\'

'-<

'^ i'^' ^..,.. -.

.^^

^oo^

.V-

-k

'\

'>-^

"t^

0^

-^

c'^S^'.,'.;:'^

-f-

'

<>

^v

\ -

^%

^'i

'*..

^^

.^^

'*.

^ji

WILLIAM
No. 2 Anu-st.,
OFFERS TO THE TRADE
IN

E.

DEAN,
York,

PRINTER AND PUBLISHER,

New
QUANTITIES THE FOLLOWING

CllMAl
Octavo.

il POOl
ON THE

BOOKS.
vols.

SCOTT'S COMMENTARIES

BIBLE, 3

Royal

LEMPRIERE'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY;

ADAMS' ROMAN ANTiaUITIES

containing the principal Names and Terms relating to the Geography, Topography, History, Literature, and Mythology, of the Ancients. Revised, corrected, and arranged in a new form, by Lorenzo L. da Ponte and John D. 0?ilbv. 8vo. a new Edition, from a late ; English Copy, illustrated with upwards of 100 Engravings on steel and wood, with notes and improvements, by L. L. da Ponte, Editor of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth American Editions of Lempriere's Classical Dictionary.
rick
;

Parts I. & II. by Frederick Jacobs and FredeWilliam Doring with Notes and Illustrations, partly translated from the German and partly drawn from other sources. By John D. Ogilbv. l2mo. MAIR'S INTRODUCTION LATIN SYNTAX; from the Edinburgh Stereotype Edition revised and corrected by A. R. Carson, Rector of the High School of Edinburgh. To which is added. Copious Exercises upon the Declinable Parts of Speech, and an Exemplification of the several Moods and Tenses. By David Patterson, A. M. l2mo. with numerous expansions and ADAMS' LATIN Additions, designed to make the work more elementary and complete, and to facilitate the acquisition of a thorough knowledge of the Latin Language. By Jamas D. Johnson, A.M. 12mo. SALLUST with English Notes. By Henry R. Cleveland, A. M. 12mo. PLAYFAIR'S EUCLID a New Edition, revised and corrected for the use of Schools and Colleges in the United Slates. By James Rvan. LEE'S PHYSIOLOGY. l2mo. PHILOSOPHY, with auestions for PracCOFFIN'S tice, Experiments and due-tions for Recitation. BONNYCASTLE'S ALGEBRA; with Notes and Observations, designed for the use of Schools. To which is added, an Appendix on the Application of Algebra to Geometry. By James Ryan. Also, a large collection of Problems for exercise, original and selected. Bv John F. Jenkins, A. M. 12mo.

LATIN READER;

TO
;

GRAMMAR;

NATURAL

containing correct SoIHmo. JACOB'S Corrected and Improved, with numerous Notes, Additions, and Alterations, not in any former edition, also a copious Lexicon. By Patrick S Casserly, T. C. D. 8vo.
lutions of all the Cluestions.

KEY TO BONNYCASTLE'S ALGEBRA;

GREEK READER
;

Bv James Ryan.

; ;

CASSERLyS TRANSLATION TO JACOB'S GREEK READER;

LEUSDEN'S GREEK

GRiECA MINORA;

AND LATIN TESTAMENT. VALPY'S GREEK GRAMMAR;

by Charles Anthon, LL. D.
12mo.

for the use of Schools, Colleges, and private lessons, with copious notes, and a complete Parsing Index. 12mo.

12mo.

with extensive English Notes and a Lexicon. greatly enlarged and improved,

BECK'S CHEMISTRY; a new and improved edition. THE SCHOOL FRIENlA By Miss Robbins. l8mo. LEVIZAC'S FRENCH GRAMMAR revised and corrected
;

by

Mr. Stephen Pasquier, M. A.

according
to the

With

the Voltarian Orthography,

CHRESTOMATHE DE LA LITTERATURE FRANCAISE,

&c. By C. Ladreyt. 12mo. de Traits Historiques et de Contes Moraux with the signification of Words in English at the bottom of each page for the use of Young Persons of both Sexes, by N, Wanostrocht. Corrected and enlarged, with the Voltarian Orthography, according to the Dictionary of the French Academy, by Paul Moules. l2mo. HISTORY OF CHARLES XII., in French, by Voltaire. 18mo. LE BRETHON'S FRENCH especially designed for persons who wish to study the elements of that language. First American from the seventh London edition, corrected, enlarged and improved by P. Bekeart. 1 vol. 12mo.

Dictionary of the French Academy.

12mo,

RECUEIL CHOISI
;

GRAMMAR;

FRENCH GRAMMAR. FRENCH COMPANION,

SIMPLE AND EASY GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF THE

By Wra. P. Wilson. 12mo. consisting of familiar conversations on every topic that can be useful together with models of letters, notes and cards. The whole exhibiting the true pronunciation of the French Language, the silent letters being printed in Italic throughout the work. By Mr. De Rouillon. Second American, from the tenth London edition. By Prof. Mouls. 1 vol. l8mo. on the Laws of England with Notes by Christian, Chitty, Lee, Hovendon, and Ryland. Also, a life of the Author, and References to American Cases. By York bar. 2 vols. 8vo. a member of the
:

BLACKSTONE'S COMMENTARIES
New

DUBLIN PRACTICE OF MIDWIFERY, with

tions.

Notes and Addi-

By

Dr. Gilman.

12mo.
;

BLAIR'S
persons.

LECTURES ON RHETORIC
18mo.
;

abridged, with questions

for the use of Schools.

ENGLISH HISTORY
Illustrated

adapted to the use of Schools, and young by a map and engravings, by Miss Robbins. Third edition. 1 vol. 12mo. ENGLISH EXERCISES adapted to Murray's English Grammar,
;

consisting of Exercises in Parsing, instances of False Orthography, violations of the Rules of Syntax, Defects in Punctuation; and violations of the Rules respecting Perspicuous and Accurate WritDesigned for the benefit of private learners, as well as for the ing. use of Schools. By Lindley Murray, 18mo. on an improved plan, in three Books; RYAN'S systematically arranged and scientifically illustrated with several cuts and engravings, and adapted to the instruction of youth, in Schools and Academies. l8rao. translated by Dryden, Pope, Congreve, Addison, and others; prepared expressly for the use of

ASTRONOMY

MYTHOLOGICAL FABLES
Youth.

I2mo.
or Select Lives of Greeks

YOUTH'S PLUTARCH,
Bv Miss
Robbins.

and Romans

l8mo.

DearCs Stereotype Edition.

THE

LATIN READER,
BY

FREDERIC JACOBS
AND

FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING.

WITH

NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS,

PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN.
AND

PARTLY DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES,

BY JOHN
PaiNCIPAL OP THE

D.

OGILBY,
NEWTORK.

GRAMMAR

SOHOOI. OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE,

PART

FIRST,
EDITION.

FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN

EIGHTH NEW YORK EDITION.

NEW YORK.
W.
E.

DEAN, PRINTER & PUBLISHER,

2

ANN STREET.
1849.

Entered,
According to the Act of Congress,
in the year 1845,

by

"WILLIAM
la the Clerk's

E.

DEAN,
Southern Distnct of

oflBce of the

New

York.

Mrs. Hennen Jennings

April 26,

1933

BTEREOTYPED BY FRANCIS

F.

RIPLEY,

NEW TORE.

TO

THE HONOURABLE

WILLIAM

A.

DUER,
WORK

LL.D

VRBSIDBNT OP COLUMBIA COLLEGE IN THE CITY OP

NEW YORK,

THIS LITTLE
IS

INSCBIBED

AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT
FOB

DISTINGUISHED TALENTS AND UNBLEMISHED INTEGRITY.

PREFACE
The
Latin Reader,

now

oflfered to

the public, forms part of a

work well known in Germany, under the title of " Lateinisches Elementarbuch zum offentlichen und Privat-Gebrauche von Friedrich Jacobs und Friedrich Wilhelm Doring." The German edition consists of six parts, of which the 1st and 2nd are
comprised in this volume.

The

3rd contains extracts from

;

Caesar, Curtius Rufus, Livy, Sallust, and Tacitus

the 4th is
;

made up
5th
is

of excerpts from Cicero's Epistles and Orations

ofl
;

the

composed

selections from Ovid, Martial,

and the An-

thologia Latina

and the 6th embraces parts of Catullus, Ti-

bullus, Propertius, Lucretius, Virgil,

tle

and Seneca.

As

this lit-

book

is

intended merely to give the learner such an ac-

quaintance with the fundamental principles of the Latin language as will enable him to enter with advantage upon the
study of the preparatory course for our College,
it

has been

deemed advisable to omit the contents of the last four volumes. A part of them is contained in the course for entrance, and the rest is too difficult for mere beginners.
It

may

be necessary here to state the reason for publishing

edition,
It

New York

when one has

already been issued from

the Boston press.

will be readily acknowledged, that if the

assistance of notes is necessary to the learner in

Germany,
requisite to

where the advantages

the

in classical instruction are

incomparably
editor, there-

greater than in our country, they are

much more

American

pupil.

It

has been the object of the

fore, to

supply this deficiency in the previous American edi-

tions.

Most of

the Notes have been translated from the Ger-

man

others have been supplied,

struction on the Continent

It is

hoped that
use
it,

this

which the superior state of inwould render unnecessary there. little work may be found serviceable to
to the

those

who

and contribute in some degree

advance-

ment of sound elementary education.

Grammar School, Columbia College. New York, Jan. 1830.

CONTENTS OF PART

FIRST.

First Division

Introductory Exercises,

Second do. Third do. Fourth do.

Fifth
do. do.

Fables from ^sop,

Mythological Extracts, . Anecdotes of Eminent Persons of Antiquity,

.

Sixth

Roman History, The Geography and

Notes,

Seventh do.

Eighth

----- .35 -----------..77

-

.'*^
14

31

39

Nations of Antiquity,

.
.

58

do.

Dictionaiy

jjg

FIRST DIVISION.

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES.
SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.

Divitiae incertae.

Lingua Graeca. Silva umbrosa. Hora ultima. Tenebrae spissae, Latebrae tutae. Poeta bonus. Agricola laboriosus, Auriga peritus. ColBed.
1.

legae optimi.

