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PHN 3 :
phn ny, ta s vn dng nhng phng php v k nng gii bi tp trc nghim vo cc bi
tp ha hc trong thi i hc, Cao ng khi A, B nm 2013. Phn tch, nh gi, nhn nh cc
nhm phng php v k nng c s dng nhiu nht trong cc thi. Trn c s , xy dng
k hoch n tp hp l, t c kt qu cao trong k thi i hc, Cao ng nm 2014.
2n Mg + 3n Al = 2 nCl2 + 4 n O2 = 1
{
{
n Al = 0,1
0,2
0,15
Suy ra %m Al trong Y =
0,1.27
.100% = 24,32%
11,1
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Cu 51 M 537: Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch hn hp cha 0,02 mol AgNO3 v 0,05
mol Cu(NO3)2. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng thanh st tng m gam (coi ton
b kim loi sinh ra bm vo thanh st). Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,36.
B. 3,60.
C. 2,00.
D. 1,44.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Bn cht phn ng l Fe kh hon ton Ag+, Cu2+ thnh Ag, Cu; Ag+, Cu2+ oxi ha Fe thnh
Fe2+.
p dng bo ton nguyn t Cu, Ag, bo ton electron, ta c :
n = n
= 0,05
n Fe = 0,06 mol
Cu2+
Cu
m = m + m m
nAg = nAg + = 0,02
tang
Ag
Cu
Fe phan ng = 2 gam
{
{
14
24
3
0,05.64
0,02.108
0,06.56
phan ng = n Ag + + 2 n Cu2+
2 n1Fe
{
424
3 {
0,05
?
0,02
{ {
nAg = n Ag+ = nFe2+ = 0,01
0,04.143,5
0,01.108
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
TN1: 2 n{
Ba + 3n Al phan ng = 2 n H2
{
1424
3
x
0,4
x = 0,1
2x
m X = m Al + m Ba = 24,5 gam
{ {
y = 0,4
Ba + 3n Al ban au = 2 n H2
TN2 : 2 n{
0,4.27
0,1.137
{
1
424
3
x
0,7
x
y
y = 0,01
Fe2 O3 = 1,6
160 n{
0,5(x + y )
Nh vy, c 0,01 mol Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe2+ v 0,01 mol Fe b oxi ha thnh Fe3+.
p dng bo ton electron, ta c :
n Ag = n Ag+ = 3 nAl + 2 nFe + 3 n Fe = 0,08 mol m Ag = 0,08.108 = 8,64 gam
{
{
{
0,01
0,01
0,01
Cu 28 M 374: Ha tan hon ton m gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c 5,376 lt
(ktc) hn hp kh X gm N2, N2O v dung dch cha 8m gam mui. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng
18. Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,28.
B. 19,44.
C. 18,90.
D. 21,60.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, ta c :
n N2 + n N2O = 0,24
n N = 0,12
2
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
0,12
0,12
0,0014m
Cu 1 M 374 : Hn hp X gm 3,92 gam Fe, 16 gam Fe2O3 v m gam Al. Nung X nhit
cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh, thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Chia Y thnh hai phn bng
nhau. Phn mt tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long (d), thu c 4a mol kh H2. Phn hai phn
ng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c a mol kh H2. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,40.
B. 3,51.
C. 7,02.
D. 4,05.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Sau phn ng nhit nhm, hn hp cht rn Y thu c phn ng vi NaOH to ra kh, chng
t Al d, Fe2O3 phn ng ht.
p dng bo ton nguyn t Fe, ta c :
n Fe trong Y = n Fe trong X = n Fe + 2 nFe2O3 = 0,27 mol.
{
{
0,07
0,1
Theo gi thit suy ra : Khi cho Y phn ng vi dng dch H2SO4 long d, thu c 8a mol H2 ;
khi cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c 2a mo kh H2.
p dng bo ton electron, ta c :
2 n{
Fe + 3n Al = 2 n H2
{
a = 0,045
0,27
8a
14243
1
424
3
3n
=
2
n
n
=
0,06
Al
H
Al
{2
0,06.27
0,2.27
2a
Cu 34 M 374: Ha tan hon ton 1,805 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi X vo bng dung
dch HCl, thu c 1,064 lt kh H2. Mt khc, ha tan hon ton 1,805 gam hn hp trn bng
dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c 0,896 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Bit cc th tch
kh u o iu kin tiu chun. Kim loi X l
A. Al.
B. Cr.
C. Mg.
D. Zn.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Gi s kim loi X c ha tr n khng i.
Theo gi thit v bo ton electron, ta c :
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
MX
n = 3
=9
2n Fe + n.n X = 2n H2 = 2.0,0475 = 0,095 n.n X = 0,045
n
X la Al
n.M = 0,405
+
=
=
=
3n
n.n
3n
3.0,04
0,12
X
X
NO
Fe
PS : Nu trng hp ny ta khng tm c kt qu th loi cc phng n A, C, D v chn B
(v B l phng n duy nht kim loi c s thay i ha tr trong phn ng vi HCl v HNO3).
Cu 25 M 374: Cho m gam Fe vo bnh cha dung dch gm H2SO4 v HNO3, thu c dung
dch X v 1,12 lt kh NO. Thm tip dung dch H2SO4 d vo bnh thu c 0,448 lt kh NO v
dung dch Y. Bit trong c hai trng hp NO l sn phm kh duy nht, o iu kin tiu chun.
Dung dch Y ha tan va ht 2,08 gam Cu (khng to thnh sn phm kh ca N+5). Bit cc phn
ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,40.
B. 4,20.
C. 4,06.
D. 3,92.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Khi cho Cu vo dung dch Y khng to sn phm kh ca N+5, chng t trong Y khng cn
NO3 . Dung dch Y c th c Fe2+ hoc khng.
