Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi1

KHI QUT V H THNG CUNG CP IN

I. NGUN NNG LNG T NHIN V C IM CA NNG LNG IN Ngy nay, nhn dn th gii to ra ngy cng nhiu ca ci vt cht cho x hi. Trong s ca ci vt cht y c nhiu dng nng lng c to ra. Nng lng c bp ca ngi v vt cng l mt ngun nng lng c t xa xa. S pht trin mnh m v lin tc nhng hot ng ca con ngi trn qu t i hi ngy cng nhiu nng lng. Thin nhin xung quanh con ngi rt phong ph, ngun nng lng in cng rt di do. Than , du kh, ngun nc ca cc dng sng v bin c, ngun pht nhit lng v cng phong ph ca mt tri v trong lng t, cc lung kh chuyn ng, gi v.v... l nhng ngun nng lng rt tt v qu gi i vi con ngi. in nng l mt dng nng lng c u im l d sn xut ra t cc dng nng lng khc nh nhit, ha, c nng.... v ngc li, cng d chuyn thnh cc dng nng lng khc nh nhit, ha, c nng ...; in nng d dng truyn ti i xa vi cng sut ln v hiu sut cao. Trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi in nng c mt s c im chnh sau: 1. in nng sn xut ra gn nh khng tch tr c ngoi tr cc trng hp c bit nh c -qui, pin lu tr vi lng cng sut nh. 2. Cc qu trnh v in xy ra rt nhanh. 3. Cng nghip in lc c lin quan cht ch n nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn, l mt trong nhng ng lc tng nng sut lao ng, to s ph t trin kinh t x hi v bo m an ninh quc gia. II. NH MY IN Hin nay c nhiu phng php bin i cc dng nng lng nh nhit nng, thy nng, nng lng ht nhn, thnh in nng. V vy c nhiu kiu ngun pht in khc nhau nh: nh my nhit in, nh my thy in, nh my in nguyn t, trm phong in, in mt tri, Cho n nay, nc ta ngun in c sn xut Trang 1

Giao trnh cung cap ien ch yu t nh my nhit in v nh my thu in. 1. Nh my nhit in (N) Trong nh my nhit in, s bin i nng lng c thc hin theo nguyn l: Nhit nng C nng in nng

Ngun nhin liu dng to ra nhit nng thng l than, kh t hoc du; c nng c to ra nh cc Tua -bin v in nng c to ra nh cc my pht in. Nh my nhit in c nhng c im sau: - Thng c xy dng gn ngun nhin liu. - Tnh linh hot trong vn hnh km, khi ng v tng ph ti chm. khi ng mt t my phi mt 6 8 gi - Hiu sut km khong t 30% n 40%. - Khi lng nhin liu tiu th ln, khi thi lm nhim mi trng. 2. Nh my thy in (T) y l mt loi cng trnh thu li nhm s dng nng lng ngun nc lm qua y trc Tua -bin pht ra in, qu trnh bin i nng lng trong nh my thy in l: Thy nng C nng in nng

V c bn ta c th m t nh my thy in nh s sau:
H cha nc

H
Tuc-bin C kh My pht in nng

Ngun xoay chiu ba pha

Hnh 1.1 Nh my thy in

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Giao trnh cung cap ien Cng sut nh my thy in c tnh bng cng thc: P = 9,81. .Q.H (Mw) Trong : Q : lu lng nc(m3/s) H : cao ct nc (m) : hiu sut tuc bin Nh my thy in c c im sau: - Xy dng ti ni c ngun nc v a hnh ph hp nn thng xa ph ti. - Vn u t xy dng ln, thi gian xy dng ko di. - Vn hnh linh hot: thi gian khi ng v mang ti ch mt t 3 n 5 pht. - Thng t xy ra s c. - Khng cn tc nhn bo qun nhin liu. - Hiu sut cao 80 90%. - Gi thnh in nng thp. - Thong mt, c th kt hp vi h thng thu li giao thng ng thu v nui trng thu hi sn. Ngoi ra cn c nh my in nguyn t, nh my in dng sc gi, nh my in dng nng lng bc x mt tri, nh my nng lng a nhit. III. MNG LI IN 1. H thng truyn ti H thng truyn ti bao gm trm bin p v ng dy. Trm bin p Trm bin p trong h thng truyn ti bao gm: + Trm tng p : dng tng in p ln trc khi truyn ti i xa gim cc dng tn tht v in cng nh v kim loi mu. + Trm h p: dng h in p xung cho ph hp vi ti s dng. Phn loi trm bin p : + Trm bin p phn xng: - C cng sut nh ; - Cp in nng cho thit b dng in; - C cp in p (15 24)kv 0,4kv. Trang 3

Giao trnh cung cap ien + Trm bin p trung gian: - Phn phi in nng n ph ti - C cp in p (35 + Trm bin p phn phi: - C cng sut va v ln - Phn phi in nng n ph ti - C cp in p (110 500)kv (35 220)kv Hin nay nc ta c nhiu trm bin p phn phi v tt c cc trm bin p ny lin kt vi nhau thnh mng li in quc gia.
A B

220)kv

(15

110)kv

Hnh 1.2: S lin kt cc tram bin p

Khi lin kt tt c cc trm bin p li th c mt s c im sau: - Gim chi ph xy dng ngun d phng ; - Nng cao c tin cy cung cp in; - Sang bng c ph ti in; - Khi vn hnh th vn hnh chung cho ton mng li in quc gia; - Tn km chi ph u t ban u. ng dy + Dy dn: yu cu i vi dy dn l phi c kh nng dn in tt. Ngi ta thng s dng cc loi dy dn nh ng, nhm, dy nhm li thp. Trong cc loi dy trn th dy ng l loi dn in tt nht ; kh nng dn in ca dy ng so vi Trang 4

Giao trnh cung cap ien dy nhm cao hn khong 30%.Tuy nhin trng lng ca dy ng ln, gi thnh cao; cho nn, thng thng i vi mng in ngoi tri, trn cao, cng sut truyn ti ln, on ng truyn ti xa ngi ta s dng dy nhm li thp. + Ct in: c ba loi ct chnh : - Ct g, tre. - Ct b tng ct st. - Ct st, thp. Ct in l loi vt liu phi c kh nng chu lc tt, ty theo kt cu ca tng loi ct tr tng ng vi tng cp in p s c kch thc khc nhau. ng dy t trn ct ty theo cp in p m khong cch gia chng s thay i. Thng thng khong cch gia cc dy dn c b tr trn ct theo cc quy nh sau: Um 1Kv D = 0.4 D = 0.8 0.6m; 1.2m;

Um = (15 22)Kv Um =(35 66)Kv Um =110 Kv Um = 220kv Um > 220kv

D = 1.2 2 m; D=2 D=4 D=6 4m ; 6m; 8m dng dy dn.

+ S cch in: l b phn cch in gia vt dn in v vt khng dn in. S l loi vt liu phi c tnh cch in cao, chu c in p ng dy l c lm vic bnh thng cng nh khi b qu in p nh b st nh cm ng. Phn loi: - S - S treo - S xuyn + X ngang : Dng cc s cch in, to khong cch gia cc dy dn, x thng c s dng t cc vt liu nh st, g. 2. Mng phn phi Mng phn phi l phn kt ni cc trm phn phi vi cc h tiu th. Cc ng dy phn phi s cp thng cp in p t (4 cp trc tip bng ng dy cp s cp. Trang 5 34,5)kV v cung cp in cho mt vng a l c xc nh trc. Mt v i ph t i cng nghip nh c cung

Giao trnh cung cap ien Mng phn phi th cp gim in p s dng cho cc h ph tI dn dng v kinh doanh. Dy v cp in khng c vt qu vi trm mt chiu di, sau cung cp nng lng cho cc h tiu th ring bit. Mng phn phi th cp cung c p cho hu ht cc h tiu th mc 240/120V ba pha 4 dy, 400/240V ba pha 4 dy, hay 480/277V ba pha 4 dy. Ngy nay, nng lng cung cp cho h tiu th in hnh c cung cp t my bin p, gim in p cung cp xung 400/240V s dng ba pha 4 dy. IV. H TIU TH H tiu th in l mt b phn quan trng ca h thng cung cp in, nhm bin i in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc s dng trong sn xut hoc dn dng.

. H loi 1
L nhng h tiu th in nng m khi h thng cung cp in b s c s gy ra thit hi v tnh mng con ngi hoc nh hng v chnh tr. Thi gian cho php mt in i vi h loi 1 bng thi gian t ng cp ngun d phng tr li. i vi h loi 1 thng phi s dng hai ngun cung cp, ng dy hai l, trm c hai my bin p hoc c ngun d phng nhm gim xc xut mt in xung rt nh. . H loi 2 L nhng h tiu th m khi b ngng cung cp in ch dn n nhng thit hi v kinh t do ngng tr sn xut, h hng sn phm, lng ph lao ng Thi gian cho php mt in i vi h loi 2 bng thi gian cp ngun d phng tr li. Phng n cung cp cho h loi 2, c hoc khng c ngun d phng, ng dy n hoc kp . H loi 3 L nhng h cho php cung cp in vi mc tin cy thp, ngha l cho php mt in trong thi gian sa cha, thay th thit b s c, nhng thng khng qu 24 gi. H tiu th in loi 3 thng l nhng h thuc phn xng ph, nh kho, hoc mt b phn ca mng cung cp in phc v cho nng nghip. Phng n cung cp cho h loi 3 c th dng mt ngun, ng dy mt l.

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Giao trnh cung cap ien V. TRUNG TM IU H THNG IN Trung tm iu h thng in c trch nhim tnh ton, d bo ph ti tun, thng, nm ti ca h thng in quc gia, h thng in ba min Bc, Trung , Nam v cho tng Cng ty in lc ; c trch nhim thc hin nh gi an ninh h thng trung hn cn c trn thng tin cp nht v ph ti, tnh hnh vn hnh ca h thng in v tin u t xy dng nh my in v li in ; c trch nhim lp k hoch bo dng, sa cha cho ton b ngun in v li in cn c vo k hoch bo dng, sa cha ngun in, li in nm ti ca cc n v pht in, Tng cng ty Truyn ti in quc gia v cc Cng ty in lc ; c trch nhim lp k hoch vn hnh h thng in cho nm ti cn c vo k hoch pht trin ngun in, kt qu d bo ph ti nm, k hoch bo dng, sa cha ngun in v li in, k hoch u t xy dng li in, kt qu nh gi an ninh h thng in trung hn cho nm tip theo v cc rng buc v sn lng v cng sut trong cc hp ng xut, nhp khu in, hp ng mua bn in do Cng ty Mua bn in cung cp ; chu trch nhim tnh ton, lp phng n ngng, gim cung cp in theo k hoch trnh Tp on in lc Vit Nam ph duyt v thng bo kp thi n cc n v lin quan thc hin. Trung tm iu h thng in quc gia c trch nhim trc tip ch huy, thc hin cc bin php ngng, gim cung cp in khn cp m bo an ninh h thng in. VI. NHNG YU CU V NI DUNG CH YU KHI THIT K H THNG CUNG CP IN Mc tiu ca vic thit k cung cp in l m bo cho h tiu th lun lun in nng vi cht lng nm trong phm vi cho php. Mt phng n cung cp in c xem l hp l khi tho mn nhng yu cu sau: - Vn u t nh, ch n tit kim c chi ph v kim loi. - m bo tin cy cung cp in cao tu theo tnh cht ca h tiu th. - Chi ph vn hnh hng nm thp. - m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b. - Thun tin cho vn hnh v sa cha, - m bo cht lng in nng, ch yu l m bo lch v dao ng in p b nht v nm trong phm vi gi tr cho php so vi nh mc. Trang 7

Giao trnh cung cap ien Nhng yu cu trn thng mu thun vi nhau nn ngi thit k phi bit cn nhc v kt hp hi ho tu vo tng hon cnh c th. Ngoi ra, khi thit k cung cp in cn phi ch n nhng yu cu khc nh: c iu kin thun li pht trin ph ti sau ny, rt ngn thi gian xy dng, VII. H THNG IN VIT NAM Theo s liu thng tin ngun in vo thng 01/2000, tng cng sut lp t ca cc nh my in ca nc ta l 5710MW, cng sut kh dng hn 5382MW, trong thy in chim 54%; nhit in chim 22%; diesel v tuc bin kh 24%. Tng sn lng ca cc nh my in nm 1999 l 23,738 t kWh, trong thy in chim 58,7%; nhit in chim 22,7%; diesel v tuc bin kh 18,6%. T trng tiu th in trong nm 1999 nh sau: in cng nghip: in nng nghip: in sinh hot: in khc: 38,7% 3,0% 51,1% 7,2%

Nm 1999, tiu th in thng phm ton quc t gn 19,6 t kWh, in sn xut t hn 23,7 t kWh. D kin nhu cu tiu th in ca nm 2000 khong 26 t kWh. n nay li in quc gia bao gm li min Bc (in hnh l li H Ni), li min Nam (in hnh l li TP.H Ch Minh), li min Trung. Cc li ny lin kt vi nhau bng cc tuyn dy in p 230kV v 500kV. Hin nay li quc gia pht trin n tt c cc tnh thnh trong c nc. Nm 2007: tng sn lng ca cc nh my in n thng 3/2007 l 12,612 t kWh, trong : in cng nghip - xy dng: in sinh hot, qun l, tiu dng, dn c: 48,82% 41,57%

CU HI N TP 1. Trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi, in nng c nhng c im chnh no? 2. Cho bit ngha ca h thng li in cung cp c ghi nh sau: 220V/380V; 127V/220V.

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Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 2

XC NH NHU CU IN
I. T VN Nhu cu tiu th in nng l vn cn c xc nh khi cung cp in cho cc phn xng, cho x nghip. Vic xc nh nhu cu in l vn gii bi ton d bo ph ti ngn hn hoc di hn. + D bo ngn hn l xc nh ph ti ca cng trnh ngay sau khi a cng trnh vo hot ng, ta gi l ph ti tnh ton. + D bo di hn l d bo ph ti s pht trin trong vi nm sau khi a cng trnh vo hot ng. + Ph ti in ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng sut, s lng ca cc thit b, ch vn hnh ca cc thit b, quy trnh cng ngh sn xut... Qua nhng nhn xt trn ta thy xc nh ph ti tnh ton l nhim v rt quan trng. Thng xc nh ph ti tnh ton ngi ta chia thnh cc nhm sau y: Nhm 1 : l nhm cc phng php tnh ton c da trn kinh nghim thit k v vn hnh m ngi ta tng kt li v a ra cc h s tnh ton. Phng php ny thun tin trong tnh ton nhng ch a ra c kt qu gn ng. Tiu biu ca nhm phng php ny cc phng php: * Phng php tnh ton theo h s yu cu. * Phng php tnh ton theo xut tiu th in nng trn mt n v sn xut. * Phng php tnh ton theo xut tiu th ca ph ti trn n v din tch sn xut. Nhm 2: l nhm cc phng php tnh ton da trn c s l thuyt. Trong tnh ton nhm phng php ny c xt n nhiu yu t do kt qu tnh ton chnh xc hn nhng qu trnh tnh ton li phc tp. Cc phng php tiu biu trong nhm phng php ny l: * Phng php tnh ton theo cng sut trung bnh v h s hnh dng ca th ph ti * Phng php tnh ton theo cng sut trung bnh v phng sai ph ti (phng php thng k). * Phng php tnh ton theo cng sut trung bnh v h s cc i (phng Trang 9

Giao trnh cung cap ien php s thit b hiu qu) II. TH PH TI IN th ph ti l mt hm biu din s thay i ca ph ti theo thi gian, n ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: c im qu trnh cng ngh, ch vn hnh... Tuy nhin mi loi h tiu th cng c th a ra mt dng th ph ti in hnh. C th ni th ph ti c trng cho s tiu dng nng lng in ca cc thit b ring l, ca nhm thit b, ca phn xng hoc ca ton b x nghip v l ti liu quan trng trong thit, vn hnh. Ty theo yu cu s dng m ta c cc loi th ph ti khc nhau: th ph ti tc dng P(t), th cng sut phn khng Q(t), th in nng tiu th A(t). Nu phn theo thi gian kho st th ta c th ph ti hng ngy, hng thng, hng nm. 1. th ph ti hng ngy L th mt ngy m (24 gi). th ph ti hng ngy c th v c bng cch s dng my t ghi hay ghi nhn theo tng khong thi gian nht nh. th ph ti hng ngy thng c v theo dng hnh bc thang thun tin cho vic tnh ton. th ph ti hng ngy cho bit nhp tiu th in nng hng ngy ca h tiu th, qua c th nh c quy trnh vn hnh hp l (iu chnh dung lng my bin p, dung lng b......). th ph ti hng ngy cng l ti liu lm cn c chn thit b in, tnh in nng tiu th. P (kw )

P
ma x

P
mi n

5 7

11 1 1 2 2 2 4 8 0 2 4

t (gi)

th ph ti ngy 2. th ph ti hng thng th ph ti hng thng c tnh theo ph ti trung bnh ca thng. th ph Trang 10

Giao trnh cung cap ien ti hng thng cho bit mc tiu th in nng ca h tiu th xy ra tng thng. Qua c th nh ra lch sa cha bo tr bo dng thit b in mt cch hp l, kp thi pht hin ra cc h hng trc khi xy ra s c p ng yu cu cung cp in nng cho h tiu th.
P (kw) Pmax

Pmin

9 10 11 12

t
(hng thng)

Th Ph ti Hng Thng 3. th ph ti hng nm th ph ti hng nm cho bit thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht, nh nht hoc trung bnh ca h tiu th, chim ht bao nhiu thi gian trong nm. Qua c th nh c cng sut ca my bin p, chn c cc thit b in, nh gi mc s dng v tiu hao in nng.
P (kw) P (kw) P (kw)

P6 P5 P4 P3
P1

P2

03

t 0 (gi th ph ti ngy lm )
7 11 1 18 20 22 4 24

18 20 24

vic ( 300 ngy)

th ph ti ngy ngh (65 ngy)

t (gi )

0 600g

2400g

1630g

1915g 1355g 860g

th ph ti nm

t (n m)

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Giao trnh cung cap ien III. CC I LNG C BN 1. Cng sut nh mc Cng sut nh mc ca thit b thng c nh ch to ghi sn trong l lch hoc trn th my. i vi ng c, cng sut nh mc ghi trn th my chnh l cng sut c ghi trn trc ca ng c. Pm = Pt . : hiu sut ca ng c
c

Pt : cng sut t ca ng c
c

V hiu sut ng c in tng i cao nn cho tnh ton c n gin, ngi ta thng cho php b qua hiu sut, lc ny ly P Pm i vi cc thit b in lm vic ch ngn hn lp li nh : cn trc, my hn, khi tnh ton ph ti chng ta quy i v cng sut nh mc ch lm vic di hn, tc l quy i v ch lm vic c h s tip in % = 100%. Cng thc quy i nh sau: i vi ng c Pm = Pm
m

i vi my dng bin p (my hn) Pm=Sm . cos 2. Ph ti trung bnh Ptb Ph ti trung bnh l mt c trng ca ph ti trong mt khong thi gian no . Tng ca ph ti trung bnh ca cc thit b s c nh gi gii hn di ca ph ti tnh ton :
p tb AP t q tb AQ t
m

Vi: AP, AQ : in nng tiu th trong khang thi gian kho st (Kw, Kvar) * i vi mt nhm thit b
Ptb
n i 1 n i 1

pi

Q tb

qi

T cc gi tr ca ph ti trung bnh ta c th xc nh c ph ti tnh ton, Trang 12

Giao trnh cung cap ien tnh tn tht in nng. Ph ti trung bnh c xc nh ng vi mt ca lm vic, mt thng hoc mt nm. 3. Ph ti cc i Pmax a. Ph ti cc i Pmax : l ph ti trung bnh ln nht tnh trong khang thi gian tng i ngn, thi gian c tnh khong 5 -10 n 20 pht tng ng vi mt ca lm vic c ph ti ln nht trong ngy. Ph ti cc i i khi cng c dng nh ph ti tnh ton. Ph ti cc i dng tnh tn tht cng sut ln nht, chn thit b in, chn dy dn. b. Ph ti nh nhn Pn : l ph ti cc i xut hin t 1 -2s. Ph ti nh nhn c dng kim tra iu kin t khi ng ca ng c, dng kim tra cu ch. Ph ti nh nhn thng xy ra khi ng c khi ng . 4. Ph ti tnh ton Ptt L thnh phn ch yu chn thit b trong cung cp in. Ph ti tnh ton l ph ti gi thit khng i v c xem nh l tng ng vi ph ti thc t. S pht nhit ca cc thit b thng dao ng trong khong 30pht v vy thng ly tr s trung bnh ca ph ti ln nht trong khong thi gian 30pht lm ph ti tnh ton ( cn gi l ph ti na gi) IV. H S TNH TON 1. H s s dng Ksd L h s gia ph ti tc dng trung bnh v cng sut nh mc ca thit b i vi mt thit b: ksd = ptb /pm i vi mt nhm c n thit b:
n n i 1

ksd = Ptb /Pm=

i 1

p tbi /

pmi

Khi v c th ph ti th h s s dng c th c tnh:

k sd P1 t 1 P2 t 2 ... P1 t 1 Pm t 1 t 2 ... t n

Ngoi ra ta c th tra bng ph lc. Trang 13

Giao trnh cung cap ien H s s dng ni ln mc s dng, mc khai thc cng sut ca thit b in trong mt chu k lm vic. H s s dng l mt s liu dng tnh ph ti tnh ton. 2. H s ph ti kpt L h s ph ti l h s gia cng sut thc t vi cng sut nh mc. kpt = Pthct / Pm= Ptb / Pm Trong trng hp c th ph ti th chng ta c th tnh h ph ti theo cng thc trn. H s ph ti ni ln mc s dng, mc khai thc thit b in trong thi gian ang xt. 3. H s cc i kmax L t s gia ph ti tnh ton v ph ti trung bnh trong khong thi gian xt. H s cc i tnh vi mt ca lm vic c ph ti ln nht. k max thng c kho st theo ng cong kmax f (ksd v nhq).

kmax= Ptt /Ptb 4. H s nhu cu knc L t s gia ph ti tnh ton v cng sut nh mc. Thc t knc thng do kinh nghim vn hnh c tng kt li.
k nc Ptt Pdm Ptt Ptb . Ptb Pdm k max . .k sd

H s knc c th tra trong bng ph lc. 5. H s thit b hiu qu nhq L s thit b gi thit c cng cng sut v ch lm vic vi nhm ph ti thc t (gm c cc thit b c cc ch lm vic v cng sut khc nhau) . Khi s thit b trong nhm
n hq

5:
n i 1 2

Pmi

n i 1

2 Pmi

Khi s thit b trong nhm 5 tnh ton nhq theo phng php sau: Trang 14

Giao trnh cung cap ien Gi thuyt: n : s thit b c trong phn xng n1: s thit b c cng sut trong phn xng. Pn : tng cng sut ng vi s thit b n. Pn1 : tng cng sut ng vi s thit b n1. Tnh n* = n1/n ; P* =
Pn1 Pn

1 cng sut ca thit b c cng sut ln nht c 2

T P* v n* tra bng, th tm c nhq* . C c nhq* ta tm c nhq nhq = nhq* . n nhq : s thit b hiu qu xc nh ph ti tnh ton

Trang 15

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bng tra tr s kmax theo ksd v nh
nhq 0.1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 3.43 3.23 3.04 2.88 2.72 2.56 2.42 2.24 2.10 1.99 1.91 1.84 1.71 1.62 1.56 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.32 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.21 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.12 0.15 3.11 2.87 2.64 2.48 2.31 2.20 2.10 1.96 1.85 1.77 1.70 1.65 1.55 1.46 1.41 1.37 1.33 1.30 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 0.2 2.64 2.42 2.24 2.10 1.99 1.90 1.84 1.75 1.67 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.40 1.34 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 0.3 2.14 2.00 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.65 1.11 1.52 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.34 1.28 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 Gi tr kmax theo ksd 0.4 1.87 1.76 1.66 1.58 1.52 1.47 1.43 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.5 1.65 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.40 1.37 1.34 1.28 1.25 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.19 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.6 1.46 1.41 1.37 1.33 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.23 1.23 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.03 0.7 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 0.8 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.9 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

Trang 16

Giao trnh cung cap ien V. CC PHNG PHP XC NH PH TI TNH TON 1. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo cng sut t v h s nhu cu: Cng thc tnh:
Ptt k nc
n i 1

Pi

Qtt = Ptt. tg
S tt Ptt2
2 Qtt

Ptt cos

Mt cch gn ng c th ly P =Pm Do :
Ptt k nc
n i 1

Pmi

Nu trong nhm thit b m h s cos ca cc thnh phn khc nhau th ta phi tnh cos trung bnh theo cng thc sau:
cos P1 cos
1

P2 cos 2 ... Pn cos P1 P2 ... Pn

Khi xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo h s Knc trong cung cp in th chnh xc khng cao do s dng bn tra Knc v Knc khng ph thuc vo ch vn hnh ca thit b trong nhm m ph thuc vo h s s dng v h s cc i. 2. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo sng sut ph ti trn mt n v din tch sn xut Cng thc tnh: Ptt = P0 . F Trong : p0 : sut tiu Th in nng trn 1 m2 sn xut(Kw/m2 ) F: din tch sn xut (m2) ( l din tch lp t my) Gi tr P0 c th tra trong s tay. Gi tr P0 ca tng h tiu th do kinh nghim vn hnh thng k li m c. Phng php ny ch cho kt qa gn ng, v vy n thng c dng trong giai on thit k s b v tnh ton ph ti ca cc phn xng c mt my mc sn xut tng i u. V d: Trang 17

Giao trnh cung cap ien Xc nh ph ti tnh ton ca phn xng gia cng ngui ca nh my c kh. Cho bit s0 = 0.3kva/m2, din tch phn xng F = 13.000m2 Ph ti tnh ton: Stt = S0.F = 0.3 x 13.000 = 3900kva. 3. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo sut tiu hao in nng cho mt n v sn phm Cng thc tnh:
Ptt Mw0 Tmax

Trong : M: s n v sn phm c sn xut ra trong 1 nm (sn lng). w0: sut tiu hao in nng cho mt n v sn phm, kWh Tmax: thi gian s dng cng sut ln nht, gi Phng php ny c tnh ton cho cc thit b in c th ph ti t bin i nh : qut gi, bm nc, my nn kh khi th ph ti trung bnh v kt qu tnh tng i chnh xc. 4. Xc nh ph ti theo h s cc i kmax v cng sut nh mc Pm Khi khng c cc s liu cn thit p dng cc phng php n gin nu trn hoc khi cn nng cao chnh xc ca ph ti tnh ton th nn dng theo phng php tnh theo h s cc i Cng thc tnh : Ptt = kmax . ksd . Pm Trong : Pm: cng sut nh mc, kW. kmax,, ksd : h s cc i v h s s dng. H s ksd trong s tay hoc tnh bng cng thc c nu phn trc. Khi s dng cng thc ny trong mt s trng hp c th ta c th s dng cng thc gn ng sau:

Khi n

3 v nhq <4
Ptt
n i 1

Pmi

i vi cc thit b lm vic ch ngn hn lp li th: Trang 18

Giao trnh cung cap ien

S tt S m
m

0.875

Trng hp n >3 v nhq < 4 ph ti tnh ton c xc nh theo cng thc

Ptt
n i 1

k pti Pmi

Trong : kpt : h s ph ti tng my . Nu khng c s liu chnh xc, h s ph ti c th ly gn ng nh sau: kpt = 0.9 i vi thit b lm vic ch di hn. kpt = 0.75 i vi thit b lm vic ch ngn hn lp li.

