GV.

Nguyn V Minh

KHO ST HM S

CHNG I :CC BI TON LIN QUAN N KSHS

@@@@@@@
VN 1: TIP TUYN VI TH
nh l : o hm ca hm s y = f(x) ti im x0 l h s gc ca tip tuyn
vi th ti im M (x o ; yo = f(x o )) : k = f '(x o )
yu cu bi ton
Phng trnh tip tuyn
Tip tuyn ti M(x o ; y o ) (C)
Tip tuyn c
h s gc k cho trc
Tip tuyn song song
vi ng thng (d) cho trc :

y = kd x + b

Tip tuyn vung gc

vi ng thng (d) trc :

y = kd x + b

Tip tuyn i qua im

A( x A ; y A ) (C ) cho trc

y = f '(x o ).(x x o ) + y o (1)

k = f '( xo ) :h s gc
_Gi M(x o ; y o ) (C) l tip im
_Gii pt : f '( xo ) = k xo yo
_p Dng (1)
_Gi M(x o ; yo ) (C) l tip im
_Gii pt : f '( xo ) = kd xo yo
_p Dng (1)
_Gi M(x o ; yo ) (C) l tip im
1
_Gii pt : f '( xo ) = k xo yo
d
_p Dng (1)
_Gi M(x o ; yo ) (C) l tip im
tt ti M l ( ) : (1)
_ ( ) qua A: thay ta A vo
(1) xo yo PTTT

y = k1 x + c1
Lu : hai t : y = k x + c vung gc vi nhau k1 .k 2 = 1 ,
2
2

song song k1 = k2 Vi k1 , k2 l h s gc
VD1: Cho hm s y = x3 3x + 1. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s
ti M(2;3)
2
Li gii:
Ta c : y' = 3x 3
H s gc tip tuyn ti M l y(x0) = y(2) = 9
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M: y 3 = 9(x 2) = 9x 15.
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VD2: Cho (C) y = x3 3x + 1. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip
tuyn song song vi (d): y = 9x 4.
Li gii : Ta c h s gc ca ng thng d l 9.
Gi M(x o ;yo ) (C) l tip im
2
H s gc tip tuyn ti M l y' ( x0 ) = 3x 0 3
2
Tip tuyn song song vi (d) y' ( x0 ) = 9 3x 0 3 = 9 x 0 = 2
+ Vi x0 = 2 y0 = 3 phng trnh tip tuyn: y 3 = 9(x 2) = 9x15
+ Vi x0 = 2 y0 = 1 Phng trnh tip tuyn : y +1= 9(x2)= 9x +17
VD 3 : Cho hm s y = x3 + 3x2 9x + 5 (C) .
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) c h s gc nh nht
Gii : gi M(x0; y0) (C ) l tip im
2
H s gc tip tuyn ti M l k = f(x0) = 3x0 + 6 x0 9

Ta c k = 3( x0 + 1) 12 12 suy ra k MIN = 12 khi x0 = 1 M(1; 16)

Phng trnh tip tuyn : y 16 = 12.(x + 1)
VD 4 :
y = x3 + mx2 + 1 (Cm)
Tm m (Cm) ct (d) y = x + 1 ti 3 im phn bit A(0; 1), B, C sao
cho cc tip tip vi (Cm) ti B v C vung gc nhau.
Gii : Phng trnh honh giao im (d) v (Cm) : x3 + mx2 + 1 = x + 1
x.(x2 + mx + 1) = 0
(*) t g(x) = x2 + mx + 1 .
(d) ct (Cm) ti 3 im phn bit g(x) = 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc 0
g = m 2 4 > 0
m > 2

m < 2
g (0 ) = 1 0
2

S = xB + xC = m

V xB , xC l nghim ca g(x) = 0
P = xB xC = 1
Tip tuyn ti B v C vung gc f ( xC ) f ( x B ) = 1
xB xC . ( 3 xB + 2m ) . ( 3 xC + 2m ) = 1

xB xC [9 xB xC + 6m( xB + xC ) + 4m 2 ] = 1

1[9 + 6m( m ) + 4m 2 ] = 1 2m 2 = 10 m = 5

(tha iu kin)

3
2
VD 5 :
Cho hm s y = x 3 x + m . (1)
Tm m tip tuyn ca th (1) ti im c honh bng 1 ct cc trc

Ox, Oy ln lt ti cc im A v B sao cho din tch tam gic OAB bng

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Gii
Vi x0 = 1 y 0 = m 2 M(1 ; m 2) .
2
Tip tuyn ti M l d: y = (3 x 0 6 x 0 )( x x 0 ) + m 2
d: y = -3x + m + 2.

