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Chng 2

THANH CHU KO (NN) NG TM


Chng 2. Thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm
NI DUNG
2.1. nh ngha - ni lc
2.2. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
2.3. Bin dng - H s Poisson
2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
2.5. Th nng bin dng n hi
2.6. ng sut cho php v h s an ton
iu kin bn
2.7. Bi ton siu tnh
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2.1. nh ngha
nh ngha: Thanh c gi l chu ko hoc nn
ng tm nu trn mt ct ngang ca n ch tn ti
mt thnh phn ng lc l N
z
(N
z
>0 i ra khi mt
ct ngang)
bar
pin
hanger
cable
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V d - cc thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm
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2.1. nh ngha
Biu lc dc:
Dng phng php mt ct, xt cn
bng mt phn thanh, lc dc trn
on thanh ang xt xc nh t
phng trnh cn bng
0 ...
z
Z N = =

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2.2. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
1. Th nghim
Vch trn b mt ngoi
- H nhng ng thng // trc thanh
th dc
- H nhng ng thng trc thanh
mt ct ngang
2. Quan st
- Nhng ng thng // trc thanh
=> vn // trc thanh, k/c hai ng
k nhau khng i
- Nhng ng thng trc thanh
=> vn , k/c hai ng k nhau thay i
Gi thit bin dng
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2.2. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
3. Cc gi thit v bin dng
GT 1- Gi thit mt ct ngang phng
(Bernouli)
Mt ct ngang trc bin dng l phng
v vung gc vi trc thanh, sau bin
dng vn phng v vung gc vi trc
GT 2 - Gi thit v cc th dc
Cc lp vt liu dc trc khng c tc
dng tng h vi nhau (khng chn
p, x y ln nhau)
ng x vt liu tun theo nh lut Hooke (ng sut t l thun
vi bin dng)
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2.2. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
4. Cng thc xc nh ng sut
Gi thit 1 => t =0
Gi thit 2 => o
x
= o
y
=0
Trn mt ct ngang ch c ng sut php o
z
Theo nh ngha - Lc dc trn mt ct ngang:
Theo nh lut Hooke:
M theo gt1: c
z
= const => o
z
= const
z z
E o c =
( )
z z
A
N dA o =
}

z z
N A o =
z
z
N
A
o =
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2.3. Bin dng - H s Poisson
Thanh chiu di L chu
ko ng tm
AL - dn di tuyt i
Phn t chiu di dz c
dn di tuyt i Adz
(bin dng dc)
Bin dng di t i
z
N
c
A
onst
E
=
d
z
A
d
z
z
dz
dz
c
A
=
z
dz dz c A =
0 0
o
c A = =
} }
L L
z
z
dz
L dz
E
0
A =
}
L
z
N dz
L
EA
z
N L
L
EA
A =
EA -
cng
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2.3. Bin dng - H s Poisson
Thanh gm nhiu on chiu di, cng v lc
dc trn mi on th i l L
i
, (EA)
i
, N
zi
( )
zi
i
N
EA
const =
( )
n
zi i
i 1
i
N L
L
EA
=
A =

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2.3. Bin dng - H s Poisson
H S POISSON
Theo phng z trc thanh
bin dng dc c
z
Theo hai phng x, y vung
gc vi z bin dng ngang
c
x
, c
y
Poisson tm c mi lin h:
x y z
c c c = =
- h s Poisson
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H s Poisson
Vt liu H s Vt liu H s
Thp 0,25-0,33 ng en 0,32-0,35
Gang 0,23-0,27 hc 0,16-0,34
Nhm 0,32-0,36 B tng 0.08-0,18
ng 0,31-0,34 Cao su 0,47
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Bi 1: Cho cc thanh chu lc nh hnh v.
V biu lc dc, ng sut v chuyn v
ca cc mt ct ngang.
Bit a=1m; A
3
=1,5A
2
=2A
1
=15cm
2
; F
1
=25kN;
F
2
=60 kN; q=10kN/m; E=10
4
kN/cm
2
Gii:
1
45( )
A
N R kN = =
2) Ni lc trong cc on thanh:
- on AB:
1) Xc nh phn lc:
Gii phng lin kt ngm ti A: R
A
1 2
. 0
A
Z R F F q a = + =