Ghi Ch:
+ Khi nhq >300 , Ksd<0.5 th Kmax c tnh kho st trn th ng vi nhq = 300 + Khi nhq >300 , Ksd>0.5 th Ppt = 1.05 . Ksd . Pm + Khi thit b ph ti c th ph tp bng phng th ph ti tnh ton ly bng ph ti trung bnh Ptt = Ptb = Ksd . Pm VI. PHNG PHP TNH MT S PH TI C BIT 1. Tnh ton i vi ph ti mt pha Khi trong mng c cc thit b mt pha th phi phn b cc thit b ln ba pha sao cho tr s khng cn bng l nh nht. Nu cng sut khng cn bng nh hn 15% tng cng sut th cc thit b mt pha xem nh l ba pha c cng sut tng ng. Nu cng sut khng cn bng ln hn 15% tng cng sut cc thit b im xt th ph ti quy i v ba pha ca cc thit b mt pha c tnh nh sau: a. Trng hp cc thit b s dng in p pha: Ptt3pha = 3 P1 pha(max) Ptt = Pcb + Ptt3pha Trong : P1pha(max) : tng cng sut cc thit b 1 pha c ph ti ln nht. b. Trng hp cc thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy

Trang 19

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Ptt (3 pha) 3P 1 pha max

Ptt = Pcb + Ptt (3pha) Trong : P1pha(max) : tng cng sut cc thit b ca pha c ph ti ln nht . c. Trng hp trong mng mt pha va c thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy v ni vo p pha: Cc thit b ni vo p dy phi quy i v p pha vi cc h s i km. Cc h s quy i cho trong bng di: H s quy i ph ti 1 pha ni vo in p dy thnh ph ti 1 pha ni vo in p pha ca mng. H s quy i p(ab)a,p(bc)b,p(ca) c p(ab)b,p(bc)c,p(ac) a q(ab)a,q(bc)b,q(ca) c q(ab)b,q(bc)c,q(ac) a H s cng sut ca ph ti 0.3 1.4 -0.4 1.26 2.45 0.4 1.17 0.17 0.86 1.44 0.5 1.0 0 0.58 1.16 0.6 0.89 0.11 0.38 0.96 0.65 0.84 0.16 0.30 0.88 0.7 0.80 0.20 0.22 0.80 0.8 0.72 0.28 0.09 0.67 0.9 0.64 0.36 0.05 0.53 1

Ph ti tnh ton mt pha bng tng ph ti ca thit b mt pha ni vo in p pha v quy i ca thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy. Sau ta tnh ph ti ba pha bng ba ln ph ti ca pha c ph ti ln nht. V d: Mt mng c cc thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy Uab , Uac v in p pha Uao . Hy quy i v ph ti pha a. Gii Ph ti tc dng ca pha a : Pfaa= Pab.p(ab)a + Pac.p(ac)a + Pao Ph ti phn khng ca pha a : Qfaa= Qab.q(ab)a + Qac.q(ac)a + Qao Trang 20

Giao trnh cung cap ien Trong : Pab, Pac, Qab, Qac : tng cng sut tc dng v phn khng ca cc thit b mt pha ni vo in p dy Uab v Uac . Pao Qao : tng cng sut tc dng v phn khng ca cc thit b mt pha ni vo in p pha Uao . p(ab)a, p(ac)a, q(ab)a, q(ac)a : cc h s quy i tra bng trn. 2. Tnh ph ti nh nhn L ph ti cc i xut hin trong khong 1 2 giy. Ph ti nh nhn thng c tnh di dng dng in nh In . Chng ta tnh In kim tra lch in p, chn cc thit b bo v, tnh ton t khi ng ca ng c Chng ta khng ch quan tm n gi tr ca dng in nh nhn m cn quan tm n tn s xut hin ca n. Trong mng in dng in nh nhn xut hin khi ng c khi ng, l h quang hoc my hn lm vic i vi mt my, dng in nh nhn tnh bng dng in m my. Im = Imm = kmm Im Trong : kmm : bi s m my ca ng c Nu khng c gi tr kmm chnh xc th ta c th chn: ng c mt chiu th chn k mm = (10 30) ng c xoay chiu rotor lng sc k mm = (5 7) My bin p hn v l h quang k mm 3 i vi mt nhm my, dng in nh nhn xut hin khi my c dng in m my ln nht trong nhm m my, cn cc my khc lm vic bnh thng. Cng thc tnh nh sau: In = Imm(max) + (Itt ksd .Im(max)) Trong Imm(max) : dng in m my ln nht trong tt c cc dng in m my ca cc ng c trong nhm. Itt : dng in tnh ton ca nhm my. Trang 21

Giao trnh cung cap ien ksd : h s s dng ca ng c c dng in m my ln nht. V d: Tnh dng in nh nhn ca ng dy cung cp cho mt cn trc. S liu v ph ti nh sau: ng c Nng hng Xe con Xe ln H s s dng Pm(kW) 12 4 8 k sd = 0.1 Gii Trong nhm my ng c nng hng c dng in m my ln nht Imm(max) = kmm . Im= 5,5. 27,5 = 151A Ph ti tnh ton ca nhm ng c quy i v ch lm vic di hn ( =100%):
3

% 15 15 15

cos 0.76 0.72 0.75

Im(A) 27.5

kmm 5.5

in p ca mng U = 380/220 V

Ptt =
i 1 3

Pmi Pmi

mi

=(12 + 4 + 8) 0,15 = 9,3kW

.tg

Q=
i 1

mi

= 12. 0,15 .0,85+ 4. 0,15 .1+8 0,15 .0,88 = 8,2kVA Stt = 9,32
S tt U m
8,2 2 = 12,4kVA

Dng in tnh ton ca nhm my Itt =

12,4 3.0,38

=18,8(A)

Dng in nh mc ca ng c nng hng(quy i v = 100%) Im(max) =27,5. 0,15 =10,6 A Dng in nh nhn cung cp cho cn trc l: In = 151 + (18,8 0,1. 10,6) = 168,8 A

Trang 22

Giao trnh cung cap ien VII. XC NH CNG SUT TNH TON CC CP TRONG MNG IN
~
35 220 kV 8 B1 7 7 6 20 kV 8

TPP

20 kV

~ 5 5 5 5 5

1 4 2 2 B2 B2 4 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 kV 1 2 1

1 1 1 2 2 2

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

Nguyn tc: + PttNM : phi c tnh t cc thit b in nguc tr v pha ngun. + Phi k n tn tht trn ng dy v trong my bin p. + Ph ti tnh ton NM cn phi k n d kin pht trin ca NM trong 5 nm ti. im 1: im trc tip cp in n cc thit b. dng in, tai y cn xc nh ch lm vic ca tng thit b (xc nh kt ; %; ksd ; cos ). im 2: Vi nhm thit b lm vic ch khc nhau phng php s thit b hiu qu. Trang 23 Xc nh Ptt bng 10

Giao trnh cung cap ien Ptt = KM.Ptb= kmax . ksd . Pm

.

S2

P2

jQ2

im 3: s bng ph ti im 2 cng thm phn tn tht ng dy h p.

. . .

S3

S2

Sdd

im 4: im tng h p ca cc tram BA phn xng. Tai y ph ti tnh ton c th tnh bng phng php h s nhu cu hoc tng hp cc ph ti ti cc im 4.
n n

S4

K dt (

P3 i

Q3 i )

Kdt : h s ng thi (xt ti s ng thi t gi tr cc i) c th chn trong khong t 0,85 n 1. im 5: im 6: im 7: im 8: S5 = S4 + SB2 S6 = S5 + Sdd S7 = Kdt ( P6i +j Q6i) S8 = S7 + SB1 10 nm) sa u.

Ch : S8 cha phi l ph ti ca nh my. V khi tnh ph ti nh my cn phi k n s pht trin ca nh my (5

SXN = S8 + SXN xc nh c SXN phi d bo tng trng ph ti. VIII. XC NH TM PH TI 1. ngha tm ph ti Tm ph ti l mt im nm trn mt bng ph ti m nu ta t trm bin p hay t phn phi ngay ti tm ph ti th cc dng tn tht v in hay chi ph v kim loi mu l thp nht. 2. Xc nh tm ph ti V tr tm ph ti thng t gn nhng ph ti hoc cc thit b c cng sut ln, tm ph ti c xc nh nh sau: Xc nh trc ta ph ti. Xc nh v tr ph ti hay thit b trn mt bng ph ti Trang 24

Giao trnh cung cap ien y

Mt Bng Ph Ti

0 Tm ph ti c xc nh bi I( XI;YI ) Trong :
XI =

Pi X i Pi
Pi Yi Pi

YI = Vi:

Pi : cng sut tc dng ph ti th i Xi v Yi : honh v tung ca ph ti th i CU HI 1) Hy nu cc phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton? 2) th ph ti l g? Ti sao phi xy dng ph ti hng ngy, hng thng, hng nm? 3) Hy nu cc i lng v h s tnh ton thng gp? ngha ca tng thng s trong qu trnh thit k cung cp in 4) Hy tnh ph ti tnh ton ca mt phn xng c kh c cc my sau : Tn thit b My ca di Khoan bn My mi th My khoan ng My bo ngang My xc S lng Pm , KW 1 my 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 0.65 2 4.5 4.5 2.8 Ton b 1 1.3 6 4.5 4.5 2.8 0.6 0.65 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Trang 25 cos

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 3

CHN PHNG N CUNG CP IN

I. KHI QUT Phng n cung cp in gm cc vn ch yu sau y: cp in p, ngun in p, s ni in v phng n vn hnh, l nhng vn rt quan trng c t ra ngay t khi xy dng l v n trc tip pht huy tnh hiu qu ca h thng cung cp in. xc nh c phng n cung cp in ti u nht th ta phi xc nh cc d liu ban u v nhu cu in nng, ng thi xc nh tnh kinh t cho cc phng n. m bo cht lng in tc l m bo c tn s v bin in p trong phm vi cho php m bo tin cy, tnh lin tc cung cp in sao cho ph hp vi yu cu ph ti Thun tin trong qu trnh lp t, sa cha v pht trin. t c cc ch tiu v kinh t. II. CHN IN P NH MC CA MNG IN 1. Chn cp in p Cp in p ca mng in l yu t rt quan trng trong qu trnh cung cp in v n nh hng trc tip n cc vn chn thit b, dy dn, tn tht in nng, st p v chi ph trong qu trnh vn hnh. a. Nu ta chn ng dy c cp in p cao: Li: Cc dng tn tht v in Chi ph kim loi mu Thit hi: Chi ph gii ta hnh lang an ton Chi ph thit b Khng an ton Trang 26

Giao trnh cung cap ien b. Nu ta chn ng dy c cp in p thp: Li: An ton Chi ph gii ta hnh lang an ton Chi ph thit b Thit hi: Cc dng tn tht v in Chi ph kim loi mu Thng thng, nh hng cho vic chn cp in p trong cung cp in ta c th s dng cng thc kinh nghim sau:
U 4,34 l 16 P

Trong : U : in p ca mng, kV l: chiu di ng dy, km P: cng sut truyn ti, MW Cng thc ny ch ng khi khong cch gia ph ti v ngun in khng qu 250km v dung lng ca ph ti nh hn 60MVA. Nu cc s liu trn ln hn ta s dng cng thc:

U 3 S
Trong :

0,5l

U : in p ca mng, kV S : cng sut truyn ti, MVA l: chiu di ng dy, km Ngi ta cng c th xc nh c cp in p cn chn tng ng vi tng cng sut truyn ti, chiu di ng dy truyn ti bng cch tra bng: Gi tr gn ng v cng sut truyn ti v khong cch truyn ti ca cc mng c cp in p khc nhau c lit k bng sau:

Trang 27

Giao trnh cung cap ien Cp in p ca mng 0.22 Trn khng Cp 0.38 Trn khng Cp 6 Trn khng Cp 10 Trn khng Cp 35 110 220 Trn khng Trn khng Trn khng Loi ng dy Cng sut truyn ti kw < 50 < 100 < 100 < 175 < 2000 < 3000 < 3000 < 5000 2000 ~ 10.000 10.000 ~ 50.000 100.000 ~ 150.000 Khong cch, km < 0.15 < 0.2 < 0.25 < 0.35 5 ~ 10 <8 8 ~ 15 < 10 20 ~ 50 50 ~ 150 200 ~ 300

Hin nay nc ta c cc cp in p sau: H th Cp in p t < 1kv Trung - Cao th + Trung th : Cp in p 15kv Cp in p 20kv Cp in p 22kv Cp in p 24kv + Cao th Cp in p 35kv Cp in p 66kv Cp in p 110kv Cp in p 220kv Siu cao th Cp in p >220kv s bt s: 26 32bt Trang 28 s bt s: 3bt s bt s: 5 7bt s bt s: 9bt s bt s: 16 18bt s bt s: 1 2bt s bt s: 1 2bt s bt s: 1 2bt s bt s: 1 2bt

Giao trnh cung cap ien 2. Chn ngun in Trong h thng cung cp in vic chn ngun in c quan h mt thit n nhiu mt nh: ph ti cp in p, s cung cp in, bo v t ng ho, ch vn hnh.... Tu theo quy m ca h thng cung cp in m ngun in c th l cc nh my in (nhit in , thu in ....... ), cc trm bin p khu vc, trung gian hoc cc trm phn phi hay trm bin p phn xng. m bo tnh cung cp in ta phi chn ngun in tho mn cc yu cu sau: m bo cng sut cp in cho ph ti. Gn ph ti in. Phi c ngun d phng. III. S MNG IN P CAO xc nh c phng n cung cp in hp l ngoi vic phi tnh ton chn cp in p, kho st v ngun in ta phi la chn s cung cp in v trong h thng cung cp in chng c quan h mt thit vi nhau. a. S trc chnh S trc chnh thng thch hp cho mng in nng thn v ph ti loi 3 v n c mt s c im: n gin r tin Lp t n gin Thng xy ra s c (trn ng dy c nhiu mi ni) St p nhiu cui ng dy Cc ph ti ph thuc vo nhau Tnh cung cp in khng cao ( nng cao tnh cung cp in ngi ta lp my ct phn on)

Trang 29

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Ngun in

DCL MC DCL ph ti 2 ph ti 2

ph ti i

ph ti n

Hnh 3.1 S trc chnh b. S hnh tia u im: Ni dy r rng, mi h dng in u c cung cp t mt ung dy c lp. Dng s ny thch hp cho ph ti loi 1 v loi 2 . c im s hnh tia : Cc ph ti khng ph thuc nhau Tnh cung cp in cao D xy dng ng ng dy d phng cho ph ti loi 1 v loi 2 t xy ra s c Vn u t ban u ln Chi ph bo tr bo qun cao.....

Trang 30

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Ngun in

DCLT MCT DCLT

DCLCT MCCT DCLCT

Ph ti Hnh 3.2: S hnh tia i vi nhng ph ti quan trng, nng cao tnh lin tc cung cp in ngoi vic dng s hnh tia, c th t thm ng dy song song ly in t ngun th hai hoc t phn on th hai n nh s sau:
MCphn on

MClin lc

MClin lc

Ph ti

Ph ti

Hnh 3.3: S cung cp in kiu hnh tia c cung cp bng hai ng dy Trang 31

Giao trnh cung cap ien pha in p cao ca trm bin p, ngi ta thng t my ct phn on v my ct lin lc ng ngun d tr nhm nng cao tin cy ca s . c. S phn nhnh ni hnh vng u im ca s ny l vn hnh n gin, nng cao c tin cy cung cp in. Thng thng mch vng c th ct i thnh 2 nhnh ring r (v d ti im N) hn ch thi gian mt in khi xy ra s c. Loi s ny thng c dng cho mng in thnh ph hoc cc x nghip c nhiu phn xng c b tr trn phm vi rng.
A B

Hnh 3.4: S s phn nhnh ni hnh vng . S dn su S dn su l s cung cp in a in p cao ( 35KV) vo gn t m ph ti, su trong x nghip n tn cc trm bin p phn xng. u im: - Do trc tip a in p cao vo trm bin p phn xng gim bt trm phn phi, do gim c s lng cc thit b in v s ni dy n gin hn rt nhiu. - Do a in p cao vo gn ph ti, nn gim uc tn tht in p, tn tht in nng, nng cao nng lc truyn ti ca mng. Trang 32

Giao trnh cung cap ien Khuyt im: - V mt ng dy dn su r vo nhiu trm bin p nn tin cy s cp in khng cao. khc khuyt im ny, thng dng 2 dy dn su song song. t cc thit b bo v chng s c lan trn v qui nh mi mt ng dy dn su khng nn mang qu 5 trm bin p v dung lng ca mt ng dy khng nn qu 5.000KVA. - Khi dng dy dn su c cp in p 110 -220KV th din tch t ca x nghip b ng dy chim s rt ln. V th kh c th a ng dy vo trung tm ph ti c. S dn su thng c dng cung cp cho cc thnh ph, x nghip c ph ti ln, phn b trn din tch rng v ng dy in p cao i trong x nghip khng nh hng n vic xy dng cc cng trnh khc cng nh giao thng vn chuyn trong thnh ph, x nghip.

35kv

Phn xng

Hnh 3.5: S cung cp in kiu dn su IV. S MNG IN P THP Mng in h p c l mng in ng lc hoc chiu sng trong phn xng vi cp in p thng l 380/220KV hoc 220/127KV. V th cc thit b ng ct cho mng h p thng s dng cu dao hoc CB b ng ct mng in.

. S trc chnh

Trang 33

Giao trnh cung cap ien S2

Ngun in

CBtb

CBtb CBtb CBtb

CBT

CBtb

S1

Si

Sn

Hnh 3.6: S trc chnh Tng t nh mng in cao p, s ny c cc c im nh s au: n gin r tin. Lp t n gin. Thng xy ra s c (trn ng dy c nhiu mi ni). Gy st p cui ng dy. Cc ph ti ph thuc vo nhau. Tnh cung cp in khng cao. Dng s ny thch hp cho cc thit b c cng cng sut, cng ch lm vic nh cc ng c my may, cc dy n phn xng....

S hnh tia
Dng cung cp in cho cc ph ti phn tn, t t phn phi c cc ng dy dn n cc thit b. Loi s ny c tin cy cung cp in tng di cao, thng c dng trong cc phn xng c cc thit b phn tn trn din rng nh trong phn xng c kh, lp rp, dt si.

Trang 34

Giao trnh cung cap ien T phn phi TC CB

Hnh 3.7: S hnh tia S hnh tia c cc c im sau: Cc thit b khng ph thuc nhau; Tnh cung cp in cao; D sa cha; Vn u t ln.

. S c dng tng hp
S ny thng dng cung cp in cho cc ph ti phn tn, t thanh ci ca trm bin p c cc ng dy dn n cc t phn phi ng lc, t t phn phi ng lc c cc ng dy dn n cc thit b.

Hnh 3.8: S c dng tng hp Trang 35

Giao trnh cung cap ien i vi s dng tng hp khi xy dng lp t ta cn ch nhng vn sau: Cc thit b c cng sut ln nn phn b cng mt nhm; Cc thit b c dng khi ng ln khng c lp chung vi thit b chiu sng; Khng nn lp qu nhiu thit b trn cng mt trc chnh. 1. Kt cu ca mng in Kt cu ca mng in phn xng Dy dn : Dy c v bc cch in, c t trn s cch in hoc t trong ng. m bo an ton khi dng dy dn phi m bo cc khong cch sau: 3.5 m.

- Chiu cao t dy dn n mt t Thanh ci :

- Tit din dy dn phi tho mn iu kin bn c kh. cc phn xng c mt ph ti ln v phn b u dc theo phn xng th ngi ta t cc thanh ci dc theo nh xng. T cc thanh ci c cc ng dy lung trong ng dn n cc t phn phi ng lc. T t phn phi ng lc c cc ng dy dn n cc my sn xut. Cp: Trong phn xng hay dng cp cao su, loi cp ny c th ngoi khng kh ( dn dc tng, x nh ) hoc t trong cc rnh cp. Thanh ci kiu hp : Loi thanh ci ny c bc kn trong hp st, mi on thanh ci di khong 3 m, c 0.8 m li c 1 hp ni dy gm cc u cm, cu ch v dy dn n cc my. Thanh ci kiu hp c lp trn cc gi cch mt t 2.5 - 3.5 m. 2. ng dy trn khng - ng dy trn khng c dng rng ri v so vi ng cp th vn u t t hn, d thi cng, d pht trin v sa cha nhng ch h hng. - Theo in p nh mc v phm vi s dng, ngi ta phn ra ng dy trn khng ra lm 3 cp: Trang 36

Giao trnh cung cap ien + Cp 1 : ng dy c Um= 35 220 KV. + Cp 2 : ng dy c Um= 1 22 KV. + Cp 3 : ng dy c Um < 1 KV. - ng dy trn khng gm cc b phn c bn: dy dn, ct, x, s, t chng rung, kp dy a. Dy dn : yu cu c bn i vi dy dn l dn in tt v bn. - Dy dn in tt: gm cc loi dy ng, nhm, nhm li thp v thp. - Bn: dy dn mc trn cao phi vt khong cch t ct ny n ct khc, do dy dn phi bn. tng bn, ngi ta ch to cc loi dy nhiu si bn li vi nhau hoc c cu to phn ngoi l nhm, phn li l thp . b. Ct in : - Phn loi ct theo vt liu lm ct th c 3 loi ct: ct tre v g, ct b tng ct st, ct st. - Ct g, tre: thng c dng mng nng thn, c in p thp v kh nng chu lc km v chng mc. - Ct b tng ct st: + u : C tui th cao, chu lc tt, bn v tng i r. V th loi ct ny c dng rng ri c mng in p thp ln cao p. + Nhc : nng n, kh khn khi vn chuyn xa. - Ct st, thp: + Ct ny chu lc tt, c th lm cao nn thng c dng lm ct vt sng, vt ng ci. Do c th ch to tng b phn ri lp rp nn thun tin trong vic vn chuyn i xa. + Gi thnh cao, chi ph bo qun ln v phi sn chng r nh k. - Phn loi ct theo chc nng th c 2 loi ct: ct no gc v ct trung gian. + Ct no gc: kp cht dy dn 1 s im trn ng i ca dy, phi chu lc ko ln nn ct no phi bn, cng. + Ct trung gian: gi dy dn 1 cao cho trc v khng phi chu lc ko. c. X ngang : dng s cch in v to khong cch gia cc dy dn. d. S cch in : cch in gia dy dn v cc b phn khng dn in: x Trang 37

Giao trnh cung cap ien ngang v ct. - S phi c tnh nng cch in cao, chu c in p ca ng dy lc bnh thng v khi qu in p v b st nh. S phi bn, chu c lc ko . - S c 2 loi chnh : + S ng, thng c U m <35 KV. + S bt, treo thnh chui, s dng trong trng hp ng dy c in p U m 35 KV. Khong cch trung bnh gia cc pha dy dn (Dm) b tr trn ct c qui nh: Um 1 KV : Um=6-10 KV : Um=35 KV : Um=110 KV : V. NG DY CP u : Cp c ch to chc chn, cch in tt c t di t hoc trong Nhc : gi thnh t, v vy cp thng c dng nhng ni quan trng, in khng ca cp rt b so vi ng dy trn khng cng tit din nn gim Dm= 0.4-0.6 m Dm= 0.8-1.2 m Dm= 1-4 m Dm= 4-6 m a) S ng. b) S a. Hnh 3.9: Hnh dng s cch in.

hm dnh ring cho cp nn trnh c cc va p c kh. kh khn trong vic thc hin r nhnh cp. c tn tht cng sut v tn tht in p (x0 = 0.08 /km). Cp c Um 1KV : c cch in bng cao su hoc du. Cp c Um>1KV : thng l cp 3 pha c cch in bng du

CU HI 1) Nhng yu cu c bn no m bo mt phng n cung cp in c xem l hp l. 2) Ti sao chn cp in p l mt trong nhng vn c bn ca vic thit k cung cp in 3) Nhng yu cu khi thit k ng dy trn khng. 4) Nhng yu cu khi thit k mng cp ngm. 5) So snh u v nhc im ca mng cp ngm v mng trn khng. Phm vi s dng ca chng Trang 38

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 4

TNH TON TN THT IN P, TN THT CNG SUT, TN THT IN NNG

I. S THAY TH LI IN Mng in gm 2 phn t c bn to thnh (ng dy v my bin p). Do , chng ta cn thit lp cc m hnh tnh ton c gi l s thay th. 1. ng dy c im: mng x nghip, nh my c cung cp in bng ng dy in p trung bnh v thp, chiu di khng ln lm. Do , trong tnh ton c th n gin coi hiu ng mt ngoi v hiu ng gn l khng ng k dn n in tr ca dy dn ly bng in tr 1 chiu. m t cc qu trnh nng lng xy ra lc truyn ti, ngi ta thng hay s dng s thay th hnh
Z

Y 2

Y 2

Trong : + Z : tng tr ng dy + Y : Tng dn Y = G + jB Vi G, B l in dn tc dng v in dn phn khng. Trong G - c trng cho tn tht cng sut tc, B phn nh hin tng vng quang in, c trng cho lng cng sut phn khng sinh ra bi in dng gia dy dn vi nhau v gia chng vi t. Ta c: Trong : r0 , x0 : in tr tc dng v phn khng trn 1 n v chiu di dy [ /km]. g0 , b0 :in dn tc dng v phn khng trn mt n v chiu di dy [km/ ]. Trang 39 Z = R + jX = (r0 + jx0).l Y = G + jB = (g0 + jb0).l

Giao trnh cung cap ien r0 : c th tra bng tng ng vi nhit tiu chun l 20 0C. Thc t phi c hiu chnh vi mi trng ni lp t nu nhit mi trng khc 20 0C. r0 = r0 [ 1 + ( - 20)] r0 Tr s tra bng. = 0,004 khi vt liu lm dy l kim loi mu. = 0,0045 khi dy dn lm bng thp. r0 cng c th c tnh theo vt liu v kch c dy:
r0 F

F [mm2]: tit din dy dn. [mm2 /km]: in tr sut ca vt liu lm dy. Al Cu

= 31,5 [ mm2/km]. = 18,8 [ mm2/km].

i vi dy dn bng thp r0 khng ch ph thuc vo tit din m cn ph thuc vo dng in chy trong dy. Do , khng tnh c bng cc cng thc c th m phi tra bng hoc tra ng cong. x0 : xc nh theo nguyn l k thut in th in khng 1 pha ca ng dy ti in 3 pha:
x0 . 4 ,6 log 2.Dtb d 0 ,5. .10
4

[ /km].

