Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 2 3
(1)
7
2 ( )
60
FeCl Fe O
n n mol = =
3
( )
7 0,1.2 3
( )
60 3 60
FeCl tt
n mol = =
3
( )
3.162, 5
8,125( )
60
FeCl tt
m g = =
+ Sai lm phi m HS hay mc phi l:
Fe FeCl
2
; Fe
2
O
3
2 FeCl
3
x x ( mol) y 2y ( mol)
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca Fe v Fe
2
O
3
56x + 160 y =11,2 (g)
Ta c :
2
0,1( )
FeCl
n mol = = x y = 0,035 (mol) ;
3
2.0, 035.162, 5 11, 375( ) 8,125( )
FeCl
m g g = = =
S d HS mc sai lm l do khng ch v v tr ca cc cp oxi ha kh trong dy
in ha ca cc kim loi Fe
2+
/Fe;2H
+
/H
2
;Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
* Sai lm do khng xt ht trng hp dn ti thiu nghim
V d : X l dung dch cha 0,1 mol AlCl
3
.Y l dung dch NaOH 1M. t t Y vo X n
ht th lng kt ta thu c l 6,24 g. Th tch ca Y l
A.0,24 lt B.0,32 lt C.0,24 hoc 0,32 lt D.0,34 lt
* Hng dn gii: Thy
3
AlCl
n = 0,1 (mol) >
3
( ) Al OH
n = 0.08 (mol).
C hai trng hp xy ra:
Trng hp 1: AlCl
3
d, NaOH thiu
3
( )
3 0, 24( )
NaOH Al OH
n n mol = = ,
3
( )
3 0, 24( )
NaOH Al OH
n n mol = = V = 0,24 (lt)
Trng hp 2: AlCl
3
ht to kt ta sau kt ta tan mt phn
AlCl
3
+ 3NaOH Al(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
0,1 0,3 0,1 (mol)
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
(0,1-0,08) 0,02 (mol)
V = 0,32 (lt)
* Sai lm: Hu ht HS gii theo cch: Qua s mol Al(OH)
3
thy AlCl
3
d, NaOH ht
0, 24( )
NaOH
n mol = V = 0,24 (lt). HS khng ngh n tnh cht lng tnh ca Al(OH)
3
nn khng xt n trng hp 2
* Sai lm v vic khng xc nh ng cht to thnh sau phn ng ha hc
V d: Cho Fe phn ng vi 0,04 mol dd HNO
3
long, sau phn ng thu c dd A, kh NO
v cht rn B. Khi lng mui thu c trong dd X l
A.9,68g B.2,42g C.10,8g D.2,7g
* Hng dn gii :- Xc nh mui thu c trong dd X l mui Fe(II) do sau phn ng Fe
vn cn d nn Fe + 2 Fe(NO
3
)
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
2
Ta c
+5
N + 3e
2
N
+
Gi x l s mol ca kh NO to thnh sau phn ng
10
Ta c
3
HNO
n = x + 3x = 0,04(mol) x = 0,01 mol)
3 2
( ) Fe NO
n
0, 01.3
0, 015( )
2
mol = =
3 2
( ) Fe NO
m
= 0,015.180= 2,7(g)
- Sai lm : HS Cho rng mui thu c trong dung dch X l mui Fe(III), khng bit c
sau phn ng Fe vn cn d
Gi x l s mol ca NO to thnh sau phn ng. Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t c
3
3 0, 04( )
HNO
n x x mol = + = x = 0,01 (mol)
3 3
( )
0, 01.3
0, 01( )
3
Fe NO
n mol = =
3 3
( ) Fe NO
m
= 0,01.242 = 2,42(g)
* Sai lm : Trong bi tp ny HS xc nh ng mui to thnh l mui Fe(II) nhng vn cn
mc sai lm na l xc nh s mol HNO
3
oxi ha sai
+5
N + 3e
+2
N Fe Fe
+2
+ 2e
0,04 0,12 ( mol) 0,06 0,12 (mol)
3 2
( ) Fe NO
m = 0,06.180= 10,8 (g)
* Sai lm trong qu trnh vn dng kin thc phn ng oxi ha kh
V d : X l mt oxit st % khi lng ca Fe trong oxit l 72,41%. Ha tan ht 69,6 g X cn
V lt dung dch HNO
3
0,7M thu c dung dch X v gii phng kh NO duy nht. Cng thc
phn t ca X v gi tr ca V ?