2 1
. 60 10.1 25 45( )
A
R F q a F kN = + = + =
- on BC:
2 2
60 45 15( )
A
N F R kN = = =
A
3
B
A
A
2
F
2
F
1
A
1
q
R
A
C D
a a
a
A
R
A N
1
B
A
F
2 R
A N
2
V d 2.1 (1)
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V d 2.1 (2)
- Mt ct trong on CD: 0 z a
3 2
. 15 10
A
N F R q z z = + = +
4. Tnh ng sut trn cc tit din:
- on AB:
2
3
45
3( / )
15
AB
AB
N
kN cm
A
o = = =
- on BC:
2
2
15
1, 5( / )
10
BC
BC
N
kN cm
A
o = = =
- on CD:
2
1
2
1
0 15( )
15
2( / )
7, 5
1( ) 25( )
25
3, 33( / )
7, 5
CD
CD
C
CD
CD
D
z N kN
N
kN cm
A
z m N kN
N
kN cm
A
o
o
= =
= = =
= =
= = =
a a
a
B
A
A
2
F
2
F
1
A
1
q
R
A
C D
A
3
z
B
A
F
2
q
R
A
C
N
3
3. V biu lc dc
45
15
25
N
kN
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V d 2.1 (3)
4. Tnh chuyn v ti cc on:
- Chuyn v on AB: 0 z
1
100(cm)
1
4
1
1 A 1 1
4
3 0
45.
w w 0 3.10 ( )
. 10 .15.
z
AB
N z
dz z cm
E A

= + = + =
}
- Chuyn v on BC: 0 z
2
100(cm)
- Chuyn v on CD: 0 z
3
100(cm)
3 3
3 C 3 3
1 0 0
2
3 3
3
4
'
3 3
4
''
3
(15 10 )
w w 0, 015
. 75000
15 5
w 0, 015 ( )
75000
2.10
w (3 2 )
3
4.10
w 0
3
z z
CD
N z
dz dz
E A
z z
cm
z

+
= + = +
+
= +
= +
= >
} }
a a
a
B
A
A
2
F
2
F
1
A
1
q
R
A
C D
A
3
2
2
2 B 2
4
2 0
4
2 2
15.
w w 0, 03
. 10 .10
w 0, 03 1, 5.10 ( )
z
BC
N z
dz
E A
z cm
= + = +
= +
}
Hm lm quay xung di.
3
1, 5
o
kN/cm
2
2
3, 33
0, 03
0, 015
0, 01167
w
cm




V d 2.2 (1)
b a
B
A
2
F
2
F
1
A
1
C
D
Cho thanh c tit din thay i chu ti
trng dc trc nh hnh v.
1. V biu lc dc.
2. Xc nh tr s ng sut php ln nht
3. Xc nh chuyn v theo phng dc
trc ca trng tm tit din D.
Bit F
1
=10kN; F
2
=25kN; A
1
=5cm
2
; A
2
=8cm
2
a=b=1m; E=2.10
4
kN/cm
2
Bi gii
1. Dng PP mt ct vit biu thc lc dc trn
mi on thanh
z
1
F
1
D N
CD
1
10
CD
N F kN = =
a
F
2
F
1
C
D
z
2
N
BC
1 2
15
BC
N F F kN = =
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V d 2.2 (2)
b a
B
A
2
F
2
F
1
A
1
C
D
10
N
kN
15
Biu lc dc:
2. Xc nh tr s ng sut php ln nht
2
1
10
2( / )
5
CD
CD
N
kN cm
A
o = = =
2
2
15
1,875( / )
8
BC
BC
N
kN cm
A
o = = =
2
2( / )
max
kN cm o =
3. Chuyn v ca im D
2 1
. .
BC CD
D BD BC CD
N b N a
w L l l
EA EA
= A = A + A = +
2 2
2
4
1 15.10 10.10
0, 0625.10 ( )
2.10 8 5
D
w cm