- d ct trc Ox ti A: 0 = 3 x A + m + 2 x A =

m+2

m+2
A
; 0
3

- d ct trc Oy ti B : y B = m + 2 B(0 ; m + 2)
3
1
3
m+2
S
=

|
OA
||
OB
|
=

|
OA||OB
|
=
3

m + 2 = 3 ( m + 2) 2 = 9
- OAB
2
2
2
3
m + 2 = 3
m = 1

m + 2 = 3
m = 5
3

VD 6 : Gi (Cm) hm s: y = x 3mx + 2 , vi m l tham s thc. Tm m

tip tuyn ca (Cm) ti im c honh bng 1 vung gc vi ng thng
x 9y + 1 = 0 .
Gii : ng thng x 9y + 1 = 0 c h s gc l 1/9
2
C y ' = 3x 3m
tip tuyn ca (Cm) ti im c honh bng 1 vung gc vi ng
1
9

1
9

thng x 9y + 1 = 0 cn v l y '(1). = 1 (3 3m). = 1 m = 4

Bi Tp :
Bi 1 : Cho hm s y = f ( x) c th l ( C ) .Tm h s gc v vit pttt vi (C)
ti im M o

x 2 + 3x + 3
vi M o (C) c honh xo = 2
a) (C) : y =
x 1
3
b) (C) : y = x + x + 1 vi M o ( 2; 9) (C )
4
2
c) (C) : y = x 2 x + 5 vi M o (C) c tung yo = 8
x+2
, M o l giao im ca (C) v Oy
y
=
d) (C) :
x 1
x 2 3x + 2
, M o l giao im ca (C) v Ox
e) (C) : y =
x 3
3
f) (C) : y = x 2 x + 2, M o l giao im ca (C) vi t y = 2

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3
g) (C) : y = 2 x x, vi M o (C) l giao im ca (C) v Oy
4
2
h) (C) : y = 2 x 5 x + 3 vi M o (C) l giao im ca (C) v Ox
3x + 4
k) (C) : y =
ti im M(1; -7) (TN THPT 2007)
2x 3

x3
y
=
Bi 2 : Cho hm s
x + 2 ( C ),vit pttt vi ths :

a) Ti giao im ca ( C ) vi 2 trc ta
b) Bit tip tuyn song song vi t y = 5 x + 2
3
2
Bi 3 : Cho hm s y = x 3 x + 4 ( C ),vit pttt vi ths :
b) Ti M o (C) c honh xo = 2
c) Bit tip tuyn ca ( C ) i qua im A(2; 0)
Bi 4 : Vit pttt vi (C) trong cc trng hp sau :
x 2 + 2x 1
, bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng phn gic th nht
a) y =
x 1
ca h trc Oxy. (H Nng Nghip 98)
(S : y = x + 1 v y = x + 9 )
3
b) y = x + 3x , bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y = 9x + 1
1
3

3
2
c) y = x 3x , bit tip tuyn vung gc vi t y = x (H An Ninh 01)

(S : y = 3x + 1 )

2x 2 7x + 7
, bit tip tuyn song song vi t (d): y = x + 4
d) y =
x2
(H Lut 99)
(S : y = x 3 )

x3
2
e) y = 2 x + 3 x 1 , bit tip tuyn qua K (0; 1)
3
x 2 3x + 1
, bit tip tuyn song song vi t y = 2 x + 3
f) y =
x2

x 2 4x
, tm pttt vi (C) trong cc trng hp sau :
Bi 5 : cho (C) : y =
x 1
a) Tip xc vi (C) ti A(2; 4)
b) Song song vi (d1 ) : y = 13x + 1
1
c) Vung gc vi (d 2 ) : y = x
d)V t M(1;5)
4
3
2
Bi 6 : cho (C) : y = x 3x + 2

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KHO ST HM S

a) Lp pttt vi (C) ti im c hanh xo = 3

1
9

b) Lp pttt vi (C) bit tt vung gc vi ng thng y = x + 19

c) Lp pttt ti im un ca (C) . H s gc l ln nht hay nh nht
Bi 7 (TN- THPT 2013) : Cho hm s y = x 3x 1 (C )
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C ) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng 9.
3
2
Bi 8 : cho (C) : y = x + 3x 5 x + 2.
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ( C ) bit tip tuyn :
a) Song song vi t : 2 x + y 3 = 0
b) Vung gc vi t : x 29 y + 2 = 0
3