Trong : = 2 f : tn s gc ca dng in xoay chiu. Dtb: khong cch trung bnh hnh hc gia cc dy, [mm] d : ng knh dy dn, [mm] : h s dn t tng i ca vt liu lm dy. Vi kim loi mu khi ti dng xoay chiu tn s 50 Hz th: Ta c:
x0 0 ,144 log 2.Dtb d 0 ,016

=1

[ /km].

Xc nh Dtb:

Trang 40

Giao trnh cung cap ien

1

Dtb = D
D
2

Dtb

D3 2

1,26 D

D31 D23

D12

Dtb
3 2

D12 D23 D31

Vi dy dn lm bng thp

> > > 1 v li bin thin theo cng t trng

= f(I) lc x0 xc nh nh sau: x0 = x0 + x0 x0 =
0 ,144 log 2.Dtb d

: thnh phn cm khng gy bi h cm gia cc dy.

x0 = 2 f.0,5 .10-4 : thnh phn cm khng lin quan n t cm ni b ca dy dn. x0 - thng c tra bng hoc theo ng cong. Tnh Y: T c im ca ng dy cung cp in cho cc x nghip, nh my ta thy: lng in nng tn tht do r qua s v in mi (vi cp) l rt nh (v U nh). Do c th b qua (b qua G) (v n ch ng k vi ng dy c U Nh vy trong thnh phn ca tng dy ch cn B. in dn phn khng ca 1 km ng dy xc nh bng biu thc sau: (ph thuc vo ng knh dy, khong cch gia cc pha).
b0 7 ,58 .10 2D log tb d
6

220 kV).

[ 1/ km ].

Trong thc t b0 c tnh sn trong cc bng tra (theo F, Dtb). Ring vi ng cp cn ph thuc vo cch in. Do , ta buc phi tra trong cc ti liu ring. T tham s ny ta xc nh c lng cng sut phn khng pht sinh ra do dung dn Trang 41

Giao trnh cung cap ien ca ng dy nh sau : QC = U2 . b0.l = U2.B Thc t ch quan tm n b0 v Qc khi U > 20 kV, mng cp hoc mng ng dy trn khng c in p U > 35 kV. S thay th ca ng dy trn khng lc ny s nh hnh sau:
Z

Qc 2

Qc 2

2. My bin p Khi lm vic my BA gy ra nhng tn tht sau: + Tn tht do hiu ng Jun, v t thng d qua cun s cp, th cp. Tn tht do dng Phu-c gy ra trong li thp Vi my bin p 2 cun dy thng s dng cc s thy th sau: a. S thay th my bin p hai cun dy: + S hnh T:
1

Z1

Z2

Z1 : phn nh tn tht cng sut dy cun s cp Z2 : phn nh tn tht cng sut dy cun th cp, cn gi l tng tr th cp qui v s cp. + S hnh : trong tnh ton h thng in thng s dng loi s ny nhiu hn. Trong cc lng tn tht khng thay i (thay i t) c m t nh mt ph ti ni trc tip nh hnh sau:
ZB

SB = Pfe + j Qfe

Trang 42

Giao trnh cung cap ien Trong : ZB = Z1 + Z2 = (r1 + r2) + j(x1 + x2) = rB + jxB xc nh cc thng s ca s thay th ta da vo cc thng s cho trc ca my bin p bao gm: Pcu hay PN : Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn dy cun vi mc ti nh mc, thu c qua th nghim ngn mch my bin p. Pfe hay P0 : Tn tht cng sut tc dng trong li thp ca my BA, cn gi l tn tht khng ti ca my BA (thu c t th nghim khng ti my BA). uN% : in p ngm mch % so vi Udm. I0% : Dng khng ti % so vi Idm. Xut pht t nhng thng s ny chung ta s xc nh c cc thng s ca s thay th my bin p.

Tnh RB : xut pht th nghim ngn mch my BA ta c:

PCu = 3.I2dm.RB Nhn c 2 v vi U2dm PCu.U2dm = 3.I2dm.U2dm.RB (SdmB = Suy ra:
RB
2 PCu .Udm .103 2 Sdm

.Udm.Idm)

n v ca cc i lng trong cng thc trn RB PCU Udm Sdm [ ].

[ kW ]. [ kV ]. [ kVA ].

Cng t th nghim ngn mch my bin p ta c:

uN % UN Udm / 3 .100 Idm .ZB Udm / 3 .100

Trn thc t v xB ln hn rt nhiu so vi rB. Do , mt cch gn ng ta c th ly xB zB lc ta c:

xB uN %.Udm 3 Idm .100
2 uN %.Udm Sdm .100

Trang 43

Giao trnh cung cap ien

xB
2 uN %.Udm .10 Sdm

Vi: xB Udm Sdm [ ]. [ kV ]. [ kVA ].

+ Trng hp my bin p c cng sut nh Sdm < 1000 kVA th RB l ng k khi ta c:

xB
2 ZB 2 RB 2 uN %.Udm .10 Sdm 2 2 PCu .Udm .103 2 Sdm 2

Tnh Qfe: Cn c vo I0% (t th nghim khng ti my BA)

I0 % I0 .100 Idm I0 Sdm 3Udm .100 S0 .100 Sdm

S0 : cng sut khng ti S0 = Pfe + j Qfe . Thc t v Qfe ln hn rt nhiu so vi Pfe. Do ta c th ly gn ng:
Qfe S0 I0 %.Sdm 100

b. S thay th my bin p ba cun dy:

1

Z1

Z2

SB = Pfe + j Qfe

Z3

Z1 ; Z2 ; Z3 : tng tr cc cun dy qui i v cng 1 cp in p. Vi my 3 cun dy nh ch to thng cho trc cc thng s : Sdm ; U1dm ; U2dm; U3dm ; I0% ; P0 . Ngoi ra tham s ngn mch li cho nh sau: P12 ; U12 : Tn tht ngn mch v in p ngn mch. Trong P12 c c khi cho cun 2 ngn mch, cun 3 h mch, t in p vo cun 1 sao cho dng trong cun 1 v 2 bng nh mc th dng li. Khi ta c: (1) P12 = P1 + P2 Trang 44

Giao trnh cung cap ien U12 = Tng t ta c: (2) U1 + U2 P13 ; U13; P13; U13 P23 = U23 = (3) P13 = U13 = P2 + P3

U2 + U3 P1 + P3 Tm c:

U1 + U3

Gii h phng trnh (1); (2); (3) (4)

P1 = 1/2( P12 + P13 + P23) P2 = P3 = P12 P13 P1 P1

(5)

U1 = 1/2(U12 + U13 +U23) U2 = U12 - U1 U3 = U13 - U1

Sau khi c tn tht ngn mch v in p ngn mch ring cho tng cun dy th vic xc nh tng tr ca tng cun dy c th s dng cng thc nh ca my bin p 2 cun dy. II. TNH TON MNG H CP PHN PHI 1. Tn tht cng sut trn ng dy a. Vi ng dy cung cp: Trong tnh ton ng dy ti in, ngi ta s dng s thay th hnh (i vi mng 110 kV, i khi ngay c vi mng 220 kV ngi ta thng b qua phn in dn tc dng ca ng dy. Tc l trn s ch cn li thnh phn in dn phn khng Y = jB do dung dn ca ng dy v thng c thay th bng ph ti phn khng jQc.
S1
1

S1

S2

S2 = P2 + jQ2
j Qc 2
j Q c 2

Trang 45

Giao trnh cung cap ien Ch : M:

I

S = 3.I2dm.Z
S 3U
S S2 .Z U2

+ Cng sut cui ng dy:

" S2 .

S2

Qc 2 2

P2

j ( Q2

Qc 2 ) 2

+ Tn tht cng sut c th xc nh theo cng sut cui ng dy:

.

j Q

" S2 U2

.Z

"2 S2 .R 2 U2

j.

"2 S2 .X 2 U2

+ Cng sut cui ng dy:

' S1 " S2 .

+ Tn tht cng sut c th xc nh theo cng sut chy u ng dy:

.

j Q

' S1 U1

.Z

12 S1 .R 2 U1

j.

'2 S1 .X 2 U1

Khi cng sut chy cui ng dy:

. . .

S"2

S'1

+ Cng sut i vo ng dy:

. .

S1

S'1 j

Qc1 2

Trong ph ti phn khng ca ng dy c th tnh theo in dn phn khng theo cng thc sau:
Qc1 2
2 U1 .

B 2

Qc 2 2

2 U2 .

B 2

b. ng dy mng phn phi: i vi ng dy mng phn phi ( 6; 10 kV) c th b qua Y trn s . Hn na trong tnh ton tn tht cng sut li c th b qua s chnh lch in p gia cc im u v cui ng dy, ngha l coi U2 = U1 = Udm. ng thi b qua s chnh lch dng cng sut gia im u v im cui ng dy. C ngha l coi S = S = S1 = S2. iu ny cho php xc nh d dng lung cng sut chy trn cc on dy ca mng phn phi. Trang 46

Giao trnh cung cap ien V d tnh lung cng sut chy trn on 01 hnh sau:

S8 8 0 S1 1

S7 7 2

S9 9 3

S3

S4

6 S6

10

S10

11

S11

5 S5

Ta c s thay th:
S8 8 S1 0 1 2 3 S3 S7 7 S9 9

S4

6 S6

10

S10

11 5 S5

S11

+ Cng sut chy trn on 01:

n

S01
i 1

Si

S23 = S3 + S10 + S11 Nh vy tnh tn tht cng sut trong mt phn t no ca mng phn phi Trang 47

Giao trnh cung cap ien nm gia nt i v j ta c th tnh

Sij Pij Qij Sij Udm
2

.( Rij

jX ij )

2. Tn tht in nng trong mng in + Nu trong thi gian ph ti in khng thay i, th cng sut l hng s v tn tht in nng s c tnh nh sau: A = P.
8760 2 I ( t ).dt 0 2 Imax

Thc t th ng cong ph ti v ng cong tn tht khng bao gi li hon ton trng nhau, tuy nhin gia Tmax v f(Tmax ;cos ). Quan h gia Tmax v cong. li c quan h kh khng kht vi nhau =

thng cho di dng bng tra hoc ng

cos = 0,6 0,7 0,9

Tmax

+ Trong trng hp khng c bng tra hoc ng cong chng ta c th s dng cng thc gn ng tnh c theo Tmax nh sau:
2

0 ,124 10 4.Tmax .8760

V d 1: Hy xc nh tn tht in nng trong mt nm ca mng phn phi 10 kV nh hnh v. Tnh theo A%.
0

A-150 2 km

A-50 1 km

Smax1

Smax2

Trang 48

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bit: Smax1 = 2 + j 1 Tmax = 2700 h Gii: V l li phn phi nn ta c s thay th nh sau:
S01 0
Z01

MVA

Smax2 = 1 + j0,5 MVA

S12 1
Z12

2+j1

1+j0,5

+ tnh c tn tht in nng ca li. Trc tin ta phi xc nh c Pmax ca li, (cn ch rng A ch lin quan n P m thi). Tra bng A 150 A 50 r0 = 0,21 /km /km

r0 = 0,63

+ Tn tht cng sut cc i trong mng:

Pmax P01 P 12 S01 Udm
2

R01

S12 Udm

R12

S01 = Smax1 + Smax2 = (2 + j1) + (1 + j0,5) S01 =

2 1
2

1 0 ,5

S12 = Smax2 = 1 +j0,5 S12 =

Pmax 2 1
2

0 ,5
12

1 0 ,5 102

x 0 ,21x 2 x106

0 ,5 2 x 0 ,63 x1x106 2 10

55 ,1

kW

+ Tn tht in nng trong 1 nm: A = Pmax . C 2 on u c cng cos v Tmax = 2700 h tra bng ta c = 1500 h

A = 55,1 x 1500 = 82 500 kWh + in nng cc h nhn t li trong mt nm: A = Pmax.Tmax = (2000+1000)x2700 = 8 100 000 kWh Trang 49

Giao trnh cung cap ien + Tn tht in nng tnh theo %: A% =

A x100 A 82500 x100 1,02 % 8100000

3. Tnh tn tht in p trong mng in a. Tn tht in p trn ng dy mng phn phi: c im chung ca mng phn phi: + C in p thp v ng dy ngn b qua tng dn ca s thay th. c th dng in p + Tn tht cng sut nh c th b qua trong tnh ton + S chnh lch in p gia cc im nt khng ng k nh mc tnh. + Thnh phn ngang trc ca in p dng rt nh c th b qua. b. Tnh tn tht in p cho ng dy c nhiu ph ti tp trung: + Xt mng phn phi cung cp cho 3 ph ti tp trung nh hnh v.
0 1 2 3

S1 = p1 + jq1

S2 = p2 + jq2

S3 = p3 + jq3

+ S thay th ca mng s c dng:

S01 0 1 S12 2 S23 3

S1

S2

S3

+ Cng sut trn cc on: S01 = S3 + S2 + S1 = (p1 + p2 + p3) + j(q1 + q2 + q3) S12 = S2 + S3 S23 = S3 = (p2 + p3) + j(q2 + q3) = p3 + jq3

Tnh U theo cng sut chy trn cc on:

0 r01 + jx01 1 r12 + jx12 2 r23 + jx23 3

P01 + jQ01

P12 + jQ12

P23 + jQ23

Trang 50

Giao trnh cung cap ien

U3 U01 U12 U23 P01r01 Q01 x01 Udm P Q12 x12 12 r12 Udm P23 r23 Q23 x23 Udm

Tng qut cho mng c n ph ti:

U Pij rij Udm Qij x ij

U%

U Udm

.100

100 . ( Pij rij 2 1000.Udm

Qij x ij )

Trong :

U Pij ; Qij Udm rij ; xij

- [V]. - [kW] ; [kVAr]. - [kV]. - [ ].

V d 2: Cho mng in phn phi nh hnh v. Dy dn trong mng l dy A 50; Dtb = 1 m; Udm = 10 kV. Hy xc nh Umax = ?
2

800+j500 kVA 0 3 km
1

4 km
4 km

1000+j1000 kVA

500 kW

Gii S thay th
2 Z12 0 Z01 1 S2

S1

Z13
3

S3

Tra bng: A=50

r0 = 0,63 /km

/km

x0 = 0,355
Z 01

3 x 0 ,63

j 3 x 0 ,355 2

0 ,945

j 0 ,522

Z12 = 4x0,63 + j4x0,355 =

2,52 + j1,420 Trang 51

Giao trnh cung cap ien Z13 = Z12 = 2,53 + j1,420 im 2 s c Umax (v Z12 = Z13 nhng S3 < S2 )
U max U 01 U12 P1 P2 P3 R01 Q1 U dm Q2 Q3 P2 R2 Q2 X 2 U dm

Thay cc tham s vi Udm = 10 kV III. TNH TON MNG KN N GIN 1. Khi nim chung

Umax = 571 V

nng cao tin cy cung cp in ngi ta thng s dng mng in kn. L mng in m mi h dng in c cung cp t nht t 2 pha. Mng in kn n gin nht l ng dy kp cung cp in cho 1 ph ti. Ngoi ra mng in kn c th l mng vng do mt ngun cung cp hoc mch ng dy chnh c 2 ngun cung cp.
1 A B S
Mng in kn gm ng dy mch kp

A 3

S1

A 2 S2 S1 S2 S3
Mng in kn gm 2 ngun cung cp

S3
Mng in kn kiu mch vng (1 ngun)

u im: - Tng cng tnh lin tc cung cp in (v mi h c 2 ngun cung cp), thng dng cho cc h ph ti loi 1. - Trong vn hnh bnh thng tn tht in p v cng sut nh hn trong mng h. Nhc im: - Khi s c, chng hn t mt nhnh u ngun mng tr thnh h, tn tht cng sut v in p u ln, c th vt qu gi tr cho php. - Thc hin bo v cho mng kn c phn phc tp hn so vi mng h, thng phi dng bo v c hng hoc bp v c khong cch. - Tnh ton mng in kn phc tp hn mng h. 2. Xc nh cng sut trn cc nhnh - im phn cng sut Tnh ton mng in kn l mt vn phc tp. y ta ch xt mng in kn Trang 52

Giao trnh cung cap ien n gin nht. Ngha l mng ch c 1 mch vng hoc mng ng dy chnh c 2 ngun cung cp. Trc ht phi xc nh phn b cng sut trn cc on ng dy ca mng kn. Ta dng phng php gn ng vi gi thit sau: 1- B qua tn tht cng sut trong cc on. 2- B qua tn tht in p, coi in p mi im ca mch vng bng in p nh mc. 3- Ph ti ti cc nt l ph ti tnh ton. V d: Cho mng in nh hnh v.
0

B1 S1 SFe 2 S2

B2

Z01

SFe

ZB1

ZB2

S1

S2

T s thay th ta c s tnh ton nh hnh v

S01 0 Z01 1 Stt1 Z12 S12 2 Stt2 Z20 S20 0

Trong : Ti nt ta c ta c

Stt1

S1

SB1

Qc 01 2

QC12 2

Stt 2

S2

SB2

QC12 2

QC 20 ' 2

Trang 53

Giao trnh cung cap ien V d: Mt s c 2 ngun cung cp nh hnh v :

A Z1 SA1 1 S1 Z12 S12 2 S2 Z2 SB2 B

Trong : S1; S2 : ph ti tnh ton k c tn tht cng sut trong my BA. Gi thit S1 ; S2 l tr s ln nht. Bit Z1 ; Z2 ; Z12 ; UA ; UB ( UA UB ) Cn phi xc nh cng sut trn cc nhnh SA1 ; SB2 ; S12 cng chiu ca chng trn s . Chiu ca S A1 & SB2 l r dng cng chiu S12 ta tm qui c nh trn hnh v. Chng ta c th vit phng trnh biu din in p dng t ngun A n B (theo nh lut Kirchoff 2, vi chiu qui c nh hnh).
UA UB 3 I A1 Z1 I12 Z12 I B2 Z 2

(*)

Thay dng in nhnh bng cc dng ph ti I1 ; I2 Ta xt nt I12 = IA1 I1 IB2 = I2 - I12 = I2 + I1 IA1 UA UB = = thay vo (*) ta c

( IA1Z1 + (IA1 I1)Z12 (I1 + I2 IA1)Z2)

Z2 Z12 I1 Z12 Z2 I2 Z2

3 I A1 Z1

Z t: UA UB = Rt ra:
I A1 I1 .Z Z
3

Z1B

Z2B

(IA1.Z - I1.Z1B I2.Z2B)

UA UB 3Z

I2 Z2B

(**)

T (**) ta thy dng trn on A

1 gm c 2 thnh phn:

+ Thnh phn ch yu ph thuc vo ph ti 1 v 2 cng tng tr trong mch. + Thnh phn th 2 gi l thnh phn dng in cn bng ch ph thuc vo lch in p gia A v B (UA - UB) v tng tr ca mch, m khng ph thuc vo Trang 54

Giao trnh cung cap ien ph ti. + Mng in x nghip hay mng in a phng thng c cc in p 2 ngun bng nhau UA = UB lc :

I A1

I1 Z1B Z

I2 Z2B
(***)

T (***) cho ta rt ra qui tc xc nh dng in i t ngun ra nh sau: Ly tch cc dng in ph ti vi cnh tay n (tnh bng tng tr Z iB) t ph ti tng ng n ngun bn kia v chia cho tng tr gia hai ngun. Tng t ta c:

I B2

I 2 Z 2 A I1 Z1 A Z

Trong : Z1A = Z1 v Z2A = Z1 + Z2 Ch : + Ngoi ra cn th li: IA1 + IB2 = I1 + I2 + Trong thc t ph ti thng cho di dng cng sut: S1 = P1 + jQ1 ; S2 = P2 + jQ2 T (***) nhn c 2 v vi

3U dm
S A1 S1 Z1B Z S2 Z 2 B

(****)

* Tng qut cho mng kn c n ph ti gia 2 ngun A; B

n i 1

S i Z iB Z
(*****)

S A1

Sau khi xc nh c cng sut i ra t 2 ngun A; B l S A1 v SB2 c th tm c cng sut trn cc nhnh gia. Chiu ca S12 (hnh v) l gi thit v trng hp ny ta c S12 = SA1 S2 . Nu S12 tnh ra c tr s dng ngha l chiu chn trn hnh v l ng vi chiu thc. Cn ngc li (nu S 12 mang du m) th chiu ca S12 l chiu nguc li vi chiu ca hnh v. im phn cng sut: Sau khi xc nh c chiu thc v tr s ca S 12 ta c im phn cng sut. V S bao gm c P v Q. Nn im phn cng sut trong mng in kn c th l duy Trang 55

Giao trnh cung cap ien nht hoc cng c th l ring r. Ngha l tn ti c im phn cng sut tc dng (k hiu l ) v c c im phn cng sut phn khng (k hiu l ). Sau khi xc nh c im phn cng sut trong mng kn c th tch thnh 2 mng h v vic tnh ton s c tin hnh thun li hn. Trong hnh v gi thit im 2 l im phn cng sut
A SA1 ZA1 S1 1 Z12 S12

ta s c 2 mng h.
S12 2 SB2 Z2 B

3. Cc trng hp ring v phn b cng sut trong mng in kn: a. Mng in kn ch k n in tr tc dng (x0 = 0): l cc mng c tit din dy nh, in p thp, mng cp di 10 kV lc (****) c th vit: SA1 = PA1 + jQA1 = Hoc c th vit:
PA1 P1 R1B R P2 R2 B

P1

jQ1 Z1B Z

P2

jQ2 Z 2 B

Q A1

Q1 R1B R

Q2 R2 B

b. Mng ng nht: L mng m cc nhnh u c t s x0/r0 = const. T (*****) ta c:

n

S A1

i 1

S i Z iB Z

V:
Z iB r0 jx 0 LiB 1 j x0 r0 LiB r0 1 j x0 R iB r0

Z iB

x0 r0 LiB r0

x0 r0 r0

LiB

= 1

x0 r0 L r0

x0 R r0

Trang 56

Giao trnh cung cap ien

n

Si RiB S A1
1

Ngha l cng sut phn b theo in tr tc dng ca mng. Mng ng nht khng nht thit phi c tit din ng nht m ch cn c x9/r0 = const. c. Mng c cng tit din: r0 = const. Thng thng th x0 = const.
S i r0 S A1 r0 jx 0 LiB jx 0 L
n 1

S i LiB L

+ Nh vy cng sut phn b theo chiu di V d 1: Ngun A cung cp in cho 2 ph ti S1 ; S2 theo mng kn tan b ng dy l AC-120 ; dy dn b tr trn mt phng ngang, D tb = 3,5 m; Udm = 35 kV. Hy xc nh im phn cng sut
1 SA1 A 8 km S1 = 10-j10 MVA 4 km S12 8 km SA2 2