S phn ng :
2
2
2
H 2 SO 4 Fe SO 4 , NO3 H2SO4 d SO 4 , H + Cu SO 4 , H+
2+
2+
2+
3+
2+
Fe , Fe3+
Fe , Fe
Fe , Cu
HNO3
14
4244
3
14243
dd Y
dd X
2 n{
Fe + 2 n
Cu = 3 n NO n Fe = 0,075 m Fe = 0,075.56 = 4,06 gam
{
123
?
0,0325
0,07
Cu 36* M 537: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 2,8 gam Fe v 1,6 gam Cu trong 500 ml
dung dch hn hp HNO3 0,1M v HCl 0,4M, thu c kh NO (kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Cho
X vo dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c m gam cht rn. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton, NO
l sn phm kh duy nht ca N+5 trong cc phn ng. Gi tr ca m l
A. 29,24.
B. 30,05.
C. 28,70.
D. 34,10.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
NO
Fe
Cu
HNO 3
NO
HCl
dd X
AgNO3 d
Fe3+ , Cu 2+
Ag
+
+
AgCl
Ag , NO3
Cht kh l Cu, Fe; cht oxi ha l NO3 trong mi trng H+ v Ag+. V AgNO3 d tc l Ag+
d v NO3 d nn s mol electron nhn tnh theo H+ v Ag+.
Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
3
Ta thy : 3 n Fe + 2 n Cu > n H + nn H+ phn ng ht, Ag+ c tham gia vo phn ng oxi ha
{
{ 4{
0,05
0,025
0,25
kh.
Nh vy, sau tt c cc phn ng, dung dch thu c cha Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+ v NO3 ; cht rn
gm AgCl v Ag.
p dng bo ton nguyn t Cl v bo ton electron, ta c :
Ag
{
0,05
{
4
0,2.143,5
0,0125.108
0,025
0,25
n Ag
2
Mg
MgO
Mg(OH)2
H , SO4
2n Fe2 O3 = n{
Fe
n Fe O = 0,1
0,2
2 3
m chat ran = m Fe2O3 + m MgO = 20 gam
123 {
Mg
nMgO = n{
n MgO = 0,1
0,1.40
0,1.160
0,1
Cu 12 M 374: Oxi ha hon ton 3,1 gam photpho trong kh oxi d. Cho ton b sn phm
vo 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X. Khi
lng mui trong X l
A. 14,2 gam.
B. 11,1 gam.
C. 16,4 gam.
D. 12,0 gam.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit v bo ton nguyn t P, ta c :
= 2 mui to ra l Na2HPO4.
n H3PO4
nNaOH = 0,2
Theo bo ton nguyn t P, ta c :
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n CO + n O + n CO = 4 kmol
n CO2 = 1,2 kmol
2
2
n O2 = 0,6 kmol
n CO = 4.0,015 = 1,2 kmol
2
0,05
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi O v Al, ta c :
5,8
3n Al2O3 = n{
n Al2O3 =
kmol
CO + 2 n CO2 + 2 n O2
{
{
11,6
3
2,2
1,2
0,6
m Al = 27.
= 104,4 kg
11,6
3
n Al = 2n Al O
n =
kmol
2 3
Al
3
Cu 25 M 958: t chy hon ton mt lng ancol X cn va 8,96 lt kh O2 (ktc). thu
c 6,72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 7,2 gam H2O. Bit X c kh nng phn ng vi Cu(OH)2. Tn ca
X l
A. propan-1,3-iol. B. glixerol.
C. propan-1,2-iol. D. etylen glicol.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng khi A v khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, khi t chy X cn 0,4 mol O2, to thnh 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,4 mol H2O; X phn
ng c vi Cu(OH)2. Suy ra X l ancol no, a chc (c t nht hai nhm OH lin k).
Ta c :
n X = n H2O n CO2 = 0,1
OX = 2
n CO2
=3
X : C3 H 8O2 (CH 2OHCHOHCH 3 )
C X =
14442444
3
nX
O X .n X + 2n O = 2n CO + n H O
2
2
2
Cu 42 M 374: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 0,07 mol mt ancol a chc v 0,03 mol
mt ancol khng no, c mt lin kt i, mch h, thu c 0,23 mol kh CO2 v m gam H2O. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,40.
B. 2,34 .
C. 8,40.
D. 2,70.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
S nguyn t C trung bnh ca hai ancol l :
nCO2
0,23
CX =
=
= 2,3 . Suy ra ancol hai chc l C2H4(OH)2.
nX
0,07 + 0,03
S C trong ancol khng no l :
Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Cancol khong no =
0,23 0,07.2
= 3 . Suy ra ancol khng no l CH2=CHCH2OH.
0,03
n HOH = 0,1
n RCOOH = n RCH2OH p = n HOH = 0,1
n
= 0,1
n RCOOH + n HOH + n RCH2OH d = 2n H2 = 0,3 RCH2OH d
0,1(R + 53)
0,1.40
e tanol
Hng dn gii
= 1:1, suy ra X ch c mt nhm COOH, X c cng thc l (H2N)nRCOOH.
Ta c :
X la H 2 NC3 H 6 COOH
n
1
=
5
M
= 125
(H2 N)n RCOONa =
0,04
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n CO = 4n.n Y = 0,2n
{
X : C H O N
2
0,05
9 17 4 3
n
=
(4n
1)n
=
0,05(4n
1)
n
=
3
n
H2 O
BaCO3 = n CO2 = 9 n{X = 0,09 mol
Y
{
0,05
0,01
m + m
= 36,3
CO2
H2 O
{
m BaCO3 = 0,09.197 = 17,73 gam
{
0,2n.44 0,05(4n1)18
PS : Cch thit lp cng thc ca X, Y :
X l tripeptit nn cng thc ca X l : (3CnH2n+1O2N 2H2O) = C3nH6n-1O4N3;
Y l tetrapeptit nn cng thc ca X l : (4CnH2n+1O2N 3H2O) = C4nH8n-2O5N4.