2x 2
Bi 9 : y =
. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn trong cc trng hp sau :
2x 1
a) Ti im c honh x o = 1
b) Song song vi t 8x 9 y + 1 = 0
c)Vung gc vi t 25x + 24y 2 = 0
3
2
Bi 10 : cho (C) : y = x + 4 x + 4 x + 1 v im A (C) vi x A = 1 .
Vit pttt vi (C) bit tip tuyn qua A
x3
2
Bi 11 (Khi B 2004) : cho (C) : y = 2 x + 3 x c th l ( C ). Vit pttt
3
vi ( C ) ti im un. Chng minh tip tuyn ti im un c h s gc nh nht
1 3 m 2 1
(C
)
:
y
=
x x + .Gi M l im thuc (Cm ) c honh bng
Bi 12 : m
3
2
3

1 . Tm m tip tuyn ca (C m ) ti im M song song vi t 5 x y = 0

Lu :
Hai th tip xc nhau khi v ch khi phng trnh hanh giao im
ca chng c nghim kp
Tip tuyn ti im un c h s gc hoc ln nht hoc nh nht

x3
y
=
.
Bi 14: (C) :
x + 1 Vit pttt vi ( C ) bit :
a) Ti M l giao im ca ( C ) v Oy
b) Ti K c honh bng -2
c) Tip tuyn song song vi t y = 4 x + 2 d) Vung gc vi t 4 x + y 3 = 0
3
2
Bi 15: Cho hm s: y = x + 3x 4 (C)
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KHO ST HM S
1
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti im c honh l x = .
2
9
4

b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) , bit h s gc ca tip tuyn k = .

c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) , bit tip tuyn song song vi ng
thng ( d ) : y = 3x + 2010 .

Bi 16: Vit pt tip tuyn ca th hm s y = x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 3 c

h s gc nh nht .
Bi 17: Vit pt tip tuyn ca th hm s y = x3 + 3x + 2 c h s
gc ln nht.
2x 1
, Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit
x 1
tip tuyn ct trc honh ti A v trc tung ti B sao cho sao cho OA = 4OB.
x+2
Bi 19 (Khi A 2009): Cho hm s y =
(1)
2x + 3
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s (1), bit tip tuyn ct trc
honh, trc tung ln lt ti hai im phn bit A, B v tam gic OAB cn ti
gc ta O.
4
2
Bi 20 (Khi D 2010): Cho hm s : y = x x + 6. Vit phng trnh tip
1
y
=
x 1
tuyn ca (C), bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
6

Bi 18: Cho hm s (C) : y =

1 3
2
y
=
x
+
x

( C ) . Gi
VD 7 : Cho hm s
3
3 c th l
th ( C ) c honh

( C ) ti M song

l im thuc

x = 2 .Tm cc gi tr ca tham s m tip tuyn vi

2
song vi ng thng d : y = ( m 4 ) x +

9m + 5
.
3

4
4
M 2; . Tip tuyn vi ( C ) ti M c phng trnh :
3
3
4
4
14
y = y '(2).( x 2 ) y = 3 ( x 2 ) y = 3x +
3
3
3

Ta c y (2) =

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KHO ST HM S

m 2 4 = 3

m 2 = 1
//

9m + 5 14
m = 1 . Vy m = 1
Ta c

m
1
3

3
Bi 21 : (Cm ): y =

( m 1) x + m

. nh m tip tuyn vi (Cm) ti im c honh

xm
x0 = 4 song song vi ng phn gic th 2 ca h trc ta . ( m = 2)
x4
=
y
, Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit
Bi 22 : Cho hm s (C) :
x 1
tip tuyn to vi ng thng (D1) : y = 2x + 2013 gc 450
k1 k 2
tan