* Hng dn gii : % m
Fe
trong oxit l 72,41% Cng thc oxit st l Fe
3
O
4
3 4
Fe O
n
= 0,3 ( mol)
Ta c 3
+8/3
Fe 3
+3
Fe + 1e
+5
N + 3e
+2
N
0,9 0,9 0,3 (mol) 0,3 0,1(mol)
S mol HNO
3
phn ng bng tng s mol NO
3
-
trong mui v s mol NO
3
-
to sn phm
kh NO
3
HNO
n = 0,9.3 + 0,1 = 2,8 ( mol) V =
2,8
0,7
= 4 l
* Sai lm: HS thng p dng nh lut bo ton electron
3
+8/3
Fe 3
+3
Fe + 1e 4H
+
+ NO
3
-
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
0,9 0,9 0,3 (mol) 0,4 0,3 (mol)
S mol HNO
3
tham gia phn ng trn l 0,4 mol V =
0,4
0,7
=
4
7
( lt)
HS phm mt sai lm l vit qu trnh kh tnh s mol HNO
3
th s mol HNO
3
tham
gia qu trnh l lng HNO
3
tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh
* Sai lm do khng ch n hiu sut phn ng
V d: Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm hn hp X gm Al, Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng 21,67 gam
11
trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Ha tan hon ton hn hp cht rn Y sau phn ng bng
dung dch NaOH d thu 2,016 lt H
2
(ktc) v 12,4 gam cht rn khng tan. Hiu sut ca
phn ng nhit nhm ?
+ Hng dn gii : Phn ng nhit nhm 2Al + Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+2 Fe
21,67 gam Y l (Al
2
O
3
, Fe, Al, Fe
2
O
3
) trong :
2 3
12, 4( )
Fe Fe O
m m g + =
2Al + 2NaOH +2H
2
O 2NaAlO
2
+3H
2
0,06
2,016
22,4
=0,09(mol)
2 3
21, 67 12, 4 0.06.27 7, 65( )
Al O
m g = =
2 3
7, 65
0, 075( )
102
Al O
n mol = =
( )
0, 075.2 0, 06 0, 21( )
Al X
n mol = + =
2 3
( )
21, 67 0, 21.27 16( )
Fe O X
m g = =
2 3
( )
16
0,1( )
160
Fe O X
n mol = =
Xt t l
0,21
2
>
0,1
1
Hiu sut tnh theo Fe
2
O
3
H
p
=
0,075
0,1
.100 = 75%
+ Sai lm
- Mt s HS ngh rng hiu sut ca phn ng nhit nhm tnh theo Al nn hiu sut
phn ng l H
p
=
0,15
0,21
.100 = 71,43%
- Mt s HS ngh rng hiu sut phn ng tnh theo bt k cht no trong hn hp cc
cht phn ng nn p dng vo nhm dn n kt qu sai.
2.2.2.2. Sai lm v mt k nng thc hnh ha hc
* Nhn bit v phn bit cc cht
V d: Nh t t dung dch NH
3
cho n d vo ng nghim ng dung dich CuSO
4
. Hin
tng quan st ng nht l :
A. Dung dch mu xanh thm to thnh.
B. C kt ta mu xanh lam to thnh.
C. Kt ta mu xanh lam to thnh v c kh mu nu thoat ra.
D. Kt ta mu xanh, sau kt ta tan dn to thnh dd mu xanh
+ Hng dn gii :
- u tin xut hin kt ta mu xanh
CuSO
4
+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O Cu(OH)
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
- Sau kt ta tan ra do Cu(OH)
2
+ 4NH
3
[Cu(NH
3
)
4
]( OH)
2
+ Sai lm: Do HS quan st hin tng khng chnh xc nn ch da vo l thuyt khng nh
CuSO
4
tan trong NH
3
d m khng bit hin tng xy ra tng giai on. Mt s HS khng
vng kin thc l thuyt v li thc hnh ngh rng nh t t dd NH
3
vo ng dd CuSO
4
th
s to kt ta v kt ta khng tan khi NH
3
d.
* Tch cc cht ra khi hn hp, tinh ch cc cht
12
V d: Bng phng php ha hc tch ring tng kim loi ra khi hn hp
A( Fe, Al,Cu).