S2 = 11-j4 MVA

Gii: V mng ng nht (cng tit din), nn:

S A1
PA1

S i LiB L
10. 4 8 8 4 11.8 8 10 ,4

P1 L12 A P2 L2 A L

MW

Q A1

Q1 L12 A Q2 L2 A L

10. 4 8 4.8 8 4 8

7 ,6 MVAr

SA1 = PA1 + jQA1 = 10,4 + j7,6 Trang 57

Giao trnh cung cap ien

PA2 P2 L21 A P1 L1 A L 11. 4 8 8 4 10.8 8 10 ,6

Q A2

Q2 L21 A Q1 L1A L

4. 4 8 10.8 8 4 8

6 ,4

SA2 = 10,6 + j6,4 Th li: PA1 + PA2 = P1 + P2 QA1 + QA2 = Q1 + Q2 10,4 + 10,6 = 10 + 11 7,6 + 6,4 = 10 + 4

Tnh S12 : Gi thit c chiu nh hnh v. S12 = SA1 - S1 = 10,4 - j7,6 [10 - j10] = 0,4 + j 2,4 + Nh vy trn on 1 2 ta c P12 i t im 1 Q12 Vy ta c 2 im phn cng sut:: im 2 l im phn cng sut tc dng im 1 l im phn cng sut phn khng 2 2 1

4. Xc nh tn tht in p trong mng in kn: i vi mng in kn cn xc nh U trong trng hp bnh thng v lc s c (trng hp t mt pha).
SA A
1

S12 1 2

SA2

S1

S2

Lc vn hnh bnh thng cn xc nh tn tht in p ln nht Umax t ngun n im phn cng sut (tc im c in p thp nht). Trong mng in kn im phn cng sut chung cho (P & Q) l im nhn cng sut t 2 pha trng nht, c ngha l c in p thp nht. Tm li trong mng in kn mun x nh hnh cc bc sau: Xc nh cng sut trn cc nhnh SA1; SA2 ; S12. Xc nh im phn cng sut. Nu im l duy nht cho P & Q th im Trang 58 Umax lc bnh thng s phi tin nn im l

Giao trnh cung cap ien c in p thp nht trong mng. Nu in p hai ngun bng nhau (UA = UB) th Umax tnh bng tn tht in p t im A n im phn cng sut trn HV (gi thit im 2 l im ph n cng sut chung cho c P v Q). Umax = UA12 = UA2
U max PA2 R A2 Q A2 X A2 U dm PA1 R A1 Q A1 P12 R12 U dm Q12 X 12

Trng hp im phn cng sut tc dng v phn khng khng trng nhau

th cha r im no s c in p thp hn, lc ny phi tnh U t ngun n c 2 im, sau so snh ri chn c im c U ln hn. Tr li V d 1. cn xc inh Umax lc bnh thng: /km v x0 = 0,4 /km . V mng c 2 im

Tra bng AC -120 ta c r0 = 0,27 phn cng sut nn ta phi tnh c 2 U

U A1
U A2

PA1 R A1 Q A1 X A1 U dm
PA2 R A2 Q A2 X A2 U dm

10 ,4 x 0 ,27 x8 7 ,6 x 0 ,4 x8 35
10 ,6 x 0 ,27 x 8 6 ,4 x 0 ,4 x8 35

1,345

kV kV

1,245

Vy Umax = 1,345 kV v im c in p tht nht l im 1. Trong mng in kn ngoi Umax lc vn hnh bnh thng cn phi xc nh Umax lc s c. Thng l trng hp t dy trong mng in kn, lc mng tr th nh h, ph ti ln nht phi cung cp in t mt ngun. Lc ny phi xt s c trn on no nguy him nht . Trong trng hp c th c th thy ngay t on no nguy him hn. a. Xt khi t on A-1:
A SA2 = 21-j14 2 S21 = 10-j10 1 S1 = 10-j10

S2 = 11-j4

U A1

PA2 R A2 Q A2 X A2 U dm

P12 R12 Q12 X 12 U dm

Trang 59

Giao trnh cung cap ien = 21x 0 ,27 x 8

14 x 0 ,4 x 8 35 10 x 0 ,27 x 4 10 x 0 ,4 x 4 35 3 ,35 kV

b. Xt khi t on A-2: mng c dng

SA1 = 21-j14 S12 = 11-j4

S1 = 10-j10

S2 = 11-j4

UA2 =

21 x 0 ,27 x 8 14 x 0 ,4 x 8 35

11 x 0 ,27 x 4 4 x 0 ,4 x 4 35

3 ,1 kV

Vy Umax s c = 3,35 kV c. Trng hp mng c r nhnh nh hnh v:

1 SA1 A S23 S1

SA2 S2

3 S3

Mun xc nh Umax phi tin hnh cc bc sau: + Xc nh phn b cng sut lc bnh thng (tm S A1 ; SA2 ; S12 ; v S23 ). Trong khi tnh ton nhp S vo nt 2. + Xc nh im phn cng sut y c th l im 1 hoc 2 hoc c 2. + Nu im 2 l im phn cng sut th tnh t A 2 3 s c Umax.

+ Nu im 1 l im phn cng sut th tnh UA1 v UA23 ri so snh. Trng hp s c: Gi s t on A-2 lc Umax s c = UA123 , iu ny cng vn cha khng nh c l tn tht in p ln nht khi s c, v iu c th thy c khi chung ta gi thit t on A-1 lc tn tht in p ln nht s phi c so snh gia UA21 v UA23 mi c th khng nh c.

Trang 60

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 5

TRM BIN P
I. KHI QUT V PHN LOI 1. Khi qut Trm bin p l ni bin i in nng t cp in p ny sang cp in p khc. N ng vai tr rt quan trng trong h thng cung cp in. Trong trm bin p, cc kh c in c ni li vi nhau thnh s ni din. Yu cu ca s ni in l lm vic m bo, tin cy, cu to n gin, vn hnh linh hot, kinh t v an ton cho ngi, thit b. Tnh m bo ca s ph thuc vo vai tr quan trng ca h tiu th, v d nh vi h tiu th loi mt phi c cung cp bng hai ng dy t hai ngun c lp. Mi ngun phi cung cp y cng sut khi ngun kia ngng lm vic. Tnh linh hot ca s th hin bi kh nng thch ng vi nhiu trng thi vn hnh khc nhau. Do s phi c nhiu thit b, nhng s c nhiu thit b th xc sut s c li tng v do tnh m bo li gim xung.V vy, tu theo tng trng hp c th m chn s c tnh m bo v linh hot nht nh. Ngoi ra, cch b tr thit b trong s phi m bo an ton cho nhn vin vn hnh. S ni in chnh ca trm bin p c nhiu dng khc nhau do s khc nhau v phn c nhit, ch lm vic, cng sut, v tr trm bin p trong h thng in v nhiu in kin khc. Khi la chn s u in cn ch n c im qu trnh tiu th in nng v ch lm vic ca trm, v tr trm trong h thng in v s phn phi cng sut, yu cu i vi my bin p tng p hay gim p, cc phng php hn ch dng in ngn mch, s thit b phn phi v nhng vn v tin cy. 2. Phn loi Khi phn loi trm bin p trong cung cp in ngi ta c nhiu tiu ch khc nhau: Nu da vo nhim v ngi ta chia trm bin p thnh hai loi: a. Trm bin p chnh hay cn gi l trm bin p trung gian: loi trm ny nhn in t h thng c cp in p t 35(220kV) v a xung cp 15(22kV) b. Trm bin p phn xng: nhn in t cc tuyn ra ca trm trung gian v Trang 61

Giao trnh cung cap ien chuyn xung cp in p ph hp vi ph ti. Xt v phng din cu trc ngi ta chia trm bin p thnh: a. Trm bin p ngoi tri: trm ny, cc thit b pha in p cao u t ngoi tri, cn phn phn phi in p thp th t trong nh hoc t trong cc t ch to sn chuyn dng phn phi phn h th. Xy dng trm ngoi tri s tit kim c kinh ph xy dng hn so vi xy dng trm trong nh. b. Trm bin p trong nh: trm ny, tt c cc thit b in u c t trong nh. II. S NI DY CA TRM BIN P 1. S trm bin p chnh S ni dy pha s cp trong trm ny ph thuc vo nhiu thng s: in p cung cp a n, cng sut v s lung my bin p, ch lm vic v mc bo m yu cu ca h tiu th, c trm pht in ring khng, s phn phi bn trong x nghip, chng trnh pht trin ca x nghip v.v Do vy, c rt nhiu phng n gii quyt v cng rt kh chn c phng n tha mn y cc yu cu nu trn . Thng thng cc trm ny c thc hin theo cc dng sau : + Ni n h thng ln bng mt hay hai l vi in p nh mc nh 35kV, 110kV v 220kV. + Pha in p t h thng a n, ngi ta c th dng s khng c thanh ci (khi n hay hai khi, c hay khng c my ct phn on). + Pha th cp (pha in p phn phi ) ngi ta dng s vi thanh ci n hay thanh ci kp. + S lng my bin p c bin thin gia mt v ba v thng dng nht l trm vi hai my bin p. Cc trm tng ng nhng iu kin bo m yu cu tt nht ca h tiu th loi 1. Hay gp nht l trm h p vi hai my bin p. Nhng trm ny c ni n h thng nng lng bng hai l. Pha s cp, ngi ta dng s c mt thanh ci, khi trm c hai my bin p v hai l a n ngi ta thch dng s hnh H kinh t hn so vi s khng Trang 62

Giao trnh cung cap ien thanh ci.

(a)

(c)

(d) (b)

Hnh 5.1 : S mt s trm bin p chnh thng gp 2. S trm bin p phn xng:

Trang 63

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Hnh 5.2 : S mt s trm bin p phn xng thng gp Hnh a : s n gin nht. Pha cao p chi c cu dao cch ly v cu ch. Cu dao cch ly ch cho php ct dng khng ti my BA n 750 kVA ( cp 10 kV). Hnh b tng t hnh a: dao cch ly c thay th bng my ct ph ti (cho php ng ct ngay c khi my bin p ang mang t i). Hnh c : tng cng m bo cung cp in, dng cho cc trm c cng sut ln, hoc nhng trm c nhu cu ng ct my bin p thng xuyn. Hnh d: dng cho cc phn xng thuc h loi 2 hoc 1. Hai my bin p c cung cp t ng dy trc chnh l kp, hoc t hai ng dy khc nhau ti. Ch : Khi dng s dn su (35 -110 kV) ngi ta thng thay th cc my ct ca s e) bng h thng dao cch ly, dao ni t t ng gim vn u t. III. O LNG V KIM TRA TRONG TRM BIN P Cc dng c o lng v kim tra trong cc trm BA v trm phn phi trung tm ca x nghip cng nghip c t ra theo di cc ch lm vic ca cc trang thit b in v xc nh trng thi ca n. Cc thit b o lng v kim tra phi t sao cho cc nhn vin vn hnh, trc c th theo di cc ch s ca chng mt cch d dng. Cc dng c o lng v kim tra ng dy v trm thng c t theo 1 s mu nh sau:

Trang 64

Giao trnh cung cap ien 1. Vi ng dy

3 35 kV A kWh kVArh 3 20 kV A kWh kVArh

3 10 kV A

3 20 kV A kWh

kWh

kVArh

kVArh

A kWh kWh kWh

A kWh

A kWh

2. Vi cc trm
35 220 kV A
cos

6 20 kV

3 20 kV

W VAr

A A kVArh V
Cos

Cos

A kWh kWh kVArh 3 20 kV 0,6; 0,4 kV

Cos

kWh

0,4 kV

Trang 65

Giao trnh cung cap ien IV. CU TRC CA TRM 1. i vi trm bin p phn phi Gm c ba kiu, mi kiu c u nhc im ring. Ngi thit k cn cn c vo c im, iu kin ca khch hng m la chn cho h kiu xy dng thch hp. a. Trm treo L kiu trm m tt c cc thit b in cao p, h p v c my bin p u c t trn ct. * u im: n gin, r tin, xy lp nhanh, t tn t * Nhc im: km m quan v khng an ton. Kiu trm ny c s dng nhng ni qu t hn hp v iu kin m quan cho php. cc thnh ph, th trn, kiu trm ny ang c dng ph bin. Tuy nhin cc ng dy trn khng trung p v h p cng vi hng trm ngn trm bin p phn phi kiu treo cng lm mt m quan th cn phi c dn dn thay th bng ng cp v trm xy. b. Trm bt Vi kiu trm ny, thit b cao p t trn ct, my bin p t di t v t phn phi h p t trong nh xy mi bng, xung quanh trm c tng xy, trm c cng st bo v. Kiu trm bt rt tin li cho iu kin nng thn, y qu t ai khng hn hp lm, li rt an ton cho ngi v gia sc, chnh v th hin nay cc trm bin p phn phi nng thn hu ht dng kiu trm bt. c. Trm xy (hoc trm kn) Trm xy l kiu trm m ton b cc thit b in cao p, h p v my bin p u c t trong nh mi bng. Nh xy c phn ra thnh nhiu ngn tin thao tc, vn hnh cng nh trnh s c lan trn t phn ny sang phn khc. Cc ngn ca trm phI c thng hi, thong kh nhng phi t li mt co, ca st phi kn phng chim, chut, rn chui qua cc l thng hi, khe ca gy mt in. Mi phi dc (3 5)o that nc. Di gm b my bin p phi xy h du s c cha du my bin p khi s c, trnh chy n lan trn.

Trang 66

Giao trnh cung cap ien 2. i vi trm bin p trung gian Vi trm bin p trung gian 110/35, 22, 10 (kV) thng pha cao p v bin p t h ngoi tri, cn phn trung p t trong nh phn phi ging nh kt cu xy dng trm phn phi. V. VN HNH TRM BIN P Cng vic vn hnh Trm bin p nhm pht huy c cc u im ca phng n thit k v tn dng ht kh nng lm vic ca thit b. V vy, khi vn hnh Tm bin p trc ht phi nm c tinh thn ca bn thit k v cc ch dn cn thit. + Cn c vo qui trnh qui, phm ra nhng qui nh thch hp trong thao tc vn hnh, thng xuyn v nh k bo tr, sa cha kp thi ngn nga s c pht trin. + Ngoi ra cn vn na cn quan tm trong vn hnh cc Trm bin p c t hai my tr ln l cho my bin p mang ti bao nhiu, khi no cn vn hnh 1, 2,my th t hiu qu kinh t cao nht? bit c iu ny ta phi xem xt Vn vn hnh kinh t trm bin p. Xut pht t phng trnh tn tht trong tr m v phn mng sau n.
' PB

P0'

' PN

S SdmB

Trong : P '0 = P0 + K. Q0 : tn tht khng ti qui dn ca trm P0 : tn tht khng ti ca my BA trong trm K. Q0 : tn tht khng ti ca cc phn t khc ca h thng (phu thuc vo lng cng sut phn khng). K : h s qui i (h s tn tht cng sut tc dng do phi truyn ti cng sut phn khng gy ra). P 'N = PN + K. QN : tn tht ngn mch qui dn ca trm. PN : tn tht ngn mch hay tn tht trong dy cun ca my bin p. QN : tn tht ngn mch ca cc phn t khc trong h thng. S : cng sut ca ph ti (cng sut truyn ti thc t ca trm). SdmB : dung lng nh mc ca my bin p. Trang 67

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Trm c n my:
P
' B

n. P

' 0

1 S ' . PN . n Sdm

Tram c n+1 my:

P
' B

( n 1 ). P

' 0

S . P . ( n 1) Sdm
' N

Ta thy quan h
PB

P 'N v S c dng hm bc hai

P 'N = a + b.S2 xem hnh v.

1 my

2 my

3 my

vn hnh kinh t

P0 0 S1 S2 S

Khi:

S < S1 S1 < S < S2 S > S2

vn hnh 1 my s kinh t. vn hnh 2 my s kinh t. vn hnh 3 my s kinh t. rt ra c cng sut gii hn.

Vy ta c th tnh c cng sut c li chuyn t vic vn hnh n sang (n+1) my bng cch cn bng 2 phng trnh,

'

Sdm

P0' .n( n 1 ) ' PN

Khi tnh s b c th xc nh tr s gn ng theo tn tht cng sut trong trm khng k n cc phn t khc trn mng.
S' Sdm P0 .n( n 1 ) PN

Trong thc t S(t) thay i kh nhiu trong 1 ngy. Trang 68

Giao trnh cung cap ien

S S2

S1

t1

t2

t3

t (gi)

0 t1 t2

t1 t2 t3

vn hnh 1 my. vn hnh 2 my. vn hnh 1 my.

Phng thc vn hnh nh vy khng cho php v vic ng ct lin tc my bin p s gim tui th bin p. Trong trng hp cn sp xp li, b tr cc my mc lm vic sao cho th ph ti bng phng hn v ch sau khi tin hnh iu chnh ph ti mi c th vn hnh c. Phng thc vn hnh nh trn l n gin, tuy nhin li cha hon ton chnh xc, v yu cu l vn hnh sao cho tn tht in nng trong trm bin p l t nht (v A khng ch ph thuc vo P m cn ph thuc vo thi gian v ch vn hnh ca my). A hng nm tnh bng biu thc.

Pt

' 0

' N

Stt Sdm

t : thi gian ng my vo li. : thi gian chu tn tht cng sut ln nht, gian s dng cng sut ln nht v cos s c tr s t v coi nh khng i
A S 0
tb

l mt hm ph thuc vo thi
tb)).

( = f( Tmax ; cos

Nh vy ng vi mi ch lm vic ca my BA (lm vic 1 ca, 2 ca, 3 ca) ta ly o hm ca hm A = f(S). min).

Stu ( A

Trang 69

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 6

LA CHN CC THIT B TRONG LI CUNG CP IN

Trong qu trnh lm vic, ngoi ch lm vic lu di cc thit b in, kh c in cn phi tri qua cc ch lm vic qu ti v ngn mch. ch lm vic lu di s lm vic tin cy ca cc thit b, kh c in c m bo bng cch la chn chng ng theo in p nh mc v dng in nh mc. ch qu ti s lm vic ca thit b, kh c in c m bo bng cch hn ch gi tr v thi gian tng in p hay dng in mt gii hn no ph hp vi mc d v bn ca chng. Cn ch ngn mch s lm vic tin cy ca thit b, kh c in c m bo bng cch la chn cc tham s ca chng ph hp vi cc iu kin n nh nhit v n nh lc in ng. Khi chn cc thit b, kh c in cn phi ch ti hnh thc lp t v v tr lp t (trong nh, ngoi tri, nhit , m ca mi trng xung quanh v cao lp t cc thit b, kh c in so vi mt nc bin. Khi thnh lp s tnh ton dng in ngn mch i vi thit b ta phi chn ch sao cho khi thit b lm vic trong cc iu kin thc t nng n nht (tc tnh ton dng ngn mch ln nht c th i qua thit b, kh c in). Ngoi yu t v an ton, k thut cc thit b, kh c in c la chn cn phi tho mn cc yu cu hp l v kinh t. I. LA CHN MY BIN P 1. V tr v s lng my bin p Vic chn v tr, s lng my bin p trong trm bin p cn xem xt n cc tiu ch v kinh t k thut, v c bn phi tha cc yu cu sau y: + Gn trung tm ph ti, thun tin cho ngun cung cp in a n. + An ton, tin cy cung cp in cao. + n gin trong vn hnh. + Tit kim vn u t v chi ph vn hnh nh. Ngy nay ngoi cc tiu ch trn chng ta cn phi quan tm thm n yu t vn Trang 70

Giao trnh cung cap ien tit kim in nng tiu th, cc yu cu c bit nh c kh n mn, bi bm nhiu, mi trng d chy . Kinh nghim thit k vn hnh cho thy mi trm ch nn t 1 n 2 my bin p l tt nht. Khi cn thit c th t 3 my, khng nn t nhiu hn 3 my. + Trm 1 my: Tit kim t, vn hnh n gin, Ctt nh nht. Nhng khng m bo c tin cy cung cp in nh trm 2 my. + Trm 2 my: Thng c li v kinh t hn trm 3 my. + Trm 3 my: ch c dng vo trng hp c bit. Vic quyt nh chn s lng my BA, thng c da vo yu cu ca ph ti: H loi I: c cp t 2 ngun c lp (c th ly ngun t 2 trm gn nht mi trm ch cn 1 my). Nu h loi 1 nhn in t 1 trm bin p, th trm cn phi c 2 my v mi my u vo 1 phn on ring, gia cc phn on phi c thit b ng t ng. H loai II: cng cn c ngun d phng c th ng t ng hoc bng tay. H loi II nhn in t 1 trm th trm cng cn phi c 2 my bin p hoc trm ch c mt my amg vn hnh v mt my khc d phong ngui. H loi II: trm ch cn 1 my bin p. Tuy nhin cng c th t 2 my bin p vi cc l do khc nhau nh: Cng sut my b hn ch, iu kin vn chuyn v lp t kh (khng khng gian t my ln). Hoc th ph ti qu chnh lch (Kk 0,45 l do vn hnh), hoc hn ch dng ngn mch. Trm 3 my ch c dng vo nhng trng hp c bit. 2. Chn dung lng my BA V l thuyt nn chn theo chi ph vn hnh nh nht l hp l nht. tuy nhin cn kh nhiu yu t khc nh hng n chn dung lng my bin p nh: tr s ph ti, cos ; mc bng phng ca th ph ti. Mt s im cn lu khi chn dung lng my bin p. + Dy cng sut bin p. + Hiu chnh nhit . + Kh nng qu ti bin p. + Ph ti tnh ton. Trang 71

Giao trnh cung cap ien + Tham kho s liu dung lng bin p theo iu kin tn tht kim loi mu t nht. Dy cng sut bin p : bin p ch c sn xut theo nhng c tiu chun. Vic chn ng cng sut bin p khng chi m bo an ton cung cp in, m bo tui th m cn nh hng n ch tiu kinh t k thut ca s cung cp in. 50; 100; 180; 320; 560; 750; 1000; 1800; 3200; 5600 kVA Ch : Trong cng mt x nghip nn chn cng mt c cng sut v P tt khc nhau (c gng khng nn vt qu 2 -3 chng loi) iu ny thun tin cho thay th, sa cha, d tr trong kho. My bin p phn xng nn chn c cng sut t 1000 kVA li chiu di mng h p ngn li gim tn tht). (lm

Hiu chnh nhit : Sdm ca bin p l cng sut m n c th ti lin tc trong sut thi gian phc v (khong 20 nm) vi iu kin nhit mi trng l nh mc. Cc my bin p nc ngoi (chu u) c ch to vi t0 khc mi trng ta. V d my bin p Lin X c qui nh: Nhit trung bnh hng nm l Nh it cc i trong nm l thc t:
' Sdm

tb cd

= + 50C

= +3 50C

Do , dung lng my bin p cn c hiu chnh theo mi trng lp t

Sdm (1

5 ) 100
tb

tb

nhit trung bnh ni lp t.

Sdm - Dung lng nh mc bin p theo thit k. S 'dm - Dung lng nh mc hiu chnh. Ngoi ra cn phi hiu chnh theo nhit cc i ca mi trng xung quanh. Khi
cd

> 350C

cng sut ca bin p phi gim i c mi tng thm, dung

cd

lng phi gim i 1% cho n khi nhn to.

