sau x phng. Trong nhng nm sau , ngi ta khm ph nhng phn t khc, c bit l cc cht nh cc ru bo etoxy ho, trong cht noylphenol etoxy ho ng vai tr cht dn u. Tuy nhin ABS vn cn l cht hot ng b mt c s dng nht. N c trin khai lin tc cho n u nhng nm 60, giai on m ngi ta c nhng nhy cm mi : Mn sinh hc bt u c cp. C l c nhiu ngi cn nh n hnh nh cc khi bt x phng y n tng tri ni trn vi dng sng sui nc ta. Cn phi c phn ng: ABS vi kh nng phn hu sinh hc yu, t nht di dng u tin ca n, b ln n thc s. Ngi ta tm ra gii php bng cch thay th cht tetrapropylen bng cc mch thng LAS (linear Alkylbenzen sulphonate) thay th n. Cng vi s pht trin cc cht hot ng b mt, ngi ta cng mang li s ci thin khc cho cc hp cht ty ra nh thay th cacbon natri bng cc phc hp hu hiu hn: cc diphosphat (hay tripolyphonat bng TPP) vn cn c s dng rng ri cho n ngy nay.

II. QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA LAS


Trong nhiu nm trc y x phng lun p ng tt nhu cu cung ng cho x hi v cho n khi cht bo v du trong ng vt, thc vt - thnh phn c bn cn thit to nn x phng tr nn thiu thn, cng vi cuc chin tranh Th Gii ln I, II dn n vic thc y tm kim mt cht c th thay th c. T nhng nghin cu thng mi

pht hin c cht hot ng b mt c th thu c d dng bng cch tng hp t ha du, l LAS (linear Alkylbenzen) . S pht trin ny chng t mt bc nhy vt bc vn may cho cng nghip ty ra v x hi. Khng ging nh x phng truyn thng thng thng, nhng cht hot ng b mt ny c sc khng c hn nc cng v v th n ci thin c nng sut cho qu trnh sn xut cht ty ra. LAS ln u tin c thng nghip ha vo u thp nin 60 nh mt cht thay th c th b vi khun lm thi ra DDBS (Dodecyl benzene sulphonate - Branched alkylbenzene sulphonate) l nh my x l cht thi bt, dng sng, sui. LAS c th c xem nh mt tc nhn ty ra xanh u tin, bi v n l cht hot ng u tin c gii thiu l cht gii quyt vn v mi trng. S thay th nh vy l kt qu ca n lc ln theo sau nhng pht minh cho vic cung ng cht hat ng b mt Th gii v cng nghip ty ra vi mt trong s nhng cht ty ra c hiu qu v an ton mi trng nht. Nhng nghin cu ny tip tc thc hin trong sut 40 nm qua v khng ngng ci thin cht lng v an ton cng nh trong s pht trin mi c v sn xut LAB (Linear Alkylbenzene, nguyn liu th ca LAS ) v s sunfonat ha. LAS l mt cht hot ng b mt anionic c pht trin t alkylbenzen mch thng (LAB). Khong 99% sn lng LAB c chuyn thnh LAS qua qu trnh sulphonat ha. LAS th hu ht c s dng dnh ring trong thnh phn cht ty ra. Trong mt s trng hp LAS th c s dng nh l mt dn xut ca Natri. V trong mt vi ng dng t bit th LAS cng c sn xut t dn xut khc.

III. LAB (LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SUNLPHONATE) V LAS (LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE) :


3.1. LAB : LAB l mt hp cht thu c t parafin v benzene dng lm nguyn liu sn xut LAS. Di nhng iu kin bnh thng th LAB l mt cht lng trong sut, khng mi.. 3.1.1. Cng thc cu to ca LAB:

Alkylbenzen mch thng (LAB) l nguyn liu sn xut LAS, c chuyn ho t du th : benzen v cc parafin mch thng. Tng sn lng LAB c to ra trn th gii khong 2,5 triu tn trong nm 2002. Hin nay, LAS chim 1/3 phn trong cht ty. Gn nh ton b LAB c chuyn thnh LAS. 3.1.2. Mt s tnh cht vt l ca LAB (Linear Alkylbenzene) : B ngoi 60C: Mu sc (ASTM D1500): T trng 15C (ASTM D1298): nht ti 40C (ASTM D445), mm /S:
2

sng 0.5 0.854 18

nht ti 100C (ASTM D445), mm2/S: im chp chy (PMCC) (ASTM D93),C: Trng lng phn t (ASTM D2503): Hm lng nc (ASTM D1744), %th tch: Ch s Iodine (NFT 602-03), mg/100g: 3.2. LAS ((Linear Alkylbenzene) :

4 184 390 0.005 1.0

LAS c sn xut bi qu trnh sulpho ha LAB vi tc nhn sulpho ha khc nhau. Trc , oleum ( Fuming sulphuric acid, H2S2O7) cng nh axit sulphuric l cc tc nhn c dng trong m phn ng hoc c gi l h thng nhiu tng. Cng ngh qu trnh sulphonat ha tuy c bc pht trin ng k t gia thp nin 60 v ngy nay nhng oleum v kh SO3 vn cn c s dng, m hnh phn ng falling film reactor ( FFR) vi n ng hay a ng vn p dng trong hu ht cc thit b sulpho ha Chu u. Nhng nh my hin i thng thng sulphonat LAB v trc tip to ra ru bo. LAB, tin cht ca LAS c sn xut trn mt quy m cng nghip rng ln bi : 1. Alkyl benzen vi mono-olefin mch thng hay alkyl hp cht halogen nh parafin clorua bng cch s dng HF hay ALCl3 nh l xc tc alkyl ho. 2. Gn y, ngoi nhng cht rn acid ng th trong bnh phn ng c nh. Sn lng LAB cht lng tt gia tng ng k bi cng ngh c ci tin. Qu trnh alkyl ho vi AlCl 3 ln u tin sn xut thng mi gia thp nin 60 khi dodecylbenzen mch nhnh ( DDB) c thay bng LAB. Cui thp nin 60, cng ngh HF c ng dng ln u tin v ngay lp tc n tr thnh cng ngh a chung s dng trn ton th gii sn xut LAB. 3. Vo gia thp nin 90, k thut alkyl ho mi da trn xc tc d th trong l phn ng c nh. Cng ngh mi do c s thun li ng k gi l: qu trnh n gin ho, loi tr acid, x l v loi b ( HF, HCl) cng nh nng cao cht lng sn phm. Vic sn xut thng mi LAS i hi phi c mt lot qu trnh minh ha cho nh trn. 3.2.1.Cng thc cu to ca LAS : - Trng lng phn t trung bnh : 342 - m + n= 7- 10 Nhnh alkyl thng Sunfonat v tr para 3.2.2.Tnh cht : LAS d phn hu sinh hc trong iu kin hiu kh. Kh nng ho tan trong nc gim khi chiu di chui alkyl tng v tu thuc vo ion dng ca mui. nhit phng, LAS (C12) l cht rn mu vng nht. LAS bn trong mi trng oxy ho. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca LAS l n c tnh tng thch cao hn cc cht hot ng b mt anionic khc, do chng c th s dng trong c n cng ngh acidic v alkaline nh mt loi cht ty ra dng lng hay dng bt u c. LAS l hp cht c tnh n nh cao.