Boreas violentus
netae vagi.

Pyrites durus.

Cometes

rutilus.

Pla^

Crambe

recocta.

Epitome

accurata, brevis.

Decl. II. Amicus carus. Servus infidus. Liber bonus. Vir generosus. Ager fructuosus. Silentium altum. Vinculum firmum. Verba vera. Humus humida. Dialectus Attica. Diphthongus longa. Periodus concinna. Methodus optima. Decl. III. Sermo Latinus. Sermones prudentissimi. Pavo pictus. Pavones splendidi. Pugio cruentus. Pudor ingenuus. Flos caducus. Ros matutinus. Mores antiqui. Pes claudus. Pedes graciles. Frater germanus. Anser tardus.

parvus. Mures albi. Lepus timidus. Lepores pavidi. Paries proximus. Parietes picti. Orlgo incerta. Consuetudo optima. Gens barbara. Gentes remotae. Ordo primus. Ordines densi. Cardo ferreus. Marmor candidum. Marmora maculosa. Iter longum. Itinera longinqua. Rus amoenum. Rura jucundissima. Crus dextrum. Papaver rubrum. Ver jucundum.

Mus

Seges

laeta.

Merces

larga.

duies exoptata.

Lex

divina.

Leges severae.

Faex

sordida.

Aestas calida. Aetas aurea. Laus jucunda. pr6ba. Turris alta. Vulpes astilta. Fames dira. Nox longa. Noctes gelidae. Plebs infima. Amnis limpidus. Axis ferrous. Cinis tepidus.

Fraus im-

Mors

cita.

Crinis

fla-

2
vus,
rus.
lis

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES.
Crines rutili. Finis optatus. Ignis lucid us. Lapis duLapides asperi. Mensis ultimus. Piscis mutus. VeC-

robustus.

Grex magnus.

Apex summus.
Fons
Maria
clarus.
alta.

Rex

potentissimus.
frigidi.

Mens
neus.

altissimus.

Fontes

Pons

lig-

Dens

acutus.

Dentes

validi.

Rudens

crassus.

Mare vastum.
inexplicabile.

Nomen

infaustum.

Poema longum. Aenigma Nomina illustria. Caput

Corpora formosa.

crassum.

Capita cana.

Corpus obesum.

Vas aureum.
ludes vastae. Decl. IV.

Senectus morosa. Salus insperata. Palus profunda. PaIncudes ferreae. Incus dura. Virtus eximia.

Gradus

tardus.

Casus insolitus.

Sensus acerri

mus.

Fructus maturus. Cornu rigidum. Cornua

sinistra.

alta.

Tonitru raucum. Gelu saePorticus spatiosa. ampla.

Species veniKta.

vum.

Manus

Manus
Acus

validae.

MagGla-

nificae porticus.

acuta.

Domus
carta.

Decl. V.
cies lubrica.

Res magna. Spes

Dies serena.

Dies longissimi.

A Substantive depending upon another Substantive.

Motus continuus siderum. Suavis recordatio praeteriti tempoScientia utilissimarum rerum. Hostilium,armorum streris. Summa altissimorum montium cacumina. Altae propitus. cerarum arborum radices. Acutissimus dentium molarium dolor. Fabrica vasorum fictilium. Romulus primus Romanorum rex. Antiquissimae decemvirorum leges. Acerrimum litterarum studium.

Coruscum lumen

stellarum.

Magna vis consuetudinis.

A Substantive depending upon an Adjective.

Dux belli peritissimus. Gens artium rudis. Puer praeceptorum immemor. Regio fecunda pecorum. Ingenium simimarum rerum capax. Cista librorum plena. Homines laboris patientes.

salutaris.

Medicina corpori Terra apta vitibus. Labor acconwnodatus viribus. Sermo omnibus auditoribus Verba honestati contraria. gratus. Patria mihi gratissima. Domus nostrae domui proxima. Mors omnibus communis.
Canis similis lupo.
Disciplina pueris necessaria.

Lex omnibus utilis.

Vita periculis obnoxia.

EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES.

SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS.
Subject and Predicate*

Terra
pa

est rotunda.

Vera
et

est peninsula.

Fames

amicitia est sempitema. Eurositis sunt molestae. Plurimae

stellae soles sunt.

lix est.

Non omnes

Ebrietas est \'itanda.^ milites sunt fortes.

Nemo

semper

fe-

MsLximum animal

terrestre est elephas.

Tarquinius Superbus fuit ultimus rex Romanorum. aliquamdiu fuit caput orbis terrarum. Athenae^ olim
fuerunt.
tor
?

Roma
illustres

Avar us nunquam

erit

contentus.

quare nec^ tu nee

frater adfuistis

Ubi fuisti, cessapompae 1 Estote at-

tenti, tranquilli, diligentes.

Oves non ublque In India gignuntur maxima animalia. Hyaenae plurimae gignuntur in Africa. In Africa nee cervi, nee apri, nee ursi inveniuntur. In Syria nigri leones reperiuntur. Apud Romanos mortui^ plerumque cremabantur. Fortes laudabantur, ignavi vituperabuntur. Litterae^ a Phoenicibus inventae sunt. Carthago, Corinthus, Numantia, et multae aliae urbes a Romanis eversae sunt. Innocentia mea me consolabitur. Multa polliceris, nihil exlaudatur, improbus vituperatur.

Bonus

tondentur.

sequeris.

Aliier psittacus loquitur, aliter homo.

alii citius, alii^ serius.

Omnes mo-

riemur

Oculi saepe mentiuntur.

Usage of Prepositions.
Proper ad finem. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. Nulla est firma amicitia inter malos. Galli^ habitant trans Rhenum. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. Cometae oh ra Three things are required to constitute a proposition, i. e. the aubject, the pr^dicntp, and the cojmla. Thf^ subject is that concerning which any thine is alBrmed or denied ; so in the proposition. Terra est rotunda, Terra '\s the subject. The predicate (prsfllco, are,) is that which is afllrmed or denied of the siihjecf so rotunda is the predicate of the above-mentioned proposition, since it is declared or affirmed of llie earth that it is round. The copula is the form of a proposition; it represents the act of the mind affinnine, or denyinji, and accordingly joins or disjoins the terms or ideas wlurh con.-<riirite the projiosilion, or, in other word.s, the su/jject and predicate: so, in the phrase quot'd, est is the ropula. since it joins the subject, terra, with the preilicatp, rotunda. In the phrase, Vera amicitia est aempiterna, vera amicitia IS the subject, aempiterna the predicate, and est the copula. Maximum animal terrestre est elephas ; elephas is the subject, maximum animal terreatre, the predicate, and eat the copula.
:

EXERCISES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.

Send parent jfropter meritatem et speciem sunt mirabiles. Navigatio juxta litus saepe est tum, boni propter officium.
periculosa.

Imperium populorumest^e?ie5 regeset magistratus. Pisces aquam exspirant. Res praeter opinionem cecidit.^ Coccyx semper Aqailae nidificant in rupibus et arboribus. In senectute hebescunt sensus visus, parit in alienis nidis. Quidam homines nati sunt cum dentibus. auditus debilitatur. Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex Graecia aufugit. L.
extra
;

Metellus^ primus elephantos ex primo Punico bello duxit in triumpho. Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. Sidera ab Britannia a Phoenicibus^ inortu ad occasum commeant. venta est. Apes sine rege esse non possunt. Infans nihil sin6 Dulceest^ro patria mori. Venenum alialiena ope potest.

quando pro remedio

fuit.

The Accusative governed by

'

Verbs.

Crocodilus ova parit. Elephantus odit* murem et suem. Cameli diu sitim tolerant. Accipitres non edunt corda avium. Lanae nigrae nullum colorem bibunt. Senes minime sentiunt morbos contagiosos. Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. Ceres frumentum invenit Bacchus vinum ; Mercurius litteras. Canes soli dominos suos bene novere f soli nomina sua agnoscunt. Culices acida^ petunt, ad dulcia? non advolant. Hys;

trix aculeos

longe jaculatur.

Crocodilus dies in terra

agit,

noctes in aqua.

The Accusative of Measure.

Rhinoceros cornu habet in naso saepe tres pedes longum. Elephas altus est duodecim vel quatuordecim pedes. Quaedam bestiolae nonnisi unum diem vivunt. duaedam animalia totam hiemem dormiunt. Alexander Magnus tredecim
annos regnavit.

The Genitive depending upon Substantives.

Infinita est multitudo

quissimus.

Magna

est

morborum. Litterarum usus est antiAsia et Africa greges ferorum asinorum alit. linguarum inter homines varietas. Innumerabilia

sunt mortis signa, salutis paucissima.

ercitu suo militum

Cyrus omnium

in ex-

Canis vestigia ferarum diligentissime scrutatur et persequitur. Nemo non^ benignus ^.^t sui judex. Leonum ahimi index cauda.^
tenebat.

nomina

EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES.

The Genitive depending upon Adjectives.

criminis conscia tranquilla esse non potest. Inter veCaesar rei militaris peritissimus fuit. Germanisifrugum et vini fertilissima est. Non semper veritatis satis araantes sumus. Veteres Romani gloriae fuerunt cupidissimi.
teres belli duces

Mens

The Genitive depending upon

Verbs,

and answering

to the

question, tchere ?

In omni officio maximi^ aestimatur dantis voluntas. Pergdmi^ quot annis publicum spectaculum gallorum pug-

nantium edebatur. Pausanias, rex Spartae, proditionis accusabatur. probum virum insimulas furii? Alcibiades absens
damnatus.

Cur

tarn

capitis est

Nemo

se timoris prorsus absolvere poterit.

to the question, to

The Dative answering

whom ? and

to

what?

Antiquissimus hominibus specus erant^ pro domibus. Nulli animali memoria major est quam cani. Gallinacei leonibus terrori sunt.^ Homini plurima ex homine fiunt mala. Avaro

omnia

desunt, inopi pauca, sapienti nihil.

Ira insaniae est

simillima.