Cu 13 M 374: Cho X l hexapeptit Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val v Y l tetrapeptit Gly-AlaGly-Glu. Thy phn hon ton m gam hn hp gm X v Y thu c 4 amino axit, trong c 30
gam glyxin v 28,48 gam alanin. Gi tr ca m l
A. 77,6.
B. 83,2.
C. 87,4.
D. 73,4.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
t n X = n Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val
Hng dn gii
= x mol; n Y = nGly-Ala-Gly-Glu = y mol.
M X = 2 M Ala + 2 MGly + 2 M Val 5M H2O = 472; M Y = M Ala + 2 M Gly + MGlu 3M H2O = 332.
{
{
{
{
{ {
{
{
89
117
75
18
89
75
147
18
= 0,32
Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val + n Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu =
n Ala = 2 n
144
42444
3 14243
89
x = 0,12
x
y
30
y = 0,08
n = 2 n
= 0,4
Gly
Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Val + 2 n Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu =
144
42444
3
14243 75
x
y
0,08.332
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Ngoi cc dng bi p dng bo ton nguyn t v nhm nguyn t, trong thi cn c nhng
bi s dng bo ton lin kt :
Cu 45 M 958: Cho 27,2 gam ankin X tc dng vi 15,68 lt kh H2 (ktc) c xc tc thch
hp, thu c hn hp Y (khng cha H2). Bit Y phn ng ti a vi dung dch cha 16 gam Br2.
Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H2.
B. C3H4.
C. C4H6.
D. C5H8.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng khi A v khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
X l ankin nn phn t c 2 lin kt . Suy ra X tham gia phn ng cng hp vi H2, Br2 theo
t l l 1 : 2.
Ta c :
2n X = n H2 + n Br2 = 0,8
{ {
n X = 0,4
0,7
0,1
X la C5 H 8
27, 2
M X = m X = 27,2
M X = 0,4 = 68
nX
nX
Cu 3 M 374: Trong mt bnh kn cha 0,35 mol C2H2; 0,65 mol H2 v mt t bt Ni. Nung
nng bnh mt thi gian, thu c hn hp kh X c t khi so vi H2 bng 8. Sc X vo lng d
dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 n phn ng hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y v 24 gam kt ta.
Hn hp kh Y phn ng va vi bao nhiu mol Br2 trong dung dch?
A. 0,10 mol.
B. 0,20 mol.
C. 0,25 mol.
D. 0,15 mol.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
C2 Ag 2
C 2 H 6
C2 H 2 t o , Ni C2 H 4
H2
C 2 H 2
H 2
123
dd AgNO3 d
C2 H 4
C2 H 6
Br2
C2 H 6 C2 H 4 Br2 +
H 2
H
123
2
Y
0,65
10
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
24
= 0,1 mol n C2H2 phan ng vi H2 va Br2 = 0,25 mol.
240
Do C2H2 c hai lin kt nn tham gia phn ng cng H2 v Br2 theo t l 1 : 2.
Suy ra :
n C2H2 d = n C2Ag2 =
nBr2 phan ng + n H2 phan ng = 2 nC2 H2 phan ng vi H2 va Br2 n Br2 phan ng = 0,15 mol
1424
3 1424
3
144424443
?
0,35
0,25
?
0,75
n H O = n H SO = 0,75
n H2O = 0,75 mol
2
2
4
p dng bo ton khi lng, ta c :
0,225.400
0,075.64
0,75.18
24
0,05.44
100
M MSO4 = 120
M la Mg
m MSO4 = 39,41%.121.8 = 48
=
M
24
98
PS : Nu trng hp to ra mui MSO4 khng tha mn th ta xt thm trng hp to ra mui
M(HSO4)2. bi ny, nu cho to ra M(HSO4)2 th hay hn, nhiu hc sinh s khng ng ti.
11
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n Y = 0,925 mol
m X = m Y n{
X M
{X = n Y M
{Y n H2 phan ng = n X n Y = 0,075 mol
{ {
10.2
1 9,25.2
1
0,925
0,3
n ROH = 2n H2O
n ROH = 2n H2O = 0,3
Vy hai ancol trong X l C2 H 5OH (M = 46) va C3 H7OH (M = 60)
Cu 55 M 374: Peptit X b thy phn theo phng trnh phn ng X + 2H2O 2Y + Z
(trong Y v Z l cc amino axit). Thy phn hon ton 4,06 gam X thu c m gam Z. t chy
hon ton m gam Z cn va 1,68 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 2,64 gam CO2 ; 1,26 gam H2O v
224 ml kh N2 (ktc). Bit Z c cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht. Tn gi ca Y
l
A. glyxin.
B. lysin.
C. axit glutamic.
D. alanin.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Cch 1:
Theo gi thit v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
nCO2 = 0,06
m Z = 1,78
nH2O = 0,07
1,78 0,06.12 0,07.2 0,01.28
n O trong Z =
= 0,04
nN2 = 0,01
16
m
O2 = m CO2 + m H2 O + m N2
{Z + m
n C : n H : n O : n N = 3 : 7 : 2 :1
{
{ {
? 0,075.32 {
2,64
1,26
0,01.28
Vy Z l C3H7O2N.
Theo phn ng cho v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
12
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
1,78
= 0,02
nC3H7O2 N =
89
n Y = 0,04 M Y = 75
=
=
=
n
n
2n
0,04
H2 O
Y
C3 H7 O2 N
=
m
3
Y
Y la H 2 NCH 2COOH
m
+
m
=
m
+
m
X
H
O
Y
Z
2
{ {
{ {
?
1,78
4,06 0,04.18
Cch 2:
Khi t chy Z, ta c n C : n H = n CO2 : 2n H2O = 3 : 7 . Do Z l mt amino axit v Z c cng thc
phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht nn c th suy ra ngay cng thc phn t ca Z l
C3H7O2N.