Trong mt s trng hp, LAS c s dng nh mt dn xut ca Natri v trong mt vi ng dng c bit khc th LAS c sn xut t dn xut khc.

Chng III: CNG NGH SN XUT LAS


I. C S L THUYT:
iu ch ra LAS, phi tri qua qu trnh alkyl ho v sulfo ho. i vi qu trnh alkyl ha: Alkyl ha l qu trnh a cc nhm alkyl vo phn t cc cht hu c hoc v c. Cc phn ng alkyl ha c gi tr thc t cao trong vic a cc nhm alkyl vo hp cht thm. Cc alkylbenzen vi dy tng i di l cc cht trung gian tng hp cc cht hot ng b mt v cc cht ty ra dng sulfonol RC 6H4SO2ONa. Phn loi alkyl ha da trn lin kt c hnh thnh, phn ng ny l alkyl ha theo nguyn t cacbon. C alkyl ha l th nguyn t hydro ni vi cc cabon bng nhm alkyl. Cc parafin c kh nng tham gia phn ng ny, nhng c trng nht vn l alkyl ha cc vng thm (phn ng Fridel Crafts):

CnH2n+2 + CmH2m

Cn+mH2(n+m+1)

ArH + RCl
hu c hoc v c.

ArR + HCl

Ngoi ra cn mt cch phn loi khc l da vo s khc bit v cu to ca nhm alkyl sau khi a vo phn t i vi qu trnh sulfo ha: Khi sulfo ha ngi ta s thu c cc sulfonic acid (RSO 2OH hoc ArSO2OH) cng nh cc dn xut ca acid ny, trong nguyn t lu hunh lin kt trc tip vi cc nguyn t cacbon. S sulfo ha cc hp cht thm l mt trong nhng phn ng tng hp hu c u tin c a vo sn xut cng nghip. Bng con ng ny cho n nay ngi ta vn iu ch cc phenol khc nhau, ch yu theo phng php kim chy cc mui sulfonat.

ArH + H2SO4

-H2O

ArSO2OH

+NaOH -H2O

ArSO2ONa

+2NaOH -Na2SO3

ArONa

Cc acid sulfonic cn c coi nh cc cht trung gian trong tng hp ha mu, hay s dng lm cht xc tc. Sulfo ha cc polimer v copolymer s thu c nha trao i ion-cationit rt thng dng. Tuy nhin, ng dng quan trng nht ca qu trnh sulfo ha vn l tng hp cc cht hot ng b mt (HBM) dng alkyllaren sulfonat. Cc cht hot ng b mt ny c nhm alkyl ni vi nhn thm (phn k nc) v phn a nc l nhm sulfonat SO2ONa. Chng c chia thnh hai loi: Sulfonat du m: c tng hp bng sulfo ha cc phn on du m c cha hydrocacbon alkylaromatic. Sulfonat tng hp: cc alkylarensulfonat du m c iu ch khi x l cc phn on du m khc nhau bng oleum.

II. CC QU TRNH PHN NG


Qu trnh alkyl ha benzen

Trong giai on ny c hai phng php c alkylat, l: Alkyl ha nhng n paraffin clo ha theo phn ng:

CnH2n + 1Cl (linear paraffin)

xc tc

H2n +1Cn

Alkyl ha nhng olefin mch thng theo phn ng:

CnH2n

xc tc

H2n +1Cn

(linear monoolefin)
Qu trnh sulfo ha alkylbenzen bng SO 3 hay Oleum (H2SO4.SO3), sau phn ng trung ha vi NaOH

III. NGUN NGUYN LIU BAN U V SN PHM


o i vi qu trnh alkyl ha: Benzen k thut hoc bt c HC no khc trc khi s dng trong phn ng alkyl ha cn phi c sy kh bng cch chng tch nc di dng hn hp ng ph vi cc hydrocacbon thm (benzen hay toluen). Bng cch ny ngi ta gim hm lng m xung cn 0,002 0,005%. Tuy nhin chng hay cha cc tp cht khc nhau dn n s tiu hao nhin liu v xc tc cao hn, ng thi to sn phm ph i khi kh tch nhng thng th ngi ta c th chp nhn hm lng ca chng t 2 3% th tch. Kt qu s tt hn nu gim hm lng ny xung khong 10 ln. o i vi qu trnh sulfo ha: Trong phn ng ny, th nguyn liu u ly th sn phm ca qu trnh alkyl ha, l cc linear alkylbenzen. Sn phm thu c l mt hn hp cc sulfonat cha cc nhm alkyl vi di khc nhau. Ngoi ra, do c s isomer ha di nh hng ca AlCl 3 s to ra cc cht trong nhm phenylsulfonat gn vi cc nguyn t cacbon bc hai ca nhm alkyl. S to thnh sn phm ph trong qu trnh sulfo ha rt t, ch yu ph thuc vo kh nng oxy ha

ca acid sulfuric. Kt qu qu trnh sulphonat cui cng trong quy trnh ny l dng acid alkylbenzen sulphonic vi hm lng sn phm cao (>97%), cha khong 1% nguyn liu cha sulphonat v 1-2% H 2SO4.