| |
= + =
|
\ .
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
c trng c hc ca vt liu:
L cc thng s nh gi kh nng chu lc, chu bin
dng ca vt liu trong tng trng hp chu lc c
th
xc nh cc c trng c hc ca
vt liu: tin hnh cc th nghim vi
cc loi vt liu khc nhau
Vt liu Vt liu do
Vt liu gin
Ph hy khi bin dng ln
Ph hy khi bin dng b
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Vt liu do, vt liu gin
Rt do Do va
Dn
c im
ph hy:
Ln
Trung bnh
c im bin dng:
B
Phn loi:
Bo trc
Khng
bo trc
Lun bo trc D bo bin dng:
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TensileTestingofPlastic.mp4
Vt liu do, vt liu gin
University of Architedhture
Vt liu do, vt liu gin
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning

is a trademark used herein under license.


th ng sut - bin dng
(Gin)
(Do va)
(Rt do)
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
Mc tiu lm th nghim:
Xc nh kh nng chu lc
Xc nh kh nng chu bin dng
Xc nh cc tnh cht vt liu
c trng c hc (g.h t l, g.h chy, g.h bn)
cng, mm,
bn un, bn ph hy,..
Nhit , m,
th ng sut bin dng: khng ph thuc vo
kch thc mu th nghim => Xc nh c tnh ca
vt liu
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Cc loi my th nghim.
in - C.
Thy lc.
Mt chiu.
Nhiu chiu
Cc dng th nghim.
Load control apply force/time.
Stroke control apply displacement/time
Torsion (torque control or angle control)
o lc bng load cell
o bin dng v chuyn v
Khung trt lc
Cm bin chuyn v (Extensometer)
Cm bin in tr (single, rosette, array, )
Cm bin quang hc (Optical
extensometers)
Carm
Cc phng php thc nghim (*)
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Cc phng php thc nghim (*)
Th nghim ko nn
Mu th nghim: hnh dng, kch thc qui nh
theo tiu chun (TCVN, ISO, ASTM,)
Kp mu vo ngm kp
Gia ti, ch tc gia ti chm
Ghi li quan h lc ko (nn) v bin dng di
tng ng
Suy ra th quan h ng sut php bin dng
di t i
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Th nghim ko nn (*)
My a nng
Mu ko
Mu nn
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
MU
TH
NGHIM
V
MY
KO -
NN
NG
TM
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
1. Th nghim ko mu vt liu do
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
th ko mu vt liu do
qui c (A
0
khng i)
thc (A
0
thay i)
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
th chia 3 giai on
1. Giai on t l: ng sut t l bc nht vi bin dng di t i
ng sut ln nht - gii hn
t l o
tl
Gii hn chy o
ch

gi tr ng sut ln nht
2. Giai on chy: ng sut
khng tng nhng bin dng
tng
3. Giai on cng c: quan
h ng sut - bin dng l
phi tuyn (CDE)
Gii hn bn o
b

gi tr ng sut ln nht
o
tl
, o
ch
, o
b
- c trng c hc
ca vt liu
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o
tl
, o
ch
, o
b
- c trng v tnh bn ca vt
liu. c trng cho tnh do:
Bin dng di t i
tht t i
2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
1 0
0
100%
L L
L
c