The Dative answering

to the question,

for what

Non nobis'^ tantum vivimus, sed patriae etiam et amicis. Prospicite patriae, consul ite amicis, parcite hostibus. Homo furiosus ne liberis quidem*^ parcit suis. Nee sacris nee pro-* Deus rebus humanis consulit. fanis'' milites pepercerunt.^ Vir sapiens et probus invidet" nemini.
The Ablative answering
to the question,

by what means

loherewith ?

Apri

in

morbis

pollicis in dextro

Olco insecta exanimantur. Ferae domantur favie atque vcrberibus. Anacreon poeta aclno uvae passae exstinctus est. Crocodilus 'pelle ditrissiw,a contra omncs ictus munltur. In Africa elephanti capiuntur/o??ci5. Elephanti spirant, bibunt, odorantur proboscide. Populi quidam vescuntur" locustis. Dentes usu atteruntur, sed ignc non cremantur. Mures alplni,^j?iw pedibus gradiuntur, prioribus,'^ ut manibus, utuntur.'^

sibi medentur'" hedera. pede lienosis medebatur.

Pyrrhus rex tactu

PART

I.

EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES.

The Ablative answering

Leaenae juha

to the question,

wherein?

rent.

Leones facile per triduum cibo cacarent.^ Apes tinnitu Elephanti maxime amnihus gaudent. aeris gaudent, eoque convocantur.

The Ablative of time answering

to the question,

when?

Gluibusdam in locis anseres bis anno velluntur. Color lusciniaruni autumno mutatur. Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. Primores dentes septimo mense gignuntur; septimo anno iidem decidunt. Antipater Sidonius, poeta, quotannis, die natali suo, febre corripiebatur.

The Ablative of Quality.

Reperiuntur interdum cervi candido colore. Hippopotamus in Nilo habitat, magna bellua, ungulis binis, dorso, juba, hinnltu, ut equus, rostro reslmo, cauda et dentibus, ut aper. Halc^^on est colore cyaneo, collo graclli et procero. Genus quoddam earum magnitudine distinguitur et caniu.

The AblaMve of price answering

to the question,

for what

Isocrates orator unam orationem viginti talentis vendidit. Luscinia Candida sex sestertiis Romae venit.^ Multo plerumque sanguine constat victoria. Victi saepe pacem ingeni^ pecunia emunt. Tranquillitas animi neque auro neque gemmis est venalis.
'

The Ablative of names of towns ansioering

where ?
Carihagine^ interdum pueri
diis

to the question,

pueri ad

immolabantur Spartae Aulide Iphigenia. Agamemnonis filia, Dianae caesa est. vVlexander Babylone mortuus est. Athenis eloquentia et philosophia nata est. Thebis Pindarus floruit, Syracusis Theocritus. Sardibus regiiavit Croesus. Gadibus in Hispania antiquissimis temporibus Phoenices habitabant.
;

aram Dianae

loris caedebantur.

The
est

Infinitive as the subject.

Errare

humanum.
non
impium.

Turpe
est,

Beneficiis gratiam

referre etiam turpius

non amare

est

Laus

beneficium repetere} est. Parentes bonis placere. Melius est,

est,

sere discere

quam nunquam.

EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES.

The

Infinitive as the

complement of the Predicates.

loqui.

Mala
virtutis

tacere

quam temere
poetae.

Non

poenae metus, sed

amor nos ab
delectare

injuria prohibere debet.

Et

prodesse^ vosolet

lant

et

Vir prudens

niJiil

temere

neque dicere nequ.e facere.

The

Infinitive as
vehi^

an Accusative governed by a Verb,

;

Equo
sali.

Bellerophon invenit

ex equo pugnar^ Thes-

vestibus intexere, invenit rex Attains. elephantes docebantur per funes incedere.

Aurum

Romae

The Nominative of the Gerund, or

Juveni*

the

Gerund of necessity.
et

Semper pugnandum parandum est,

est.

est

contra cupiditates

lubidinem.

seni

utendum.

Apud Pythagoram
erat.

discipulis per

quinque annos tacendum

Senibus quoque

discendum

The Genitive of the Gerund.

Honestissima est contentio beneficia beneficiis vincendi.^ Parsimonia est scientia viiandi sumtus supervacuos, et re faJustitia est constans et perpetua volunmiliari recte utendi.^ tas suum cuique tribuendi. Homo natura^ est cupidus nova" semper videndi et audiendi.

Ut equus^ equitandi imperito

ita libri

sunt inutiles igna-

ro legendi.

The Dative of the Gerund.

Olim calamus adhibcbatur scribendo, hodie pennae^" anserum. Aqua marina inutilis est bibendo. Culex habet telum et" fodiendo et sorbendo idoneum.
The Accusative of the Gerund.

Non omnes aequaliter ad discendum propensi sumus. Ut equus ad cursum, bos ad arandum, canis ad indagandum, sic homo natus est ad intelligendum et ad agendum. Puerorum ingenium primum se inter ludendum aperit.
The Ablative of the Gerund.

Funcm abrumpes nimium

Mens

tendendo.

alitur discendo et cogitando.

Doccndo discimus. Lacedaemonii exerce-

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS.

bant juvenes venando^ currendo, esuriendo, sitiendOf algendot aestuando. In jocando adhibenda est moderatio. Virtus cernitur in

agendo.

apum prudentiam

Poenis mali a feccando absterrentur. imitari debemus.

In legendo

Exercises upon the Verbs, Miscellaneous Sentences,

Ne temere jurato. Festina lente. Nosce te ipsum. parento majoribus.

consilia.

Sapere aude.

Ptieri

Ne

repellite salubria

tare bones.

Fatere si quid^ peccavisti. Loquere rarius, ImiObsequere prudentibus. Ne quasvis injurias

ulciscimini.

Mox Si probitatem amabis, et ipse'^ a probis amaberis. nabis sine cortice. In quibus sedibus habitabimus post mortem ?
Sequere me, nee
errabis.

Qui

se

ipsum non

coercet,

carcere et vinculis coercebitur. Virtus neque incendio, neque naufragio amittetur. Tempus ruit, et cito ultima hora Improbum et scelestum mala conscientia nunsuperveniet. quam non comitabitur et cruciabit. Bonus bonos imitabitur,

eorumque

vestigia sequetur.
et

Surdum
dicas,
et,

ut veteres loquuntur,

stupidum docendo operam perdidisti. Recte jurem acu tetigisti. Stultos arti-

bus tuis fefellisti, prudentes non falles. Romani antiquissimis temporibus foedera cum Carthaginiensibus pepigerunt. Res male cedidit, non vestra culpa, sed fortunae casu. Catilina ausus est consulatum vi et armis petere. Alexander nunquam non fortunae et fortitudini suae confisus est. Frustra inimici caede gavisus es. Captivi apud Romanos sub hasta^ venierunt. Pueri non morigeri vapulant. Gigantes coelum armis petere ausi sunt.

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS.

jBy Comparison.

Canes Indici grandiores

sunt,

quam

caeteri.

Nullum ma-

importunius quam invidia. Praestat mori quam servire. In montibus aer purior est et tenuior quam in vallibus. Aestate dies sunt longiores quam hieme. Margaritarum Indicarum color est purior, quam reliquarum
est

lum

vehementius

et

omnium.

Abridged Comparison.
Nihil
ei^t

dementia'^ divinius.

Aurum

gravius est argento

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITipNS. Adamas

durior est ferro ; ferrum durius caeteris meiallis. corpore est nobilior, ita virtus praestantior est robore Quanto honesta mors turpi vita est potior et externa, specie.

Ut animus

Apposition.

Carthago atque Corinthus, opulentissimae urbes,^ eodem anno a Romanis eversae sunt. Q,uam brevi tempore populi Romani, omnium gentium victoris, libertas fracta est Lacedaemonios, fortissimos mortalium, non ferrum sed aurum vicit.
!

Athenas, artium olim

et

et litterarum domicilium, philosophiae Pythagoras diseloquentiae altrices,^ barbari everterunt.

nullam aliam rem magis commendabat, quam caeterarum virtutum genitricem. Thebae,^ Boeotiae caput, sub monte Cithaerone sitae sunt.
cipulis suis

frugalitatem,

Sentences subjoined by means of the relative Pronoun.

Non
India
gestas
est.

omnis ager, qui

seritur, fert fruges.

Psittacus, quern,

mittit, reddit

verba, quae accepit.

Achilles, cujus res

Homeri carmina celebrant, ad Hellespontum sepultus Myrmecides quidam quadrigam fecit ex ebore, quam musca alis integebat. Qui bonis non recte utitur,* ei bona mala fiunt. Qui non facit, quod^ spopondit, mendax vocatur et
perfidus.

By
solet.

Adverbs of time.
quievit, uberiores fructus efferre

Ager, quum plures annos

Gaudemus, quum

res

vjdemus
doleo,

insolitas,

quas antea non

quando horam inani sermone perdidi. Ceres frumenta invenit, quum antea homines glandibus vescerentur. Nave primus in Graeciam Danaus
videramus.

Nunquam non

Alexander, rex quurn, antea ratibus navigaretur. Macedoniae, quum Thebas cepisset, Pindari vatis familiae peMagna debemus suscipere, dum vires suppetunt. Cerpercit. ^^, quamdiu cornibus carent,' noctu ad pabula procedunt.
advenit,

By

Conjunctions denoting a cause or reason.

Frustra tibi vires elephanti optas,

quum ratione
sit

sis praeditus,

hominibus ratio et prudentia, deus haec^ procul dubio etiam majora habet. Plato Socratis sermones litteris mandavit, quum ipsg Socrates litteram reliquisset nullam.
in

qua veP elephantus domatur.

Quum

b2

10

TH^ COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS.

By
tum

Conjunctions denoting a purpose and a consequence.

est in India ubertas soli, ut sub una ficu turmae equiUrsi per hiemem tarn gravi somno premuncondantur.^ Delphini tanta intur, ut ne vulneribus quidem^ excitentur. ternum vi e mari exsiliunt, ut vela navium transvolent. In India serpentes ad tantam magnitudineift adolescunt, ut inteFac, ut homines animum gros hauriant cervos taurosque. tuum pluris faciant, quam omnia, quae^ illis tribuere possis. Unde factum est, ut tantas divitias tam cito amiseris ? Nemo unquam tam potens fiiit, ut nullius auxilio egeret.