IV. C CH PHN NG
i vi qu trnh alkyl ha: Alkyl ha ca parafin clo ha th hin c ch th i in t v phn ng xc tc bi cc acid phiproton (clorua st, nhm). Phn ng cng qua giai on to thnh cacbocation trung gian: RCl + AlCl3 R+ Cl Al-Cl R+ + AlCl4-

Do vy kh nng phn ng ca cc alkylclorua ph thuc vo phn cc ca lin kt C Cl hoc vo bn ca cacbocation v s tng khi chiu di v mc phn nhnh ca alkyl tng: CH3-CH2Cl < (CH3)2CHCl < (CH3)CCl3 Alkyl ha bng olefin trong phn ln trng hp xy ra theo c ch ion qua giai on trung gian hnh thnh cacbocation v c xc tc bi cc acid proton hoc phi proton. Kh nng ca cc olefin trong trng hp ny c nh gi bng mc to ra cacbocation:

RCH = CH2 + H

+ RCH-CH3

Trong rt nhiu trng hp alkyl ha bng olefin xy ra di tc dng ca nh sng v nhit cao. Cc phn t trung gian s l cc gc t do khi c kh nng phn ng ca cc olefin vi cu to khc nhau s gn bng nhau. Vi s tng chiu di mch, cng nh phn nhnh ca dy hydrocabon trong olefin dn n tng kh nng phn ng ca n vi qu trnh alkyl ha: CH2 = CH2 < CH3 CH = CH2 < CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 < (CH3)2C = CH2 Trong phn ng vi dn sut clo hoc olefin AlCl 3 ch tiu hao mt lng nh xc tc. Vi dn sut clo n s hot ha clo to ra phc phn cc mnh hoc cacbocation. Cn i vi olefin th ch to cacbocation vi s hin din ca cht ng xc tc l HCl: RCH = CH2 + HCl + AlCl3 RC+H CH3 + AlCl-4

Thc t khi xc tc bng phc clorua nhm vi HC cng cn c s hin din ca proton (proton c mt ngay trong phc ). proton ny c chuyn qua phn t olefin to thnh cacbocation tn cng vo hp cht thm. Tn b phn ng xy ra trong lp phc xc tc v phc ny lun trao i lp solvat ca mnh vi pha HC. Phn ng lun i qua giai on trung gian to thnh phc v cacbocation s tch proton khi cu to ca mnh:
R H R

+ R

+ H+

Cu to ca nhm alkyl trong sn phm thu c xc nh theo nguyn tc v s to thnh cacbocation bn vng nht giai on trung gian: Bc III > Bc II > Bc I Tuy nhin khi alkyl ha bng cc olefin cao phn t v dn sut clo th xy ra s isomer ha cc nhm alkyl trc khi alkyl ha, bi v cc alkylbenzen khng c kh nng tham gia phn ng ny. Qu trnh isomer ha xy ra theo hng

to thnh cacbocation bn vng nht, nhng vn bo tn khung cacbon ca nhm alkyl tc l ch c s dch chuyn tm phn ng. Do t dn sut clo v olefin mch thng s thu c hn hp cc alkylbenzen bc II. i vi qu trnh sulfo ha: Phn ng gia oleum vi hp cht thm xy ra qua hai giai on. Giai on th nht l s tc dng ca phn d SO 3 trong oleum: ArH + H2SO4 . SO3 ArSO2OH + H2SO4 Phn ng ny khng thun nghch v to nhit mnh, hiu ng nhit ph thuc vo nng ca oleum v c gi tr 180 KJ/mol i vi oleum 20%. Giai on tip theo c s tham gia ca axit sulfuric. S sulfo ho bng SO3 c biu din nh sau: ArH + SO3 ArSO2OH y cng l phn ng khng thun nghch v l mt trong nhng phn ng to nhit mnh nht trong tng hp hu c (-H0298 = 217 Kj/mol). C ch giai on u ca qu trnh sulfo ha cc hydrocacbon thm bng oleum v phn ng vi SO3 t do nh sao: cc phn t SO3 tn cng vo hydrocacbon qua cc phc v trung gian. Phn ng c bc nht theo ArH v SO3 v xy ra gn nh tc thi. Giai on 1:

Giai on 2:

Do trong cc qu trnh d th, vn tc ph thuc vo cc yu t khuch tn v vo mc khuy trn, gii nhit.

Tm li: Khi s dng parafin, ton b qu trnh bao gm: clo ha, alkyl ha benzen bng alkylclorua, sulfo ha v trung ha.

RH

+Cl2 -HCl

RCl

+C6H6 -HCl

RC6H5

+H2SO4 -H2O

RC6H4SO2OH

+NaOH -H2O RC6H4SO2OH

Nu s dng olefin lm tc nhn th qu trnh s l alkyl ha, sulfo ha v trung ha.

C6H6

+RCH=CH2

+SO3 R'R"CH-C6H5 R'R"CH-C6H4SO2OH

+NaOH -H2O

R'R"CH-C6H4SO2ONa

V. TC NHN V XC TC
i vi qu trnh alkyl ha: Trc y tng hp cc alkylbenzen ny i t cc nguyn liu ban u l polymer hoc copolymer thp phn t ca propylen v buten, nhng trong qu trnh trng hp c th sinh ra mch nhnh ca polymer to cho sn phm cui cng, cc cht hot ng b mt, kh nng phn hy sinh ha rt km. V vy hin nay, ngi ta s dng trong lnh vc ny cc tc nhn alkyl ha nh sau: Monocloparafin thu c bng clo ha cc phn on khng thm ca du ha hoc cc parafin mm tch ra t cc phn on thu c bng ure hay zeolit. Olefin vi mch cacbon thng vi ni i cui mch hoc gia mch l cc sn phm ca qu trnh dehydro ha parafin mm C10 C16 hay qu trnh cracking parafin cng. Chng r hn so vi cc -olefin v do tc dng isomer ha ca AlCl3, cng nh cc xc tc khc m sn phm cui cng vn l cc alkylbenzen bc II vi cc v tr khc nhau ca vng thm.