T lm tng t nh trn.
Cu 20* M 374: Hp cht X c thnh phn gm C, H, O cha vng benzen. Cho 6,9 gam X
vo 360 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M (d 20% so vi lng cn phn ng) n phn ng hon ton,
thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c m gam cht rn khan. Mt khc, t chy hon ton 6,9
gam X cn va 7,84 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 15,4 gam CO2. Bit X c cng thc phn t trng vi
cng thc n gin nht. Gi tr ca m l
A. 13,2.
B. 12,3 .
C. 11,1.
D. 11,4.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
n C = n CO2 = 0,35
7,84
m H O = 2,7
m O2 = 22,4 .32 = 11,2
2
n H = 2n H O = 0,3
2
m
m
m
m
+
=
+
X
O
CO
H
O
{ {2 {2 {
2
6,9 0,35.12 0,3
6,9
n
11,2
15,4
?
= 0,15
O trong X =
16
Suy ra nC : n H : n O = 7 : 6 : 3. Vy X l C7H6O3. bt bo ha ca X l 5 nn X c mt chc
axit hoc mt chc este. Suy ra X c dng l HOC6H4COOH hoc HCOOC6H4OH.
n X = 0,05
n NaOH phan ng
Do
= 3 X la HCOOC6 H 4 OH
0,18
nX
nNaOH phan ng = 120% = 0,15
Phng trnh phn ng :
HCOOC6H4OH + 3NaOH C6H4(ONa)2 + HCOONa + 2H2O
Cht rn sau phn ng l C6H4(ONa)2, HCOONa v NaOH d.
Ta c :
m
NaOH = m chat ran + m H2 O m chat ran = 13,2 gam
{X + m
12
3 1
424
3 {
6,9
0,18.40
0,05.2.18
13
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n Fe2+ = n Fe + n FeCl3
{ {
x
y
n Cl = n
HCl + 3 n FeCl3 2(x + y) = 3y + z 2x = y + z
{
{
z
y
2n Fe2+ = nCl
Cu 34 M 537: Dung dch X cha 0,12 mol Na+; x mol SO 42 ; 0,12 mol Cl v 0,05 mol
NH +4 . Cho 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo X n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, lc b
kt ta, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 7,190.
B. 7,020.
C. 7,875.
D. 7,705.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
p dng bo ton in tch cho dung dch X, ta c :
nNa+ + n NH + = nCl + 2 nSO 2 x = 0,025 .
4
4
{
{
{
{
0,12
0,05
0,12
> n NH +
n NH3 = 0,05
n{
OH
4
{
0,06
0,05
Dung dch Y gm cc ion Na+, Cl , Ba2+ d, OH d. Khi c cn dung dch Y thu c cht
rn c khi lng l : m chat ran = m Na+ + m Cl + m Ba2+ d + m OH d = 7,875 gam
{ { 1
424
3 1
424
3
0,12.23
0,12.35,5
0,005.137
0,01.17
Cu 31 M 537: Cho 200 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo 300 ml dung dch NaHCO3 0,1M,
thu c dung dch X v kt ta Y. Cho t t dung dch HCl 0,25M vo X n khi bt u c kh
sinh ra th ht V ml. Bit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 80.
B.160.
C. 60.
D. 40.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit :
nBa2+ = n Ba(OH)2 = 0,02 mol; n OH = 2n Ba(OH)2 = 0,04 mol; n HCO = nNaHCO3 = 0,03 mol.
3
Ta c :
14
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n OH > n HCO3
n BaCO3 = 0,02
{
{
0,04
0,03
OH : 0,01
=
=
n
n
0,03
CO32 sinh ra
HCO3
2
dd X: CO3 : 0,01
+
nBa2+ = 0,02
Na
+ OH H2O
H+
+ CO32 HCO3
0,02
= 0,08lt = 80 ml
0,25
Cu 36 M 374: Tin hnh in phn dung dch cha m gam hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl (hiu
sut 100%, in cc tr, mng ngn xp), n khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th
ngng in phn, thu c dung dch X v 6,72 lt kh (ktc) anot. Dung dch X ha tan ti a
20,4 gam Al2O3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 25,6.
B. 23,5
C. 51,1.
D. 50,4.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
2+
p dng bo ton in tch trong dung dch sau in phn v trong phn ng ca Al2O3 vi
OH , ta c :
n OH + 2n SO42 = n Cl = 2 n Cl2 = 0,6
{
n CuSO4 = n SO42 = 0,1
0,3
n OH = 0,4
n
= 0,1 n NaCl = n = 0,6
Al 2 O3 = 0,4
n OH = n[Al(OH)4 ] = 2 n{
Cl
SO42
0,2
Suy ra m = m CuSO4 + m NaCl = 51,1 gam
123 {
0,1.160
0,6.58,5
n
=
2.2n
+ = 2n 2
O
H
O trong H2 O
2
15
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
mol:
x
2x
x
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
mol:
y
y
y
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit, ta c :
(1)
(2)
2
6. Phng php quy i
Cu 6 M 537: Cho m gam mt oxit st phn ng va vi 0,75 mol H2SO4, thu c dung
dch ch cha mt mui duy nht v 1,68 lt kh SO2 (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht ca S+6). Gi tr
ca m l
A. 24,0.
B. 34,8.
C. 10,8.
D. 46,4.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
bi tp ny, ngoi cch s dng bo ton khi lng, ta cn c th s dng phng php quy
i.
Quy i oxit st thnh Fe v O.
