5/16/2012

Metocean

Questions covered in this session

Metocean What is it all about? How does Metocean benefit the oil & gas business? How big are Metocean 100 year design values? How are Metocean data collected? How does Metocean support Oil & Gas Operations? Examples of where Metocean impacts the Business

Objectives of this training module

To introduce you to Metocean Engineering and its application in oil & gas To motivate you to appreciate Metocean & find out how to improved design using Metocean. After completion of this module, you will:

Be able to summarise what Metocean is all about and to name the key metocean variables that affect design and operations; Have an overall picture of where Metocean Engineering impacts the business specifically as it relates to data collection & Metocean input to engineering, safety and economics.

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Part 1: Metocean - What is it?

Sakhalin Molikpaq Platform in ice

Hurricane & Its Calling Card

Heavy Seas!

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Metocean and key metocean variables

Metocean is about: describing the conditions, deriving design criteria, providing operational statistics, and providing forecasts Meteorological Winds Air temperature Air pressure Humidity Precipitation Superstructure icing Cloud cover/height Visibility Daylight hours Dust storms Oceanographic Waves Currents Sea temperature Salinity Tide and water level Storm surge Sea ice Sea Spray icing Icebergs Sediment transport

Critical for both Design and Operations are adverse combinations of the above

The key deliverables

Information on the climate and metocean environment Operability and downtime statistics Forecasts of weather, waves and currents Design criteria Numerical modeling of the offshore environment and the response behavior of structures, floaters and pipelines.

WAVES

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WAVE
SOUTH CHINA SEA TYPICAL DESIGN WAVE HT VS DEPTH

CURRENT PROFILE 1/7TH POWER

WIND

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The key application areas

Offshore fixed structures: platforms, jack-ups. Offshore floating structures: FPSOs, other floating productions systems, drilling rigs, barges, vessels, ships. Pipelines (offshore & onshore). Coastal planning and management: dykes, breakwaters, sewage outlets, hydrodynamic transport of sediments, pollutants and oil spills. Coastal, river and land installations.

FPSO when is it safe to offload

The key sources of metocean info.

Literature searches National and international sources of data (government agencies) Bespoke field metocean data collection campaigns Numerical modeling: hindcasting (i.e looking back in time up to 50 or even 100 years) of winds, waves, currents and water level Numerical modeling: forecasting (looking ahead in time up to 10 days or more and now also seasonally), primarily for weather, wave and water level conditions but also increasingly for current conditions.

Part 2: How Metocean contributes to the business?

Refining Metocean Design Criteria over the Field Life Cycle

Fulmar Platform, Central North Sea

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Metocean input to project life cylcle: Phase 1

Metocean input to project life cylcle: Phase 2

Metocean input to project life cylcle: Phase 3

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Metocean input to project life cylcle: Phase 4

Refine Metocean design criteria

Metocean input to project life cylcle: Phase 5

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Part 3: Metocean 100 year Design Values?

Squall-line over Port Hedland

Metocean conditions around the world

Definitions of Rough, Moderate and Mild

*N.B. The Significant Wave Height value is approximately 54% of the corresponding Maximum Wave Height (i.e. Hmax = 1.86 Hs)

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Metocean Categorisation by Area

Most likely sourse of severe events: S Extra tropical storms E Earthquakes C Hurricanes / Typhoons/ Cyclones (winds/waves) M Monsoons (waves) I Ice W Extra tropical storms (swell) R Currents

Metocean Categorisation by Area

Most likely sourse of severe events: S Extra tropical storms E Earthquakes C Hurricanes / Typhoons/ Cyclones (winds/waves) M Monsoons (waves) I Ice W Extra tropical storms (swell) R Currents

DESIGN WAVE & RETURN PERIOD

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Metocean Criteria Depends on Application

ISO 19901-1 - Metocean Design and Operating Cond

Further information: Metocean conditions around the world then take a look at ISO 19901-1 Metocean Design and Operating Conditions.