H3C

(CH2)x

HC

(CH2)y

CH3

C6H5
Olefin l tc nhn alkyl ha c bit quan trng. Do cc olefin c gi thnh kh r v vy ngi ta lun c gng s dng chng trong mi trng hp c th. Cc -olefin c th to ra qua cc quy trnh sau:

Sng phn t
Paraffin hay phn tch bng ure Paraffin chn lc n-Paraffin -olefin

Halogen ha Cloroparafin Kh hydro Halogen ha

Oligo ha
Etylen -olefin ng thng

Phn on

-olefin -olefin C10 n C14

C4 n C20 Trong qu trnh alkyl ha cc hydrocacbon thm bng dn sut clo ngi ta ch s dng mt loi xc tc hu hiu
nht trong cc xc tc phi proton, l clorua nhm. Xc tc ny cng c th s dng alkyl ha bng olefin, tuy nhin trong trng hp ny c th dng cc xc tc khc nh H 2SO4, HF, BF3, acid phosphoric trn cht mang, alumosilicat, zeolit. Qu trnh vi xc tc H 2SO4, HF c tin hnh trong pha lng 10 40 0C v 0,1 1,0 Mpa, vi H3PO4 trong pha kh 225 2750C v 2 6 MPa, cn vi alumosilicat, zeolit trong pha lng hoc pha kh 200 400 0C v 2 6 Mpa. Trc y xc tc rn phosphoric c s dng rng ri nhng hin nay ngi ta quan tm nhiu hn n cc zeolit. Mc d vy clorua nhm vn chim v tr p o trong lnh vc ny v n c hng lot u th.

Clorua nhm trng thi rn gn nh khng tan trong HC v xc tc rt yu cho phn ng. Tuy nhin theo mc hnh thnh HCl, clorua nhm bt u chuyn qua trng thi lng c mu sm. Cht lng ny mc d khng tan trong hydrocacbon nhng c hot tnh rt ln, v vy tc phn ng s tng ln. Trng thi hot ng ca clorua nhm c th chun b bng cch sc kh HCl qua h huyn ph ca n trong HC, khi s hnh thnh phc ca AlCl 3 v HCl vi 1 n 6 phn t HC thm. Trong mt phn t ny nm trng thi cu trc c bit mang in tch dng (phc ) cn cc phn t cn li hnh thnh lp solvat:
H H

(n - 1)ArH

Al2Cl7

Nhm t c vn tc alkyl ha cao ngay t thi im bt u phn ng, phc ny thng c chun b trc ri sau a vo h phn ng. Ngoi HCl, ngi ta cn cho thm mt lng nh nc nhm thc y qu trnh to phc hoc mt lng dn sut clo ti sinh phn HCl mt i. Trong thc t thng dng HCl v RCl nc c kh nng phn r mt phn xc tc lm gim hot tnh. Cng v nguyn nhn ny m cc tc nhn tham gia phn ng cn phi sy trc khi s dng v trong qu trnh tin hnh phi trnh khng cho nc lt vo mi trng phn ng. Mt s cht khc, c bit l cc hp cht ca lu hunh, amoniac, dien hay axetylen cng gy hy hoi xc tc. Tm li, hn hp phn ng trong pha lng khi alkyl ha vi xc tc AlCl 3 bao gm hai pha: Phc xc tc v hydrocacbon. Ngi ta khuyn rng nn chun b phc t nhm ph thi, hydrocacbon thm v HCl khan: 4Al + 6ArH + 7HCl (ArH)6.Al2Cl6.HCl

Ngoi ra mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gim hot tnh xc tc l s tch t cc sn phm ph c kh nng lin kt bn vng vi AlCl3 hoc to ra nhng phc - kh cho proton. Nhng cht ph ny l polyalkylbenzen ( khi phn ng nhit thp) v cc vng a nhn, nha ( nhit cao). Do vy nng sut ti u v s tiu hao xc tc t nht s t c nhit trung gian no . i vi qu trnh sulfo ha: tin hnh sulfo ha cc hp cht thm ngi ta s dng ch yu l acid sulfuric, oleum v SO 3.

Ngi ta cho rng tc nhn tn cng trc tip vo nhn thm l

+ SO2OH

HSO-4 + H3SO+4
SO2OH

HSO4- + SO2OH + H2O

+ SO2OH

-H+

SO2OH

Mt trong nhng vn cn gii quyt khi sulfo ha cc hp cht thm l s dng trit cc tc nhn sunfo ha v chuyn lng d ca n v dng acid long hoc dng mui. S c mt ca acid long hay mui v c i hi thm mt cng on tch sn phm chnh v lm phc tp thm quy trnh cng ngh. Khi sulfo ha bng acid sulfuaric th vn trn c gii quyt kh n gin i vi cc hp cht HC thm d bay hi. Ngoi ra, do tnh thun nghch ca qu trnh v gim hot tnh mnh ca axit b lm long bi nc sinh ra, phn ng sulfo ha thng kt thc nng nht nh

ca axit. Hin tng ny c c trng bng gi tr ca phn ng. Ga tr c tnh bng nng ca SO 3 trong axit tc dng cho n khi phn ng khng cn tip tc c na (v d cho sulfo ha benzen l 64 naphtalen l 56 v nitrobenzene l 82). Khi bit v nng SO3 trong axit ban u (a) c th tnh c lng axit cn thit sulfo ha 1 mol hp cht thm theo cng thc: X = 80(100 )/(a ) Trong : 80 - khi lng phn t ca SO3. Cng thc trn cho thy, mun gim lng H 2SO4 tiu hao v gim lng axit s dng cn tng nng axit ban u. V d, khi sulfo ha benzen ( = 64) bng axit m c a = 75 th lng axit ti thiu cn dng 162g. Trong hai trng hp ny lng axit s dng l 182 v 82g. Qu trnh sulfo ha bng axit sulfuric thng phi tin hnh nhit cao (80 1000C) do axit ny c kh nng sulfo ha khng cao. Hn hp phn ng bo gm hai pha, v phn ng din ra trong pha axit, yu t khuy trn khng gy nh hng ln nh cc phn ng khc. Mt phng php khc s dng SO 3 trit hn l dng oleum sulfo ha cc hp cht thm. Oleum c hm lng SO3 cao hn v cc tnh ton cho thy s tiu hao ca n trn mt n v sn phm thp hn so vi khi s dng acid sulforic.