Trong phn ng, cht kh l Fe; cht oxi ha l O v H2SO4.
p dng bo ton nguyn t S, bo ton in tch, bo ton electron, ta c :
16
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n
= nH2SO4 n SO2 = 0,675
SO42 tao muoi {
{
0,75
0,075
n Fe = 0,45
= 1,35
m= m
3+ = 2 n
2
3 n
Fe + m
O = 34,8 gam
Fe
SO
ta
o
muo
i
{
{
4
n O = 0,6
14
243
{
0,45.56
0,6.16
nFe
0,675
3n Fe = 2n O + 2 n SO2
{
0,075
Cu 3 M 537: Hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho kh CO qua m gam X nung nng,
sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn Y v hn hp kh Z. Cho ton b Z vo dung dch
Ca(OH)2 d, n phn ng hon ton, thu c 4 gam kt ta. Mt khc, ha tan hon ton Y trong
dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d), thu c 1,008 lt kh SO2 (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung
dch cha 18 gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 7,12.
B. 6,80.
C. 5,68.
D. 13,52.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp X gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 thnh Fe v O.
Cht kh trong ton b qu trnh phn ng l Fe, CO; cht oxi ha l O v H2SO4. 18 gam mui
l mui Fe2(SO4)3.
Theo bo ton nguyn t C, Fe v bo ton electron, ta c :
n CO = n CO = n CaCO
2
{3
0,04
n Fe = 0,09
m = m Fe + m O = 7,12 gam
n Fe = 2 n Fe2 (SO4 )3 = 0,09
{ {
1
4
24
3
=
n
0,13
O
0,09.56
0,13.16
0,045
+ 2 n SO2
3 n
Fe + 2 n
CO = 2 n
{
{
{O
{
0,04
?
0,09
0,045
Cu 19* M 374: Hn hp X gm Na, Ba, Na2O v BaO. Ha tan hon ton 21,9 gam X vo
nc, thu c 1,12 lt kh H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y, trong c 20,52 gam Ba(OH)2. Hp th
hon ton 6,72 lt kh CO2 (ktc) vo Y, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 23,64.
B. 15,76.
C. 21,92.
D. 39,40.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp X gm Na, Ba, Na2O v BaO thnh Na, Ba, O.
nNa + 2 n{
Ba = 2n O + 2 n H 2
{
nH2 = 0,05
n Na = 0,14
0,12
0,05
0,12
Suy ra dung dch kim sau phn ng c 0,14 mol NaOH v 0,12 mol Ba(OH)2.
Do 1 <
OH
nCO2
Ta c :
17
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n Ba2+ = 0,12
n Ba2+ = 0,12
n BaCO3 = 0,08 mol
n OH = n CO2 + n CO 2
3
424
3 { {
nCO32 = 0,08 m BaCO3 = 0,08.197 = 15, 76 gam
1
0,3
?
0,38
0,96
x = 3,5
= 0,02
n Cx H 6 =
48
n CO2 = 3,5.0,02 = 0,07
0,07
Cu 45 M 537: Amino axit X c cng thc H2NCxHy(COOH)2. Cho 0,1 mol X vo 0,2 lt
dung dch H2SO4 0,5M, thu c dung dch Y. Cho Y phn ng va vi dung dch gm NaOH
1M v KOH 3M, thu c dung dch cha 36,7 gam mui. Phn trm khi lng ca nit trong X
l
A. 9,524%.
B. 10,687%.
C. 10,526%.
D. 11,966%.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Sau cc phn ng, nhm NH2 khng b bin i ha hc, nhm COOH b chuyn thnh nhm
COOK, COONa. Vy quy i ton b phn ng trong bi thnh phn ng ca OH vi H+ v
nhm COOH.
Ta c :
0,2
0,2
NaOH
nKOH = 0,3
nNaOH : n KOH = 1: 3
m H2 NR(COO- )2 = 13,1
m H NR(COO- ) + m K + + m Na+ + m SO 2 = 36,7
M H2 NR(COOH )2 = 133
2
2
4
{ { 123
M H NR(COO- ) = 131
14243
2
2
0,3.39
0,1.23
?
0,1.96
Vy %m N trong X =
18
14
.100% = 10,526%
133
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Cu 19 M 958: Cho 100 ml dung dch amino axit X nng 0,2M phn ng va vi 80
ml dung dch NaOH 0,25M, thu c dung dch Y. Bit Y phn ng ti a vi 120 ml dung dch
HCl 0,5M, thu c dung dch cha 4,71 gam hn hp mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. (H2N)2C2H3COOH.
B. (H2N)2C3H5COOH.
C. H2NC3H5(COOH)2.
D. H2NC3H6COOH.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng khi A v khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit :
nNaOH 0,02 1
=
= X c 1 nhm COOH.
nX
0,01 1
Phn ng ca amino axit X vi NaOH, thu c dung dch Y. Cho Y phn ng ti a vi dung
dch HCl th bn cht ca ton b qu trnh ny l nhm OH ca NaOH v nhm NH2 ca X phn
ng vi H+ ca HCl. Ta c :
n NH2
nOH + n NH2 = n H + n NH2 = 0,04
= 2 X c hai nhm NH2.
{ { {
nX
0,02
0,06
n = n HOH = 0,02
m X = 2,08 R = 27 (C2 H 3 )
OH
n
=
n
=
=
1,5
CH O
CO2
H2 O
22,4
n CO2
X gom 2
= 1,5
C n H 2n O
nC H O + 2nO = 2nCO + n H O
C X = n
2
2
2
n 2n
C
H
O
n 2n
1.1 + 3n
= 1, 5 n = 1,66 (loai).
Nu n CH2O : n CnH2 nO = 1: 3 C X =
4
3.1 + 1.n
= 1,5 n = 3 (thoa man ).
Nu n CH2O : n CnH2 nO = 3 :1 C X =
4
19
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Cu 2 M 537: Cho 0,76 gam hn hp X gm hai amin n chc, c s mol bng nhau, phn
ng hon ton vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 1,49 gam mui. Khi lng ca amin c phn t
khi nh hn trong 0,76 gam X l
A. 0,45 gam.
B. 0,38 gam.
C. 0,58 gam.
D. 0,31 gam.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Gi hai amin n chc trong hn hp X ln lt l AM1 v AM2.
Theo gi thit, suy ra :
n X = n HCl
0,76
= 38
1,49 0,76
M X =
M AM1 = 31
0,02
=
= 0,02
36,5
n AM = n AM = 0,01 m AM1 = 31.0,01 = 0,31 gam
1
2
12,8 10,05
= 0,125 mol.