= 450C. Nu

cd

> 450C phi c lm mt

Qu ti my bin p : trong vn hnh thc t v ph ti lun thay i nn ph ti ca bin p thng khng bng ph ti nh mc ca n, M mc gi ho cch in c b tr nhau my bin p theo ph ti. V vy trong vn hnh c th xt ti Trang 72

Giao trnh cung cap ien kh nng cho php my bin p lm vic ln hn ph ti nh mc ca n (mt lng no ). Ngha l cho php n lm vic qu ti nhng sao cho thi hn phc v ca n khng nh hn 20 25 nm v ngi ta xy dng 2 qui tc tnh qu ti: + Qu ti bnh thng ca bin p (di hn). + Qu ti s c ca bin p (ngn hn). Kh nng qu ti bin p lc bnh thng: Qui tc ng cong: Mc qu ti bnh thng cho php tu thuc vo h s in kn ca ph ti hng ngy Kqt = f(kdk , t)
K dk Stb Scd Itb I cd

ng cong qu ti bin p theo phng php ny c xy dng theo quan h gia h s qu ti Kqt v thi gian qu ti hng ngy (xem hnh v)
Kqt 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,6 Kdk

24

t (gi)

H s qu ti :

K qt

I cd I dm

T xc nh c ph ti cc i cho php: Icd = Kqt.Idm Scd = Kqt.Sdm Qui tc 1 %: Nu so snh ph ti bnh thng mt ngy m ca my bin p vi dung lng nh mc ca n. Th ng vi mi phn trm non ti trong nhng thng ma h, th my bin p c php qu ti 1% trong nhng thng ma ng. nhng tng cng khng c qu 15 %. Qui tc 3 %: Trong iu kin nhit khng kh xung quanh khng vt qu Trang 73

Giao trnh cung cap ien +35 C. H s ph ti ca my bin p gim i 10 % so v i 100% th my bin p c
0

php qu ti 3 % C th p dng ng thi c 2 qui tc tnh qu ti nhng cn phi m bo gii hn sau: + Vi m y bin p ngoi tri khng vt qu 30 %. + Vi my bin p t trong nh khng vt qu 20 %. Kh nng qu ti s c: qu ti s c my bin p khng ph thuc vo iu kin nhit xung quanh v tr s ph ti trc khi qu ti. Thng s ny c nh my ch to qui nh, c th tra trong cch bng. Khi khng c s liu tra, c th p dng nguyn tc sau tnh qu ti s c cho bt k my bin p no. Trong trng hp trc lc s c my bin p ti khng qu 93 % cng sut nh mc ca n, th c th cho php qu ti 40 % trong vng 5 ngy m vi iu kin thi gian qu ti trong mi ngy khng qu 6 gi Chn dung lng my bin p theo ph ti tnh ton: V ph ti tnh ton l ph ti ln nht m thc t khng phi lc no cng nh vy Cho nn dung lng chn theo Stt khng nn chn qu d. Ngoi ra cn phi ch n cng sut d tr khi xy ra s c 1 my (dnh cho trm c 2 my). Nhng my cn li phi m bo cung cp c 1 lng cng sut cn thit theo yu cu ca ph ti. + Trong iu kin bnh thng: - Trm 1 my - Trm n my Sdm n.Sdm Stt Stt

Sdm : dung lng nh mc hiu chnh nhit ca bin p. Stt : cng sut tnh ton ca trm. Trng hp cn thit c th xt thm qu ti lc bnh thng, nh vy c th cho php chn c my bin p c dung lng gim i my tr ln) : - Vi trm 2 my - Tram n my kqt.Sdm Ssc Ssc Trang 74 tit kim vn u t. + Trng hp s c 1 my bin p : hoc t mt ng dy (xt cho trm t 2

(n-1).kqt.Sdm

Giao trnh cung cap ien Sdm : dung lng nh mc ca my bin p hiu chnh nhit . Ssc : Ph ti m trm vn cn phi c cung cp khi c s c. kqt : h s qu ti s c ca my bin p. Khi khng c s liu tra, c th ly kqt = 1,4 vi iu kin h s ti trc lc s c khng qu 93 % v khng ti qu 3 ngy, mi ngy khng qu 6 gi. II. LA CHN MY CT IN My ct in l mt thit b dng trong mng in c cng sut ct ln. l loi thit b ng ct lm vic tin cy, song gi thnh cao nn my ct thng ch c dng nhng ni quan trng. iu khin my ct ngi ta dng cc b truyn ng iu khin bng tay hoc bng in. C th c phn loi theo nhiu cch: + Theo phng php dp h quang: My ct t, nhiu du. My ct khng kh, kh nn. My ct chn khng, t sinh kh

+ Theo tc ct: My ct nhanh; va; chm. + Theo hon cnh lm vic: trong nh, ngoi tri hoc iu kin c bit. iu kin chn, kim tra my ct: m bo cc iu kin v Udm , Idm v kiu loi, v hnh thc lp t ph hp hp cc ch tiu k thut.
i lng chn & kim tra K hiu iu kin chn &kim tra 1. in p nh mc 2. Dng in nh mc 3. Dng ct nh mc 4. Cng sut ct nh mc 5. Dng in n nh lc in ng 6. Dng n nh nhit trong thi gian tdn [kV] [A] [kA]

UdmMC IdmMC Idmct Sdmct idmdd

UdmMC IdmMC

Udmm Itt (Ilvmax) I S" N i xktt

Idmct Sdmct idmdd Imdn

Imn

t gt t dn

Trang 75

Giao trnh cung cap ien III. LA CHN CU CH, DAO CCH LY 1. La chn cu ch y l loi kh c in thng gp, cu ch dng bo v mch in khi ngn mch, Thi gian ct mch ca cu ch ph thuc vo vt liu lm dy chy. Dy chy cu ch lm bng ch, hp kim ch vi thic, km nhm, ng, bc. Ch, km v hp kim ch vi thic c nhit nng chy tng i thp, in tr sut tng i ln. Do vy, loi dy chy ny thng ch to c tit din ln v thch hp vi in p 500V. i vi in p cao, khng th dng dy chy c tit din ln c v lc nng chy, lng hi kim loi to ra ln, kh khn cho vic dp tt h quang; do in p ny thng dng dy chy bng ng bc, c in tr sut b, nhit nng chy cao. Cu ch l mt kh c bo v n gin, r tin nhng nhy km. N ch tc ng khi dng in ln hn nh mc nhiu ln, ch yu l khi xut hin dng in ngn mch. Cu ch c dng rng ri cho mng in di 1000V. cc thit b in 10-35KV, cu ch c dng bo v mng hnh tia, cc my bin p in lc cng sut b. tng cng kh nng dp h quang khi dy chy b t v bo m an ton cho ngi vn hnh cng nh cc thit b khc xung quanh, trong cu ch thng chn y ct thch anh. Ct thch anh c tc dng phn chia nh h quang v do nhanh chng dp tt h quang. V cu ch c th c lm bng cht xenluyl. Nhit cao ca h quang s lm cho xenlul bc hi, gy p sut ln nhanh chng dp tt h quang. Cu ch c chn theo in p nh mc, dng in nh mc v dng in ct nh mc (hay sng sut ct nh mc), ngoi ra, cn ch v tr t cu ch Khi c nhiu ng dy mc ni tip nhau, bo m tnh chn lc th dng in nh mc ca cu ch pha trc phi ln hn dng in nh mc ca cu ch pha sau, t nht l mt cp (tnh t ngun n h tiu th) Dng in nh mc ca cu ch dng bo v ng c in c chn xut pht t hai iu kin sau: Theo iu kin lm vic bnh thng : ImCC Ilvdc Trang 76

Giao trnh cung cap ien IIvdc = y: b : h s mang ti ca ng c, n l t s gia cng sut ng c tiu th vi cng sut nh mc ca n. : hiu sut ca ng c ng vi cng sut tiu th ca n, Pmc cng sut nh mc ca ng c Theo iu kin m my: Khi m my nh: ImCC Khi m my nng : ImCC i vi my hn: ImCC
I mm 1,6 I mm 1,6 2,0 I mm 2,5
b.Pdmdc

: dng in lm vic ca ng c

Imm : dng in m my cc i ca ng c Nu mt ng dy cung cp cho nhiu ng c, th iu kin chn dng in nh mc ca cu ch s l :

n

I Ivdci

Im CC

m.
n

i L

m.

I Ivdci
i l

I mm

ImCC y

2,5

m : s ng c c cung cp t mt ng dy. Imm dng in m my ca ng c c hiu s (Imm-IIvdc) ln nht 2. La chn dao cch ly Nhim v ch yu ca dao cch ly to ra mt khong h cch in c trng thy gia b phn ang mang dng in v b phn ct in nhm mc ch m bo an ton v khin cho nhn vin sa cha thit b in an tm khi lm vic. Trang 77

Giao trnh cung cap ien Dao cch ly kh ng c b phn dp tt h quang nn khng th ct c dng in ln. Nu nhm ln dng dao cch ly ct dng in ln th c th pht sinh h quang gy nguy him. Do vy, dao cch ly ch dng ng v ct khi khng c dng in. Dao cch ly c ch to vi cc cp in p khc nhau, c loi mt pha v loi ba pha, c loi t trong nh v loi t ngoi tri. Dao cch ly c la chn theo cc iu kin nh mc, iu kin v n nh lc in ng v n nh nhit nh sau: Stt 1 2 3 i lng la chn v kim tra in p nh mc [KV] Dng in nh mc [A] Dng in n nh lc in ng [KA] Dng in n nh nhit trong thi gian 4 t [A] Io I
t gt t od

Cng thc chn v kim tra UmDCL ImDCL Imax ixk UmM ltv max

V. La chn aptomat Aptmt l thit b ng ct h p c chc nng bo v qu ti v ngn mch. Do c u im hn hn cu ch l kh nng lm vic chc chn, tin cy, an ton, ng ct ng thi 3 pha v c kh nng t ng ha cao nn ptmt mc d c gi t hn vn ngy cng c dng rng ri trong li in h p cng nghip, dch v cng nh li in sinh hot. Aptmt c ch to vi in p khc nhau: 400 (V), 440 (V), 500 (V), 600 (V), 690 (V) Ngi ta cng ch to cc loi ptmt 1 pha, 2 pha, 3 pha vi s cc khc nhau: 1 cc, 2 cc, 3 cc, 4 cc. K hiu ca ptmt cho bng di y:

Trang 78

Giao trnh cung cap ien K hiu

S cc

1 cc 1 cc +TT

2 cc

3cc

3 cc + TT

4 cc

Ngoi ptmt thng thng, ngi ta cn ch to loi ptmt chng r in. Aptmt chng r t ng ct mch in nu dng r c tr s 30 mA, 100 mA hoc 300 mA ty loi. Aptmt c chn theo 3 iu kin: UmA UmL UmA Icm V. LA CHN THANH GP Thanh gp thng c dng trong nhng ni m mt ph ti cao. Tit din thanh dn c la chn theo ch tiu kinh t, theo pht nng hoc theo tn tht in p cho php, sau phi kim tra n nh nhit v n nh lc in ng khi ngn mch hoc khi khi ng ng c ln. 1. La chn thanh gp theo iu kin pht nng Ilvmax k1.k2.k3.I cf Itt IN

Ilvmax : dng in lm vic lu di i qua thanh gp. Icf : ng in cho php khi nhit mi trng xung quanh +250C (tra bng) k1 : h s hiu chnh khi thanh nm ngang = 0,95. k2 : h s hiu chnh khi s dng thanh gp nhiu cc. k3 : h s hiu chnh khi nhit mi tr ng xung quanh 2. La chn thanh gp theo tn tht in p cho php Ch yu cho cc thanh gp lm bng thp, v tn tht in p khi kh ln. Trang 79 250C.

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bit rng tn tht in p trong thanh gp bng thp c th vit:
U% 3 [r cos ( x ' x " ) sin ].l.I .100 U dm K .I.l

Trong : I : dng in ph ti. l : chiu di thanh gp. r; x; x : in tr, in khng ngoi v in khng trong ca mt n v chiu di thanh dn thp [ /km]. K=
3 .[ r cos ( x ' x " ). sin ] U dm .100 : h s c tnh sn ng vi cc loi

thanh thp kch thc khc nhau v cos khc nhau. Trnh t: tnh tit din thanh thp: 1: Tnh tr s K=
U% I.l

2 : Cn c theo tr s K v cos ca ph ti tra s tay v tm c tr s K1 gn nht v nh hn. Tng ng vi K1 bng cho kch thc v I no ca thanh dn. Nu tr s ng bng I ph ti th kch thc tra c chnh l kch thc cn tm. Trng hp I I . Th cn c vo kch thc va tra c v cos tip tc ta s tm c K2 v I (v kch thc mi). 3 : Tnh li tr s K theo biu thc: K = K1 (K1 K 2 ). 4 - Kim tra li U% Trong U% = K.I.l 3. Kim tra thanh gp theo iu kin n nh ng do dng ngn mch Khi xy ra ngn mch. trong thanh gp t gn nhau s xut hin hiu ng lc lm cho thanh dn b un php ca thanh gp. Ftt Fcf Trang 80 Yu cu ng lc phi nh hn hay bng lc un cho Ucf%
I I' I' I'

Giao trnh cung cap ien Trong :

2 1,76.i xk

Ftt =

l .10 a
.W

[kg] : ng lc tnh ton

Fcf = Trong :

10.

cf

[kg] : ng lc cho php khi thanh dn chu un

cf : ng lc cho php ca vt liu lm thanh dn [kG/cm2]. W : Momen chng un ca thanh dn. Vy:
l 2 1,67i xk . .10 a
2

10.

cf

.W

4. Kim tra thanh gp theo n nh nhit

.I

: tra bng

VI. LA CHN DY DN V CP Dy dn v cp l mt trong cc thnh phn chnh ca mng cung cp in. V vy, vic la chn dy dn v cp ng tiu chun k thut v tha mn ch tiu kinh t s gp phn m bo cht lng in, cung cp in an ton v lin tc, ng thi gp phn khng nh vo vic h thp gi thnh truyn t i v phn phi in nng, mang li li ch ln khng ch cho ngnh in m cn cho c ngnh kinh t quc dn. Ty theo loi mng in v cp in p m iu kin kinh t ng vai tr quyt nh v iu kin k thut ng vai tr quan trng hay ngc li. Do , cn phi nm vng bn cht ca mi phng php la chn dy dn v cp s dng ng ch v c hiu qu. 1. Chn dy dn/cp trong mng phn phi cao p Nguyn tc chn dy dn/cp l phi m bo yu cu v ch tiu kinh t v k thut. Tuy nhin, thng hai ch tiu ny mang tnh i lp cho nn cn c vo c im ca phn phi, truyn ti in c xem xt v cc yu t nh hng khc m vic chn dy/cp s c tin hnh trn c s kinh t hay k thut l chnh. Tuy nhin, d c chn da trn c s no th cng phi kim tra c s cn li. Cc phng php chn dy/cp trn c s ch tiu kinh t bao gm: Trang 81

Giao trnh cung cap ien Phng php chn dy/cp theo mt dng in kinh t. Phng php chn dy/cp theo khi lng kim loi mu cc tiu. Cc phng php chn dy/cp trn c s ch tiu k thut bao gm: Phng php chn dy/cp theo dng in pht nng. Phng php chn dy/cp theo iu kin tn tht in p. Phng php chn dy/cp trn c s ch tiu kinh t v k thut: Phng php mt dng in J khng i. a. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo mt dng in kinh t (Jkt): i vi ng dy truyn ti v phn phi in p cao, do truyn ti cng sut ln v c ly truyn ti tng i xa nn vn u t, chi ph vn hnh v tn tht cng sut c ngha quyt nh. Ngoi ra, do vic m bo tn tht in p trong phm vi cho php c th t c nh cc bin php iu chnh in p cho nn dy dn/cp trong mng truyn tI v phn phi thng c chn da trn c s m bo chi ph tnh to n hng nm l thp nht. n gin trong tnh ton tit din dy dn theo iu kin kinh t, thng cn c vo mt dng in kinh t (J kt). Mt dng in kinh t c xc nh nh sau:
J kt I lv max Fkt

Mt dng in kinh t ph thuc vo vt liu loi dy cp v thi gian s dng cng sut cc i. C th tham kho J kt ca Lin X (c) cho bng 6.1

Trang 82

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bng 6.1: Tra mt Jkt Mt dng in kinh t (Jkt) ng vi thi gian T max Loi dy dn Di 3000 Dy trn v thanh ci bng ng. Dy trn v thanh ci bng nhm. Cp cch in bng giy, dy dn bc cao su: - Li ng. - Li nhm. Cp ng cch in bng cao su. 3,0 1,6 3,5 2,5 1,4 3,1 2,0 1,2 2,7 2,5 1,3 (gi/nm) 3000 5000 2,1 1,1 Trn 3000 1,8 1,0

Sau khi tra bng tm c J kt, tit din kinh t c xc nh theo biu thc:
Fkt I lv max J kt

Vi:

Ilvmax: dng in lm vic ln nht

S 3.U

I lv max

(A)

Jkt: l mt dng in kinh t (A/mm2) Fkt: l tit din kinh t (mm2) Chn tit din tiu chun Ftc gn Fkt nht. Sau , cn kim tra iu kin k thut: - tn tht in p cho php: Umax Ucp

- Dng pht nng cho php: Ilvmax kIcp Nu iu kin k thut b vi phm th phi tng tit din dy. b. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin ph tn kim loi mu b nht (Vmin) i vi mng in cung cp cho cc ph ti phn tn, cng sut nh v thi Trang 83

Giao trnh cung cap ien gian s dng cng sut cc i thp m mng in nng nghip l mt v d th chi ph u t xy dng chim t trng ln trong chi ph tnh ton hng nm. Trong trng hp ny, vic chn dy/cp c tin hnh trn c s cc tiu ha khi lng kim loi mu. Xt trng hp ng dy cung cp cho 2 ph ti a, b: l1, r1 0 P1+jQ1 r1 a Pa+jQa r1 l2, r2 P2+jQ2 r1 b Pb+jQb r1

Hnh : S mng cung cp in

Tn tht in p cho php t ngun 0 n im cui b l . Ty chn gi tr x 0 ( /km), tnh U v U: U = Ucp - U

Trong : U : thnh phn tn tht in p do cng sut tc dng v in tr gy nn trn hai on oa v ab. U = Uoa + Uab

Nu bit Uoa v Uab th tit din Foa v Fab c xc nh theo biu thc:
Foa P1 .l1 / .U dm . U oa

Fab

P2 .l 2 / .U dm . U ab

P2 .l 2 .U dm .( U /

/ U oa )

V = 3(Foa.l1 + Fab.l2).d
V 3d .U dm
3d .U dm

P1 .l12 / U oa
P1 .l12 / U oa

2 P2 .l 2 / U ab
2 P2 .l 2

U/

/ U oa

Trong : d l khi lng ring ca kim loi cu to dy dn. iu kin V min l:

V / U oa 0

Trang 84

Giao trnh cung cap ien

V / U oa 3d .U dm
2 P2 .l 2

P1 .l12 / U oa

2 P2 .l 2

U/

/ U oa

P1 .l12 / U oa P1 .l12 / U oa
/ Thay U oa

U/
2 P2 .l 2 /2 U ab
/ U ab

/ U oa

P1 .l1 v .U dm .Foa

P2 .l 2 vo biu thc, ta c: .U dm .Fab

2 P2 .l 2 2 2

P1 .l12 P1 .l1 .U dm .Foa

2 Foa P1 2 Fab P2

P2 .l 2 .U dm .Fab

Foa

P1 Fab P2

V vy, iu kin khi lng kim loi mu ca ng dy nh nht l:

P1 F1 const

Do:

U =

Uoa +
P1 Fab P2

Uab =

P 1 .l1 + .U dm .Foa

P2 .l2 .U dm .Fab

V: Nn:

Foa

U/

P1 .l1 .U dm . P1 .Fab P2

P2 .l 2 .U dm .Fab

T y, xc nh c tit din Fab:

Fab P2 .U dm . U / . P1 .l1 P2 .l 2

Tng t, xc nh c tit din Foa:

Trang 85

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Foa P1 .U dm . U / . P1 .l1 P2 .l 2

Trng hp tng qut, tit din on li th i xc nh theo iu kin ph tn kim loi mu nh nht l:
Fi Pi .U dm . U /
n

.
i 1

Pi .li

Trong : Fi (mm2); Pi (kW); li (km); (km/ mm2); Um (kV); U(V). Da vo tit din tnh ton, tra bng tm tit din tiu chun. Cui cng kim tra iu kin tn tht in p v pht nng ca ng dy. c. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php Ch tiu v cht lng in p lun c quan tm khi nh gi cht lng cung cp in. Chn dy/cp trn c s m bo in p ca nt ph ti cui ng dy khng thp hn gi tr in p cho php chnh l mc ch ca phng php chn dy/ cp theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php. Phng php ny thng c p dng cho cc ng dy ti cng sut nh v hn ch v cc bin php iu chnh in p nh mng phn phi th l mt v d. Xt mng cung cp in n gin L L 0
1 P1+jQ 1 rl11 2

P2+jQ2
l2

pa+jqa r1
Hnh : S cung cp in

pb+jqb r1

Tng tn tht in p: Nu ton b ng dy cng chng loi v cng tit din:

n n

r0 U
i 1

Pi .li U dm

x0
i 1

Qi .l i U dm

Trang 86

Giao trnh cung cap ien

n n

r0

pi .Li
i 1

x0
i 1

qi .Li U dm U/ U //

Hay:

U dm
1 U dm
n

Pi Ri
i 1

Qi X i

y: U: thnh phn tn tht in p do cng sut tc dng v in tr ng dy gy nn. U: thnh phn tn tht in p do cng sut phn khng v in khng ng dy gy nn. x0, r0: in tr v in khng trn mt n v chiu di ng dy ( /km). Pi, Qi : cng sut tc dng v phn khng trn on li th i. li : chiu di on li th i. pi, qi : cng sut tc dng v phn khng ti nt th i. Li : khong cch t nt th I n nt ngun. V gi tr in khng x0 t thay i theo tit din dy cho nn c th ly gi tr trung bnh x0 tnh U: i vi ng dy trn khng cao/trung p: x0 = (0,35 i vi ng dy cp: x0 = 0,08 /km . U = Ucp - U
n

0,42) /km .

r0

Pi l i
i 1

Do: V:

//

U dm

r0

1 .F

Nn tit din dy dn F xc nh nh sau:

n

Pi .l i F
i 1

.U dm . U /
n

pi .Li

Hay:

i 1

.U dm . U /

Trang 87

Giao trnh cung cap ien Trong : F: n v l mm2 : n v l km/ mm2. Pi, pi: n v l kW. Um: n v l kV. Li, li: n v l km. U: n v l V. Cn c vo gi tr tit din F tnh ton, tra bng chn tit din dy dn tiu chun gn nht. Tra gi tr r0 v x0 ng vi tit din dy dn chn, tnh li tn tht in p U theo biu thc (3.18) hay (3.19) v so snh vi Ucp. Nu iu kin tn tht in p cha tha mn th phI tng tit din dy dn ln mt cp v kim tra li ln na. d. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin mt dng in khng i Vic chn cng mt tit din cho mt tuyn dy theo phng php tn tht in p cho php, cho trng hp ph ti tp trung, cng sut truyn ti v thi gian s dng cng sut cc i kh ln nh mng in khu cng nghip l mt v d, s khng hp l. Khi ny, gim chi ph u t xy dng mng nhng vn m bo iu kin tn tht in p nm trong phm vi cho php cn s dng phng php chn dy/cp theo mt dng in khng i. Xt ng dy c hai ph ti l1, F1 0 I1 p1+jq1 r1 T Ucp= a I2 p2+jq2 r1 U l2, F2 b

U + U, ty chn gi tr x0 trong gii hn cho php, tnh

n

theo biu thc:

x0 U
// i 1

Qi l i U dm

Trang 88

Giao trnh cung cap ien

n n

Pi l i

3I i l i cos
i 1

U = Ucp - U = Mt khc: Do :
Pi 3I iU dm cos

i 1

.F .U dm

.F

U = Uoa + Uab

3I1l1 cos .F1

3I 2 l 2 cos .F2

Trong : cos 1, cos

ln lt l h s cng sut trn on oa v on ob.