VI.NG HC CA QU TRNH
i vi qu trnh alkyl ha: Cc c tnh nng lng ph thuc vo cc tc nhn alkyl ha v dng lin kt c ph v trong cht alkyl ha. Mt s thng s nng lng trong qu trnh alkyl ha nh sau: Tc nhn alkyl ha RCH=CH2 v Car H Calph H OH Car H RCl NH Lin kt b ph -H0298kJ/mol 96 104 84 100 50 63 34 42 0 25

OH ~0 So snh ta thy khi s dng cc tc nhn alkyl ha hiu ng nhit khi alkyl ha theo nguyn t khc nhau s gim theo dy Car > Calph > N > O v i vi tc nhn alkyl ha s thay i: RCH=CH 2 > RCl. Bn thn phn ng alkyl ha vi phc hot ng AlCl 3 din ra vi vn tc cao v s tng khi khuy mnh hoc sc kh olefin vo hn hp phn ng. vn tc ca qu trnh cng tng khi p sut tng nhng li t ph thuc vo nhit v c nng lng hot ha nh. Qu trnh cng ph thuc ch yu vo olefin, cn kh nng ha tan ca olefin th t gy nh hng hn. Giai on khuch tn olefin qua lp xc tc phc clorua nhm l giai on chm nht, quyt nh n ton b vn tc ca qu trnh. Trong tng hp cc dy alkyl mch di hn th vic la chn nhit c xc nh sao cho hn ch ti a cc sn phm ph phn hy hay s a vng ngng t v nha ha. Trong trng hp ny thng la chn nhit trong khong 30500C i vi qu trnh sulfo ha: Sulfo ha di tc dng ca acid sulfuric l qu tnh thun nghch: ArH + H2SO4 ArSO2OH + H2O

Xy ra vi s ta nhit mnh (mt phn nhit ny do nc sinh ra lm long acid sulfuric). Do vy hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ph thuc nhiu vo nng ban u ca acid v c gi tr khong 146kj/mol. Cn bng thng dch chuyn v pha bn phi iu kin thng, nhng nu tng nhit v ng thi chng ct hydrocacbon i khi xy ra theo chiu ngc li. Ngi ta li dng iu ny tch cc ng phn alkylbenzen. Sulfo ha l phn ng th in t in hnh i vi cc vng thm. Phn ng b km hm do nc c tnh acid ban u cng nh nc sinh ra trong qu trnh phn ng v phng trnh ng hc c th biu din nh sau:

r=

k[ ArH ] [ H 2O]n

Phn ng gia oleum vi hp cht thm l khng thun nghch v to nhit mnh nht trong tng hp hu c (Ho298 = 217 KJ/mol), hiu ng nhit ph thuc vo nng ca loeum v c gi tr 180 KJ/mol i vi oleum 20%.

VII. CC YU T NH HNG
Ngoi cc yu t v nhit , tc nhn, xc tc, nguyn liu u vo hay cc phn ng ph, sn phm ph nh hng n c hai qu trnh c trnh by nhng phn trn. Th cc kt qu cho thy rng cc tnh cht ca alkylaren sulfonat cn ph thuc nhiu vo cu to ca nhm alkyl. V d: nu nhm phenyl sulfonat v tr s 1 v nhm alkyl c cu to mch thng th cc tnh cht ty ra cc i t c khi nhm alkyl cha 1114 nguyn t cacbon. V tr ca nhm phenylsulfonat cng gy nh hng n tnh cht ty ra. V d: t dodecylbenzensulfonat vi mch HC thng ca nhm alkyl th cc ng phn 2 v 3 c tnh cht ty ra tt nht, cn khi nhm th chuyn v gia mch th tnh ty ra b gim. S phn nhnh ca nhm alkyl trong mt nhn thm th tnh ty ra cng b gim. T , ta thy tng hp akylarensulfonat nn s dng alkylbenzen vi nhm alkyl C 10 C16, tt nht l t C11 C14 v nhm alkyl cng t phn nhnh cng tt. Khi nhm alkyl c phn nhnh th cc cht ny tan tt trong nc. Khi chiu di nhm alkyl tng, phn nhnh t s gim kh nng ha tan trong nc v ru. i vi qu trnh alkyl ha: nh hng cu to ca hp cht thm v nguyn tc nh hng nhm alkyl vo vng thm trong cc phn ng alkyl ha ni chung cng ging cc phn ng th i in t khc, tuy nhin c mt s c trng. Phn ng alkyl ha t b nh hng bi cc nhm th cho in t ca vng thm. V d: nh hng hot ha ca cc nhm alkyl v cc vng thm a t di tc dng ca xc tc AlCl 3 thay i nh sau: C10H8 > C6H4(CH3)2 > C6H5 CH3 > C6H5 C2H5 > C6H5 CH(CH3)2 > C6H6 3,5 3,0 2,2 1,8 1,4 1,0 Cc nhm ht th in t ca vng thm s lm gim mnh kh nng alkyl ha. y l im khc bit ni bt ca phn ng alkyl ha so vi cc phn ng th i in t khc ca vng thm nh clo ha, sulfo ha. Cu to ca sn phm c th thay i ng k ph thuc vo xc tc v iu kin phn ng. V d: cc nhm th y in t v cc nguyn t halogen s nh hng nhm th alkyl vo cc v tr para v orto, tuy nhin cc iu kin khc nghit ca phn ng, c bit khi dng xc tc AlCl 3 s c s isomer ha cc ng phn ca benzen vi s dch chuyn v tr ni ti ca cc nhm alkyl v to ra hn hp cn bng m trong ch yu l cc isomer bn nhit ng. i vi qu trnh sulfo ha: i vi xc tc l acid sulfuric, nh hng ca nhm th trong vng thm i vi phn ng sulfo ha cng tng t nh cc phn ng th in t khc. Tnh chn lc v nh hng nhm sulfo trong phn ng ny c gi tr trung bnh. Nhm sulfo trong vng thm c tnh ht in t cao do vy lm gim kh nng sulfo ha trc tip v rt kh a nhm