22
HX =
= 5, 2
0,05
0,125.4,02
= 0,05
X gom
nX =
4,02
10,05
M X =
= 80, 4
0,05
Cu 38* M 537: Axit cacboxylic X hai chc (c phn trm khi lng ca oxi nh hn
70%), Y v Z l hai ancol ng ng k tip (MY < MZ). t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hn hp gm
X, Y, Z cn va 8,96 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 8,1 gam H2O. Phn
trm khi lng ca Y trong hn hp trn l
A. 15,9%.
B. 12,6%.
C. 29,9%.
D. 29,6%.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit :
C=
nCO2
n( X, Y, Z)
4.16
< 0,7 M X > 91,4 X : R(COOH)2 (s C trong X 3).
MX
CH OH
0,35
= 1,75 Y, Z la 3
0,2
C2 H 5OH
20
0,35
0,45
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Mt khc, ta c :
C(Y, Z) .n(Y, Z) + C X .n X
C X = 3; X : CH 2 (COOH)2
= 1,75
C =
1 < CX < 4
0,2
C(Y, Z) = 3
1 < C(Y, Z) < 2
Suy ra :
n CH3OH + n C2 H5OH = 0,15
nCH3OH = 0,1
=
C( Y, Z) =
nC2H5OH = 0,05
0,15
3
%m CH3OH =
0,1.32
= 29,9%
0,1.32 + 0,05.46 + 0,05.104
M chat ran =
8,78
= 83,62 Cht rn gm KNO2 (85) v KOH (56). Vy cht rn Z gm KOH
0,105
d v KNO3.
8,78 0,105.56
n
=
n
=
= 0,1
KNO
KNO
3
2
46 17
0,12
0,1
Cu l kim loi hot ng yu, khi phn ng vi dung dch HNO3 ch c th to ra kh NO, NO2
hoc c hai nn ta c :
0,02.188
m NO2
C%Cu(NO3 )2 = 28,66%
0,02.188
C%
>
.100% = 28,31%
Cu(NO3 )2 1, 28 + 12,6 0,02.30
1
424
3
m NO
21
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
mol:
(x+2y)
0,5(x+2y) = 0,2
Ta c :
x = 0,2
n COOH = x + 2y = 0,4 0,2 < x + y < 0,4
n(x + y) = 0,6
y = 0,1
nCO2 = nx + ny = 0,6
Hai axit l CH3COOH (X) v HOOCCOOH (Y).
0,1.90
.100% = 42,86%
Phn trm khi lng ca Y l : %m Y =
0,1.90 + 0,2.60
9. Phng php t chn lng cht
10. Phng php ng cho
11. K nng s dng phi hp cc phng php
Cu 18 M 958: Ha tan ht 0,2 mol FeO bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d), thu c kh
SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht). Hp th hon ton kh SO2 sinh ra trn vo dung dch cha 0,07
mol KOH v 0,06 mol NaOH, thu c dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 22,34.
B. 12,18.
C. 15,32.
D. 19,71.
( thi tuyn sinh Cao ng khi A v khi B nm 2013)
Theo bo ton electron nFeO = 2n SO2
Suy ra 1 <
n (KOH, NaOH)
n SO2
Hng dn gii
nSO2 = 0,1 mol.
22
0,06.23
0,03.80
0,07.81
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Cu 32 M 537: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th. Ha tan hon
ton 1,788 gam X vo nc, thu c dung dch Y v 537,6 ml kh H2 (ktc). Dung dch Z gm
H2SO4 v HCl, trong s mol ca HCl gp hai ln s mol ca H2SO4. Trung ha dung dch Y
bng dung dch Z to ra m gam hn hp mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,656.
B. 4,460.
C. 2,790.
D. 3,792.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
+X
2HOH
2 OH + H2
(1)
H + OH H2O
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit, ta c :
+
(2)
x = 0,012 mol
n H + = n OH = 2n H2 = 0,048
m kl + m Cl + m SO 2 = 3, 792 gam
n + = n HCl + 2 n H SO = 0,048 m muoi = {
2
4
4
{ 123
{
H {
1,788
2x
0,024.35,5
x
0,012.96
{
Ba[Al(OH)4 ]2 0,08 mol
Ba
Na
Al
+ H2 O
Al
Phn ng ca Ba, Na, Al l phn ng oxi ha kh. Cht kh l Ba, Na, Al; cht oxi ha l
H2O. 0,54 gam cht rn l Al d, s mol Al d l 0,02 mol.
Theo gi thit, bo ton electron v bo ton in tch, ta c :
n Al p + n Al d = 6n Ba
{
6n Ba n Al p = 0,02
n Na = 0,02
0,02
n H2 n Na + 2n Ba + 3n Al p = 0,16 n Ba = 0,01
n Na + 2n Ba + 3n Al p = 2 {
n
0,08
Al p = 0,04
n Na + 2n Ba n Al p = 0
+
=
n
2n
n
Na+
Ba2+
[Al(OH)4 ]
Suy ra m = m Na + m Ba + m Al = 3, 45 gam
{ { {
0,02.23
0,01.137
0,06.27
23
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
Cu 36 M 374: Tin hnh in phn dung dch cha m gam hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl (hiu
sut 100%, in cc tr, mng ngn xp), n khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc th
ngng in phn, thu c dung dch X v 6,72 lt kh (ktc) anot. Dung dch X ha tan ti a
20,4 gam Al2O3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 25,6.
B. 23,5
C. 51,1.
D. 50,4.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: Tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng :
S mol kh thot ra ti anot = 0,3 mol, s mol Al2O3 = 0,2 mol.
