Chng 4

C TRNG HNH HC MT CT NGANG

Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca
mt ct ngang
4.1. Khi nim chung
4.2. Mmen tnh v cc m men qun tnh
4.3. M men qun tnh mt s hnh n gin
4.4. Cng thc chuyn trc song song
4.5. V d
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4.1. Khi nim chung
Ko nn ng tm:
ng sut, bin dng ph thuc vo
din tch mt ct ngang
Thanh tit din ch nht
kh nng chu lc theo hai
phng x, y khc nhau
Kh nng chu lc ca thanh ph
thuc vo din tch, hnh dng,
cch sp xp, ca mt ct
ngang
Cc i lng m ln ph
thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc
ca mt ct ngang - c trng
hnh hc ca mt ct ngang
F
y
x
z
y
x
z
F
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4.1. Khi nim chung
Hnh dng cc mt ct ngang
Kch thc, hnh dng?
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4.2. Mmen tnh v cc m men
qun tnh
Hnh phng, din tch A
trong h trc Oxy. Phn
t din tch dA(x,y)
1. M men tnh ca din
tch A i vi trc Ox,
Oy:
Th nguyn ca m men
tnh l [chiu di
3
], gi tr
ca n c th l dng,
bng 0, hoc m.
( )
x
A
S ydA =
}
( )
y
A
S xdA =
}
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4.2. Mmen tnh v cc m men
qun tnh
Trc trung tm: trc c m
men tnh ca din tch A
i vi n bng 0.
Trng tm: Giao im ca
hai trc trung tm => m
men tnh ca hnh phng
i vi trc i qua trng
tm bng 0
Cch xc nh trng tm C
(x
C
, y
C
) ca hnh phng:
y
C
S
x
A
=
x
C
S
y
A
=
x
C
y
C
C
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x
C
y
C
x
y
C
dA
x
0 x
0
y
0
y
0
0 C
x x x = +
0 C
y y y = +
( )
0 x C
A A
S ydA y y dA = = +
} }
0 x C C
A A
S y dA y dA y A = + =
} }
x
C
S
y
A
=
4.2. M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh
y
C
S
x
A
=
x
C
S
y
A
=
Gi s C(x
C
, y
C
) l trng tm mt ct ngang
dA(x,y) trong h to xy
x
0
, y
0
- h trc i qua C
dA(x
0
,y
0
) trong h to x
0
y
0
Bi ton xc nh trng tm
Ta c:
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4.2. M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh
Cch xc nh trng tm ca
hnh ghp t nhiu hnh n
gin
Hnh n gin: to trng tm d xc
nh
Chn h trc ban u Oxy, biu din
kch thc v to trng tm
C(x
C
, y
C
) trong h trc ny
Nu mt ct ngang A ghp t nhiu
hnh n gin c din tch A
i
vi ta
trng tm mi hnh n gin l
C
i
( x
Ci
,y
Ci
) trong h to ban u, th:
1
1
n
Ci i
y
i
C n
i
i
x A
S
x
A
A
=
=
= =

1
1
n
Ci i
x i
C n
i
i
y A
S
y
A
A
=
=
= =

x
y
C
1
C
2
C
3
x
C1
y
C1
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4.2. M men tnh v cc m menqun tnh
Ch
Chn h trc to ban u hp l: Nu hnh c trc
i xng th chn trc i xng lm mt trc ca h
trc ta ban u, trc cn li i qua trng tm ca
cng nhiu hnh n gin cng tt.
Nu hnh b khot th din tch b khot mang gi tr
m.
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4.2. M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh
2. M men qun tnh ca mt
ct ngang A i vi trc x, y
Th nguyn ca m men
qun tnh l [chiu di
4
], gi
tr ca n lun lun dng
3. M men qun tnh c cc
2
( )
x
A
I y dA =
}
2
( )
y
A
I x dA =
}
2
( )
p x y
A
I dA I I = = +
}
Th nguyn ca m men qun tnh c cc l
[chiu di
4
], gi tr ca n lun lun dng
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4.2. M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh
4. M men qun tnh ly tm
Th nguyn ca m men qun tnh
ly tm l [chiu di
4
], gi tr ca
n c th l dng, bng 0,
hoc m.
H trc qun tnh chnh trung tm ca din tch mt ct
ngang: l h trc qun tnh chnh, c gc ta trng
vi trng tm mt ct ngang.
H trc qun tnh chnh ca din tch mt ct ngang:
l h trc m m men qun tnh ly tm ca din tch
mt ct ngang i vi n bng 0.
( )
xy
A
I xydA =
}
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4.2. M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh
Tnh cht:
Nu mt ct c 1 trc i xng th bt c trc no
vung gc vi trc i xng cng lp vi n mt
h trc qun tnh chnh
( )
0
xy
A A
I xydA xy dA = + =
} }
Nu hnh ghp t n hnh n gin:
1
n
i
x x
i
I I
=
=