sulfo th hai vo vng thm di tc dng ca acid sulfuric. T l cc ng phn trong phn ng sulfo ha ph thuc vo c tnh thun nghch ca qu trnh. cc iu kin tng i mm th t l ng phn ph thuc vo kh nng phn ng ca cc v tr trong vng thm, cn khi un nng v ko di thi gian phn ng th t l ny ph thuc vo bn nhit ng ca cc ng phn. Cn i vi xc tc l oleum v SO 3 th kh nng hot ng ha hc ca cc hp cht ny thng dn n

VIII. CC PHN NG PH
i vi qu trnh alkyl ha: Khi alkyl ha cac hp cht thm vi s c mt ca cc xc tc bt k s xy ra s th ni tip cc nguyn t cacbon hydro v to thnh hn hp sn phm vi mc alkyl ha khc nhau. Vi xc tc acid protonic, cc iu kin tng i mm th thnh phn cc sn phm alkyl ha c xc nh theo cc yu t ng hc. Cn khi dng xc tc AlCl 3 v iu kin tng i khc nghit vi xc tc alumosilicat s xy ra phn ng thun nghch vi s dch chuyn v tr ca cc nhm alkyl, c th to thnh phn cn bng cc isomer v sn phm alkyl ha ni tip. iu ny c ngha ln khi chn t l mol ti u ca cc tc nhn trong qu trnh alkyl ha. Trong qu trnh alkyl ha ni tip, tng tnh la chn cn phi chn t l mol gia tc nhn v benzen. Vi 1 = 0,1 0,2 th chi ph chng ct hon lu kh cao. tng hp monoalkylbenzen thnh phn cn bng ca sn phm alkyl ha ni tip s thun li hn so vi thnh phn ng hc. Ngoi ra cc hp cht dialkylbenzen c th a tr li phn ng trong s c s alkyl ha li vi benzen to ra sn phm monoalkyl mong mun. iu ny cho php tng ng k tnh la chn v lm vic vi t l cc cu t tc nhn alkyl ha / benzen 1 = 0,3 0,5 ng thi gim ng k lng benzen d, chi ph trong vic chng ct v hon lu benzen.

Cc phn ng ph c th xy ra l nha ha, phn hy cc nhm alkyl hay alkyl ha li v polymer ha olefin.Nguyn nhn ca s nha ha l do cc vng thm ngng t nhit cao to thnh cc sn phm nh: diarylalkan, Nha ha tng nhanh nhit cao. nhng iu kin khc nghit ca phn ng cng thc y s phn hy cc nhm alkyl v to thnh cc sn phm ph c mch alkyl ngn. Trong trng hp phn ng ny, cc sn phm ph c th thy r do tc nhn alkyl ha cha mch hydrocacbon di. S phn hy c kh nng xy ra giai on tch cacbocation:

+ RCH-CH2R

RCH = CH2 + R+

+2C6H6 -H+

C6H5-CH-CH3 + C6H5R R

S to thnh polymer xy ra do s kt hp ni tip ca cacbocation vi olefin (trng hp cation). C th hn ch bng lng d hydrocacbon v gim nng olefin trong pha lng. Phn ng alkyl ha li xy ra chm hn nhiu phn ng alkyl ha v vn tc s tng nhit cao do nng lng hot ha ca n c gi tr khong 63kJ/mol. C hai phn ng alkyl ha v alkyl ha li u gim dn vn tc do xc tc km hot ng, tuy nhin mc gim vn tc ca phn ng alkyl ha li cao hn. V nguyn nhn ny m trong hn hp phn ng s tch t mt lng ln polyalkylbenzen cha kp tham gia phn ng thun nghch alkyl ha li. trnh hin tng ny cn phi khng ch lng tc nhn ca phn ng. Trong cc phn ng ph trn th ch c phn ng alkyl ha li l c gi tr trong vic nng cao hiu sut ca sn phm cn cc phn ng khc th c hi nhiu hn. i vi qu trnh sulfo ha: Qu trnh sulfo ha bng oleum v SO 3 gy ra mt s ln cc phn ng ph. Kh nng hot ng ho hc ca cc hp cht ny thng dn n vic to thnh nhm sulfo th hai trong vng thm theo s ca cc qu trnh ni tip:
3 3 C 6 H 6 C 6 H 6SO 2 OH m C 6 H 4 (SO 2 OH) 2

+SO

+SO

iu ny c s dng trong tng hp m-benzen disulfonic axit (t y s iu ch c rezocxin), giai on u thc hin vi H2SO4 cn giai on sau di tc dng ca oleum. Khi sulfo ho bng oleum v SO3 s sinh ra mt lng sulfon: 2ArH + 2SO3 ArSO2Ar + H2SO4 Phn ng ny xy ra mnh c bit trong trng hp sulfo ho benzene, cn i vi cc alkylbenzen khc th yu hn. Mt phn ng ph khc l to thnh cc anhydric sulfonic axit: 2ArSO2OH + SO3 (ArSO2)2O + H2SO4 Lng anhydric tng khi SO3 d nhiu. Cc phn ng ph trn y, cng nh cc s chuyn ho oxy ha v phn hy cc nhm alkyl di tc dng ca SO 3 s c hn ch nu chn c t l cc cu t ban u tham gia phn ng hp l, phng php khuy trn thch hp v c bit l ch nhit ti u (trong cc phn ng sulfo ha bng oleum v SO 3 nhit c th thay i t -100 n 40 600C). Cc phn ng ph trong trng hp ny u khng tt cho qu trnh do lm tiu hao tc nhn ln xc tc v lm gim lng sn phm to thnh