- Khi nc bt u b in phn c hai in cc, chng t trong dung dch ion Cu2+ v ion Cl
b in phn ht.
- Dung dch X sau phn ng ha tan c Al2 O3 chng t sau in phn dung dch c H+ to
thnh (Cu2+ d) hoc c OH to thnh (hoc Cl d).
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
Cu2+ + 2Cl Cu + Cl2
(mol) x 2x x x
(mol) 2y
2y y 4y
y
(mol) 2y
2y
Al2O3 + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2O
(loai)
x + y = 0,3 x = 0,1
4y = 1,2
y = 0,3
Ta c:
2y = 0,4
y = 0,2
CuSO4 : 0,1 mol, NaCl : 0,2 + 0,4 = 0,6 mol.
m = 160.0,1 + 58,5.0,6 = 5,11 gam
Cch 2 : S dng phi hp cc phng php bo ton in tch, bo ton electron, bo ton
nguyn t
Th t kh trn catot : Cu2+ > H2O; Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl > H2O.
Dung dch sau phn ng in phn ha (X) tan c Al2O3, chng t trong X cha axit (H+)
hoc baz ( OH ).
Nu X cha OH th kh thot ra trn anot ch l Cl2 (0,3 mol), ta c :
n = n = 2 nAl O
OH
AlO2
2 3
{
{
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,1.160
nCl2
Cu =
n{
{
0,1
0,30,2 =0,1
Nu X cha H+ th kh thot ra c c Cl2 v O2 ( n(Cl2 , O2 ) = 0,3 mol ), ta c :
24
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
n H + = 3n Al3+ = 6 n Al2O3
{
{
1,2
0,2
n Cl2 = 0 (loai).
= 2n O2 (H O) = 4 n O2
n{
H+
2
{
1,2
0,3
Cu 4* M 537: Ha tan hon ton 1,28 gam Cu vo 12,6 gam dung dch HNO3 60% thu c
dung dch X (khng c ion NH +4 ). Cho X tc dng hon ton vi 105 ml dung dch KOH 1M, sau
lc b kt ta c dung dch Y. C cn Y c cht rn Z. Nung Z n khi lng khng i,
thu c 8,78 gam cht rn. Nng phn trm ca Cu(NO3)2 trong X l
A. 28,66%.
B. 30,08%.
C. 27,09%.
D. 29,89%.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
M chat ran =
8,78
= 83,62 Cht rn gm KNO2 (85) v KOH (56). Vy cht rn Z gm KOH
0,105
d v KNO3.
Theo bo ton nguyn t K, gc NO3 v gi thit, ta c :
n KOH d + n KNO2 = n KOH = 0,105 n KOH d = 0,005
56n
+
85n
=
8,78
KOH
d
KNO
n KNO2 = 0,1
2
n KNO3 = n KNO2 = 0,1
n KNO3 = n HNO3 trong X + 2 n Cu(NO3 )2 n HNO3 trong X = 0,06 n HNO3 phan ng vi Cu = 0,06
14243
1
424
3
{
?
0,02
0,1
Theo bo ton gc NO3 , nguyn t H v bo ton khi lng, ta c :
m
= 2 nCu(NO3 )2 = 0,04
1
424
3
NO3 tao muoi
0,02
m sp kh = 0,76 gam.
nH2O = 0,5n HNO3 = 0,03
C%Cu(NO3 )2 =
0,02.188
.100% = 28,66%
1,28 + 12,6 0,76
25
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
{ {
nX
m tang = 22n NaOH
25,56
0,3.22
Theo gi thit v c im cu to ca axit n chc (phn t c 2O), ta c :
m (CO2 , H2O) = 44n CO2 + 18n H2O = 40,08
n CO2 = 0,69
n CO2
2n H2O
t chy axit cacboxylic no, n chc (k =1) th hiu s mol H2O v CO2 bng 0. t chy axit
cacboxylic khng no (c 1 lin kt i C=C), n chc (k = 2) th hiu s mol CO2 v H2O bng s
mol axit. Suy ra :
n Cn H2 n2O2 = n CO2 n H2O = 0,15
{ {
n = 1
0,69
0,54
n CO2 = 0,15n + 0,15n = 0,69 (*)
n = 3,6
n C H O = 0,3 0,15 = 0,15
n 2n 2
Khi lng ca cc axit khng no l :
26
1,1
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
nCO2
n X, Y
1,2
= 3 Ancol no, n cha Y l C3H6(OH)2 cn axit
0,4
n Y H Y + n X H X 2n H2 O
=
= 5,5 .
n X, Y
n X, Y
8n
+
4n
=
2,2
n
=
0,25
CH 2 = CHCOOH
C3H7OH
CH2 =CHCOOH
Cu 8 M 537: Thy phn hon ton m1 gam este X mch h bng dung dch NaOH d, thu
c m2 gam ancol Y (khng c kh nng phn ng vi Cu(OH)2) v 15 gam hn hp mui ca hai
axit cacboxylic n chc. t chy hon ton m2 gam Y bng oxi d, thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,4
mol H2O. Gi tr ca m1 l
A. 11,6.
B. 16,2.
C. 10,6.
D. 14,6.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit : X + NaOH Y + hn hp hai mui ca hai axit cacboxylic nn X l este a
chc.
Khi t chy ancol Y, thu c mol H2O ln mol CO2, chng t Y l ancol no.
n CO2
= 3 . Mt khc Y khng phn ng c vi Cu(OH)2 nn Y c cng
Ta c : Cancol =
n H2O n CO2
thc l CH2OHCH2CH2OH v n Y = n H2 O n CO2 = 0,1. Vy X l este hai chc.
Ta c :
27
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V sau phn ng nhit nhm, hn hp thu c c kh nng phn ng vi NaOH to kh, chng
t Al d.