Metocean Design and Operating Conditions in the Arctic

Areas: Alaska, Canada, Caspian, Norway, Russia Environment: Onshore, Deepwater, Heavy Ice, Shallow Water Metocean Conditions: mostly Rough; some Moderate Winds: 30 to 40 m/s (58 m/s gust) Air Temperature: -50C to +43C Waves Hmax: 3 to 31 metres Surface Currents: 1.5 to 2 m/s Water Depth: North Caspian 4m +0.8m/-1.8m Storm Surge: +/- 0.5 to 2 m Sea Surface Temperature: -1.9C to +30C Level Ice: 1.5m, Rafted Ice: 3m, Drift 2.5 m/s (Sakhalin) First-year and Multi-year Ice (e.g. Alaska, Canada, Shtokman) Ridges & Hummocks: Sail 6m, Keel 26m, Gouging: 1.6m (Sakhalin) Stamukha: L=150m, W=40m, Thickness=11m (Sakhalin) Icebergs Scour: L=650m, W= 25m, D= average 0.3m (E. Canada)

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Part 4: Metocean Support to Operations.

Sakhalin Molikpaq Platform in high waves

Applications
Surveys: Seismic & Sea bottom surveys Drilling: Rig selection Logistics, Oil Spill Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV); Field Development Concept Selection: Towage of structures to site Installation of jacket, topsides, float-over, floater FPSO and Shuttle Tanker offloading moorings & risers, subsea equipment, pipelines Production operations; e.g shuttle tanker offloading Marine and aviation logistics Production Operations: Off-loading downtime Emergency MOB and Oil Spill Modeling / prediction Marine and aviation logistics Maintenance, e.g. divers Abandonment: Weather window for abandonment operations

Main Metocean parameters

Winds (speed and direction) Waves (wave height, wave period, wave direction) Currents (speed and direction over the whole current profile) Meteorological Conditions n(fog, air temperature, sea temperature)

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Metocean statistics
Monthly and seasonal percentage exceedence above thresholds; Monthly persistence statistics above and below thresholds for various durations; Variability in exceedence and persistence statistics from one year to the next; distinguishing between a good year and a badyear.

Examples of Wind Rose and Monthly Significant Wave Height Exceedence Plots

Real-Time Metocean Data

are provided by: Metocean stations Remote systems on Data Buoys National network of land and coastal meteorological stations National data buoy network

Weather and Ocean Forecasts

Forecasts are: For3 to 7 days ahead Area or site-specific For aviation: specific format Growing need for forecasts of currents

Example Forecast Plots from Oceanweather.com

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Arctic Operational Issues

Summer Operations:
Length of Summer Opr Window Variability in Onset of Thaw Early Freeze Up

Winter Operations:
Variability in Onset of Freeze Up Length of Winter Opr Window Icebreak: Ridges, Multi-year ice Severity of Winter (Impact on Logistics)

Fog: Arctic Conditions provide added Dimension(s) to normal Operations

Impact on Helicopter Flights, Hovercraft and Marine Activities

Evacuation:
In variety of adverse weather/ice conditions.

Part 5: How are Metocean Data collected?

Metocean Data Buoy ready for deployment

Metocean Stations typical parameters

Metocean Stations integrate the real-time collection, processing, quality control, display, exporting (i.e. transmission) and archiving of meteorological and oceanographic information in one system. Typical parameters are as below: Wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity, rainfall, visibility, cloud cover; Significant wave height, maximum wave height, mean zero crossing period, peak period; Profile (with depth) values of current speed, current direction, temperature and salinity

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Purposes of Metocean stations

Real-time information in support of safe and efficient operations (e.g. helicopter flights, drilling, heavy lifts, float-overs, etc.); Near real-time information to the forecast agencies to improve accuracy of forecasts; Archive data for generating climatic statistics for operational planning (i.e. downtime assessments) and metocean design criteria.

Anemometer

Remote Deployments

Remote Deployment of Oceanographic Equipment

Numerical Modelling

Source: Oceanweather Inc. web site

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Satellite Data

Source: European Space Agency (ESA)

National Databases

Further information: US National Oceanographic Data Center archives

How Much Metocean Data are there in the Oil & Gas Industry Metocean Data Bank?

World map showing areas covered by hindcast JIP studies.

Source: http://www.oceanweather.com/metocean/

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Weather and Ocean Forecasts

Part 6: Examples of where Metocean impacts the business

North Caspian Offshore Metocean Station

How Metocean contributes to Business 1

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How Metocean contributes to Business 2

METOCEAN

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