=
1 0
0
A
100%
A
A


=
L
1
- Chiu di mu sau khi t
L
0
- Chiu di mu trc khi t
A
1
- Din tch ch tht khi t
A
0
- Din tch tit din trc khi t
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
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th ko vt liu do
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
2. Th nghim nn mu vt liu do
o
c
O
Nn
F
F
Ko
o
ch
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
3. Th nghim ko - nn mu vt liu gin
- Khng xc nh c gii hn t l
v gii hn chy, ch xc nh c
gii hn bn
o
c
Nn
Ko
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
Xc nh mun n hi ko (nn)
nh lut Hooke
E o c =
E m un n hi
(m un Young)

E = tg
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2.4. c trng c hc ca vt liu
KT LUN
Vt liu do: kh nng chu ko v nn
nh nhau
Vt liu gin: Kh nng chu nn ln
hn nhiu so vi kh nng chu ko
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2.5. Th nng bin dng n hi
Xt thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm
Phn t cng ngoi lc trn chuyn v dz
cng ny bng phn din tch trn th trong
khong dz.
dA Pdz =
Cng ngoi lc cho bin dng z
1
:
1
0
x
A P dz =
}
1
2
1 1
1 1 1 2 2
0
z
A kz dz kz Pz = = =
}
Trong min n hi
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2.5. Th nng bin dng n hi
Trong min n hi, nu b nguyn nhn gy bin dng => vt th
tr v hon ton hnh dng ban u
Nng lng lm cho vt th phc hi hnh dng ban u: th nng
bin dng n hi U
nh lut bo ton nng lng
2
1
2 2
P L
U A P L
EA
= = A =
- Th nng bin dng n hi trn mt n v th tch
Th nng bin dng n hi ring
1
2
U
u
V
oc = =
Nng lng m h nhn c t bn
ngoi s hon ton chuyn ho thnh
th nng bin dng n hi tch lu
trong h
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2.6. ng sut cho php - H s an
ton iu kin bn
Th nghim => ng sut nguy him o
0
tng ng
vi thi im vt liu mt kh nng chu lc
o
0
o
ch
vt liu do
o
b
vt liu gin
- Khi tnh ton, khng bao gi tnh theo ng sut nguy him: vt liu
khng ng nht, iu kin lm vic thc t khc vi PTN, ti trng
vt qu thit k,=> H s an ton
o
0
Nguy hi
m
- Vt liu lm vic an ton khi ng sut xut hin cha vt qu ng
sut nguy him
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2.6. ng sut cho php - H s an
ton iu kin bn
Dng tr s ng sut cho php tnh
ton:
n - h s an ton - c trng cho kh
nng d tr v mt chu lc (n>1)
n = n
1
.n
2
.n
3

n
1
- h s k n s ng nht ca vt liu
n
2
- h s k n iu kin lm vic, phng php
tnh ton,
Cc h s ly theo qui phm
| |
0
n
o
o =
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2.6. ng sut cho php - H s an
ton iu kin bn
iu kin thanh lm vic an ton => iu
kin bn
Vt liu do:
Vt liu gin:
Ko (nn) ng tm
{ } | |
ch
zmax z min
max ,
n
s =
o
o o o
| |
k
b
zmax
k
n
o
o o s =
| |
n
b
z min
n
n
o
o o s =
| |
z
z
N
A
o o = s
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2.6. ng sut cho php - H s an
ton iu kin bn
Ba bi ton c bn
a. Bi ton kim tra iu kin bn
b. Bi ton chn kch thc mt ct ngang
c. Bi ton tm gi tr cho php ca ti trng
| |
z
0
N
A n
o
o o = s =
| |
.
z
N A o s
| |
z
N
A
o
>
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2.7. Bi ton siu tnh
H siu tnh: l h m ta khng th xc
nh c ht cc phn lc lin kt v
ni lc trong h nu ch nh vo cc
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc
S n s > s phng trnh cn bng
vit thm phng trnh b sung
phng trnh bin dng
V d
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Bi 2.3: Mt thanh c mt ct thay i bc
b ngm cng hai u, chu lc P v lc ph
n b u c cng q = P/a nh hnh v
. M un n hi ca vt liu l E, din t
ch mt ct ngang ca cc on ghi trn h
nh v. V biu ni lc ca thanh.
Tnh o
max
, w
B
, w
C
.
Gii:
A
R
A
A
B C
D
0,6A
0,8A
a/3
a/3 a/3
P
q
R
D
1. Gi s phn lc ti ngm A, D l R
A
, R
D
Phng trnh cn bng:
. 4
3 3
A D
q a P
R R P + = + =
(1) Bi ton siu tnh
1 2 3
0
AD
L L L L A = A +A +A =
(2)
iu kin bin dng:
1 2 3
3
3 1 1 2 2
1 2 3 0
0
l
AD
N dz N l N l
L
EA EA EA
A = + + =
}
(3)
V d 2.3 (1)
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V d 2.3 (2)
B C
D
P
q
R
D
N
3
z
* Bng phng php mt ct, xc nh ni lc
trong cc on
1 D
N R =
2 D
N R P =
* on AB: 0sz sa/3
3 D
P
N R P z
a
=
Thay vo (3) ta c:
/3 /3
3
3
3 0 0
7
( ) ( )
6
0.6 0.6 3
a a
D D
P
R P z R P
N a
a
L dz dz
EA EA EA