Suy ra n Al ban au > n Al phan ng = 0,2 m Al ban au > 0,2.27 = 5,4 gam. Vy p n l C.
Nu cho cc p n nhiu tt hn th ta phi lm theo bo ton electron v s mt thi gian
hn.
Cu 29 M 537: Hai cht hu c X v Y, thnh phn nguyn t u gm C, H, O, c cng s
nguyn t cacbon (MX < MY). Khi t chy hon ton mi cht trong oxi d u thu c s mol
H2O bng s mol CO2. Cho 0,1 mol hn hp gm X v Y phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung
dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 28,08 gam Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca X trong hn hp ban
u l
A. 60,34%.
B. 78,16%.
C. 39,66%.
D. 21,84%.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, X v Y c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng nn phn t phi c t nht 1
nhm CHO, tc l phn t phi c t nht 1 lin kt tr ln (1).
t chy X, Y u thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O, chng t thnh phn hirocacbon
trong X, Y u c dng l CnH2n, suy ra trong phn t X, Y c 1 lin kt hoc 1 vng (2).
T (1) v (2) suy ra X, Y c 1 lin kt nm trong nhm CHO. Vy X, Y u ch c 1 nhm
CHO.
n Ag
2,6
> 2 nn X l HCHO, Y c cng s C v cng c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng
n X 0,1
gng nn Y l HCOOH.
Ta c :
V
HCHO
28,08
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n X MY
=
= 1,25
nY MX
0,125.0,45
= 0,075
n C3H yOz =
0,75
Vi nY = 0,1 mol n X = 0,1.1,25 = 0,125 mol
n H2 phan ng = n{
X n
Y = 0,025
{
0,125
0,1
V C3HyOz c 1 lin kt phn ng nn :
n Br2 phan ng = 0,05 mol
O2 , t
CnH2n+2-2k +
nCO2 + (n+1 k)H2O
o
O2 , t
CnH2n+2-2kOx +
nCO2 + (n+1 k)H2O
o
O2 , t
CnH2n+2-2k+tOxNt +
nCO2 + (n+1 k+0,5t)H2O +0,5tN2
nCO2 n H2O
nCO2 n H2O
nCO2 n H2O
; n Cn H 2 n+ 2 2 k O x =
; n C n H 2 n+ 2 2 k+ t O x N t =
Ta thy : nCn H2 n+22 k =
k 1
k 1
k 1 0,5t
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Cu 42 M 374: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 0,07 mol mt ancol a chc v 0,03 mol
mt ancol khng no, c mt lin kt i, mch h, thu c 0,23 mol kh CO2 v m gam H2O. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 5,40.
B. 2,34 .
C. 8,40.
D. 2,70.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
Bi tp ny ta xt phng php bo ton nguyn t. Tuy nhin c mt cch khc t ra hiu
qu hn l tm mi lin h gia mol H2O v CO2 trong phn ng t chy.
0,23
= 2,3 . Suy ra ancol hai chc l
S nguyn t C trung bnh ca hai ancol l :
0,07 + 0,03
C2H4(OH)2.
Nh vy, hn hp X gm mt ancol no v mt ancol khng no, c 1 lin kt .
Khi t chy hn hp X, hiu mol H2O v mol CO2 ca ancol khng no (k = 1) bng 0, hiu
mol H2O v mol CO2 ca ancol no (k = 0) bng mol ancol.
Suy ra :
n C2 H4 (OH )2 = n H2O m CO2
24
3 { { n H2O = 0,3
140,07
?
0,23
m = 5,4 gam
m
m
=
=
n
0,3
n =
H2 O
18
H2O 18
Cu 53 M 537: Hn hp X gm mt axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h v mt ancol n
chc, mch h. t chy hon ton 21,7 gam X, thu c 20,16 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 18,9 gam
H2O. Thc hin phn ng este ha X vi hiu sut 60%, thu c m gam este. Gi tr ca m l
A. 15,30.
B. 12,24.
C. 10,80.
D. 9,18.
( thi tuyn sinh i hc khi B nm 2013)
Hng dn gii
t chy axit cacboxylic no, n chc (k = 1), hiu s mol H2O v CO2 bng 0. t chy ancol
no, n chc (k = 0), hiu mol H2O v mol CO2 bng mol ancol. Suy ra hiu s mol H2O v mol
CO2 khi t chy X bng mol ancol.
T mi lin h gia mol H2O v mol CO2 kt hp vi bo ton nguyn t O v C, ta c :
n Cn H2 n+1OH = n H2O n CO2 = 0,15
{ {
1,05
0,9
= 0,2 m = 3
n Cm H 2 m O 2 =
32
n = 2
n{
axit > n
ancol
{
0,2
0,15
m este = (M axit + M ancol M H2O ) n este = 9,18 gam
{ { { {
n ancol .60% = 0,09
n este = {
74
46
0,09
18
0,15
30
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n CO2
n(X, Y)
0,7
= 1, 4 X l HCOOH.
0,5
0,35
.0,2 = 0,14 n HCl = 0,14 m HCl = 5,11 gam
0,5
n=
=3
nCO n H O = (k
0,5
t)
n
{
Y
{ {
2
n
=
0,55
4n
H
O
Y
2
2
4
4 0,05
Suy ra :
31
Bin son v ging dy : Thy Nguyn Minh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th T 01689 186 513
144444
bao toan nguyen to H
2nCH3OH + 3nC2H5OH + 4n C3H5 (OH)3 = 1
80
32n CH3OH + 46n C2H5OH 41,33nC3H5 (OH)3 = 0
=
98nCu(OH)2
29,4
n
C3H5 (OH)3 : n Cu(OH)2 = 2 :1
Suy ra :
nCH3OH = 0,05
0,1.46
.100% = 23%
nC2 H5OH = 0,1 %m CH3OH =
0,05.32 + 0,1.46 + 0,15.92
32