Mt dng in khng i c nh ngha l:

J I1 F1 I2 F2

Do : Suy ra:
J

U/

Jl1 cos
. U/

Jl 2 cos

3 l1 cos

l 2 cos

Tng qut, vi mng in c n ph tI th mt dng in khng i c xc nh nh sau:

J 3.
i 1

. U/
n

l i cos

Trong : J (A/mm2); (km/ mm2); U (V). li: l chiu di ca on th i. cos i: l h s cng sut ca on th i. chn mt dng in J hp l c v iu kin k thut v kinh t cn so snh vi mt dng in kinh t J kt. Nu J Nu J Jkt, chn J Jkt, chn J = Jkt

Tit din dy dn cn chn c xc nh theo biu thc:

F1 I1 v F2 J
I2 J

Cn c vo gi tr tit din F tnh ton, tra bng chn tit din dy dn tiu chun Trang 89

Giao trnh cung cap ien gn nht v kim tra li tn tht in p. Nu iu kin tn tht in p cha tha mn th phI tng tit din dy dn ln mt cp v kim tra li ln na. e. Xc nh tit din dy dn theo iu kin pht nng Chn dy/cp theo iu kin pht nng cho php s m bo bn, an ton trong qu trnh vn hnh v tui th ca dy/cp. Do thc t, dy/cp c chn la v lp t khc vi cc iu kin nh mc do cc nh ch to dy/cp qui nh nn dng pht nng cho php nh mc cn phI qui i v dng pht nng cho php thc t bng cch nhn vi h s hiu chnh k. H s k c xc nh trn c s loi dy/cp, phng php lp t, nhit mi trng thc t ti ni lp t . H s ny c th tra bng 6.2 Bng 6.2: Bng tra h s hiu chnh k
tc

ca

cp

H s k khi nhit ca mI trng xung quanh l 0C -5 0 +5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 40 + 45 + 50

mi

ca

trng dy xung (0C) quanh (0C) 15 25 25 15 25 15 25

80 1,14 1,11 1,08 1,04 1,00 0,96 0,92 0,83 0,83 0,78 0,73 0,68 1,24 1,20 1,17 1,13 1,09 1,04 1,00 0,95 0,90 0,85 0,80 0,74 70 1,29 1,24 1,20 1,15 1,11 1,05 1,00 0,94 0,88 0,81 0,74 0,67 65 1,18 1,14 1,10 1,05 1,00 0,95 0,89 0,84 0,77 0,71 0,63 0,55 1,32 1,27 1,22 1,17 1,12 1,06 1,00 0,94 0,87 0,79 0,71 0,61 60 1,20 1,15 1,12 1,06 1,00 0,94 0,88 0,82 0,75 0,67 0,57 0,40 1,36 1,31 1,25 1,20 1,13 1,07 1,00 0,93 0,85 0,76 0,66 0,54

iu kin la chn: k.Icp m Ilv max

Trang 90

Giao trnh cung cap ien Trong : k: h s hiu chnh theo cc iu kin lp t v vn hnh thc t. Icp m : qui nh. Ilv max: dng lm vic ln nht i trong dy/cp. Cp trog mng h p thng gp l cp ng hoc nhm c bc cch in bng giy tm du hoc cao su. ti in xoay chiu mt pha, in mt chiu thng s dng cp 1, 2 li, thng dng nht l cp 2 li. Cp 3 li dng ti in xoay chiu 3 pha, cp cho cc ng c hoc ph ti ba pha i xng. Cp 4 li l cp thng c dng nhiu nht tI in xoay chiu ba pha n 1kV, cp cho cc ph ti ba pha khng i xng hoc cc tI ng c cn dy trung tnh. Li th t ca cp ny d ng lm dy trung tnh v c tit din nh hn. Dy dn h p thng dng l dy dng trong nh, c bc cao su cch in hoc nha cch in PVC. Mt s trng hp dng trong nh l dy trn hoc thanh dn nhng phi c t trn s cch in. 2. Phng php chn la dy dn trong mng h p: Do mng phn phi h p ti cng sut nh v c ly truyn ti ngn nn ch tiu kinh t ch ng vai tr quan trng m khng ng vai tr quyt nh nh ch tiu k thut. Ch tiu k thut cn quan tm khi chn dy/cp bao gm: o Nhit dy/cp khng c vt qu nhit cho php qui nh bi nh ch to trong ch vn hnh bnh thng cng nh trong ch vn hnh s c khi xut hin ngn mch. o st p khng c vt qu st p cho php. dng in cho php lm vic lu di ca dy dn, do nh sn xut

Trang 91

Giao trnh cung cap ien Quy trnh y chn dy/cp trong mng h p:
Dng lm vic cc i

Dng nh mc CB hay cu ch Icp ca dy m thit b bo v c kh nng bo v

iu kin lp t

Cu ch Icp = 1,31In nu I n 10A

CB Icp = I n

H s hiu chnh k Loi dy cp

Icp = 1,21In nu I n 10A v I n 25A Icp = 1,1I nu Icho n nng n Dng pht php tnh 25A ton Icptt = Icp/k

Tit din

Dng pht nng nh mc Icptt

Icpm Icptt

Tnh st p U

Ucp Y

Tng tit din dy

Kim tra n nh nhit khi xut hin ngn mch

Fnh Y

Kt thc

Trang 92

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 7

CHNG ST V NI T
I. S HNH THNH ST V TC HI CA ST 1. S hnh thnh st St l s phng in trong kh quyn gia cc m my v t, hay gia cc m my mang in tch tri du. Trc khi c s phng in ca st c s phn chia v tch lu rt mnh in tch trong cc m my ging do tc dng ca cc lung khng kh nng bc ln v hi nc ngng t trong cc m my. Cc m my mang in tch l do kt qu ca vic phn tch cc in tch tri du v tp trung chng li trong cc phn khc nhau ca m my. Phn di ca cc m my ging thng tch in tch m. Cc m my cng vi t hnh thnh cc t in my t. pha trn ca cc m my thng tch in tch dng. Cng in trng ca t in my t tng dn ln v nu ti ch cng t ti tr s ti hn 25 -30 kV/cm th khng kh b ion ha v bt u tr nn dn in. S phng in chia thnh ba giai on. Phng in gia cc m my v t c bt u bng s xut hin mt dng sng pht trin xung t, chuyn ng tng t vi tc 100 -1000 km/s. Dng ny mang phn ln in tch ca m my, to nn u cc ca n mt in th rt cao hng trin vn. Giai on ny gi l giai on phng tia tin o tng bc. Khi dng tin o va pht trin n t v cc vt dn in vi t th giai on th hai bt u, l giai on phng in ch yu ca st. Trong giai on ny, cc in tch dng ca t di chuyn c hng t t theo dng tin o vi tc ln (6.104-105km/s) chy ln v trung ho vi in tch m ca dng tin o. S phng in c c trng bi dng in ln qua ch st nh gi l dng in st v s le mnh lit ca dng phng in. Khng kh trong dng phng in c nung nng n nhit khong 10.0000C v gin n rt nhanh to thnh sng m thanh. giai on phng in th ba ca st s kt thc s di chuyn cc in tch ca Trang 93

Giao trnh cung cap ien my m t bt u phng in, s lo sng bt u bin mt. Thng phng in st gm mt lot phng in k tip nhau do s dch chuyn in tch t cc phn khc nhau ca m my. Tin o ca nhng phn phng in sau i theo dng b ion ho ban u, v vy chng pht trin lin tc v c gi l tin o dng mi tn. 2. Tc hi ca st i vi ngi sc vt, st nguy hin trc ht nh mt ngun in p cao c dng ln. Nh bit, ch cn dng nh khong vi chc milli ampere cng c th gy nn cht ngi. V th, rt d hiu ti sao khi b st nh trc tip ngi thng b cht ngay. Nhiu khi st khng phng in trc tip cng gy nguy him. L do l dng in st i qua mt vt ni t, n gy nn mt s chnh lch in th kh ln ti nhng vng gn nhau, hay ni mt cch khc l c gradient. Nu ngi hoc gia sc ng tr ma khi c dng di cc cy cao ngai ng, nu cy b st nh, c th in p bc s gy nguy him. Dng st gy nhit rt ln, khi phng vo cc vt d chy nh mi nh tranh, g kh, n c th gy nn nhng m chy ln, im ny cn c bit ch i vi vic bo v cc kho nhin liu v cc vt d chy n. St cn gy ph hy v mt c hc. c nhiu trng hp cc thp cao, cy ci b n tung v khi dng st i qua nung nng phn li, hi nc bc ra qu nhanh v ph v thn cy. Rt ng ch ti in p c th cm ng cc vt dn hoc cc dy di to thnh nhng mch vng h cm ng in t khi c phng in st gn. in p cm ng c th ln n ti hng chc kilovolt v rt nguy him. Tm li st c th gy nguy him trc tip v gin tip, do cn phi c nhng bin php bo v thch hp. II. BO V CHNG ST NH TRC TIP 1. Khi nim Nhng nguyn tc bo v thit b in nh ct thu li hu nh khng thay i t nhng nm 1750 khi Franklin kin ngh thc hin bng mt ct cao c nh nhn Trang 94

Giao trnh cung cap ien bng kim loi c ni n h thng ni t. Trong qu trnh thc hin, ngi ta nghin cu v a n nhng kin thc kh chnh xc v hng nh trc tip ca st, vng bo v ca ct thu st v thc hin h thng ni t. Khi c mt m my tch in tch m i qua nh ca mt ct thu li, nh cm ng tnh in th nh ca ct thu li s np in tch dng. V nh ca thu li nhn nn cng in trng trong m my kh ln. iu ny s to nn d dng mt knh phng in t u ct thu li n m my tch in tch m, do vy s c dng in phng t m my xung t. St nh theo qui lut xc sut, v chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t. Do vy vic xc nh chnh xc khu vc hng nh ca st l rt kh v khng th m bo xc sut 100% hng ca st n thu li chng st. Nhng nghin cu t m v chng st cho thy rng iu quan trng l chiu cao ca ct thu li chng st v h thng ni t m bo. 2. Cc qui nh chung v thit b chng st - Kim thu st: c th bng thp trn, thp dp, thp ng hoc thp gc vi tit din phn kim loi ca nh kim khng c nh hn 100mm2 (nu l thp dp, b dy khng c nh hn 3,5mm; nu l thp ng, b dy thp ng khng c nh hn 3mm) v chiu di hiu dng khng c nh hn 200mm. Nu kim thu st t ti nhng ni d n mn, tit din nh kim khng c nh hn 150mm2 (nu thp dt, b dy khng nh hn 4mm; nu l thp ng, b dy thnh ng khng c nh hn 3,5mm). nh ca kim thu st khng cn vut nhn, nu kim thu st l ng, phi hn kn nh kim li. - Dy thu st: Dy thu st phi lm bng thp, tit in khng c nh hn 50mm2 cng nh khng ln hn 75mm2 v phi c dn sn dn in. Nu dy thu st t ti nhng ni d b n mn phi tng tit in ln 75mm2. Dy thu st bo v cho nhng cng trnh nh, chiu di khng c qu 50m, c php s dng loi c tit din bng 35mm2. C nh dy thu st trn nhng kt cu chu lc phi c kp ni t bit, m bo chc chn v c hc v tip xc tt. - ai v li thu st: ai v li thu st dng chng st nh thng c th lm bng thp trn hoc thp dt tit din khng c nh hn 50mm2, b dy thp dt khng c nh hn 3mm, v phi sn dn in. Nu t ti nhng ni d n mn, tit Trang 95

Giao trnh cung cap ien din khng c nh hn 75mm , b dy khng nh hn 3,5mm.
2

- Dy xung, dy ni, cu ni: Dy xung c th lm bng thp trn hoc thp dt tit din khng nh hn 35mm2, v b dy thp khng nh hn 3mm. Nu t b phn thu st n b phn ni t ch t mt dy xung, tit din ca dy xung ny khng c nh hn 50mm2. - B phn ni t chng st: B phn ni t chng st c th lm bng thp trn, thp dt, thp gc hoc thp ng vi tit din phn kim loi khng nh hn 100mm2 (b dy thp dt, thp gc khng nh hn 4mm v b dy thp ng khng nh hn 3,5mm). 3. Cc cp chng st Ty theo chc nng s dng, cc cng trnh xy dng c chng st theo s phn cp nh sau: a. Cp I: nhng cng trnh, trong c ta ra cc cht kh v hi d chy, cng nh ct bi hoc cc cht oxy ho khc to thnh cc hn hp n, c th xy ra ngay trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng k c xy ra trong iu kin bnh thng ngn hn. b. Cp II: nhng cng trnh trong c ta ra cc cht kh, hi, bi hoc si chy v c kh nng kt hp vi khng kh hoc cc cht oxy ho khc to thnh cc hn hp n. Nhng kh nng ny ch xy ra khi c s c hoc lm sai qui tc, khng th xy ra trong iu kin bnh thng. Khi xy ra n ch gy ra nhng h hng nh v khng lm cht ngi. c. Cp III: tt c nhng cng trnh cn li. 4. Cch thc bo v a. Theo phng thc bo v trng im: Ch nhng b phn thng hay b st nh mi phi bo v. i vi cng trnh mi bng, trng im bo v l bn gc, xung quanh tng chn mi v cc kt cu nh cao khi mt mi. i vi cc cng trnh mi dc, trng im l cc nh hi, b nc, b chy, cc gc dim mi v cc kt cu nh cao khi mt mi (nu cng trnh ln th thm c xung quanh dim mi). Bo v cho nhng trng im nh trn c th t cc kim thu st ngn (0,2 0,3)m cch nhau khong (5 6)m ti nhng trng im Trang 96

Giao trnh cung cap ien bo v hoc nhng ai thu st dim ln nhng trng im bo v . b. Bo v chng st theo nguyn tc ton b: Theo phng thc bo v ton b th ton b cng trnh u nm trong phm vi bo v ca ct thu li. c. Bo v chng st cm ng: chng st cm ng tnh in, tt c cc b phn kt cu kim loi v cc my mc ln c trong cng trnh phi ni vi mt b phn ni t chng cm ng st ha y ni vi b phn ni t bo v thit b in. 5. Phm vi bo v Trn c s nghin cu cc m hnh, ngi ta c th xc nh vng bo v ca ct thu li. Khong khng gian gn ct thu li m vt c bo v c t trong , rt t kh nng b st nh, gi l vng hay phm vi bo v ca ct thu li. a. Mt ct thu li: Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu li l hnh nn cong trn xoay c tit din ngang l nhng hnh trn, cao hx c bn knh Rx. Tr s bn knh bo v Rx c xc nh nh sau: Cch 1: cao hx<
2 h 3 2 h 3

th:

R x = 1,5h. 1 -

hx .P 0,8h hx .P h

cao hx> Cch 2: (da vo hnh 7.1c)

Rx = 1,6h a .P hx 1 h

th: R x = 0,75h. 1 -

Trong : hx: chiu cao ca i tng c bo v nm trong vng bo v ca ct thu li ha: chiu cao hiu dng ca ct thu li ha= h - hx Trang 97

Giao trnh cung cap ien P: l h s, vi h vi h b. Hai ct thu li: Hnh 7.2 cho phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu li Rx c xc nh nh mt ct thu li. bx : b ngang hp nht ca cao bo v cao hx 2bx = 4Rx Trong : a: l khong cch gia hai ct thu li, n v tnh m ha: l chiu cao hiu dng ca ct thu li, n v tnh m
7 ha a 14ha a

30m th P = 1 30m th P =
5,5 h

Trang 98

Giao trnh cung cap ien

0,75h 1,5h

Hnh 7.1: Ct thu st (thu li) a) Ct thu li ni n h thng ni t cho chng st. b) Phm vi bo v ca ct thu li (theo cch xc nh n gin). c) Phm vi bo v ca ct thu li xc nh theo rx = 1,6ha.P / (1+

1,6h

hx h

rx

Hnh 7.2: Vng bo v ca 2 ct thu li. a) Vng bo v ca 2 ct thu li n gin. b) Vng bo v ca 2 ct thu li xc nh theo rx = 1,6ha.P / (1+
hx h

Trang 99

Giao trnh cung cap ien B ngang hp nht ca phm vi bo v ca ct thu li Bx cao hx c th c xc nh theo ng cong hnh 7.3 i vi nhng ct thu li cao n 30m th t l a/ha nm trong gii hn 0 7. 7.

Hai ct thu li ch c tc dng tng h ln nhau nu a/ha

Mun xc nh b ngang hp nht bx ngi ta xc nh t l a/ha. Gi thit: a/ha = 3, sau hy tm t l hx/h. V d trong trng hp ny t l hx/h = 0,3, tc l hx = 0,3h. hnh 7.3a, t im c gi tr 3 trc honh (a/ha), ta dng theo mt ng song song vi trc tung gp ng cong hx = 0,3h ti mt im, im ny c gi tr bx/ha = 0,9. Sau tm b ngang hp nht 2bx chiu cao hx l : 2bx = 0,9 . 2ha Khi tnh ton t l a/ha = 5 7, ngi ta s dng ng cong hnh 7.3b.

a)

b)

Hnh 7.3: ng cong xc nh bx ca hai ct thu li

Nu c mt thu li cao hn mt ct thu li kia th phn cao hn ca n coi nh mt ct thu li n v xc nh nh hnh 7.4. Trang 100

Giao trnh cung cap ien Vng cung

a

1 1
/

Hnh 7.4: Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu li c cao khng bng nhau

Trng hp trm t nhiu ct thu li (hnh 5.5) th cc phn ngoi ca khu vc bo v cng c tnh nh cng thc nu trn, vt c cao h x nm trong trm s c bo v nu tho iu kin sau: D D 8 (h-hx) vi h 30m

8 (h-hx)P vi h > 30m

6. in tr ni t ca h thng chng st bo v i vi qu in p ca st, ngi ta quan tm n in tr tn ca h thng ni t c dng in st i xung. in tr ny l in tr xung k hiu Rx. Rx c xc nh theo t l bin in th ca h thng ni t chng st v bin ca dng in st i vo h thng ni t. Ga tr ca in tr xung khc vi gi tr ca in tr ca h thng ni t thng thng dng cho bo v an ton. S khc nhau l do mt dng in chy qua h thng ni t trong thi gian st nh s rt ln v tnh cht xung ca dng in ny. in tr xung ca mt in cc c xc nh thng qua h s xung ca h thng ni t Rx= .R y R l gi tr ca in tr tnh ton hay o lng trong ch tnh ti. Vic tnh ton h thng ni t trong ch qu l rt kh khn v i hi s dng nhiu phn t gn ng. Gi tr ca h s xung ty loi v chiu di ca in cc ni t, ty thuc vo dng in xung chy trong h thng ni t, ng thi ph thu c vo in tr sut ca t. Gi tr gn ng ca h s xung i vi cc ni t ng thng ng khi xung Trang 101 .

Giao trnh cung cap ien c phn u sng 3 Bng 7.1: in tr sut ca t cm 104 5.104 10
5

6 gy:

I (kA) 5 10 20 40

0,85 0,6 0,45

0,90 0,70 0,55

0,75 0,50 0,35

0,85 0,60 0,45

0,60 0,35 0,25

0,75 0,45 0,30

0,50 0,25

0,60 0,30

Gi tr gn ng ca h s xung

i vi cc in cc nm ngang khi sng xung c

phn u sng 3-6 gy cho bng sau: Bng 7.2: in tr sut ca t cm 104 5 10 20 5.104 105 5 10 10 20 10 20 40 60 2.105 20 40 60 80 100 0,75 1,00 1,15 0,55 0,90 0,75 1,00 0,55 0,75 0,95 1,15 0,60 0,75 0,90 1,05 1,20 0,65 0,90 1,05 0,45 0,75 0,60 0,90 0,45 0,60 0,85 1,10 0,50 0,65 0,80 0,95 1,10 0,50 0,80 0,95 0,30 0,60 0,45 0,80 0,35 0,50 0,75 0,95 0,40 0,55 0,75 0,90 1,05 L(m) 10 I,(kA) 20 80

Trang 102

Giao trnh cung cap ien 7. Nhng quy nh chung v bo v chng st a. Phng thc chng st Cc cng trnh xy dng cn phi s dng cc phng thc chng st nh sau: + i vi cng trnh cp I v II nht thit phi s dng phng thc bo v ton b + i vi cng trnh cp III, nu l nhng cng trnh c mt vi phng c nguy c n chy, hoc nhng cng trnh thng xuyn tp trung ng ngi cn phi s dng phng thc bo v ton b. Nu l cng trnh khng c cc phng c nguy c chy n, v tp trung ng ngi th s dng phng thc bo v trng im. b. B phn thu st B phn thu st c th s dng hnh thc kim, dy, ai hoc li thu st. Phi cn c vo cc c im c th ca mi cng trnh thit k cho ph hp vi yu cu v mt bo v, cng nh nhng yu cu v kinh t, k thut: Chng st nh trc tip cho cng trnh Cp I nht thit phi b tr kim, dy thu st t c lp hoc cc b phn thu st khc t trc tip nhng phi cch li vi cng trnh qua cc loi vt liu khng dn in.Cc b phn thu st ni trn phi m bo c phm vi cn bo v. i vi cc cng trnh Cp II, c th b tr chng st c lp, cch ly hoc t trc tip ln cng trnh. Cn phi tnh ton v so snh v kinh t k thut chn phng n hp l nht: Nu b tr thit b chng st c lp hoc cch li vi cng trnh qua cc vt liu khng dn in, cn phi thc hin theo cc qui nh cho Cp I trnh by trn. Nu b tr thit b chng st trc tip trn cng trnh cn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: i vi kim hay dy thu st t mi kim hoc dy thu st phi c t nht l hai dy xung. i vi li thu st lm bng thp trn, kch thc mi li khng c ln hn 5x5m. Cc mt li c hn dnh vi nhau. i vi cc cng trnh Cp III cn phi t thit b chng st ngay trn cng Trang 103

Giao trnh cung cap ien trnh, ch c php t thit b chng st c lp vi cng trnh trong nhng trng hp t bit thun li v k thut v kinh t. B phn thu st c th s dng hnh thc kim, dy, ai hoc li thu st tu tng trng hp c th. c. in tr ni t Theo tiu chun c th mc in tr ti a cho php l 10 i vi h thng ni t chng st . C rt nhiu phng php khc nhau thc hin in tr ca h thng ni t t yu cu thp. H thng ni t to thnh mng li thng thng bao gm cc in cc t, cc dy bng v cc chi tit ghp ni vi mt s x l nhn to. III. BO V CHNG ST NG DY TI IN Trong vn hnh, s c ct in do st nh vo cc ng dy ti in trn khng chim t l ln trong ton b s c ca h thng in. Do , bo v chng st ch o ng dy c tm quan trng trong vic m bo vn hnh an ton v lin tc cung cp in. bo v chng st cho ng dy, ngi ta treo dy chng st trn ton b tuyn ng dy, y l bin php tt nht, song rt tn km. Do vy, n ch c dng cho cc ng dy in p 110 v ton tuyn. Tuy nhin, cc ct ca ng dy ny cng nh ct ca ng dy 110 220kV u phi ni t. tng cng kh nng chng st cho cc ng dy, c th t chng st ng hoc tng thm bt s nhng nI cch in yu, nhng ct vt cao, ch giao cho vi ng dy khc hay nhng on ti trm. Dy chng st, ty theo cch b tr dy dn trn ct c th treo mt hay hai dy chng st. Cc dy chng st c treo bn trn ng dy ti in sao cho dy dn ca c ba pha u nm trong phm vi bo v ca dy chng st. Phm vi bo v ca mt v hai dy chng st nh hnh 7.5 220kV ct st v ct b tng ct thp. i vi ng dy in p n 35kV ct st v ct b tng ct thp t c bo

Trang 104

Giao trnh cung cap ien

0,2h Dy ch ng st

2bx hx

h 1,2h

0,6h

a) 2bx

b)

0,6h 1,2h c) a

Hnh 7.5: Gc bo v v phm vi bo v ca dy chng st

Di bo v bx ca ct treo mt dy chng st c tnh theo cng thc : Vi h 30m: - cao h x - cao h x

2 h 3 2 h 3 bx 0,6h 1 hx h hx 0,8h

bx

1,2h 1 -

Bn knh bo v phm vi ngoi ca hai dy chng st cng c tnh theo cng thc trn. Pha trong gia hai dy, phm vi bo v c gii hn bi mt cung trn i qua cc dy chng st v im gia c cao
h a . 4

Theo ti liu ca Nga th i vi dy chng st t cao h c tnh theo cng thc

30m, dI bo v

Trang 105

Giao trnh cung cap ien

bx = 0,8h a hx 1 h

i vi cc ct in thng thng, dy dn s c bo v chc chn nu gc bo v khng qu 250. Gim gc bo v s lm gim xc sut st nh vo dy dn nhng ph i tng gi thnh v phi tng cng chiu cao ct. IV. BO V CHNG ST T NG DY TRUYN VO TRM Cc ng dy trn khng d c c bo v chng st hay khng th cc thit b in c ni vi chng u phi chu tc dng ca sng st truyn t ng dy n. Bin ca qu in p kh quyn c th ln hn in p cch in ca thit b, dn n chc thng cch in, ph hng thit b, v mch in b ct ra. Do vy, bo v cc thit b trong trm bin p trnh sng qu in p truyn t ng dy vo phi dng cc thit b chng st. Cc thit b chng st ny s h thp bin sng qu in p n tr s an ton cho cch in cn c bo v. Thit b chng st ch yu cho trm bin p l chng st van (CSV) kt hp chng st ng (CSO) v khe h phng in. Khe h phng in l thit b chng st n gin nht, gm c hai in cc, trong mt in cc ni vi mch in, cn in cc kia ni vi t (hnh 7.6)
Day dn

Khi lm vic bnh thng, khe h cch ly nhng phn t mang in (dy dn) vi t. Khi c sng in p chy trn ng dy, khe h phng in s phng in v truyn xung t. u im ca loi thit b ny l n gin, r tin. Nhng v n khng c b phn dp h quang nn khi n lm vic bo v rle c th ct mch in. Do vy nn khe h phng in thng ch c dng lm bo v ph cng nh lm mt b phn trong cc loi chng st khc.

Hnh 7.6 Khe h phng in

Chng st ng (CSO): Chng st ng c s nguyn l cu to nh hnh 7.7.

Trang 106

Giao trnh cung cap ien

1 2

l2
3

l1

Hnh 7.7: Chng st ng 1. V; 2. in cc; 3. Np

Chng st ng gm c hai khe h phng in l1 v l2. Khe h l1 c t trong ng lm bng vt liu sinh kh nh fibr baklt hay phi-niplt. Khi sng in p qu cao th l1 v l2 u phng in. Di tc dng ca h quang, cht sinh kh pht nng v sn sinh ra nhiu kh lm cho p sut trong ng tng ti hng chc ata v thi tt h quang. Kh nng dp tt h quang ca chng st ng rt hn ch. Nu dng in qu ln, h quang khng b dp tt ngay gy ngn mch tm thi lm cho bo v rle c th ct mch in. Chng st ng ch yu dng bo v chng st cho cc ng dy khng c dy chng st, hoc lm phn t ph trong cc s bo v trm bin p. Chng st van (CSV): gm c hai phn t chnh l khe h phng in v in tr lm vic. Khe h phng in ca chng st van l mt chui cc khe h nh c nhim v nh xt. in tr lm vic l in tr phi truyn c tc dng hn ch tr s dng in ngn mch chm t qua chng st van khi sng qu in p chc thng cc khe h phng in. Dng in ny cn phi hn ch vic dp tt h quang trong khe h phng inc d dng sau khi chng st van lm vic. Cht vi lt tha mn c hai yu cu tri ngc nhau: cn c in tr ln hn ch dng ngn mch v li cn c in tr nh hn ch in p d, v in p ln kh bo v c cch in. Hnh 7.8 gii thiu mt loi chng st van.

Trang 107

Giao trnh cung cap ien

b) a)

Hnh 7.8: Chng st van (CSV) a. dng ng b. S nguyn l tc ng

Bo v chng sng qu in p truyn t ng dy vo trm bin p c thc hin bng cch t chng st van v cc bin php bo v on dy gn trm nh hnh 7.9
Dy ch ng st MC BA

Dy d n

CS 1

CS 2

CSV

Hnh 7.9: S bo v trm 35

110kV

on gn trm t 1

2 km c bo v bng dy chng st ngn nga st

nh trc tip vo ng dy. Chng st ng CS01 t u on ng dy gn trm nhm hn ch bin sng st. Nu ng dy c bo v bng dy chng st DCS trn ton tuyn th khng cn t CS01. CS02 dng bo v my ct khi n v tr ct. i vi trm 3 10kV c bo v theo s n gin hn, khng cn t DCS on gn trm m ch cn t CSO Trang 108

Giao trnh cung cap ien cch trm khong 200m; trn thanh ci ca trm hay st my bin p ta t CSV. Ngoi ra, bo v chng qu in p cho trm, cn phi hp cch in ca trm bin p. Ni t chng st cho trm cn phi m bo qui nh sau: - i vi trm c trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p t 110kV tr ln th in tr ni t cho php l 0,5 . - i vi trm c trung tnh cch in, in p di 110kV th in tr ni t cho php l 0,4 . .