1
n
i
y y
i
I I
=
=

1
n
i
x x
i
S S
=
=

1
n
i
y y
i
S S
=
=

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4.3. M men qun tnh mt s hnh n gin
Hnh ch nht
Hnh trn
Hnh tam gic
3
12
x
bh
I =
3
12
y
hb
I =
4 4
4
0,1
2 32
p
R D
I D
t t
= =
4 4
4
0,05
4 64
x y
R D
I I D
t t
= = =
3
12
x
bh
I =
h
b
x
y
D
x
y
b
h
x
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4.4. Cng thc chuyn trc song song
Mt ct ngang ngang A trong
h trc ban u Oxy c cc
c trng hnh hc mt ct
ngang l S
x
, S
y
, I
x
, I
y
, I
xy
.
H trc mi O'uv c O'u//Ox,
O'v//Oy v:
Cc c trng hnh hc mt
ct ngang A trong h trc O'uv
l:
u x b = +
v y a = +
x
y
A
O
u
v
a
b
dA
x
u
y
v
.
u x
S S a A = +
.
v y
S S b A = +
2
2
u x x
I I aS a A = + +
2
2
v y y
I I bS b A = + +
uv xy y x
I I aS bS abA = + + +
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4.4. Cng thc chuyn trc song song
Nu O i qua trng tm C:
2
u x
I I a A = +
2
v y
I I b A = +
uv xy
I I abA = +
C
C
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4.5. Cng thc xoay trc
- Trong nhiu trng hp, cn xc nh cc c trng
hnh hc mt ct ngang trong h trc to xoay mt
gc no so vi h trc ban u
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4.5. Cng thc xoay trc
- Mt ct ngang ngang A trong h trc
ban u Oxy c cc c trng hnh
hc mt ct ngang l S
x
, S
y
, I
x
, I
y
, I
xy
.
- H trc mi O'uv xoay gc q ngc
chiu kim ng h
u
x
y
v


u xcos y sin
v x sin y cos
u u
u u
= +
= +
- Cc c trng hnh hc
mt ct ngang trong h trc
mi O'uv l S
u
, S
v
, I
u
, I
v
, I
uv
x y x y
u xy
x y x y
v xy
x y
uv xy
I I I I
I cos I sin
I I I I
I cos I sin
I I
I sin I cos
u u
u u
u u
+
= +
+
= +

= +
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
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4.5. Cng thc xoay trc
- H trc qun tnh chnh c I
uv
=0 => V
tr ca h trc qun tnh chnh xc nh
bi gc u
0
:
xy
y x
I
tan
I I
u =

0
2
2
- Cc m men qun tnh i vi h trc
qun tnh chnh :
- Tng quan gia I
u
, I
uv
v I
x
,
I
y
, I
xy
tng t nh tng quan
gia s
u
, t
uv
v s
x
, s
y
, t
xy
Vng trn Mohr qun tnh
2
2
2 2
xy
x y x y
max, min
I I I I
I I
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
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4.6. Bi tp V d 4.6.1
V d 4.6.1. Cho mt ct ngang c
hnh dng v kch thc nh hnh
v.Xc nh cc m men qun tnh
chnh trung tm ca mt ct ngang
Gii: Chn h trc to ban u
x
0
y
0
nh hnh v. Chia mt ct ngang
lm hai hnh n gin v
1 2
1
2
x
0
y
0
1. Xc nh to trng tm, ta c:
- x
C
=0 (y
0
- trc i xng)
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V d 4.6.1
1
2
x
0
y
0
- Dng h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm Cxy
- Cc m men qun tnh chnh trung tm:
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V d 4.6.2
V d 4.6.2. Cho hnh phng c hnh
dng v kch thc nh hnh v. Xc
nh cc m men qun tnh chnh trung
tm ca hnh phng
Gii: Chn h trc to ban u x
0
y
0
nh hnh v. Chia hnh phng lm hai
hnh n gin v 1
2
1
2
1
2
+
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V d 4.6.2
Ta c:
1. Xc nh to trng tm:
i= X
i
[m] y
i
[m] A
i
[m
2
] x
i
A
i
[m
2
] y
i
A
i
[m
2
]
1 0,5 2,0 4 2 8
2 2,0 0,5 2 4 1
6 6 9

1
2
Ci i
C
i
x A
x ( m)
A
= = =

6
1
6
Ci i
C
i
y A
y , ( m)
A
= = =

9
15
6
2. Qua C, dng h trc qun tnh trung tm Cxy:
C
y
x
1.5m
3. Cc m men qun tnh i vi h trc qun
tnh trung tm Cxy:
a
1
= - 0,5m; b
1
=0,5m; a
2
=1m; b
2
= - 1m
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V d 4.6.2
1
2

x
y
.
A I , . , ( m )
.
I , . , ( m )
= +
= +
3
1 2 4
1
3
1 2 4
14
0 5 4 6 33
12
41
0 5 4 133
12

x
y
.
A I . , ( m )
.
I . , ( m )
= +
= +
3
2 2 4
2
3
2 2 4
21
1 2 2 17
12
12
1 2 267
12

4. Cc m men qun tnh i vi h trc qun

tnh chnh trung tm Cuv:
x x x
I I I , , , ( m ) = + = + =
1 2 4
6 33 217 85
y y y
I I I , , ( m ) = + = + =
1 2 4
133 267 4
xy xy xy
I I I a b A a b A ( m ) = + = + + =
1 2 4
1 1 1 2 2 2
0 3
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V d 4.6.2
4. Cc m men qun tnh i vi h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm Cuv:
2
2 4
1
10( )
2 2
xy
x y x y
I I I I
I I m
+
| |
= + + =
|
\ .
2
2 4
2
2, 5( )
2 2
xy
x y x y
I I I I
I I m
+
| |
= + =
|
\ .
5. Gc xc nh h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm Cuv:
xy
y x
I
tan ,
I I
u = =

0
2
2 1333

'
'
o
o o
=
= + =
0
1
0 0
2 1
26 34
90 116 34
1
2
C
y
x
1.5m
v
u
o
1
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CAC VAN ESINH VIEN CAN NAM







Cch xc nh momen tnh trng tm,
momen qun tnh bn knh qun tnh ca
tit din
Cng thc chuyn trc song song
Thuc lng cc cng thc xc nh momen
qun tnh ca cc hnh n gin










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