Tanta

Note. The relative pronoun is also used in the following manner, as a substitute for ut. Nulla terra

tam tam

fertilis est,

fera

est,

quae omnia largiatur. Nulla gens tamque barbara, quae non habeat senBestiis deus
;

sum
dit,

religionis.

motum

et

sensimi de-

dit,

quo vitam tuerentur hominibus rationem addiqua regerentur appetitus.

Alexander edixit, ne quis* ipsum praeter Apellem pingeret. Pythagoreis inter dictum fuit, ne fabis vescerentur. Oculi palpebris sunt muniti, ne quid incidat. Nihil fere tam reconditum
est, quin^ .quaerendo inveniri possit. Nunquam tam mane egredior, neque tam vesperi domum revertor, quin^ teinfundo conspicer fodere, aut arare, aut aliquid facere. Xerxes non dubitabat, quiri' copiis suis Graecos facile superaturus esset

By
Gluaeritur unuswe^
sit

interrogatives.

teres philosophi, casu?ie factus

mundus, an plures. Disputabant vesit mundus, an mente divina. Augustus cum amicis suis consultabat, utrum imperium servaret, an deponeret. Quis numerare potest, quoties per totam
vitamlacrymasfuderit; aut quot morbis homo sit obnoxius? Fortunae munera, honores, divitiae, forma, quamdiu nobis adfutura sint, nullo modo sciri potest. Moriendum certe est; sed quo te loco mors exspectet, incertum. Gentes, quae ignorant, qua de caussa,^ Sol Lunaque deficiat, defectum horum luminum pro malo omine habent.

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS.

11

By

the Acciisative

with the Infinitive.

Aristoteles tradit, in Latmo, Cariae monte, hospites a scor-

M. Varro narrat, a pionibus non laedi, indigenas interimi. cuniculis suffossum} in Hispania oppidum, a talpis in Thessaab ranis incolas urbis in Gallia pulsos, ab locustis in lia Africa ex Gyaro insula incolas a TOMiihus fugatos, in Italia Amyclas a serpentibus deletas esse. Homerus Pygn^aeos populum ad Oceanum, a gruibus infestari prodidit Aristoteles eosdem in cavernis vivere narrat. Virgiiius per testaiaientuin jusserat ccurmina sua cremari;^ id Augustus fieri vetuit. Aristippus philosophus, quum per deserta Libyae iter faceret, servos, qui pecuniam aegre portaPj'lhagoras discipulos jubebat, unbant, earn abjicere jussit. umquemque diem precibus ad deos incipere. Darius rex Nitocridis reginae sepulcrum aperiri jusserat, quod speraverat, se multum ibi auri inventurum esse. Sertorius cervam alebat candidam, quavf Hispaniae gentes fatidicam esse credebant. Illustre est inter philosophos nomen Anaxagorae, quern veteres nunquam in vita risisse ferunt. Noli* facere quidquam, quod dubites justumne sit, an iniquum.
;
; ;

by a Perperam Homerus' a quibusdam Lycurgi temporibus vixisse traditur. ThaNote.

Some

passive verbs are accompanied

infinitive.

Twminative with the

primus defectionem Solis praedixisse fertransiisse dicitur. Noli mirari, sapientes stultis stultos videri. Multa, quae stulti admirantur, sapientibus (^bsurda esse videntur. Contemnere videmini, quae nobis laude videntur dignissima.
les Milesius
tur.

Romulus ad deos

Use of Participles.
fortunae variantis sunt innumera. Galli gallinacei diem venientem cantu nuntiant. Cecrops urbem a se conditam appellabat Cecropiam. Augustus primus Romae
tigrin ostendit

Exempla

mansuefactam.

The union of several Propositions by Participles.

Gymnosophistae in India totos dies' ferventibus arenis insistunt, Solem intuentes. Epimenides puer, aestu et itinera fessus^ septem et quinquaginta annos in specu dormivisse dicitur. Julius Caesar simuidictare, et hgentem? audire solebat.

Leo prostratis parcit. Ayes aduncos ungues habente^ came vescuntur, nee unquam

12

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS.

Canis venaticus venatorem comitantem loro Beneficium non in eo consistit, quod Struthiocameli Africi altidatur, sed in ipso dantis animo. tudinem equitis equo insidentis excedunt. Interdum delphini conspecti sunt, defunctum del^hiimm portantes, et quasi funus
congregantur.

ad ferarum

lustra trahit.

agentes.

Multa, quae de infantibus ferarum lacte nutritis produntur, Homo quidam, lapide ictus, oblitus est fabulosa videntur. litteras alius ex praealto tecto lapsus, matris et affinium nomina dicere non potuit; L. Siccius Delitatus, centies vicies proeliatus,^ quinquaginta quinque cicatridfes adverso corpore'^ habebat, nullam in tergo. Leones satiati^ innoxii sunt. Elephantes amnem transituri* minimos praemittunt. Pavo laudatus gemmatam pandit caudam. Gallus, ab adversario victus, occultatur silens et servitium patitur. Leo vulneratus percussorem intelligit, et in quantalibet multitudine appetit. Olores iter facientes colla imponunt praecedentibus, fessos duces ad terga recipiunt.^ Testudines in mari degentes conchyliis vivunt in terram egressae, herbis. Sarmatae longinqua itineia facturi, inedia pridie praeparant equos, potum exiguum impertientes, atque ita longissiviam continuo cursu conficiunt. Eiephanti, equitatu circumventi, infirmos aut fessos aut vulneratos in medium agmen recipiunt. Multos morientes cura sepulturae angit. Danaus ex Aegypto in Graeciam advectus, rex Argivorum factus est. Alexander Bucephalo equo defuncto duxit exse;
;

mam

quias,
dedit.^

urbemque Bucephalon appellatam

ejus

tumulo circum-

P. Catienus Plotinus patronum'' adeo dilexit, ut, heres omnibus ejus bonis institutus,^ in rogum ejus se conjiceret et concremaretur. Erinacei volutati super poma, humi jacentia, ilia spinis affixa in cavas arbores portant. Beneficia non in vulgus effundenda sunt, Indicum mare testudines tantae magnitudinis^ alit, ut singulae tugurio tegendo^^ sufRciant. Leones, senes facti, appetunt homines, quoniam ad peo'sequendas feras vires non suppetunt. Struthiocamelis ungulae sunt cervinis similes, comprehendendis lapidibus utiles, quos in fuga contra sequentes jaculantur.

Ablative absolute.
Senescente Luna, ostrea, tabescere dicuntur, crescente eddem
gliscunt.

Caepe

contra,

Luna

dejiciente, revirescere, adoles-

Geryone interemto, Hercules in Italiam venit. Sabinis debellatis, Tarquinius triumphans Romam rediit. Jasone Lycio interfecto, canis, quem habebat, cibum
cente, inarescere dicitur.

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS.

13

nis,

Regis Lysimachi cacapere noluit, inediaque confectus est. corjpore domini accensae pyrae impcsito, in flammas se Nicomede rege inierfecto, equus ejus vitam finivit conjecit.
Chile,

unus e septem sapientibus,^Zio victore^ Olymgaudio expiravit. Apes, aculeo amisso, statim emori existimantur. Eaedam, rege interfecto aut morbo con Pavo, cauaa amissa pusumto, fame luctuque moriuntur. dibundus ac moerens quaerit latebram. Erinacei, ubi sensere venantem, conlracto ore pedibusque convoiviintur'^ in for mam pilae, ne quid comprehendi possit praeter aculeos. Anaxagoram nuntiata morte filii dixisse ferunt sciebar^ me genuisse mortalem.
inedia.

piae, prae

IL

FABLES FROM ^SOP.

1.

Accipiter

et

Columbae.

milvii metu^ accipitrem rogaverunt, ut eas defenlUe annuit. At in columbare receptus,^ uno die majbrem stragem edidit, quam milvius longo tempore potuisset edere. Fabula docet, malorum patrocinium vitandum esse.
deret.

Columbae

2.

Mus

et

Milvius.
exoravit,^ ut

Milvius laqueis
ripuit et devoravit.

irretitus

musculum
facto,^

eum corro-

sis plagis* liberaret.

Haec
3.

Quo

milvius liberatus murem arfabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali

pro beneficiis reddere soleant.^

Hoedus

et

Lupus.

Hoedus

stans in tecto
tu, inquit,

domus lupo

Cui^ lupus, non

locus et tempus homines

praetereunti"' maledixit. sed tectum mihi maledicit.^ Sae|B timidos audaces reddit.

4
formositas

Grus

et

Pavo.

Pavo coram grue pennas suas explicans, quanta est, inquit, mea et tua deformitas ! At grus evolans, et quanta est, inquit, levitas mea et tua tarditas Monet haec fabula, ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contem-

namus, quibus natura

alia et fortasse
5.

majora

dedit.

Pavo.

Pavo graviter conquerebatur apud Junonem,^" dominam suam, quod^^ vocis suavitas sibi negata esset,^'^ dum luscinia, avis tam parum decora, cantu excellat.^^ q^^ Juno, et merito, inquit non enim^^ omnia bona in unum conferri oportuit.
;

6.

Anseres

et

Grues.

In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. Advemente domino prati,^* grues facile avolabant sed anseres, im;

IL FABLES FROM JESOP.

pediti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mactati sunt.

15

Sic sae-

pe pauperes cum potentioribus in eodem crimine deprehensi, soli dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt.
'

7.

Ccupra

et

Lupus.

Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus, cur non, nuda ilia et sterilia loca, et hue descendis in herbidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum offerunt 1 Cui' resinquit, relinquis

pondit capra: mihi non est in animo^ dulcia tuti^ praeponere.

8.

Venter

et

Membra.

rio nostra alentus,

Membra quondam dicebantventri: nosne'^te semper ministedum ipse summo otiofrueris?^ Nonfaciemus.
igitur ventri

Dum

membra

cibum subducunt, corpus debilitatur, sero invidiae suae poenituit.^

9.

et

Canis

et

Boves.

bat.

Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando' a pabulo arceCui unus bourn, quanta ista, inquit, invidia est, quod^ non pateris, ut eo cibo vescamur,^ quern tu ipse capere nee velis nee possis!^ Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat.

10.

Vulpes

et

Leo.
ei forte

Vulpes, quae
risset
leo,
ita

nunquam leonem viderat, quum

occur-

est perterrita, ut

Eundem"
ut antea.

conspicata^'^

Tertio

illi

paene moreretur formidine. iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam obviam facta,^ ausa est^^ etiam propius

accedere,

eumque

alloqui.
11.

Cancri.

mifili, ne sic obliquis semper gressibus incede,'sed recta via^* perge. Cui'^ ille, mi pater, respondit,
filio
:

Cancer dicebat

libenter tuis praeceptis obscquar, si te prius

videro.^''

Docet

idem facientem^^

haec fabula, adolescentiam nulla re magiS;

quam

exemplis, instrui.
12.

Boves.

In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima concorab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed dissidio inter illos orto,' singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. Fabula docet, quantum boni^ sit'^' concordia.
dia, et sic'^

16

IL FABLES FROM

iSSOP.

13.

Asinus,

Asinus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias, Sed forte, dum se celerius movet, aures leo esset.^ eminebant unde agnitus,^ in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poenas petulantiae dedit. Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui immeritis honoribus superbiunt

tanquam

14.

Mulier

et

Gallina.

Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae

pariebat aureum.

Hinc

ei quotidie ovum suspicari coepit, illam^ auri massam

Sed nihil in^ea reperit, nisi intus celare, et gallinam occidit. quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majoribus
divitiis inhiabat,

etiam minores perdidit.

15.

Viator es

et

Asinus.

Duo qui una* iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitudine conspicati, accurrunt laeti,^ et uterque eum sibi vindicare Dum vero contencoepit, quod eum prior^ conspexisset.^ dunt' et rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufugit, et neuter eo potitur.
16.

Corvus

et

Lupi.

em

Corvus partem praedae petebat a lupis, quod eos totum diCui illi, non tu nos, inquiunt, sed praecomitatus esset.^ daro^ sectatus es, idque^ eo animo ut ne nostris quidem corporihus^^ parceres, si exanimcurentur.

Merito in actionibus non spectatur, quid

fiat,"

sed quo ani-.

mo

fiat.

17.

P aster es et Lupus.

Pastores caesa ove convivium celebrabant. Quod quum^ lupus cerneret, ego, inquit, si agnum rapuissem, quantus tumultus fieret ! At isii impune ovem comedunt! Tum unus illorum, nos eiiim}^ inquit, nostra, non aliena ove epulamur.
18.

Carbonarius

et

Fullo.

Carbonarius, qui spatiosam habebat

domum,
:

invitavit fullo-

nem, uf ad se commigraret.
nos esse possit societas?

quum

inter tu vestes, quas egonitidas^^ red-

Ille respondit

quaenam

II.

FABLES FROM

iBSOP.
esses.

17

didissem^ fuligine et maculis inquinaturus bula docet, dissimilia non debere conjungi.

Haec

fa-

19.

Tibbie tn,

Tubicen ab hostibus captus, ne me, inquit, interficite f- nam inermis sum, neque quidquam haheo praeter hanc tubam. At hostes, propter hoc ipsum,^ inquiunt, te interimemus ; quod^

quum
soles.

Fabula

ipse

pugnandi

sed etiam eos,

ad pugnam incitare non solum malef icos esse puuiendos, qui alios ad male faciendunn irritent.^.
sis imperitus,^ alios

docet,

20. Accipitres et Columbae.

Accipitres

quondam acerrime

inter se belligerabant,
effecerunt, ut
illi

Hos
pacem

columbae in gratiam reducere conatae

inter se facerent.

columbas converterunt.

Q,ua firmata, accipitres vim suam in ipsas Haec fabula docet, potentiorum discordias imbecillioribus saepe prodesse.

21.

Mulier

et

Gallina.

Mulier vidua gallinam habebat, quae ei quotidie unum pariebat. Ilia existimabat, si gallinam diligentius saginaret, fore, ut ilia bina aut terna^ ova quotidie pareret.' Q,uum autem cibo superfluo gallina pinguis esset facta, planB ova parere desiit. Haec fabula docet, avaritiam saepe dam-

ovum

nosam

esse.

22.

Vulpes

et

Uva,

Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata, ad illam subsiliit omnium virium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset.

Tandem defatigata inani laborc, discedens dixit: af nunc Haec eiiam^ acerbac sunt, nee eas in via repertas tollerem. fabula docet, multos ca contemnere, qtiae' se assequi posse
desperent.^^

23.

Vulpes

et

Leaena.

pareret.

Vulpes leaenam exprobrabat, quod non nisi unum catulum Huic dicitur respondisse,"^ unum, sed leoncm. Haec fabula, non copiam, sed bonitatcm rerum aestimandam
docet.

PART

I.

18

II.

FABLES FROM

-ESOP.

24. Mures.

consilium, quomodo a fele caMultis aliis propositis,^ omnibus placuit, ut ei tintinnabulum annecteretur sic enim ipsos,^ sonitu admonitos, eam fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, Fabula qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. docet, in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo

Mures aliquando hatuerunt

:

verent.^

timidos.

.25.

Canis Mordax.

pendi,* ut

Cani mordaci paterfamilias jussit tintinnabulum ex aere apomnes eum cavere possent. Ille vero aeris tinnitu
et

gaudebat,

quasi

A?irtutis

suae praemium

esset,^ alios

canes

prae se contemnere inquit, qui ignorare

coepit.
videris,''

Cui unus

senior, o te stolidum,^

tuorum indicari

Haec fabula
26.

isto tinnitu

pravitatem

morum

scripta est in eos, qui sibi in-

signibus flagitiorum suorum placent.^

Canis

et

Lupis.
est,

Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, quanta

licitas

inquit, fe-

Tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. Tum canis, licet, inquit, mecum in urhem venias et eadem felicitate fruaris.^ Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una eunt, animadvertit lupus in collo canis attritos piles. Quid hoc est ? inquit. Num jugum sustines ? cervix enim tua tota est glabra. Nihil est, canis respondit. Sed inter diu me alliga7it, ut noctu sim vigilantior ; atque haec sunt vestigia collaris,

tua!

quod cervlci circumddri solet. Tum lupus, vale, inquit amice ! nihil moror^ felicitatem servituie emtam ! Haec fa bula docet, liberis nullum commodum tanti esse,^^ quod ser\d tutis calamitatem compensare possit.^^

27.

Lupus

et

Grus.

In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit^' gruem, qui illud extrahat.^"* Hoc grus longitudine colli facile effecit. Q,uum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus
et dentibus infrendens,

num

tibi, inqnit,

parva merces
?

videtur,

quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti

II.

FABLES FROM

JESOP.

19

28.

Agricola

et

Anguis.

Agricola anguem
ricordia motus/

reperit, frigore
fovit

paene exstinctum.

Mise-

subter alas recondidit. Mox angnis recreatus vires recepit, et agricolae, pro beneficio, letale vulnus inflixit. Haec fabula docet, qualem mercedem

eum

sinu

et

mali pro beneficiis reddere soleant.^

29. Asinus et Equus.

Asinus equum beatum praedicabat, qui tam copiose pascequum sibi post molestissimos labores ne paleae quidem satis^ praeberetnr. Forte autem bello exorto, equus in proeretur,^

'ium agitur, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles labores tandem, multis vulneribus confossus/ collabitur. Haec omnia asinus conspicatus, o me stolidum,^ inquit, qui beatitudinem ex praeseniis temporis fortuna aestimaverim P
30.

Agricola

et Filii.

Agricola senex,
filios

quum mortem

sibi

a^ropinquare Quibus

sentiret,

convocavit, quos, ut fieri solet, interdum discordare no-

verat,^ et
filios

fascem virgularum

afferri jubet.^

allatis,'"

Quod quum^^ hortabatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent. facere non possent, distribuit singulis singulas virgas, iisque
celeriter fractis, docuit illos,

quam

firma res esset concordia,

quamque

imbecillis discordia.
31.

Equus

et

Asinus.

Asinus, onustus sarcinis, equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte'^ oneris se levaret,'' si se vivum videre vellet. Sed ille asini preces repudiavit. Paulo post igitur asinus labore consumtus in via corruit et efflavit animam. agitator omnes sarcinas, quas asinus portaverat, atque insuper etiam pellem asino detractam, in equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero priorem superbiam deplorans, o me miserum,^* inquit, qui parvulum onus in me recipcre noluerim,^^ quum nunc cogar tantas sarcinas ferre, una cum pelle comitis mei, cujus preces tam superb^ con-

Tum

temseram.
32.

Mulier

et

Ancillae.

Mulier vidua, quae texendo' vitam sustentabat, solebat ancillassuasde nocte" excitare ad opus,'' quum primum gallicantum

20
audivisset.

II.

FABLES FROM

JESOP.

At

illae,

lum

interficere.

esse coeperunt.

diuturno labore fatigatae, statuerunt galdeteriore conditioned quam prius Nam domina, de hora noctis incerta,^ nunc

duo facto,^

famulas saepe jam prima nocte* excitabat.

33.

Testudo

et

Aquila.

Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese^ volare^ doAquila ei ostendebat quidem, eam rem petere naturae suae contrariam sed ilia nihilo minus instabat, et obsecrabat Itaque ungulis arrepaquilam, ut se volucrem facere vellet.
ceret.
;

per aerem saxa incidens comminuta interiit.^ Haec fabula docet, multos cupiditatibus suis occoecatos consilia prudentiorum respuere, et in exitium ruere stultitia sua.

tam aquila

sustulit' in sublime, et demisit illam, ut

ferretur.