- i vi trm c cng sut b ( 100kVA) th in tr ni t cho php l 10 V. NI T

H thng cung cp in lm nhim v truyn ti v phn phi in nng n cc h dng in. Do vy nn c im quan trng ca n l phn b trn in tch rng v thng xuyn c ngi lm vic vi cc thit b in. Cch in ca cc thit b in b chc thng, ngi vn hnh khng tun theo cc nguyn tc an ton.v.vl nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tai nn in git. St nh trc tip hoc gin tip vo thit b in khng nhng lm h hng cc thit b in m cn gy nguy him cho ngi vn hnh. Do trong h thng cung cp in nht thit phi c bin php an ton chng in git v chng st. Mt trong nhng bin php an ton c hiu qu v tng i n gin l thc hin vic ni t cho thit b in v t cc thit b chng st. Trang b ni t bao gm cc in cc v cc dy dn ni t. Cc in cc ni t bao gm in cc thng ng c ng su vo trong t v in cc ngang c chn ngm mt su nht nh. Cc dy ni t c dng ni lin cc thit b vi cc b phn ni t. Khi c trang b ni t, dng in ngn mch xut hin do cch in ca thit b in b h hng, s chy qua v thit b theo dy dn ni t xung cc in cc v chy tn vo trong t (hnh 7.10).

Trang 109

Giao trnh cung cap ien

A

2 3m

2 3m

Utx U Ub a
1 2

a)

Thit b phn phi in p cao A a A-A

Uc

1,1Ub

15

20m

15

20m

b)

0,6m

0,8m

Hng tn dng in trong t

c)
l a

Hnh 7.10: Phn b in th khi dng in chy trong t qua mt thanh ni t ng thng ng

Hnh 7.11: Phn b in cc ni t thng ng thnh hng theo hnh vng

Nu tay ngi hoc cc b phn no ca c th ngi chm v thit b th in p tip xc Utx l in p gia ch chm c th ngi vi chn ngi c xc nh: Utx = Vi:
d: d-

in th ln nht ti im 0.

: th ti im trn mt t, ch chn ngi ng. Khi ngi i n gn thit b b hng cch in th xut hin in p bc gia hai chn Ub. in p bc c xc nh: Ub=
12.

tng an ton, trnh khi Utx v Ub cn kh ln c th gy nguy him n tnh mng ngi, phi c mt s ni t hp l . VI. TNH TON TRANG B NI T 1. Cc loi ni t C hai loi ni t: ni t t nhin v ni t nhn to. a. Ni t t nhin L loi s dng cc loi ng dn nc hay cc ng bng kim loi khc t trong Trang 110

Giao trnh cung cap ien t, cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh nh ca c ni t, cc v bc kim loi ca cp t trong t.v.v...lm trang b ni t. Khi xy dng trang b ni t cn phi tn dng nhng vt liu t nhin c sn. in tr ni t ny c xc nh bng cch o thc t ti ch hay da theo nhng ti liu tnh gn ng. b. Ni t nhn to Thng c thc hin bng cc thp, thanh thp dt hnh ch nht hay hnh thp gc di t 2 n 3m ng su xung t sao cho u trn ca chng cch mt t khong 0.5 n 0.7m. chng n mn kim loi, cc ng thp cc thanh thp dt hay cc thp gc c chiu dy khng nn b hn 4mm. Dy ni t cn c tit din tho mn bn c kh v n nh nhit, chu c dng in cho php lu di. Dy ni t khng c b hn 1/3 tit din dy dn pha, thng dng cc tit din 120mm2, nhm 35mm2 hoc ng 25mm2. in tr ni t ca trang b ni t khng c ln hn cc tr s qui nh trong cc quy phm. 2. Tnh ton ni t nhn to in tr ni t c hin khi ni t t nhin khng tha mn in tr ni t cho php ln nht [R]max ca trang b ni t. Khi in tr ni t nhn to c tnh theo cng thc sau: Rnt =

[ R]max * RTN RTN [ R]max

Bit ni t nhn to gm h thng cc cc ng thng ng (in cc thng ng) v thanh t nm ngang (in cc ngang) c xc nh theo cng thc: Rnt = Trong : Rd: in tr khunh tn ca h thng cc thng ng. Rng: in tr khunh tn ca h thng cc chn ngang. Cc cng thc xc nh in tr khuch tn ca cc in cc khc nhau cho trong bng 7.3 Bng 7.3: Cc cng thc xc nh in tr khuch tn ca cc in cc khc nhau.

Rd * Rng Rd Rng

Trang 111

Giao trnh cung cap ien Kiu ni t Cch t in cc Cng thc tnh, tnh bng ( ) Ch thch

ng, lm bng thp trn u trn tip xc vi mt t

Chn thng

R =

0,366 l

tt

lg

4l d

l>d

Chn thng ng, lm bng thp trn u trn nm su cch mt t mt khong. Chn nm ngang lm bng thp dt, di nm su cch mt t mt khong

t l d

R =

0,366 l

tt

lg

2l d

1 4t l lg 2 4t l

l>d

t b l

l 2t

2,5

0,366 Rng = l

2l 2 lg tt b.t

b: chiu rng ca thanh dt, nu in cc trn c ng kinh d th b = 2d

Trang 112

Tm chn thng ng su cch mt t mt khong

a b

R = 0,25

tt

Giao trnh cung cap ien a v b l kch thc di v rng ca tm

ab

Vnh xuyn, lm t thp dt t nm ngang s u cch mt t mt khong.

t D b

b: chiu rng ca cc Rng=

2
tt 2

ln

8D 2 bt

t < D/2 Nu in cc trn c ng kinh D th b = 2d

i vi thp gc, ng knh ng tr c tnh theo: D = 0,95.b Vi: b l b rng cc cnh thp gc. Khi xc nh in tr ni t tng ca ton b mch vng cn phi xt ti nh hng ca mng che gia cc cc. Trong trng hp ny, h s s dng ca cc in cc ng
d

v in cc ngang hay thanh nm ngang

ng

, c cho trong bng 5.8.

in tr khuch tn ca n cc c xt n nh hng mng che c tnh theo: Rd = y: R1d: in tr ca mt cc hay mt in cc thng ng.
d

R1d n* d

: h s s dng ca cc cc thng ng.

in tr khuch tn ca thanh nm ngang ni gia cc cc ng thng ng c xt n nh hng mn che: Rng =

R ' ng
ng

Trang 113

Giao trnh cung cap ien y:

R ' ng l in tr khuch tn ca thanh ni cha xt ti nh hng mn che
ng

l h s s dng ca thanh ni nm ngang.

Bng 7.4: T s a/l (a l khong cch gia cc cc, S cc chn thng ng 1

d
ng

l l chiudi cc) 2
d
ng

3
d
ng

A. Khi cc cc t theo chu vi mch vng 4 6 8 10 20 30 50 70 100 B. Khi cc cc t thnh dy 3 4 5 6 10 15 20 30 0,78 0,74 0,70 0,63 0,59 0,54 0,49 0,43 0,80 0,77 0,74 0,72 0,62 0,50 ,042 0,31 0,86 0,83 0,81 0,77 0,75 0,70 0,68 0,65 0,92 0,87 0,86 0,83 0,75 0,64 0,56 0,46 0,91 0,88 0,87 0,83 0,81 0,78 0,77 0,75 0,95 0,92 0,90 0,88 0,82 0,74 0,68 0,58 0,69 0,62 0,58 0,55 0,47 0,43 0,4 0,38 0,35 0,45 0,40 0,36 0,34 0,27 0,24 0,21 0,20 0,19 0,78 0,73 0,71 0,69 0,64 0,60 0,56 0,54 0,52 0,55 0,48 0,43 0,40 0,32 0,30 0,28 0,26 0,24 0,85 0,80 0,78 0,76 0,71 0,68 0,66 0,64 0,62 0,70 0,64 0,60 0,56 0,47 0,41 0,37 0,35 0,33

Trang 114

Giao trnh cung cap ien 3. Trnh t tnh ton ni t Trnh t tnh ton nh sau: + Xc nh in tr ni t cho php cn thit [R] tiu chun (theo nhng gi tr in tr ni t chun) + Xc nh in tr ni t t nhin Rtn (bng cch o thc t ti cng trnh) + Nu Rtn< [R] nh nu phn trn, trong cc thit b cao p trn 1000V c dng chm t b v trong cc thit b in p di 1000V th khng cn t thm ni t nhn to. Cn trong cc thit b in p trn 1000V c dng in chm t ln, nht thit phi dng ni t nhn to vi in tr khng ln hn 1 Nu Rtn> [R] th phi xc nh ni t nhn to. + Qui nh din tch b tr cc in cc, chn s lng v kch tht cc in cc ng thng ng v cc in cc ngang; ch n vic gim in p bc v in p tip xc; tnh in tr khuch tn ca cc, thanh nm ngang v ton b h thng ni t theo cc cng thc trn. + i vi thit b in p cao hn 1000V c dng chm t ln phi kim tra bn nhit ca dy theo cng thc: S= I y: - I : dng in ngn mch xc lp, trong tnh ton ly dng in ln nht i qua dy dn khi ngn mch thit b ang xt hoc l ngn mch mt pha chm t. - tqd : thi gian qui i hay thi gian gi thit ca dng in i vo t, [gy]. + C : hng s. + i vi thp: C = 74. + Dy ng trn: C = 195. + Dy cp rut ng, in p di 10kV : C = 182. + Dy nhm trn v cp rut nhm in p di 10kV : C = 112.
t qd c

Trang 115

Giao trnh cung cap ien VII. GII THIU MT S NT V K THUT CHNG ST MI XUT HIN GN Y TRN TH

1: n bt st nh trn nhng u thu st t trong khng trung

1.

2: Truyn dn dng in st i xung t mt cch

2.

bo m

3.

3: H thng ni t c in tr thp lm tiu tn nng lng st vo trong t d dng. 4: Vic loi tr cc vng mch (li) nm trong t v

4.

s chnh lch in th t bng cch to nn mt tng tr thp, h thng ni t ng th.

5.

5: Bo v trang thit b c ni n cc ng dy in lc khi b nh hng tng vt v qu trnh qu , phng h hng trang thit b v nh tr sn xut.

Trang 116

Giao trnh cung cap ien

6.

6: Bo v cc mch in thoi, mch d liu v mch tn hiu a n khi b nh hng tng vt v qua trnh qu , phng h hng thit b v ngng phc v.

CU HI 1) Tc dng bo v ca ct thu st 2) Phm vi bo ca ct thu st 3) Nu cc loi ni t trong h thng in, tr s ni t cho php ca tng loi ni t? 4) Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu st

Trang 117

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 8

TNH TON CHIU SNG

I. KHI NIM CHUNG V CHIU SNG 1. c im Hin nay ngi ta thng dng n in chiu sng nhn to bi v chng c nhiu u im: thit b n gin, s dng thun tin, gi thnh r, to c nh sng gn ng nh sng t nhin. n bao gm bng n (ngun pht sng) v trang b mang bng n cc loi (chp, chao, hp, mng . . . ). Trang b mang bng n (hoc trang b n) dng chn hay phn b quang thng ca bng n, ngn chn hoc hn ch s la mt do bng n gy ra v bo v bng n khi b h hng do tc ng ca mI trng xung quanh. Trang b n cng cn c tc dng bo v, ngn cch bng n vi nhng mi trng c th gy ra chy n. Tnh kinh t v cht lng chiu sng phn ln ph thuc vo s phn b quang thng ca n. 2. Cc yu cu c bn Trong bt k x nghip no, ngoi chiu sng t nhin cn phi dng chiu sng nhn to, ph bin nht l dng n in chiu sng nhn to. Khi thit k chiu sng phi p ng yu cu v ri v hiu qu ca chiu sng i vi th gic. Ngoi ra, chng ta cn phi quan tm n mu sc nh sng, la chn cc chao chp n, s b tr chiu sng va m bo tnh kinh t, k thut v cn phI m bo m quan. Thit k chiu sng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

Khng la mt: V vi cng nh sng mnh m lm cho mt c cm gic

la, thn kinh b cng phng, th gic mt chnh xc.

Khng la do phn x: mt s vt cng tc c cc tia phn x kh mnh v

trc tip, do khi b tr n cn ch trnh.

Khng c bng ti: ni sn xut, cc phn xng khng nn c bng ti m

phi sng ng u c th quan st c ton b phn xng. Mun kh cc bng Trang 118

Giao trnh cung cap ien ti cc b, thng s dng bng m v treo cao n.

ri yu cu phi ng u: Nhm mc nh khi quan st t v tr ny sang

v tr khc mt ngi khng phi iu tit qu nhiu, gy mi mt.

Phi to c nh sng ging nh sng ban ngy: th gic nh gi c

chnh xc. 3. Cc hnh thc chiu sng a. Chiu sng chung, chiu sng cc b v chiu sng hn hp + Chiu sng chung L hnh thc chiu sng to nn ri ng u trn ton din tch s n xut ca phn xng. Trong hnh thc chiu sng ny, cc bng n c treo cao trn trn theo mt quy lut no to nn ri ng u trong phn xng.

Hnh 8.1: Mt s hnh thc chiu sng thng dng

Chiu sng chung c dng trong cc cc phn xng c din tch lm vic rng, c yu cu ri ng u ti mi im trn b mt , chiu sng chung cn c s dng c xng rn, mc, hnh lang, ng i... + Chiu sng cc b nhng ni cn quan st t m, chnh xc, phn bit r cc chi tit... th cn phi c ri cao lm vic c. Mun vy phi dng phng php chiu sng cc b, ngha l t n vo ni cn quan st. Chiu sng cc b thng dng chiu sng cc chi tit gia cng trn my cng c, chiu sng cc b phn kim tra, lp my... Ti cc ni chiu sng chung thng khng ri cn thit nn phi dng thm cc n chiu sng cc b. Cc loi n chiu sng cc b trn my cng c hoc cc n cm tay di ng thng dng vi in p 12V hoc 36V.

Trang 119

Giao trnh cung cap ien + Chiu sng hn hp L hnh thc chiu sng bao gm chiu sng chung v chiu sng cc b. Chiu sng hn hp c dng nhng phn xng c nhng cng vic thuc cp I, II, III ghi trong bng phn phi cng vic. N cng c dng khi phn bit mu sc, li lm, hng sp xp cc chi tit... hiu sng hn hp thng dng cc phn xng gia cng ngui, phn xng khun mu, c... cc nh my c kh. b. Chiu sng lm vic v chiu sng s c Ngoi h thng chiu sng lm vic cn phi t thm h thng chiu sng s c. ri ca h thng chiu sng s c phi ln hn 10% ri ca h thng chiu sng lm vic. nhng ni nu h thng chiu sng lm vic b mt in m c kh nng pht sinh chy n gy nhim c hoc nh hng n chnh tr, kinh t th h thng chiu sng s c s m bo cho ngi lm vic di chuyn ra khi ni nguy him hay tip tc lm vic trong thi gian ch sa cha. Khi chiu sng lm vic b mt in, nu cn s tn ngi ra khi phn xng trnh tai nn th cc n chiu sng s c phi t cc ni my cn quay, h du, b nc, cu ni, lan can, cu thang... v ri ca n ny khng c nh hn 0,1lux. Ngun cung cp ca h thng chiu sng s c phi ly ngun d tr hoc cquy. H thng chiu sng s c phi lm vic ng thi vi h thng chiu sng lm vic hoc phi c thit b ng t ng khi h thng chiu sng lm vic b mt in. c. Chiu sng trong nh, ngoi tri v c im ca ph ti chiu sng Chiu sng trong nh trnh by trn, cn chiu sng ngoi tri l chiu sng cc khu vc lm vic ngoi tri nh: sn bi, ng i, ni bc d hng ha... Khi thit k cn ch n cc yu t kh hu: ma, bi, sng m... c im ca ph ti chiu sng l bng phng vi h s nhu cu (k nc = 0,9 Ph ti chiu sng ph thuc vo ma v v a l. II. CC I LNG DNG TRONG TNH TON CHIU SNG 1 Quang thng: ( ) Quang thng l mt n v o nh sng xt n c im cm th nh sng Trang 120 1).

Giao trnh cung cap ien ca mt ngi. n v o quang thng: lumen ( lm) l quang thng do mt ngun sng im c cng sng mt candela pht u trong mt gc khi ( ) mt steradian (sr) Cc thng s c bn ca ngun sng thng dng c trnh by bng 8.1 Bng 8.1 Ngun sng n nung sng n hunh quang Sodium cao p Sodium h p Thy ngn cao p Metan Halide 2 Cng sng Cng sng l mt phn b trong khng gian ca quang thng do ngun bc x. Cng sng k hiu l I, n v l candela (cd) Mt vi tr s cng sng ca cc ngun sng c trnh by bng 8.2 Bng 8.2 Ngun sng Ngn nn n nung sng 40W/220V n nung sng 300W/220V n) 3 chi (L) L mt phn b I trn b mt theo mt phng cho trc. n v o chi: cd/m2 (hoc nt) l chi ca mt phng c din tch 1m2 v c cng nh sng 1cd theo phng thng gc vi ngun sng. Trng hp theo phng to vi php tuyn ca b mt ngun sng mt gc th chi c tnh theo cng thc: Trang 121 Cng sng (cd) 0,8cd (theo mi hng khng gian) 35cd (theo mi hng ) 400cd (theo mi hng) Cng sut (W) 100 40 100 180 1000 2000 Quang thng (lm) 1390 540 10000 33000 58000 190000 Hiu sut (lm/W) 13,9 93 100 183 58 95

n nung sng 300W/220V (c chao 1500cd (hng trung tm)

Giao trnh cung cap ien B = I/ S.cos Trong : S l din tch b mt c chiu sng. 4. chiu sng (E) chiu sng l mt quang thng trn b mt c chiu sng . Nh vy, nu mt b mt din tch S nhn c mt quang thng cng thc : E=
S

th ri E c xc nh theo

n v ri l lux (lx), 1 lux = 1lm/m2 ri t l thun vi cng sng v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch t ngun ti mt c chiu sng. 5 trng (M) trng l mt phn b quang thng trn b mt do mt mt khc pht ra.

n v o trng l :lm/m2 l trng ca mt ngun hnh cu c din tch mt ngoi 1m pht ra mt quang thng cu 1lumen phn b u theo mi phng. M=
S

i vi b mt c chiu sng, chi v trng ph thuc vo h s phn x (p). III. NI DUNG THIT K CHIU SNG 1. La chn loi n, cng sut, s lng bng n a. n nung sng Cu to: n nung sng c cu to kh n gin gm dy tc kim loi (loi Tungsteinse, vonfram) pht sng khi c dng in chy qua, c t trong mt bng thy tinh p sut rt nh, cha y kh tr (Argon, Kripton, Ne). n nung sng c s dng rng ri nhng ni khng cn phn bit s khc nhau v mu sc, khng i hi mt phi lm vic cng thng. c tnh ca n Hiu sut sng ca n nung sng kh nh. Hiu sut n cng cao khi cng sut Trang 122

Giao trnh cung cap ien n cng ln v in p lm vic cng nh. Cng sut danh nh Nhit mu (Tm) Ch s hon mu IRC Tui th Bng 8.3 Cng sut (W) 40 75 100 200 500 1000 Quang thng (lm) 120/127 V 500 1120 1590 3430 9600 21000 220/230 V 430 970 1390 2990 8700 18700 Hiu sut sng (lm/W) 127 V 12,5 14,9 15,9 17,5 19,2 21,0 220 V 10,0 12,9 13,9 14,9 17,4 18,7 (40 1000) W 3000oK

2500 oK 100

khong 1000 gi

c tnh ca n nung sng trnh by bng 8.3

u v nhc im ca n nung sng u im : Nhiu chng loi theo kch thc, cp in p v cng sut. Quang thng gim khng ng k khi xut hin chnh lch in p. S ni dy n gin, khng cn cc b phn ph. Kh nng lm vic khng ph thuc vo iu kin ca mi trng (nhit , m,) Gn nh thch hp vi mi iu kin s dng. Hiu sut pht sng thp. Tui th thp hn cc loi n khc. b. n phng in Cu to: Bng n phng in gm mt ng thy tinh c t hai in cc, trong cha hi kim loi p sut thp. Trang 123 Nhc im :

Giao trnh cung cap ien Hot ng: Khi xut hin mt in th cao gia hai in cc th dng h quang phng in c hnh thnh, nhng s phng in ny l mt di mu n sc, thng vng cc tm, cha phi l nh sng nhn thy c. V vy bng n cn np hi thy ngn Natri hay Halogen thch hp to ra nh sng. n hi Natri C loi bng n p sut thp v loi p sut cao. + n hi Natri p sut thp: nh sng n sc mu vng - cam. c im : Hiu sut sng cao Anh sng n sc mu vng _cam Cng sut nh chi nh Tui th di + n hi Natri p sut cao: c im : Hiu sut sng Nhit mu Ch s hon mu IRC Tui th n (70 (2000 (20 130) lm/W 2500)oK 80) khong 8000 gi Thng dng trong chiu sng bo v, li i, bi xe. (100 IRC=0 (18 180)W 200)lm/W

10000 gi

Thng dng trong chiu sng cc trung tm thng mi, ngn hng, khch sn, ca hng, trin lm, sn th thao, phng hi tho n hi thy ngn cao p: n cao p thy ngn c hai loi : Loi dng thm chn lu, khi lp t phi c chn lu ring ty theo in thv cng sut ca mi loi bng. Loi ny bt sng rt chm nhng rt n nh. Loi khng cn chnh lu v bn trong bng c mc ni tip ng phng in vi mt tim si t Wolfram pht ra khi t nng. Loi ny bt sng nhanh nhng khi nng ln, bng hay b tt, ngui bng mi bt sng ln li. Bng c ni trc tip vo li in. c im : Trang 124

Giao trnh cung cap ien Hiu sut sng Nhit mu Ch s hon mu IRC Tui th khong n Metal Halide n Metal Halide cha kh trong n l hn hp kh thy ngn v cc kh Halogen kim loi p sut cao. S dng n Metal Halide th rt kinh t v gi vn hnh thp, din t mu sc tt, th hin mu sc nh sng ban ngy v nh sng trng cho nhng ni c yu cu cao. n Sodium + n hi Sodium p sut cao n hi Sodium p sut cao cho nh sng l trng m, l ngun sng cho chiu sng n ng, cng nghip ngoi tri, n pha. + n hi Sodium p sut thp n hi Sodium p sut thp c hiu sut rt cao, cng sut n v nh v tui th thp hn cc loi n phng in khc. Bng 8.4: c tnh ca cc n phng in Loi Thng S cng sut (w) Thu ngn cao p 100 2000 hiu sut ch s ho n mu IRC hiu sut sng (lm/w) nhit mu Trung bnh 50 60 40 60 3000 4500 Sodium cao p Sodium h p 18 180 rt cao Metal halide 70 3500 cao Natri cao p Natri h p (40 (3000 (40 95) lm/W 4500)oK 60)

4000 gi

p dng ging nh vi bng n hi Natri cao p.