+ Hng dn gii:
ddHCldu
A Cu + dd X( FeCl
2
, AlCl
3
;HCl)
Dd X( FeCl
2
, AlCl
3
;HCl)
ddNaOHdu
dd (NaAlO
2
,NaCl,NaOH)+ Fe(OH)
2
- Fe(OH)
2
o
t
Fe
2
O
3
2
,
o
H t
Fe
- dd B(NaAlO
2
,NaCl,NaOH)
2
CO
Al(OH)
3
o
t
Al
2
O
3
dpnc
Al
+ Sai lm :
- Do khng nm c 2 khi nim nhn bit v tch nn mt s HS mc sai lm sau
khi cho A tc dng NaOH d to Fe(OH)
2
nn khng tch Fe ra khi Fe(OH)
2
- HS qun Al(OH)
3
lng tnh nn mt s HS cho dd B tc dng vi HCl d thu
c kt ta .
2.2.3. Sai lm v phng php t duy
2.2.3.1. Sai lm v t duy so snh
V d 2: nh n bi t ba axit c, ngu i: HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
ng ring bi t trong 3 l b mt
nhn, nn du
ng thu c th
la
:
A. Al B. CuO C. Cu D. Fe
* Hng dn gii: Bng kh nng t duy so snh HS d dng loi A, D v B v:
- Al v Fe u khng phn ng vi HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c ngui.
- CuO phn ng vi c 3 dung dch axit cho dung dch mu xanh (Cu
2+
)
p n C ng Cu + HCl khng phn ng
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
* Sai lm : Mt s HS t duy km nn bn khon gia A v D v ngh rng H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
c
tnh oxi ha mnh nn tc dng vi Fe v Al. HS yu v trung bnh khng chn Cu v ngh Cu
l kim loi c tnh kh yu nn khng phn ng vi HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c ngui.
2.2.3.2. Sai lm v t duy phn tch
V d: Nung nng tng cp cht sau trong bnh kn:(1) Fe+ S
(r)
,(2)Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
(k)
,(3)Au +
O
2(k)
, (4) Cu+ Cu(NO
3
)
2(r)
,(5) Cu + KNO
3(r)
, (6) Al + NaCl
( r)
. Cc
trng hp xy ra phn ng oxi ha kim loi l :
A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4
* Hng dn gii :
- Cp (1): Fe + S
t
o
FeS . - Cp (2): Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 CO
t
o
2 Fe+ 3 CO
2
- Cp (3)(6) khng xy ra.
- Cp (4) : Cu(NO
3
)
2
t
o
CuO + NO
2
+ O
2
; 2Cu + O
2
t
o
2CuO
- Cp (5) : 2 KNO
3
t
o
2 KNO
2
+ O
2
; 2Cu + O
2
t
o
2CuO
13
* Sai lm: HS qun sn phm ca phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat; qun khi nim cht b
kh, cht b oxi ha v nhm ln cho rng Al tc dng vi NaCl
(r)
2.2.3.3. Sai lm v t duy tng hp
V d : Cho m gam bt st vo dd hn hp cha 0,16 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
v 0,4 mol HCl, lc u
cho phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kim loi c khi lng bng 0,7m gam v V
lt kh (ktc). Gi tr ca V v m ln lt l
A. 1,12 lt v 18,20 g B. 2,24 lt v 23,73 g
C.2,24 lt v21,55 g D. 4,48 lt v 33,07 g
* Hng dn gii : Ta c:
2
0,16( )
Cu
n mol
+
= ;
3
0,32( )
NO
n mol
= ; 0, 4( )
H
n mol
+
= .
Sau phn ng thu hn hp kim loi nn phn ng xy ra l
Fe + Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+ Cu
0,16 0,16 0,16 (mol)
3Fe + 8H
+
+ 2 NO
3
-
3Fe
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
0,15 0,4 0,1 (mol)
0,7m = m
Cu
+ m
Fe d
0,7m = 0,16.64 + (m - 0,31.56) m = 23,73(g)
V
NO
= 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 (lt)
* Sai lm: Do phn tch bi ton cha y do kh nng t duy tng hp km nn mt s
HS cho rng Fe Fe
3+
m qun mt Fe d, mt s HS cho rng kh thot ra l H
2
do Fe +
2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
; mt s HS do khng c k nn ch nh phn ng 3Fe +8 H
+
+2
NO
3
-
3Fe
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
2.3. Khc phc sai lm khi gii BTHH phn kim loi lp 12- THPT
2.3.1. C s khc phc nhng sai lm thng gp ca HS
- Cn c vo chun kin thc k nng phn kim loi lp 12
- Cn c mc nh ca qu trnh dy hc
- Cn c yu cu ca i mi PPDH, i mi kim tra nh gi
- Cn c nhng sai lm thng gp ca HS trong qu trnh gii BTHH
2.3.2. Mt s bin php khc phc sai lm khi gii BTHH phn kim loi lp 12- THPT
2.3.2.1. Tng cng kim tra l thuyt theo cc mc nhn thc
* Nhn bit
V d : S electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t kim loi thuc nhm I
A
l?