IX. THIT B PHN NG


i vi qu trnh alkyl ha:

Qu trnh sn xut gin on c tin hnh trong thit b phn ng c b phn khuy v v o lm lnh (hoc dng ng xon bn trong). Ngi ta a vo thit b phn ng benzen v AlCl 3 hoc phc xc tc (10 20% so vi th tch hn hp phn ng), sau va khuy va cho olefin lng hoc dn sut clo, v gi nhit n nh. Nu chuyn qua sn xut lin tc th trong trng hp cc tc nhn alkyl ho lng c th tin hnh theo hai phng php ch yu sau: Theo phng php u tin ngi ta s dng thit b dng ng (H.2.2a), phn di thit b c b phn khuy mnh nh ho hn hp phn ng. Cc tc cht ban u v phc xc tc c a vo phn di ca thit b, cn nh tng to thnh s tri ln pha trn theo gia cc ng (c lm lnh bng nc). Trong thit b tch hydrocacbon c tch khi lp phc xc tc v sau a vo x l. Thi gian lu ca hn hp trong thit b phi m bo kt thc phn ng. Phng php th hai l s dng mt h ni tip bao gm t hai n bn thit b phn ng vi cch khuy (H.2.2b). Ngi ta a vo thit b phn ng u tin cc tc cht ban u, v hn hp phn ng sau t bn trong s chy qua thit b phn ng tip theo. Gia hai thit b ny c b phn tch s b, trong phc xc tc tch ra c a tr li thit b u tin. Khi s dng h thit b ni tip s trnh c hin tng tiu hao xc tc ln trong sn phm trong trng hp ch c mt thit b phn ng. Thi gian lu ca thit b phn ng trong h thit b ni tip l khong 50 pht nhit 40600C, ngoi ra thi gian ny cn c xc ng bi cc iu kin gii nhit v yu cu t n cn bng sao cho cc sn phm monoalkyl l cao nht. Alkyl ho cc hydrocacbon thm bng olefin dng kh c tin hnh trong cc thit b dng ng (H2.2c), pha bn trong c chng n mn bng cc tm chu axit. Hn hp lng c a vo thit b ti mc van tro bn hng bao gm phc xc tc AlCl3 (20-40% th tch) v hn hp hydrocacbon khng tan trong n. pha di ngi ta a vo benzen khan v phn on olefin c sc qua cht lng c km theo khuy mnh. Hn hp lng s chy qua van tro i vo b phn tch, sau thi gian lng t nhin lp xc tc nng hn pha di s c a tr li thit b phn ng cn sn phm alkyl ho s c em i x l tip. Nhit ca phn ng hu nh c thot ra bi vic lm nng cc tc nhn v lm bc hi benzen. Hi benzen cng vi kh ca phn ng c a qua sinh hn, ti y benzen s ngng t v s quay tr li phn ng, cn kh c a i

x l. Nh vy trong thit b ny c ch nhit gn nh l thit lp mt cch t ng v nhit s ph thuc vo p sut cng nh lng kh thot ra (hoc ph thuc vo nng ca phn on olefin ban u). Khi lm vic vi cc phn on olefin long thng thng phi s dng p sut 0,5-0,6Mpa sao cho vic thu hi benzen t kh thot ra d dng hn. Nhit trong thit b ng t khong 130-14 0C, iu ny s lm tng sn phm nha ho cng nh gim hot tnh xc tc. Do vy nn gim p sut xung khong 15 20 Mpa v nhit phi ng dng duy tr 1000C.

i vi qu trnh sulfo ha:

Phng php u c tn gi sulfo ha trong hi nc c bit c p dng rng ri sulfo ha benzene v toluen. N cng c th ng dng sulfo ha cc hp cht c nhit si cao, nhng cn phi thm mt tc nhn th ba to hn hp ng ph vi nc. i khi c th khng cn tc nhn th ba ny nu qu trnh tin hnh nhit cao hoc trong chn khng. Sulfo ha bng axit sulfuric trong hi nc thng thng c tin hnh nhit cao (160 180 0C) v phi tch nc trit . Qu trnh ny c th c thc hin theo phng php gin on hoc lin tc. S cng ngh phng php sulfo ha lin tc benzen c biu din di: Mt phng php khc s dng SO 3 trit hn l dng oleum sulfo ha cc hp cht thm. Oleum c hm lng SO3 ban u cao hn v cc tnh ton cho thy s tiu hao ca n trn n v sn phm thp hn so vi khi s dng axit sulfuric. S sulfo ha bng oleum thng thng c tin hnh theo phng php gin on. Hiu qu kinh t ca tng phng php ch yu ph thuc vo mc s dng SO 3. C hai phng php sulfo ha cc hp cht thm bng SO 3. Phng n u tin p dng i vi cc cht t bay hi, s sulfo ha bng kh SO 3 c lm long bng khng kh. Phng php th hai l tin hnh phn ng trong dioxit lu hunh lng, cht ny s ha tan SO 3 v hydrocacbon. Do nhit si ca dioxyt lu hunh l -10 0C qu trnh xy ra nhng iu kin m du, nhit ca phn ng c gii phng do s bc hi ca SO2. iu ny cho php trnh hin tng nhit cc b v gim bt cc qu trnh ph.