Tum in

34. Luscinia et Acapiter,

Gluae quum^ intelliAccipiter esuriens rapuit lusciniam. mortem impendere, ad preces conversa, orat accipiSe enim avidissimum ventrem trem, ne se^ perdat sine causa. illius non posse explere, et suadere adeo, ut grandiores aliquas Cui accipiter,^ insanirem, inquit, si parvolucres venetur}^ tarn praedarn}^ amittere, et incerta pro certis sectari vellem.
geret, sibi

35.

Senex

et

Mors.

Senex in silva ligna ceciderat, iisque sublatis^^ domum^^ reGluum aliquantum viae^^ progressus esset, et dire coepit.
et inopiae defatigatus,^^ fascem deposuit, et secum aetatis mala contemplatus, Mortem clara voce invocat, quae ipsum ab omnibus his malis liberet.^^ Tum Mors, senis

onere et" via

precibus auditis subito adstitit, et quid vellet, percunctatur. At Senex, quem jam votorum suorum poenitebat,^ nihil, inquit, sed requiro^^ qui onus paululurn allevet^dum ego rursus subeo.

36.

Inimici.

In eadam navi vehebantur duo, qui inter se capitalia odia Unus eorum in prora, alter in puppi residebat. Orta tempestate ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat, gubernatorem, utram parexercebant.

II.

FABLES FROM

jESOP.

2f

tor,

iem navis prius submersum iri^ existimaret? Cui gubemaproram^ respondit. Turn ille, jam mors mihi non moles' ia est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim.
37.

Hinnuleus

et

Cervus.

Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis mterrogasse Mi pater, quum multo sis major canibu^ et tarn ardua cornua habeas, quibus a te vim propulsare possis,^ qui Ibi cervus ridens, mi nate, jit^ ut canes tantopere metuas ? inquit, vera memoras ; mihi tamen, n-escio quo pacto, semper
dicitur
:

canum voce, in fug am statim convertar. fabula docet, natura formidolosos^ nuliis rationibus fortes reddi posse.
accidit, ut, audita

Haec

38.

Hoedus

et

Lupus.

Q,uum hoedus evasisset lupum et confugisset in caulam ovium, quid iu, stulte, inquit ille,"' hie te salvum futurwrri? speras, ubi^ quotidie pecudes rapi et diis mactari videas ? Non euro, inquit hoedus; nam si moriendum sit,^^ quanta praeclarius mihi erit, meo cruore aspergi^^ aras deorum immortalium, quam irrigari siccas lupi fauces. Haec fabula docet, bonos mortem, quae omnibus imminet, non timere, si cum honestate et laude conjuncta sit.

39.

Corvus

et

Vulpes.

Corvus alicunde caseum rapuerat, et cum illo in altam arborem subvolarat. Vulpecula, ilium caseum appetens,

corvum blandis verbis adoritur quumque primum formam ejus pennarumque nitorem laudasset, pol,^^ inquit, te avium regem esse dicerem, si cantus pulchritudini tuae responderet.
;

Tum ille, laudibus vulpis inflatus, etiam cantu se valere demonstrare voluit. Ita vero e rostro aperto caseus delapsus est, quern vulpes arreptuni devoravit.'^ Haec fabula docet, vitandas esse adulatorum voces, qui blanditiis suis nobis in-

sidiantur.

40.

Leo.

Societatem junxcrant Leo, Juvcnca, Capra, Ovis.

Prae-

da autem, quam ceperant, in quatuor partes acquales divisa," leo, prima, ait, mea est; dcbetur enim haec praestantiae meae. Tollam et secundam, quam meretur robur meum. c 2

22
Tertiam vindicat
sibi
sibi.

II.

FABLES FROM

iESOP.

sibi

egregius labor meus.^

is

Q,uartam qui

arrogare voluerit,^

Quid

se habiturum me inimicum facerent imbecilles bestiae, aut quae^ sibi leonem

sciat,

infestum habere vellet ?

41.

Mus

et

Rusticus.

Mus
morsu
nihil,

a Rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus, tarn acrj

ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille

eum

dimitteret, dicens

mehercule, tarn pusillum est, quod de salute desperare debeat,^ modo^ se defendere et vim depulsare velit.
42.

Vultur

ct

Aviculae.

lis

invitavit ad convivium, quod iJdaturus esset^ die natali suo. Quae"' quum ad tempus adessent, eas carpere et occidere, epulasque sibi de invitatis instruere coepit.

Vultur aliquando aviculas

43.

Ranae.
esset,

Ranae
duxisse. quit
;

laetabantur,

quum nuntiatum

Solem uxorem

Sed una
?^

caeteris^ prudentior,

vos stolidos

in-

nonne meininisiis, quantofere vos

saejpe

tus ezcruciet

Quid igitur

fiet,

quum

unius Solis aesliberos etiam prom

ereaverit?
44.

Ranae

et Jupiter.

Ranae aliquando regem sibi a Jove petivisse dicuntur." Gluarum^'^ ille precibus e^oratus trabem ingentem in lacum dejecit. Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere, deinde vero, trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae, magno cum contemtu in ea consederunt aliumque
sibi

gem
rus,^3

expetiverunt.

Turn

Jupiter,

earum

hydrum

illis misit,

a quo^*

quum

novis clamoribus restultitiam punituplurimae captae peri-

rent, sero eas stolidarum

precum
et

poenitur.^^

45.

Lupi

Pastores.

Philippus, rex Macedoniae, cum Atheniensibus foeesset, ea conditione, ut oratores suos^^ ipsi tra derent, Demosthenes" populo narravit fabulam, qua^^ iis callidum regis consilium ante ocuios poneret. Dixit enim, lupos quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse, se nunquam in posterum greges esse impugnaturos, si canes ipsis dederen-

Cluum

dus initurus

11.

FABLES FROM

JESOP.

23^
;

sed quum lupi tur. Placuisse stultis pastoribus conditionem caulas excubiis nudatas vidissent, eos impetu facto^ omnem

gregem

dilaniasse.

46.

Puer mendax.

Puer oves pascens crebro per lusum magnis clamoribus imploraveret, lupos gregem suum aggressos Saepe autem frustratus"^ eos, qui auxilium latuesse fingens. ri advenerant, tandem lupo revera irruente^ multis cum lacrymis vicinos orare coepit,^ ut sibi et gregi subvenirent. At

opem rusticorum

illi

eum

pariter ut antea ludere existimantes,

preces ejus

et

lacrymas neglexerunt, ita ut lupus libera in oves grassaretur, plurimasque earum dilaniaret.

47.

Corvus.

nificavit.

Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat, gaudium alta voce sigQ.uo sono' allecti^ plures corvi famelici advolaverunt, impetuque in ilium facto,' opimam ei dapem eripue-

runt.

48.

Comix

et

Columha.

Cornix columbae gratulabatur foecunditatem, quod smgulis mensibus pullos excluderet. At ilia, ne mei, inquit, doloris causam commemorcs. Nam quos pullos educo, eos^ dominus Ita raptos aut ipse comedit, aut aliis comedendos^ vendit. mihi mea foecunditas novum semper luctum parit.

49.

Leo, Asinus

et

Vulpcs.

Vulpes, asinus
facta, Ico

et

leo venatum'" iverant.

partiri jubet.

asinum illam

Glui

Ampla praeda quum sinf^ulis sin-

et

gulas partes poncrct aequales, leo eum correptum'^ dilaniavit, vulpeculae particndi ncgotium"^ tribuit. Ilia astutior,'^ leoni partem maximam apposuit, sibi vix minimam reservans particulam. Tum leo subrldcns ejus prudentiamlaudare," et unde Et vulpes, Hujus"^me, inhoc didicerit,'^ interrogare coepit. quit, calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debcant.

24

11.

FABLES FROM

JESOP.

50.

Muscae.

Effusa mellis copia est Muscae advolant Pascuntur, At Mox impeditis cruribus Revolare nequeunt. Heu miseram, inquiunt, vicem Cibus iste blandus, "qui pellexit suaviter,
:

!^

Nunc

fraudulentus^

quam

crudeliter necat

Perf ida voluptas^ fabula hac depingitur.

51.

Cancer.

Mare cancer olim

Jejuna,

deseruit, in littore

Pascendi cupidus.^

Vulpes hunc simuP adspici

simuP

accurrit, et

praedam

capit.

Nae,

dixit ille, jure plector, qui,^ salo''

Q,uum fuerim

natus, voluerim solo^ ingredi

praefinitus est locus,

Suus unicuique

Quem

praeterire sine periclo

52.

non

licet.

Culex

et

Taurus.

In cornu tauri parvulus quondam culex Consedit seque^ dixit, mole si sua Eum gravaret, avolaturum illico. At ille ;^ nec^ te considentem" senseram.
;

IIL

MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS.

Cadmus, Agenoris films, quod draconem,^ Martis iilium, cujusdam in Boeotia custodem, occiderat, omnem suam proiem^ interemtam vidit, et ipse cum Harmonia, uxore sua,
1.

fontis

ambo in dracones conversi sunt. Amjcus, Neptuni filius, rex Bebryciae,'* omnes, qui in ejus regna venissent, cogebat caestibus secum contendere, et victos occidebat. Hie quum Argonautas^ ad certamen provoin Illyriam^ fugit, ubi
2.

cum eo contendit et eum interfecit. Ephialtes, Aloe'i filii, mira magnitudine' fuisse dicuntur. singulis mensibus novem digitis^ crescebant. Itaque quum essent annorum^ novem, in coelum ascendere sunt conati. Hue sibi aditum sic faciebant, ut montem Ossara
casset, Pollux^
3.