A. 3. B. 2. C. 4. D. 1.
Phn tch: V d ny ch yu cu HS nh c s electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t
kim loi thuc nhm A bng s th t ca nhm.
* Thng hiu
V d 1: Hnh v di y biu din tnh cht vt l no ca kim loi. V sao kim loi c tnh
cht vt l trn ?
14
Phn tch: HS quan st hnh v nhn ra tnh do ca kim loi: khi tc dng mt lc c hc
mnh ln ming kim loi, n b bin dng. Do cc cation kim loi trong mng tinh th trt
ln nhau nhng khng tch ri nhau l nh lc ht tnh in ca cc electron t do vi cc
cation kim loi trong mng tinh th.
* Vn dng
V d: T c im cu to nguyn t hy d on tnh cht ha hc ca nhm?
Phn tch: HS phi bit s dng kin thc v cu to nguyn t d on tnh cht ha hc
ca nhm. Cu to nguyn t ca Al:
- Cu hnh e nguyn t : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
Al c 3 e ha tr, l nguyn t p
- R
Al
= 0,125 nm (R
Mg
= 0,16 nm) tng i ln
- Mng tinh th lp phng tm din
Tnh kh mnh
* Vn dng sng to
V d : Cho bt Fe vo dd hn hp NaNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
n phn ng hon ton thu -c dd
A, hn hp kh X gm NO v H
2
v cht rn khng tan. Bit dd A khng cha mui amoni.
Trong dd A cha cc mui:
A. FeSO
4
, Na
2
SO
4
B. FeSO
4
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
, Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
C. FeSO
4
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
, Na
2
SO
4
D. Fe(SO
4
)
3
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
Phn tch : HS phi bit mt lng kin thc tng hp cc vn hc t phn v c lp
11 l tnh cht ca NO
3
-
trong mi trng axit n kin thc dy in ha 12, ng thi
phi bit vn dng linh hot kin thc v kim loi Fe v cc hp cht. Th t cc phn ng :
3Fe +8 H
+
+2NO
3
-
3 Fe
2+
+2 NO + 4H
2
O (1)
Fe +2 H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
(2)
Sau (1) NO
3
-
ht Fe, H
+
d nn ton b NO
3
-
chuyn thnh NO sau phn ng
2.3.2.2. Rn luyn k nng tnh ton ha hc
rn luyn k nng tnh ton ha hc cn :
- Trang b cho HS mt s phng php gii nhanh ton ha
- Phn dng BTHH v hng dn HS gii bi tp theo tng dng
a. Cc phng php gii nhanh
b. Phn dng BTHH v hng dn HS gii BT theo tng dng
+Kim loi, oxit kim loi, baz, mui tc dng vi axit HCl, H
2
SO
4
long
PP gii chung :
15
- Cch 1: Cch gii thng thng l s dng PP i s, thit lp mi quan h gia d kin bi
ton vi n s, sau gii phng trnh hoc h phng trnh
- Cch 2: Cch gii nhanh l s dng cc nh lut nh: bo ton in tch, bo ton khi
lng, bo ton nguyn t ( kt hp vi PP i s )
+ Kim loi, oxit kim loi, baz, mui tc dng vi axit HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c
PP gii chung l s dng ch yu nh lut bo ton electron, kt hp vi cc PP bo
ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t
+ Kim loi tc dng vi dung dch mui
PP gii chung l vn dng c PP i s v mt s PP gii nhanh nh: bo ton
electron, bo ton khi lng , c bit l PP tng gim khi lng
+ Bi tp v in phn
PP gii chung : i vi dng ny chng ta cn phi vit c sn phm ca qu trnh
in phn nng chy, in phn dd. c bit l in phn dd vn dng cng thc ca nh lut
Faraday khi lng cht thu c cc in cc
+ Bi tp v phn ng ca CO
2
; SO
2
vi cc dung dch kim
PP gii chung: a s mol kim v s mol OH