X. S QUY TRNH SN XUT LAS

Giai on sn xut: 1. Parafin t chng ct phn on du th c chuyn thnh olefin bng qu trnh dehydro ha (loi H 2 t mt phn t, th oxy ha) trong thit b phn ng PACOL. 2. Cc olefin tri qua hai qu trnh x l tinh luyn m bo sn phm sau cng t cc ch tiu cht lng ca khch hng. 3. Benzen v olefin phn ng trong thit b phn ng DETAL. 4. Sau , LAB c chng ct thu v s dng li benzen v parafin tha. 5. LAB tri qua s tinh luyn cui cng loi b phn nng nht (HAB), c s dng thng mi ha vi tn l Heavy Alkylate. 6. Cn phn ln LAB cn li c em sulfo ha to thnh LAS. S cng ngh sn xut cht ty ra trn c s alkylsunfo ha

1. Khi oxi ha SO2 thnh SO3 4,8,10, 14. Bm 7. Thit b bc hi 15. Thit b sy phun Thuyt minh:

2,11.Sinh hn 5. Thit b phn ng 9,12. Thit b trung ha 16. cyclon

3. Thng cha 6. H thng gia nhit 13. Thit b trn 17. Bng ti

S cng ngh sn xut cht ty ra trn c s alkylsulfo ha c th hin hnh trn. Hin nay phng php hu hiu nht l s dng SO3 di dng hi long vi khng kh. Ti khi 1 ngi ta thc hin oxi ha SO 2 thnh SO3, bng oxi khng kh. Sn phm thu c sau khi lm lnh v ngng t sinh hn 2 c cha trong thng cha 3 l dung dch ca SO3 nng 10 15% trong SO2 lng. Dung dch ny cng vi dung dch hydrocacbon trong SO 2 c da vo thit b phn ng 5. Hn hp cht lng i ra khi thit b 5 cn cha khong 5 7%. tch lng SO 2 ny ngi ta tin hnh un nng v sau cho bc hi thit b bc hi 7. Cht lng cn li i vo thit b trung ha 9, c km theo b phn lm lnh 11, ti y nhit khng vt qu 60 0C. Tip theo ti thit b 12 ngi ta tin hnh trung ha chnh xc, tc l hn hp qua thit b ny s c pH = 7 (c kim tra bng pH k). Acid sau c trung ho vi baz cui cng cho ra cht hot ng b mt LAS dng mui. dng mui, n cng c th c cung cp nhiu dng v hiu qu khc nhau, v d dng bnh (50-75%) v dng bt (80-90%). y ta s thu c LAS thnh phm nhng nu tip tc quy trnh th hn hp sau khi trung ha s a vo thit b trn 13, y ngi ta thm cc cht ph gia nh phosphate, soda, cht ty, cacboxylmetyl xenlulo to thnh cht ty ra. Hn hp thu c s bm vo thit b sy phun 15. Cc ht rn s thu hi xyclon 16. Bt git thnh phm t thit b 15, 16 c truyn qua cng on ng gi theo bng ti 17.

XI.S TIU TH LAS


Linear Alkylbenzen sulfonate (LAS), mt cht hot ng trong cc cht bt git, nc ra chn, cht lau chi cng nghip v lau chi sinh hot. LAS loi cht bn bng c ch ha l v l mt trong cc cht hot ng b mt s dng rng ri nht trong cc cht ty ra lng v dng bt. Cht hot ng b mt anion, chng ion ha trong dung dch, mang in tch m, nhn chung chng c bt nhiu. Vi s phn b 27% tng tiu th cht hot ng b mt trong cht ty ra gia nh, LAS c dng hn 30 nm qua v tip tc gp phn ng k trong th trng cht hot ng b mt ngy nay. Trung bnh hm lng LAS chim khong 5%-25% khi lng trong mi loi cht ty ra Chu u (dung dch ra chn, bt git.).

Chng IV: TC NG CA LAS I VI MI TRNG


LAS ( linear alkylbenzen sulfonate) c xem l cht ty ra xanh u tin v n l cht hot ng b mt u tin gii quyt c vn mi trng. LAS d phn hu sinh hc hn BABS. LAS phn hu hon ton trong mi trng hiu kh. N cng c th phn hu hon ton trong mi trng him kh ch khi c sn oxy bt u qu trnh Chng khng bn, tch ly sinh hc hoc c c sinh hc. Thng thng trong x l cht thi th 99% LAS b loi b. nhng ni t c bn bng bn cht thi, LAS s phn hu nhanh chng n gi tr loi b hon ton. 1. Oxy ha mt trong cc nguyn t cacbon sau cng trong hydrocacbon cho php loi b hai on cacbon (nhm acetyl) cho n khi cha hydrocacbon ngn. 2. K tip, vng m ra v b phn hy thm. 3. Cui cng, LAS c th c chuyn thnh CO2 v H2O. Qu trnh ny c chng minh xy ra vi ngy n vi tun. LAS c s dng rt rng ri trong sn xut nhng sn phm git ra gia nh v cng nghip. Hin nay sn lng ton cu ca LAS khong 4 triu tn. Nhng thng tin v nh hng ca LAS i vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng cha c nhiu v vn ny cn phi c thi gian mi c lm sng t. LAS cng c c tnh nht nh nhng cha ti mc c hi cho sc kho con ngi. Tuy vy cc nh khoa hc cn phi thn trng v h tin hnh mt s th nghim theo di nh hng ca LAS i vi ng vt thu sinh. Ch tiu c tnh LAS (EC50) trong sinh vt di nc c phm vi t 1 n 10mg/lt trong iu kin th nghim nh. c t LAS trong c v loi khng xng sng th xp x nh nhau, nhng c t trong to th khc xa. Cc th nghim cho thy khi sng trong mi trng nc c LAS, c hi hp th kh mnh loi ho cht ny. Qua cc kt qu phn tch ngi ta cng thy hm lng LAS trong m ca mang c l ln nht. Tuy nhin, hm lng LAS cha ti mc gy nh hng xu ti cc hot ng sinh l ca c. Mt im ng ch l hm lng LAS trong tht c l thp nht m con ngi khi n ch ng ti tht c l chnh. Nh vy nguy c nhim c (nu c) cng s gim ti thiu. Cho ti nay ngi ta vn coi LAS l v hi. Nhng kinh nghim thc t cho thy phi sau hng chc nm nhng ci li v

hi ca vic s dng mt loi ho cht no mi c hiu r nh trng hp ca thuc tr su DDT v cc cht lm lnh CFC.

TI LIU THAM KHO


[1]. Phan Minh Tn, Tng hp Hu C v Ho Du, Tp 1 v 2, NXB H Quc Gia TP- H Ch Minh, 2001. [2]. Louis H Tn Ti, Cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c nhn. [3]. Cc trang web: http://www.freepatentsonline.com http://www.lasinfo.org http://www.oil-Greasecleaners.org http://www.deponline

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