A = = =
} }
7
( )( / 3)
.( / 3) ( ).( / 3)
6
0
0.8 0.6
D
D D
AD
R P a
R a R P a
L
EA EA EA
A

= + + =
R
D
N
1
C
P
R
D
N
2
D
R
A
A
B
C
D
0,6A
0,8A
a/3
a/3 a/3
P
q
R
D
1 2
3
0,8156
D
R P = 0, 5177
A
R P =
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*T ta c biu lc dc
nh hnh bn
A
B C
D
0,6A
0,8A
a/3
a/3 a/3
P
q
R
D
A
0,8156P
0,1844P
0, 5177P
2 2
B
2
0,1844
3
W W 0, 2718 0, 3486
0,8
C
a
P
N l Pa Pa
EA EA EA EA
= + = + =
1 1
C D
1
. 0,8156
W W 0, 2718
3
N L Pa Pa
EA EA EA
= + = =
ng sut ln nht:
Chuyn v im B v C l:
1
0,8156 N P =
2
0,1844 N P =
3
0,1844
P
N P z
a
=
( ) 0 / 3 z a s s
1
1max
1
0,8156 N P
A A
o = =
2
2
max
2
0,1844
0, 2305
0,8
N P P
A A a
o = = =
3
3
max
3
0, 5177
0,8628
0, 6
N P P
A A a
o = = =
max
0,8628
P
a
o =
(Chuyn dch sang tri)
(Chuyn dch sang tri)
N
kN
V d 2.3 (3)
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V d 2.4 (1)
D
2A
B
C
A
a 3a
P
R
B R
D
Cho thanh tit din thay i chu ti trng
nh hnh v. V biu lc dc.
Bi gii
1. Gi s phn lc ti ngm B v D c
phng, chiu nh hnh v.
Pt cn bng:
B D
R R P + = (1) Bi ton siu tnh
0
BD BC CD
L L L A = A +A =
(2)
iu kin bin dng:
3
0
2
BC CD
BD
N a N a
L
EA EA
A = + =
(3)
R
D
N
CD
N
BC
C
P
R
D
D
CD D
N R =
BC D
N R P =
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V d 2.4 (2)
R
B
D
2A
B
C
A
a 3a
P
R
D
( ) .3
0
2
D
D
R P a
R a
EA EA