=
HD :
1 k1 .k 2 ta c k = 3 sau vit tip tuyn
3
2
Bi 23 : Cho hm s (C) : y = x 3x + 2 , Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C)
OB2
= 18
bit tip tuyn ct Ox, Oy ln lt ti A v B sao cho S
OAB
2x + 2
y
=
, Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit
Bi 24 : Cho hm s (C) :
x 1
tip tuyn :
a/ Song song vi ng thng y = 4x + 2 (S : y = 4x + 14 )
b/ To vi 2 trc ta mt tam gic vung cn (S : y = x 1, y = x + 7 )
2x
y
=
Bi 25 : Cho hm s (C) :
,
x+2
a/ Tm trn (C) nhng im m tip tuyn ti song song vi ng thng
y = 4x + 3 (S : M( 1, 3) )
b/ Khong cch t I ( 2, 2) n tip tuyn bng 2 2
HD : Khong cch t im M(x0, y0) n ng thng (d) : ax + by + c = 0

d ( M,(d) ) =

a.x M + b.y M + c
a 2 +b 2

3
2
Bi 26 : Cho hm s (C) : y = x 3x + 2 , Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C)
bit tip tuyn ct Ox, Oy ln lt ti A v B tha mn OB = 9.OA
(s : y = 9x + 7 , y = 9x 25 )
3
2
Bi 27 : Cho hm s (Cm) : y = x 2x + ( m 1) x + 2m

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KHO ST HM S

a/ Tm m tip tuyn vi th (Cm) ti im c honh x = 1 song song vi

ng thng y = 3x + 12 .
b/ Tm m tip tuyn vi th (Cm) c h s gc nh nht vung gc vi
11
ng thng ( ) : y = 2x + 1 . (S : m = )
6

x
VD 8 : Cho hm s y =
Tm ta im M thuc (C), bit rng tip tuyn
x 1
ca (C) ti M vung gc vi ng thng i qua im M v im I(1; 1).
Gii : Vi x0 1 , tip tuyn (d) vi (C) ti M(x0 ;

x0
) c phng trnh :
x0 1

x0
x02
1
1
( x x0 ) +
y=

x+ y
=0
x0 1
( x0 1) 2
( x0 1) 2
( x0 1) 2
uuur
r
1
1
IM
=
(
x

1;
)
u
=
(

1;
)
0
(d) c vec t ch phng
x 1
( x 1) 2 ,
0

(d) vung gc IM iu kin l :

r uuur
x0 = 0
1
1
=

u.IM = 0 1.( x0 1) +
0
x = 2
( x0 1) 2 x0 1
0
+ Vi x0 = 2 ta c M(2, 2)
+ Vi x0 = 0 ta c M(0,0)
4
2
Bi 28 (TN THPT 2008) : (C): y = x 2x . Vit pttt vi (C) ti im c
honh x0 = 2
2x
y
=
, bit
Bi 29 : Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th:
x 1
S: y = 2x+8, y = 2x
a. H s gc ca tip tuyn bng 2.
b. Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng (d): x + 2y = 0.
1
2

S: y = x +

27
1
7
,y = x
4
2
4

c. Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng ( ): 9x 2y +1=0

2
9

S: y = x +

32
2
8
,y = x+
9
9
9

2x + 3
y
=
Bi 30 : Lp phng trnh tip tuyn c th (C):
x + 1 ti nhng im
thuc th c khong cch n ng thng (d): 3x + 4y 2 = 0 bng 2
S: y = x + 3, y = 9x 13, y =
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1
23
x+ ,y = x+
16
16
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KHO ST HM S

Bi 31 : Vit phng trnh tip tuyn (d) vi th (C) : y =

x+2
x 2 , bit (d) i

x 7
y= +
4 2
3
2
Bi 32 : Cho hm s y = x (m 1)x + (3m + 1)x + m 2 . Tm m tip tuyn
ca th hm s ti im c honh bng 1 i qua im A(2; 1).
S: m = 2.
x 1
Bi 33 : Gi (C) l th ca hm s y = f(x) =
x +3
Gi M l mt im thuc (C) c khong cch n trc honh bng 5. Vit

qua im A( 6;5).

S: y = x 1,

phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C ) ti M.

S: y = 4x + 21
4
2
x
x
y
=
f(x)
=
+
+ 2 (C)
Bi 34 : Cho hm s
4
2
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn song song vi (D): y = 2x 2.
3
S: y = 2x +
4
2x 3
+ x 2 + 4x 2 , gi th ca hm s l (C)
Bi 35 : Cho hm s y =
3
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) c h s gc ln nht
9
25
S: y = x
2
12
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) i qua im A(2;9)
S: y = 8x + 25
x3
2
Bi 36 : Gi (C) l th ca hm s y = f(x) = x + 2x + 1
3

a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti giao im ca (C) vi trc tung
s: y = 2x+1
x
=