35 - 3500

50

100

80

180

cao

trung bnh 20 80

cao

50

< 50

65

90

130

220

95 3000 60 00

70

130

100 200 1800

2200

1800

2000 2500

Trang 125

Giao trnh cung cap ien th hin mu Trung bnh quang thng 150055000 24000 n hunh quang + Cu to: Bng l mt ng phng in vi hai in cc v hi thy ngn, thnh trong ca ng c trng mt lp pht sng (hunh quang). Khi cc tia h quang phng in va chm vo lp pht sng, mt phn nng lng ca chng bin thnh nhit nng, phn cn li thnh nh sng. C hai loi bng n hunh quang: Loi bt sng bng b mi (starter) v cp in p bng chn lu (ballast) thng. Loi bt sng tc thi khng cn t nng trc. n hunh quang s dng cho cng vic c yu cu v ri cao (100 150 lux tr ln) v in p li phi n nh. Khng c dng n hunh quang chiu sng s c. + c im ca n hunh quang : Hiu sut sng Nhit mu Ch s hon mu IRC Tui th khong + u v khuyt im : u im : Din tch chiu sng ln. Anh sng pht ra gn vi nh sng t nhin. Quang thng gim t (1 ) khi in p thay i trong phm vi cho php. Khuyt im : Cu to phc tp. Gi thnh cao,cos thp. Trang 126 (40 (2800 (55 105)lm/W 6500)oK 92) mu sc trunh thc 130000 200024000 th hin mu km 180000 th hin mu tt 24000 300000 12000 2 0000 10000 10000 trung thc km

ban u (lm) tui th (gi)

18000

7000 gi

Giao trnh cung cap ien Quang thng v phm vi pht quang ph thuc vo nhit . i vi cc loi bt sng bng b mi, khi nhit di 15oC th b mi khng hot ng c. Nhng loi bng n mi + n Halogen y l bng n nung sng cha hi Halogen, cho php nng cao nhit nung sng ca dy tc, nng cao cht lng nh sng, lm gim s bc hi ca dy tc Tungstene lm en dn bng n. Bng n Halogen c nhng u im so vi n nung sng bnh thng l : Cng sut nh nhau nhng hiu sut sng cao hn. nh sng trng hn, nhit mu t 2900oK, ch s IRC cao, t n 100. Tui th tng ln hai ln, t c 2000 2500 gi. Kch thc nh hn. + Bng n compacte L mt dng mi ca bng n hunh quang, c cc c im sau : Cht lng nh sng : nhit mu t t 2700oK n 4000oK. Ch s hon mu IRC = 85. Cng sut tiu th thp hn n nung sng bn n nm ln v nh hn so vi n hunh quang thng. Hiu sut 85 lm/W. Tui th khong 8000 gi. Kh nng sinh nhit thp. Kch thc bng n nh, hnh dng p. + Bng n cm ng in t y l loi bng n th h mi nht, da trn nguyn l cm ng in t, khng c in cc, khng c dy tc, vi u im ni bt v tui th (ln khong 60000 gi). c im ca bng n : Hiu sut sng Nhit mu Ch s hon mu (65 70)lm/W (3000 IRC 4000)oK 80

2. B tr n trong khng gian cn chiu sng Cn c vo din tch cn chiu sng, vo s lng bng n, vo tnh cht yu Trang 127

Giao trnh cung cap ien cu s dng nh sng m chn cch b tr n thch hp (b tr ri u hay thnh rnh, thnh cm, s lng bng trong mi cm v.v). 3. La chn cc thit b bo v La chn cc thit b bo v: ptmt, cu ch: ptmt (CB) c chn theo iu kin: UmCB ImCB IcmCB UmL Itt IN

Cu ch c chn theo cc iu kin: UmCC Idc Itt UmL

Cu ch h p thng dng xa ngun nn dng ngn mch nh, khng cn kim tra iu kin ct dng ngn mch. Vi cu ch cp trn vn phi m bo iu kin chn lc. ptmt c cu to phc tp v t, tuy nhin do lm vic tin cy v thao tc ng li nhanh lm cho thi gian mt in ngn nn ngy cng c dng nhiu trong li in chiu sng dn dng v cng nghip. 4. La chn dy dn Dy dn trong li in chiu sng h p chn theo dng pht nng cho php k1k2Icp Itt Trong : k1: h s hiu chnh nhit , k n s chnh lch gia nhit mi trng ch to v nhit mi trng s dng, tra s tay. k2: h s hiu chnh nhit , k n s lng dy hoc cp i chung mt ng (hoc mt rnh). Icp: dng in cho php ca dy dn ng vi tit din cn chn, nh ch to cho, tra s tay. Phi kim tra dy dn chn theo iu kin kt hp vi thit b bo v: + Nu bo v bng ptmt:

Trang 128

Giao trnh cung cap ien

k 1 k 2 I cp 1,25I dmCB 1,5

+ Nu bo v bng cu ch:
k 1 k 2 I cp I dc 0,8

Ngoi ra khi cn thit, cn phi kim tra dy dn theo iu kin tn tht in p (nu ng dy di) v iu kin n nh nhit dng ngn mch (nu gn ngun). IV. THIT K CHIU SNG DN DNG 1. Khi nim Chiu sng dn dng bao gm chiu sng cho cc khu vc nh sng sinh hot nh nh , hi trng, trng hc, c quan, vn phng i din, ca hng, siu th, bnh vin v.v. nhng khu vc ny yu cu chiu sng chung, khng i hi tht chnh xc tr s ri cng nh cc thng s k thut khc. Trong chiu sng dn dng ty theo kh nng kinh ph, ty theo mc yu cu m quan c th s dng mi loi n: n si t, n tup, n halgen, n natri cao p v thp p. 2. Trnh t thit k a. Cn c vo tnh cht ca i tng cn chiu sng, chn sut ph t i chiu sng Po b. Chn loi n, cng sut n P, xc nh tng s bng n cn lp trong khu vc: c. Cn c vo din tch cn chiu sng, vo s lng bng n, vo tnh cht yu cu s dng nh sng m chn cch b tr n thch hp (b tr ri u hay thnh rnh, thnh cm, s lng bng trong mi cm v.v). d. V s u dy t bng in n tng bng n. l bn v mt bng cp in chiu sng. e. V s nguyn l li in chiu sng. f. La chn v kim tra cc phn t trn s (ptmt, cu ch, thanh ci, dy dn)

Trang 129

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Ghi ch:
Trong tnh ton chiu sng dn dng th bao gm c tnh ton thit k cho qut. Trong trng hp ny c hai cch lm: - Ly sut ph ti chung cho c chiu sng v qut, sau tr cng sut qut (ly theo thc t) tm c cng sut chiu sng. - Ly ring sut ph ti cho chiu sng tnh ton thit k chiu sng, cn qut ly theo thc t, tnh ton ring. 3. V d Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho mt siu th nh, din tch 10x10 = 100m2. Gii Siu th yu cu mc chiu sng cao v vy chn sut chiu sng l: Po = 30 W/m2 Tng cng sut cn cp cho chiu sng siu th l: Pcs = Po.S = 30 x (10x10) = 3000W Chn dng loi n hunh quang, cng sut 40W. Vy s lng bng n cn dng l: n= 3000 40 = 75bng

S lng ny c b tr thnh 5 dy, mi dy 15 bng chia lm 5 cm, mi cm 3 bng. Mt bng b tr n v i dy nh hnh 8.2

Trang 130

Giao trnh cung cap ien

3 5

3 2 3 2

3 2 3

3 2 3

3 2 3

Bng in Hnh 8.2: Mt bng cp in chiu sng cho siu th 1; 4: Bng in. 5. ptmt tng. 2. Dy n 5 cm n. 6. Cc ptmt nhnh. 3. Cm n.

S nguyn l li in chiu sng cho siu th nh sau:

CBT

CB1

CB2

CB3

CB4

CB5

Hnh 8.3: S nguyn l cp in chiu sng cho siu th

Trang 131

Giao trnh cung cap ien La chn ptmt tng CBT:

IdmAT Itt 3000 17,045 (A) 220.0,8

Chn ptmt 30A do LG ch to. La chn ptmt nhnh: C 5 ptmt nhnh, dng tnh ton mi nhnh l dng ca 15 n.
IdmAi Itt 15 x 40 220.0,8 3,409 (A)

Chn dng 5 ptmt 5A do LG ch to. Thng s k thut ca cc ptmt cho trong bng sau: Tn ptmt CBT CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4, CB5. Um (V) 600 Im (A) 30 Loi Kiu ABE 53a ABE 53a S cc 3 Icm (kA) 2,5 S lng 1

50AF

600

50AF

2,5

V xa ngun nn khng cn kim tra iu kin ct ngn mch. La chn dy dn cho 5 dy n. k1k2Icp Itt = 3,409 (A) D nh dng dy ng bc nha h p, li mm nhiu si do CADIVI ch to, i ring l: k1 = k2 = 1 Chn dng dy i mm trn loi VCm (2 x 1) c Icp = 10 (A) Kim tra iu kin kt hp ptmt bo v.
I cp 10A 1,25I dmCB 1,5 1,25 x 5 1,5

Vy chn dy VCm (2 x 1) cho cc dy n l tha mn. V ng dy ngn nn khng cn kim tra iu kin tn tht in p. V xa ngun nn khng cn kim tra n nh nhit dng ngn mch.

Trang 132

Giao trnh cung cap ien V. THIT K CHIU SNG CNG NGHIP 1. Khi nim Vi cc nh xng sn xut cng nghip thng l chiu sng chung khi cn tng cng nh sng ti im lm vic c chiu sng cc b. V l phn xng sn xut, yu cu kh chnh xc v ri ti mt bn cng tc, nn thit k chiu sng cho khu vc ny thng dng phng php h s s dng. 2. Trnh t thit k 1. Xc nh cao treo n. 3. Cn c vo s b tr n trn mt bng, mt ct, xc nh h s phn x ca tng, trn
tng, trn,

(%).

4. Xc nh ch s ca phng (c kch thc a x b) 5. Tra bng tm h s s dng ksd 6. Xc nh quang thng ca n 7. Tra s tay tm cng sut n c F F tnh ton 8. V s cp in chiu sng trn mt bng. 9. V s nguyn l cp in chiu sng. 10. La chn cc phn t trn s nguyn l. 3. V d Yu cu thit k chiu sng cho phn xng c kh c din tch S = 20 x 50 = 1000m2 Gii 1. Xc nh s lng, cng sut n: V l xng sn xut, d nh dng n si t, cos = 1. Chn ri cho chiu sng chung l E = 30 lx. Cn c vo trn nh cao 4,5m, mt cng tc h2 = 0,8m, cao treo n cch trn h1 = 0,7m. Vy: H = h - h1 h2 = 4,5 0,7 0,8 = 3 m. Tra bng n si t, bng vn nng c L/H = 1,8. Xc nh c khong cch gia cc n. L = 1,8 x H = 1,8 x 3 = 5.4 m. Trang 133

Giao trnh cung cap ien Cn c vo b rng phng (20m) chn L = 5 m. n s c b tr lm 4 dy cch nhau 5m, cch tng 2,4m, tng cng 36 bng, mi dy 9 bng. Xc nh ch s phng:
a.b H(a b) 20.50 3.(20 50) 5

Ly h s phn x tng 50%, trn 30%, tra s tay tm c h s s dng ksd = 0,48. Ly h s d tr k = 1,3 v h s tnh ton Z = 1,1. Xc nh c quang thng mi n l:
kESZ n.k sd 1,3.30.1000.1,1 2483 Lm 36.0,48

Tra bng chn bng si t 200W c F = 2528 lumen. Ngoi chiu sng trong nh xng, cn t thm 4 bng 100W cho 2 phng thay qun o v 2 phng WC. Tng cng sut chiu sng ton xng l: P = 36 x 200 + 4 x 100 = 7600 (W) = 7,6 (kW) 2. Thit b li in chiu sng: t ring 1 t chiu sng cnh ca ra vo ly in t t phn phi phn xng v. T gm 1 ptmt ba pha v 10 ptmt nhnh mt pha, mi ptmt cp in cho 4 bng n. S cp in trn mt bng v s nguyn l nh hnh 8.4. - Chn ptmt t ti t phn phi v ptmt t ti t chiu sng.
I tt Ptt 3.U dm . cos 7,6 3.0,38.1 11,56(A)

- Chn dng ptmt 3 pha 50A do Clipsal ch to c thng s ghi trong bng: Tn ptmt ptmt tng v ptmt nhnh t ti t phn phi M s Um (V) 400 Im (A) 50 S cc 3 Icm (kA) 6

G4CB3050C

- Chn cp t t phn phi n t chiu sng: Chn cp ng 4 li v PVC do Clipsal ch to, tit din 6mm2 c Icp = 45 (A) PVC(3 x 6 + 1,4) Trang 134

Giao trnh cung cap ien k1k2Icp = 1 . 1 . 45 - Chn ptmt nhnh:

I tt 4 x 20 220 x1 3,64(A)

Itt = 11,56 (A)

Tn ptmt ptmt nhnh

M s G4CB2010C

Um (V) 400

Im (A) 10

S cc 2

Icm (kA) 6

S lng 10

- Chn dy dn t ptmt nhnh n cm 4 n: Vi Itt = 3,64A chn dy ng bc nha, tit din 2,5mm2 c Icp = 27A x 2.5) Kim tra dy dn kt hp ptmt bo v: + Vi dy PVC(3 x 6 + 1,4):
45(A) 1,25.50 1,5 41,6(A)

M (2

+ Vi dy M (2 x 2.5):
27(A) 1,25.10 1,5 8,33(A)

Trang 135

Giao trnh cung cap ien

T PP

50A L1 L2 L3 L4

PVC (3X6+1.4) T CS TO-50EC-50A

10xQCE-10A

Hnh 8.4: S nguyn l mng chiu sng xng c kh

Trang 136

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi 9

NNG CAO H S CNG SUT

I. H S CNG SUT COS CNG SUT Trong mng in tn ti hai loi cng sut: + Cng sut tc dng P: c trng cho s sinh ra cng, lin quan n qu trnh ng lc. Gy ra moment qua cho cc ng c. Mt phn nh b vo cc tn hao do pht nong dy dn, li thp. ngun P trc tip lin quan n tiu hao nng lng u vo nh than, hi nc, lng nc .v.v Tm li P c trng cho qu trnh chuyn ho nng lng. + Cng sut phn khng: Q ngc li khng sinh ra cng. N c trng cho qu trnh tch phng nng lng gia ngun v ti, N lin quan n qu trnh t ho li thp my bin p, ng c, gy bin i t thng to ra sc in ng pha th cp. N c trng cho khu tn tht t tn trong mng. ngun n lin quan n sc in ng ca my pht (lin quan n dng kch t my pht). Nh vy chuyn ho c P cn phi c hin din ca Q. Gia P & Q li lin h trc tip vi nhau, m c trng cho mi quan h l h s cng sut.
Kp cos P P
2

V NGHA CA VIC NNG CAO H S

P S

Cc i lng P; Q; S; cos lin h vi nhau bng tam gic cng sut.

S =P +Q P = S.Cos S Q Q = S. sin cos = P S P
2 2 2

P P
2

Q2

Nh vy S c trng cho cng sut thit k ca thit b in

vic tng gim P,

Q khng tu tin c. Vy cng mt cng sut S (c nh) nu cos cng ln (tc cng nh) tc l cng sut tc dng cng ln, lc ngi ta ni thit b. c khai thc tt hn. Nh vy vi tng thit b nu cos cng ln tc thit b i hi lng Q Trang 137

Giao trnh cung cap ien cng t. ng v phng din truyn ti nu lng Q (i hi t ngun) cng gim th s gim lng tn tht. V vy, thc cht ca vic nng cao h s cos ngha vi vic gim i hi v Q cc h ph ti. ngha ca vic nng cao h s cos a. Lm gim tn tht in p trn li in: Gi thit cng sut tc dng khng i, cos ca x nghip tng t cos
1

cng ng

ln

cos 2, ngha l lng cng sut phn khng truyn ti gim t Q1 xung Q2. Khi , do Q1 Q2
U1 PR Q1 X U PR Q2 X U U2

b. Lm gim tn tht cng sut trn li in:

S1 P 2 Q12 Z U2
2 P 2 Q2 Z U2

S2

c. Lm gim tn tht in nng trn li in:

A1 P 2 Q12 R. U2
2 P 2 Q2 R. U2

A2 .R

Ta thy S v A gim t l vi bnh phng lng gim Q. d. Lm tng kh nng ca ng dy v my bin p: Q1 (Q1 - Q2) = QB S1 S2
1 2

Q2

Q2

P1

P2

Hnh 9.1: Tr s Q tng ng vi tr s gc

T hnh 9.1 nhn thy S2 S1, ngha l ng dy v my bin p ch cn ti cng sut S2 sau khi gim lng Q truyn ti. Nu ng dy v my bin p chn Trang 138

Giao trnh cung cap ien ti S1 th vi Q2 c th ti lng P ln hn. iu ny cho thy, khi lm gim Q c th lm tng kh nng ti cng sut P t P1 ln P2 ca ng dy v my bin p. Cc x nghip ca ta c cos
tb

cn kh thp ch vo 0,5

0,6 cn phi phn u 0,95.

cos = 0,9, mt s nc tin tin cos c th t ti 0,92 II. CC GII PHP B COS T NHIN

B cos t nhin cng l mt thut ng ch nhng gii php khng cn t thit b b m lm tng c tr s cos . chnh l nhng gii php n gin, r tin lm gim lng tiu th Q ca x nghip. Cc gii php b cos t nhin thng dng l: 1. Thay ng c thng xuyn non ti bng ng c c cng sut b hn: Tr s cos ca ng c t l vi h s tI ca ng c, ng c cng non tI th cos cng thp. Mi x nghip cng nghip ln c hng ngn ng c cc loi, nu cc ng c thng xuyn non ti c thay bng ng c c cng sut nh hn (lm cho h s ti tng ln) th s lm cho cos tng ng c tng ln dn n cos ca ton x nghip tng ln ng k. V d, ng c my tin 10kW, nhng do qu trnh gia cng ch cn s dng cng sut 5,5kW, khi h s ti:
kt 5,5 10 0,55

Nu thay ng c my tin 10kW bng ng c 7kW s c h s ti l:

kt 5,5 7 0,8

Kinh nghim ch ra rng: + Vi nhng ng c c kt 0,45 th nn thay. + Vi nhng ng c c kt 0,75 th khng nn thay. + Vi nhng ng c c kt = 0,45 0,75 th cn phi so snh kinh t 2 phng n: thay v khng thay, xem phng n no c li hn, sau mi quyt nh c thay ng c non ti bng ng c c cng sut nh hn khng.

Trang 139

Giao trnh cung cap ien 2. Tng cng cht lng sa cha ng c ng c sau khi sa cha thng c cos thp hn so vi trc sa cha, mc gim thp cos ty thuc vo cht lng sa cha ng c. Mi x nghip ln thng xuyn c hng trm ng c thay nhau sa cha, chnh v th nhng x nghip ny phi xy dng phn xng sa cha c kh, ch yu lm nhim v sa cha ng c. Nu cht lng sa cha m bo s gp phn khng nhvo vic gim mc tiu th Q ca ng c sau sa cha v gp phn lm tng cos ca x nghip. V th, tng cng cht lng sa cha ng c rt cn c cc x nghip cng nghip lu ng mc. Tm li, bng cc gii php tng hp v ng b k trn, chc chn s gip cho cos ca x nghip c nng cao trc khi s dng cc thit b b, iu ny em li li ch kinh t r rt cho cc x nghip. V d: mt x nghip c kh trung, qui m c tng cng sut tnh ton l P = 10.000 kW, cos = 0,5 th lng Q tiu th s l: Q = P.tg = 10.000 x 1,732 = 17,320 (kVAr) Gi s s dng cc gii php b nhn to nu trn nng c cos ln 0,6, khi lng Q tiu th ch cn: Q = 10.000 x 1,33 = 13,300 (kVAr) Ngha l gim c mt lng tiu th Q l: 17,320 - 13,300 = 4,020 (kVAr) Nh vy x nghip bt c khon tin mua, lp t, qun l, bo dng 4,020 (kVAr) t b. III. CC THIT B B COS Thng thng ngi ta s dng 2 loi thit b b chnh l t in tnh v my b ng b. c 2 loi thit b ny c nhng u nhc im gn nh tri ngc nhau. My b ng b: thc cht l loi ng c ng b chy khng ti c mt s c im ( nhc im): Va c kh nng pht ra li va tiu th c cng sut phn khng. Cng sut phn khng pht ra khng ph thuc vo in p t vo n, m ch Trang 140

Giao trnh cung cap ien yu l ph thuc vo dng kch t (c th iu chnh c d dng). Lp t vn hnh phc tp, d gy s c (v c b phn quay). My b ng b tiu th mt lng cng sut tc dng kh ln khong 0,015 0,02 kW/kVA. Gi tin n v cng sut phn khng pht ra thay i theo dung lng. Nu dung lng b th s t. V vy, ch c sn xut ra vi dung lng ln 5 MVAr tr ln. T in tnh: c u nhc im gn nh tri ngc vi my b ng b. Gi tin 1 n v cng sut phn khng pht ra hu nh khng thay i theo dung lng. iu ny thun tin cho vic chia nh ra nhiu nhm nh t su v pha ph ti. Tiu th rt t cng sut tc dng khong 0,003 0.005 kW/kVAr. Vn hnh lp t n gin, t gy ra s c. Cng sut phn khng pht ra ph thuc vo in p t vo t. Ch pht ra cng sut phn khng v khng c kh nng iu chnh. Vy vi mng x nghip ch nn s dng t in tnh, cn my b ng b ch c dng pha h p (6 -10 kV) ca cc tr m trung gian. IV. PHN PHI TI U CNG SUT B TRN LI IN X NGHIP 1. Xc nh tng cng sut phn khng cn b T hnh 9.2, nu cng sut tc dng khng thay i th: - ng vi cos - ng vi cos
1 2

c:

Q1 = P.tg
2

c : Q2 = P.tg

Cng sut cn b ti x nghip nng h s cng sut ca x nghip t cos cos

2

ln

l: Qb = Q1 - Q2 = P.tg Qb = P(tg
11-

P.tg

tg 2)

Trong : P l cng sut tc dng tnh ton ca x nghip (kW) 2. Phn phi ti u cng sut cn b Hnh 9.3 gii thiu cc v tr c th t t b cos trn li in x nghip.

Trang 141

Giao trnh cung cap ien

TPP 2

TL1

TL2

TL3

Hnh 9.2: V tr t t b trn li in x nghip

1. t t b pha cao p ca x nghip: t ti v tr ny c li l gi thnh t cao p thng r hn t h p, tuy nhin ch lm gim tn tht in nng t 1 tr ln li in, khng gim c tn tht in nng trong trm bin p v li h p x nghip. 2. t t b ti thanh ci h p ca trm bin p x nghip. T in t ti v tr ny, so vi v tr 1, lm gim thm tn tht in nng trong trm bin p v cng khng gim c tn tht in nng trn li h p x nghip. 3. t t b ti t ng lc. t t b ti cc v tr ny lm gim c tn tht in nng trn cc ng dy t t phn phi ti cc t ng lc v trong trm bin p Trang 142

Giao trnh cung cap ien x nghip. 4. t t b ti cc ca tt c ng c. t t b ti cc ca ng c c li nht v gim tn tht in nng, tuy nhin vn u t s cao v tng chi ph qun l, vn hnh, bo dng t. t t b nhng v tr no vi cng sut bao nhiu l li gii ca bi ton Phn phi ti u thit b b trong li in x nghip. Gii chnh xc bi ton ny rt kh khn v phc tp. Trong thc t, b cos cho x nghip, ngi ta tin hnh b nh sau: 1. Vi mt xng sn xut hoc x nghip nh nn t tp trung t b ti thanh cI h p trm bin p x nghip. 2. Vi x nghip loi va c mt trm bin p v mt s phn xng vi cng sut kh ln v kh xa trm bin p, gim tn tht in nng trn ng dy t trm bin p n cc phn xng c th t phn tn t b ti cc t phn phi phn xng v ti cc ng c c cng sut ln (nm by chc kW). 3. Vi x nghip qui m ln bao gm hng chc phn xng, thng li in kh phc tp bao gm trm phn phi trung tm v nhiu trm bin p phn xng, khi xc nh v tr v cng sut b thng tnh theo hai bc: Bc 1: xc nh cng sut b t ti thanh cI h p tt c cc trm bin Bc 2: phn phi cng sut b ca tng trm ( xc nh c t bc p phn xng. 1) cho cc phn xng m trm bin p cp in. 4. Cng c th xt t t b ton b pha cao p. hoc mt phn b bn cao p v mt phn b bn h p ty thuc vo chnh lch gi t cao v h p. Trong trng hp b t nhiu im (trng hp 2 v 3), cng sut b ti u ti im I no xc nh theo biu thc:
Q bi Q i - (Q Qb ) Rtd Ri

Trong :
Qi

: cng sut phn khng yu cu ti nt i. : tng cng sut phn khng yu cu

n

Q
1

Qi

Trang 143

Giao trnh cung cap ien

Qb
Ri

: tng cng sut b, l in tr nhnh n v tr nt i. l in tr tng ng ca li in.

Rtd 1 1 R1 1 R2 ... 1 Rn

R td

Ch : biu thc trn khi gii ra ch ly gi tr dng ( 0), nu khi gii ra xut hin gi tr m th c ngha l ti khng nn t t b, ti Qb = 0, b n i v gii li bI ton (n 1) n, c th cho n khi no c 1 tp nghim dng. V d 7.1: Mt xng c kh nng nghip cng sut 100kW, cos = 0,6. Hy xc nh cng sut b t b nng cos ln 0,9. Gii Vi cos = 0,6 Vi cos = 0,9 tg = 1,33 tg = 0,48 tg 2) = 100(1,33 0,48) = 85 (kVAr)

Tng cng sut b t b l: Qb = P(tg to. Hy phn phi dung lng b Qb = 300 kVAr cho mng in h p U=380 V nh HV. in tr cc nhnh cho nh hnh v. Ph ti cc h cho trn hnh v cho bng kVAr.
0,1 1 200 Qb1 0,2 2 150 Qb2 0,1 3 150 Qb3 0,2 4 100 Qb4
1-

Vy chn dng ba b t b cng sut 30kVAr, in p 400V do Dac Yeong ch

Trang 144

Giao trnh cung cap ien Bi gii: in tr tng ng ca 4 nhnh:

Rtd 1 1 0,2 1 0,1 1 0,2 1 0,1 1 30

Q = 200 + 150 + 150 + 100 = 600 Thay s vo ta c:

Qb1 Q1 (Q Qb ). Rtd R1

200 (600 300).

1 100 30.0,1

kVAr

Dung lng b ti cc t ng lc cn li: Qb2 = 150 (600 300). 1/ 30.0,2 = 100 kVAr. Qb3 = 150 (600 300). 1/30. 0,1 = 50 kVAr. Qb4 = 100 (600 300). 1/30.0,2 = 50 kVAr.

Trang 145

Giao trnh cung cap ien TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Cung cp in cho x nghip cng nghip - NXB Khoa hc v K thut 1974. 2. Cung cp in - Nguyn Xun Ph - Nguyn Cng Hin - Nguyn Bi Khu - NXB Khoa hc v K thut 1998. 3. Cung cp in - D n JICA-HIC - Ban iu khin in - 2003. 4. Hng dn m -un Trang b in 1 (MG), D n Gio dc K thut v Dy ngh. 5. H thng cung cp in Trn Bch Phan ng Khi Ng Hng Quang... Gio trnh HBK, 1978. 6. Mng cung cp v phn phi in Bi Ngc th - NXB Khoa hc v K thut 2002. 7. Nh my in v Trm bin p Trnh Hng Thm - o Quang Thch, o Kim Hoa - NXB Khoa hc v K thut 1996. 8. Thit k cp in Ng Hng Quang V Vn Tm - NXB Khoa hc v K thut 1998.

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