+ =
( )
2 3 0
D D
R P R + =
2
5
D
R P =
2
5
CD
N P =
3
5
BC
N P =
2
5
P
3
5
P
N
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V d 2.5 (1)
Bi 2.3: Cho h thanh chu lc nh hnh v.
Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh v chuyn
v im C. Bit cng cc thanh l EA,
chiu cao h
Gii:
1. Xc nh lc dc:
Tch nt C: Lc dc N
1
, N
2
Phng trnh cn bng:
1 2
1 2
0 sin sin 0 X N N
N N
= + =
=

o o
1 2
1
0 os o 0
2 os
Y N c N c P
N c P
= + =
=

o o
o
(1)
(2)
1 2
(1) (2)
2cos
P
N N + = =
o
EA
EA
o
P
D
C
E
o
h
P
C
N
1
N
2
o
o
X
Y
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V d 2.5 (2)
2. Xc nh chuyn v ti C:
EA
EA
o
D
C
E
o
h
C
Do h i xng, C di chuyn theo phng
thng ng xung C.
Khi ta c:
1
L A
y
C
o
1
C
L
y
cos
A
=
o
1 1
1
N L
L
EA
A =
1
2cos
P
N =
o
M
1
cos
h
L =
o
1
2
2
Ph
L
EAcos
A =
o
3
2
C
Ph
y
EAcos
=
o
University of Architedhture
Bi 2.4: Cho h thanh chu lc nh hnh v.
Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh.Tm chuyn v
im C. Bit A=5cm
2
, E =2.10
4
kN/cm
2
,
P= 50kN, H=4m
Gii:
1. Xc nh lc dc:
Tch nt C ta c N
1
, N
2
, N
3
Phng trnh cn bng:
1 3
1 3
0 sin30 sin30 0
o o
X N N
N N
= + =
=

(1)
(2)
1 3 2
1 2
0 ( ). os30 0
3
o
Y N N c N P
N N P
= + + =
+ =

N
3
30
o
30
o
C
N
1
N
2
P
iu kin bin dng
o
1 3 2 2
3
os30
2
L L L c L A = A = A = A
1 2
1 2
2 . 3 3
2 4
3
N H N H
N N
EA
EA
= =
A
A
30
o
30
o
C
A
P
H
(3)
A
A
30
o
30
o
C
A
P
H
2
L A
1
L A
V d 2.6 (1)
University of Architedhture
V d 2.6 (2)
1 3
2
0, 3263 16, 315( )
0, 435 21, 75( )
N N P kN
N P kN
= = =
= =
2
2
4
. 21, 75.400
' 0, 087( )
2.10 .5
C
N H
y CC L cm
EA
= = A = = =
Chuyn v im C l:
T (1)(2)(3) ta gii ra c lc dc trong cc thanh l
University of Architedhture
Bi 2.7: Cho h thanh chu lc nh
hnh v.
1. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh.
2. Tm chuyn v theo phng thng
ng ca im C.
Bit A
BD
= A
CE
=5cm
2
; E =2.10
4
kN/cm
2
P= 50kN; L=2m; Thanh AC tuyt i cng
.
Gii:
L
P
L L
L/2
E
B
D
C A
P
L/2
B
C
A
N
CE
N
BD
1. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh.
Dng phng php mt ct n gin: gi li phn
c thanh AC:
3
0 . .2 . 0
2
A BD CE
L
M N L N L P = + =

P N N
CE BD
3 4 2 = +
(1)
V D 2.7 (1)
University of Architedhture
V d 2.7 (2)
(2)
. 1 1
.
2 . 2
CE BD BD BD
CE BD CE CE
E A L N L
L E A N L
A
= =
A
1
2
2
BD
BD CE
CE
N
N N
N
= =
; 30
; 15
KN N
KN N
CE
BD
=
=
; 06 , 0 ' cm
EA
L N
L CC
CE
CE CE
CE
= = A =
P
L/2
B
C
A
N
CE
N
BD
C
B
=> H siu tnh => Phng trnh bin dng
' 1
' 2 2
BB L
CC L
= =
2. Tm chuyn v theo phng thng ng ca im C.
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ng tm
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bn
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