+2
y
b) Vit pttt ca (C) vung gc vi ng thng
5
8
hoc y = 5x 8
S: y = 5x +
3
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) bit tip tuyn ct trc honh, trc
tung ln lt ti A,B sao cho tam gic OAB vung cn (O l gc ta )
4
S: y = x +
3
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2x 1
y
=
VD 8 : Cho hm s
x 1 (C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn d ca (C), bit
rng tip tuyn ct cc trc Ox, Oy ln lt ti A, B sao cho AB = 82 .OB .
Gii :

OA 2 + OB 2 = AB 2
OA = 9OB
AB = 82 .OB .Ta c 2
AB = 82.OB 2
OB
1
s gc ca tip tuyn c tnh bi k = OA = 9 .
Gi M ( x0 ; y 0 ) l tip im ca tip tuyn (d ) v (C)

/
honh tip im l nghim ca phng trnh: f ( x 0 ) = k hay:

1
1
7

VN
=
(
)
=

=
x
y
4
2
( x 1)
0
0
9
3
0
2

( x0 1) = 9
1
1
x = 2 y = 5
=

0
0
( x 1) 2

9
3

0
Vi k =

1
v tip im
9

7
4; , ta c pt tip tuyn :
3

1
7
1
25
( x 4 ) + hay y = x + .
9
3
9
9
5

2;

Vi k = v tip im
3 , ta c pt tip tuyn:
9

1
5
1
13
y = ( x + 2 ) + hay y = x +
9
3
9
9
y=

2x + 1
y
=
VD 9 : Cho hm s
x + 1 ( C ); Tm ta im M sao cho khong cch t
I( 1; 2) ti tip tuyn ca M l ln nht.

(C ) th tip tuyn ti M c pt
HD : Gi M x0 ; 2
+
x
1
0

1
1
y2+
=
( x x0 )
x0 + 1 ( x0 + 1) 2

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hay
d=

KHO ST HM S

( x x 0 ) ( x 0 + 1) 2 ( y 2) ( x 0 + 1) = 0
(1 x0 ) ( x0 + 1)
1 + ( x0 + 1)

2 x0 + 1
1 + ( x0 + 1) 4

khong cch t I n tip tuyn l

2

.do
1
2
+ ( x0 + 1)
( x0 + 1) 2

1
+ ( x0 + 1) 2 2 nn d 2 .
2
( x0 + 1)
1
2
= ( x 0 + 1) 2 ( x 0 + 1) = 1 x 0 = 2 .hoc x = 0
2
( x 0 + 1)
suy ra M ( 2;3) hoc M (0;1)

2x + 3
y
=
Bi 37 : (C) :
x 1 . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit khong cch

5 26
t tm i xng ca (C) n tip tuyn bng 13 .
x
y
=
Bi 38 : (C) :
x 1 . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit khong cch t
tm i xng ca (C) n tip tuyn bng l ln nht.
x
1
y
=
=

1
( C ) Lp phng trnh
VD 10 (D B -2007) Cho hm s
x +1
x +1
tip tuyn d ca (C) sao cho d v hai tim cn ct nhau to thnh mt tam gic cn
.
Gii : Gi d l tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M ( x0 ; y0 ) , th d :

1
y=
x x0 ) + y0 ; y0 = 1

2 (
x0 + 1
( x0 + 1)

x0 1

B
1;

- Nu d ct tim cn ng : x = -1 ti im B :
+
x
1
(
)
0

- Khi d ct tim cn ngang : y =1 ti im A , th : A ( 2 x0 + 1;1)

- Goi giao hai tim cn l I(-1;1) . Tam gic IAB l tam gic cn khi : IA = IB

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x0
2
x

1
0
2
2
2
IA = IB (2 x0 + 2) = 0
1
x0
x0 + 1

x0

1
1 = 2 x0 + 2
+1
1
1 = 2 x 0 2
+1

x = 0 y0 = 0 pttt : y = x
x02 + 2 x0 + 2 = 0 (VN ) 0
2

x
2
y
=

=
pttt : y = x + 8 3
x0 + 2 x0 = 0
0
0
3
VD 11 : Cho hm s y = x 3 + 3x 2 1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C)
1
bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng (d) : y = x 2009 .
9
1
1
(d) : y = x 2009 c h s gc l
9
9
Tip tuyn ca (C) c dng y y0 = f '( x 0 )( x x 0 )

1
= 1 f'(x 0 ) = 9
f'(x
)
0
Tip tuyn vung gc vi (d)
9
x = 1 y0 = 3
3 x02 + 6 x0 + 9 = 0 0
x0 = 3 y0 = 1

y = 9 x 6
Vy c hai phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) tho iu kin l: y = 9 x + 26

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