Otos

et

Nam

super Pelion^' ponerent, aliosque praeterea montes exstrue-

Sed Apollinis sagittis interemti sunt. Daedalus Euphemi filius, artifex peritissimus, ob caedem Athenis^^ commissam, in Cretam abiit ad regem Minoem. Ibi labyrinthum^'^ exstruxit. A Minoe aliquando in custodiam
rent.
4.
filio alas cera aptavit, et cum eo avolaIcarus altius evolabat, cera solis calore liquefacta, in mare decidit, quod ex eo Icarium pelagus^^ est appellatum; *^ Daedalus autem in Siciliam pervenit. 5. Aesculapius, Apollinis filius, medicus praestantissimus, Hippolyto, Thesei filio, vitam reddidisse dicitur. Ob id facinus Jupiter eum fulmine percussit. Apollo, quod filii mortem in Jove ulcisci non poterat, Cyclopes,^* qui fiilmina fecerant, interemit. Ob hoc factum, Apollinem Jupiter Admeto, regi Thessaliae,^^ in servitutem dedit. 6. Alcestim, Peliae filiam, quum multi in matrimonium peterent, Pelias promisit, se filiam ei esse daturum, qui feras currui junxisset. Admetus, qui eam perdite amabat, Apollinem Is quum ab Admeto, rogavit, ut se in hoc negotio adjuvaret.

conjectus, sibi et Icaro

vit.

Dum

Tum

dum nem

ei serviebat,

liberaliter esset tractatus,

ille

currui junxit, quibus

Alcestim avexit.

aprum ei et leoIdem gravi

morbo implicitus/^ munus ab ApoUine accepit, ut praesens peri-

26

III.

MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS.
pro eo moreretur.

culum
neque

efTugeret, si quis^ sponte

pater,

Jam quum
uxor

neque mater Admeti pro eo mori

voluissent,

se Alcestis morti obtulit, quam Hercules,^ forte adveniens, Orci^ manibiis eripuit et Admeto reddidit. 7. Cassiope* filiae suae Andromedae formam Nereidum^ formae anteposuit. Ob hoc crimen illae a Neptuno postulaverunt, ut Andromeda ceto immani, quod oras populabatur, objiceretur. Q,uae quum ad saxum alligata esset, Peiseus^ ex Libya, ubi Medusam'^ occiderat, advolavit, et, bellua devicta et interemta, Andromedam liberavit.
8. Gluam* quum abducere vellet victor,^ Agenor, cui antea desponsata fuerat, Perseo i-nsidias struxit, ut eum interficeret, sponsamque eriperet. Ille, re cognita,^ caput Medusae insidiantibus ostendit, quo viso,^ omnes in saxa mutati sunt. Perseus autem cum Andromeda in patriam" rediit. 9. Ceyx, Hesperi filius, quum in naufragio periisset, Alcyone, conjugis morte audita, se in mare praecipitavit. Turn deorum misericordia ambo in aves sunt mutati, quae Alcyones appellantur. Hae aves pariunt hiberno tempore. Per illos dies mare tranquillum esse dicitur unde nautae tranquillos et serenos dies Alcyonios appellare solent. 10. Tantalus, Jo vis filius, tam carus fuit Diis, ut Jupiter ei consilia sua concrederet eumque ad epulas Deorum admitteret. At ille, quae apud Jovem audiverat, cum mortalibus
;

id crimen dicitur apud inferos in aqua semperque sitire. Nam quoties haustum aquae sumturus est, aqua recedit. Tum etiam poma ei super caput pendent sed quoties ea decerpere conatur, rami vento moti^^ recedunt. Alii saxum ejus capiti impendere dicunt, cujus ruinam timens, perpetuo metu cruciatur. W. In nuptiis Pelei'^ et Thetidis^* omnes Dii invitati erant praeter Discordiam. Haec ira commota malum^^ misit^^ in medium,^'' cui inscripta erant verba Pulcherrima me haheto. Tum Juno, Venus et Minerva illud simul appetebant; magnaque inter eas discordia exorta, Jupiter Mercurio^^ imperat, ut Deas ad Paridem,^^ Priami)filium, duceret, qui in monte Ida^ greges pascebat hunc earum litem diremturum esse.^^ Huic Juno, si se pulcherrimam judicasset, omnium terrarum regnum est pollicita Minerva ei splendidam inter homines famam promisit Venus autem Helenam, Ledae et Jovis filiam, se ei in conjugium dare spopondit.^ Paris, hoc dono prioribus antePostea, Veposito,^ Venerem pulcherrimam esse judicavit.

communicabat.
collocatus

Ob

esse,

neris hortatu,

Menelao'^ eripuit.

Lacedoemonem profectus, Helenam conjugi suo Hinc bellum Trojanum originem cepit, ad

III.

MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS.
duce Agamemnone, Menelai

27
fratre,

quod

tota fere Graecia,

profecta est. 12. Thetis, Pelei conjux,

quum

sciret,

Achillem, filium su-

um,

cito

periturum esse/

sequeretur,

eum

misit in

Graecorum exercitum ad Trojam insulam Scyron^ regique Lycomedi

si

commendavit. Iile eum muliebri habitu inter filias suas servabat. Graeci autem quum audivissent, Achillem ibi occultari, Ulysses, rex Ithacae,^ in regie vestibule munera feminea in calathiscis ponebat, simulque clypeum et hastam, mulieresque advocari* jussit. Quae dum omnia contempl^bantur, subito tubicen cecinit quo sono audito, Achilles arma arripuit.
;

Unde^ eum virum esse intellectum est. 13. Quum totus Graecorum exercitus Aulide convenisset, adversa tempestas eos ob iram Dianae retinebat. Agamemnon' enim, dux illius expeditionis, cervam Deae sacram vulneraverat, superbiusque^ in Dianam loquutus erat. Is quum haruspices convocasset, hi responderunt, iram Deae expiari non posse, nisi filiam suam Iphigeniam ei immolasset. Hanc ob causam Ulysses Argos profectus, mentitur, Agamemnonem

matrimonium promisisse. Sic eam Aulidem Ubi quum pater eam immolare vellet, Diana, virginem miserata, cervam ei supposuit. Iphigeniam ipsam per
filiam Achilli in

abduxit.^

nubes in terram Tauricam^

detulit,

ibique templi sui sacerdo-

tem

fecit.

Troja eversa quum Graeci domum redire vellent, ex tumulo vox dicitur fuisse audita, quae Graecos moQuare nebat, ne fortissimum virum sine honore relinquerent. Graeci Polyxenam, Priami filiam, quae virgo fuit formosissima, ad sepulcrum ejus immolaverunt. 15. Prometheus, Japeti filius, primus homines ex lijto
14.

Achillis^^

quomodo

ignem e coelo in ferula attulit, monstravitque, Ob hanc rem Vulcanus cinere obrutum servarent. eum in monte Caucaso'^ Jovis jussu clavis ferreis alligavit ad saxum; aquila ei apposita, quae^^ cor exederet. Quantum Hanc aquivero interdiu exederat, tantum nocte crescebat. 1am insequenti tempore Hercules transfixit sagittis, Promefinxit,

iisque

theumque
16.

liberavit.

inferorum Deus, a Jove fratre petebat, ut sibi Proserpinam, Jovis et Cereris filiam, in matrimonium daret. Jupiter negavit'^ quidem, Cererem passuram esse, ut filia in tenebris Tartari moraretur; sed fratri permisit, ut eam, si posset, raperet. Quare Proserpinam, in nemore Ennae in Sicilia flores legentem, Pluto, quadrigis ex terrae hiatu proPluto,^^

veniens, rapuit.

28
17.

III.

MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS.
nesciret, ubi filia esset, earn per

Ceres

quum

totum

orbem terrarum quaesivit. In quo itinere ad Celeum venit, regem Eleusiniormn/ cujus uxor Metanira puerum Triptolemum pepererat, rogavitque, ut se tanquam nutricem in do-

mum
bat.

reciperent.

Quo

facto,

quum

Ceres

alumnum suum

immortalem reddere vellet, eum interdiu lacte divino alebat, noctu clam igne obruebat.^ Itaque mirum in modum cresce-

Quod quum
viderent,

mirarentur parentes, earn observaverunt.

;

Cererem puerum in ignem mittere, pater Celeum exanimavit Triptolemo autem currum draconibus junctum tribuit, frugesque mandavit, quas^ per orbem terrarum vectus disseminaret. 18. Althaea, Thestii filia, ex Oeneo peperit Meleagrum. Ei Parcae* ardentem titionem dederunt, praefantes, Meleagrum tam diu victurum,^ quam diu is titio foret incolumis. Hunc itaque Althaea diligenter in area clausum servavit. Interim Diana, Oeneo irata, quia ei sacra annua non fecerat, aprum mira magnitudine misit, qui agrum Calydonium vastaret. Quem Meleager cum juvenibus ex omni Graecia delectis interfecit, pellemque ejus Atalantae' donavit. Cui
exclamavit.

Qui quum

Tum Dea

quum Althaeae fratres eam eripere vellent, ilia Meleagri auxilium imploravit, qui .avunculos occidit. Tum Althaea, gravi ira in filium commota, titionem ilium fatalem in ignem conjecit. Sic Meleager periit. At sorores ejus, dum fratrem insolabiliter lugent, in aves^

19.

rum
vit

mutatae sunt. filiam Sidoniam, Jupiter, in taumutatus, Sidone^ Cretam^ transvexit, et ex ea procrea-

Europam, Agenoris

ducerent,

Minoem, Sarpedonem et Rhadamanthum. Agenor filios sues misit, conditione

sororem invenissent.

Hanc

ut re-

addita,^^ ut

nee

ipsi redirent, nisi

Horum

unus, Cad-

mus^^ nomine,
accepit,

quum

erraret,*Delphos^^ venit, ibique

responsum

bovem praecedentem sequeretur ;'* ubi ille decubuisset, ibi urbem conderet. Quod quum faceret, in Boeotiam'^ venit. Ibi aquam quaerens, ad fontem Castalium draconem^ invenit, Martis filium, qui aquam custodiebat. Hunc Cadmus interfecit, dentesque ejus sparsit et aravit." Unde Sparti^^

Pugna inter illos exorta, quinque superfuerunt, ex quibus quinque nobiles Thebanorum^^ stirpes originem
enati sunt,

duxerunt.
20.

Quum

Bacchus, Jovis ex Semele

filius,

exercitum in

Indiam

duceret, Silenus^ ab

agmine

aberravit.

Quem

Mi-

das, rex Mygdoniae,^^ hospitio liberaliter accepit, eique du-

cem

dedit, qui eum ad Bacchum reduceret. Ob hoc beneficium Bacchus Midae optionem dedit, ut, quidquid vellet, a

III.

MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS.
quidquid
;

29

se peteret.

Ille petiit, ut

tetigisset,^

Q,uod

quum

impetrasset, quidquid

tetigerat,

aurum fieret. aurum fiebat.

Primo gavisus est hac virtute sua mox intellexit, nihil ipsi hoc munere perniciosius esse. Nam etiam cibus et potio in aurum mutabatur. Q,uum jam fame cruciaretur, petit a Baccho, ut donum suum revocaret. Q,uem^ Bacchus jussit in
flumine Pactolo se abluere,
est colore aureo.^

quumque aquam

tetigisset,

facta

21. Schoneus* Atalantam filiam formosissimam dicitur habuisse, quae cursu viros superabat. Haec quum a pluri-

bus in conjugium peteretur, pater ejus conditionem proposuit, ut, qui eam ducere vellet, prius cursu cum ea contenderet; si victus esset, occideretur. Multos quum superasset et interfecisset, tandem ab Hippomene victa est. Hie enim a Venere tria mala aurea acceperat. Dum currebant, horum^ unum post alterum projecit, iisque Atalantae cursum tardavit. Nam dum mala colligit, Hippomenes ad metam pervenit. Huic itaque Schoeneus filiam uxorem dedit. Q.uam quum in patriam duceret, oblitus Veneris beneficio se vicisse, grates ei non egit. Hanc ob causam Hippomenes mutatus est in leonem, Atalanta in leaenam. 22. Nisus, rex Megarensium, in capite crinem purpureum habuisse dicitur, eique praedictum fuit, tam diu eum regnaturum, quam diu eum crmem custodisset. Hunc Minos, rex Cretensium, bello aggressus est. Qui quum urbem Megaram^ oppugnaret, Scylla, Nisi filia, amore ejus correpta est, ut ei victoriam pararet, patri dormienti fatalem crinem et, praecidit. Ita Nisus a Minoe victus et occisus est. duum

autem Minos in Cretam rediret, Scylla eum rogavit, ut eam secum aveheret. Sed ille negavit,' Cretam tantum scelus^ esse recepturam. Tum ilia se in mare praecipitat,^ navemque persequitur. Nisus in aquilam marinam conversus est, Scylla in piscem, quem Cirim vocant. Hodieque, si quando ilia avis hunc piscem conspexerit, mittit se in aquam raptumque unguibus di^ianiat. 23. Amphlon, Jovis ct Antiopes filius, qui Thebas muris cinxit,^" Nioben, Tantali filiam, in matrimonium duxit. Ex qua procreavit filios septem, totidemque filias. Gluem partum'^ Niobe Latonae
liberie anteposuit, superbiusque^'^
et

loquuta est in

Dianam. Ob id Apollo filios ejus venantcs sagittis interfecit, Diana autem filias. Niobe, liberis orbata, in saxum mutata esse dicitur,'^ ej usque lacrymae hodieque maApollinem
nare narrantur.'^

Amphion autem, quum templum

Apolline sagittis
est interfectus.

Apollinis

expugnare

vellet, a-b

PART

I.

so
24.

III.

MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS.

filius, ab Apolline futurarum re scientiam acceperat. Quum vero hominibus deorum consiha enuntiaret, Jupiter eum excoecavit, et immisit ei Harpyias, quae Jovis canes^ esse dicuntur, ut cibum ab ore ei aulerrent. Ad quern quum Argonautae^ venissent,

Phmeus, Agenoris

rum

rogarent,^
hberafrent.

dmt, se

ut

illis iter

demonstraturum

esse, si

capite et

runt

m msulas Strophada^,^ et Phineum poena liberarunt

m pedibus habmsse

TumZeteset

eum iter eum poena

Calais, Aquilonis filii, qui pennas dicuntur, Harpyias Wave-

31

IV.

ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS OP

ANTiaUITY.

1.

Thales interrogatus, an facta hominum deos laterent/

Solon, qui Atheniensibus leges scripsit, dicebat, nemidum viveret,^ beatum haberi posse, quod omnes ad ultiusque diem ancipiti^ fortunae obnoxii essent

respondit, ne cogitata quidem.

2.

nem,

mum
3.

Pythagorae philosophi tanta fuit apud discipulos suos quae ab eo^ audivissent, ea in dubitationem adducere non auderent. Rogati autem, ut causam redderent eorum, quae dixissent, respondebant, Ipsum dixisse. Ipse autem
auctoritas, ut,

erat Pythagoras.
4. Bias, unus ex septem Sapientibus, quum patriam Prienen^ ab hostibus expugnatam et eversam fugeret, interrogatus, cur nihil ex bonis suis secum ferret ego vero,^ respondit, bona mea mecum porio omnia. 5. Democritus, cui pater ingentes divitias reliquerat, omne
;

fere

patrimonium suum civibus donavit, ne domesticarum

re-

rum cura

a philosophiae studio avocaretur. 6. Etiam Crates Thebanus bona sua inter Thebanos divisit, nihil -sibi servans praeter peram et baculum. Haec enim Cynicorum^ instrumenta erant. A quo consilio quum amici et propinqui eum avocare studerent, eos correpto baculo fugavit, nihil pulchrius esse arbitratus, quam ab omnibus curis vacuum uni philosophiae operam dare. 7. Anaxagoras quum a longinqua peregrinatione, scientiae augendae causa suscepta, in patriam rediisset, agrosque suos neglectos et desertos videret," non essem, inquit, salvus, nisi
ista periissent.^
savit

Carneades usque ad extremam senectam nunquam cesa philosophiae studio. Saepe ei accidit, ut, quum cibi capiendi causa accubuisset,^ cogitationibus inhaerens," manum ad cibos appositos porrigere oblivisceretur. 9. Idem adversus Zenonem Stoicum scripturus, caput helleboro purgabat, ne corrupt! humores soUertiam et acumen mentis impedirent.
8.

32

IV. ANECDOTES.

10. Anaxagoras, philosophus, morte filii audita, vultu nihil immutato dixit Sciebam me mortalem genuisse. 11. Archytas Tarentinus,^ quum ab itinere reversus, agros
:

suos villici^socordia neglectos videret, graviter

inquit, nisi iratus essem.
12.

te

castigaremf

Plato quoque quum in servum vehementius^ exarsisset,* ne vindictae modum excederet, Speusippo adstanti mandavit, ut de illius poena statueret. 13. Idem, discendi cupiditate ductus,^ Aegjrptum peragravit, et a sacerdotibus illius regionis geometriam et astronomiam didicit. Idem in Italiam trajecit, ut ubi Pythagorae' philosoveritus^

phiam
14.

et instituta disceret.

Athenienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos introducere videbatur, Protagoram quoque philosophum, qui ausus fuerat scribere, se ignorare, an dii essent, Athenienses ex urbe pepulerunt. 15. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fiiisse ferGluam ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades, Sotur.^ cratem interrogavit, quid esset, quod^ mulierem tam acerbam et jurgiosam non exigeret domo. Turn ille, quoniam, inquit, dum illam domi perpetior, insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque foris petulantiam et injurias facilius feram. 16. Xenocrates philosophus quum maledicormn quorundam sermoni interesset,^ neque quidquam ipse loqueretur, interrogatus, cur solus taceret, respondit quiob dizisse me ali:

quando poenituit^^ tacuisse nunquam. 17. Hegesias philosophus in disputationibus suis mala el cruciatus vitae tam vividis coloribus repraesentabat, ut multi,
qui

maeo^ rege

audiverant, sponte se occiderent. Gluare a Ptoleulterius his de rebus disserere est prohibitus. 18. Gorgiae Leontino^^ qui eloquentia et eruditione om-

eum

nes suae aetatis homines superare existimabatur,^* universa Graecia in templo Apollinis Delphici^^ statuam auream collocavit.

19.

terrogatus, quapo-opier

Idem quum annum centesimum septimum ageret, intam diu vellet in vita remanere 1 resquia nihil haheo, quod^^ senectutem

pondit
20.
crates,

meam

accusem.
So-

Illustrissimi saepe viri humili loco nati fuerunt.

Apollinis sapientissimum omnium ho minum judicavit, obstetrlcis filius fuit. Euripides, poeta, tragicus, matrem habuit, quae olera venditabat; et Demosthenis, oratoris eloquentissimi, patrem cultellos vendidisse

quem oraculum

narrant.
21.

Homerus, princeps poetarum Graecorum, dolore

ab-

IV. ANECDOTES.

33

sumtus esse creditur,^ quod quaestionem^ a piscatoribus ipsi propositam solvere non posset. 22. Simonides, poeta praestantissimus, gloriatur in quodam poemate, se octoginta annos natum^ in certamen musicum^ descendisse, et victoriam inde retulisse. Idem ali-

quamdiu

vixit

apud Hipparchum,

Pisistrati jEilium,

Athenarum

tyrannum. Inde Syracusas se contulit ad Hieronem regem, cum quo familiariter vixisse dicitur. Primus carmina statuto pretio scripsit quare eum Musam venalem reddidisse di;

cunt.^

23.

Q,uum Aeschylus

Atheniensis, qui parens tragoediae

dicitur, in Sicilia versaretur, ibique in loco aprico sederet,

aquila testudinem glabro eius capiti immisit, quod pro saxo habuit. Q,uo ictu iile exstinctus est. 24. Euripides, qui et ipse^ magnum inter poetas tragicos nomen habet, a coena domum rediens' a canibus laceratus
est.

25. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex tragoedia sententiam^ quandam tolleret. Ille autem in scenam progressus dixit se fabulas componere solere, ut populum doceret, non ut a populo disceret. 26. Philippides, comoediarum scriptor, quum in poetarum certamine praeter spem vicisset, et ilia victoria impense gauderet, eo ipso gaudio repente exstinctus est. 27. Pindarus, poeta Thebanus, Apollini gratissimus fuisse dicitur. Cluare saepe a sacerdotibus in templun Delphicum ad coenam vocabatur, parsque ei tribuebatur douorum, quae Ferunt etiam Pana^ Pindari sacrificantes deo obtulerant. hymnis tantopere fuisse laetatum, ut eos in montibus et silvis caneret. Q.uum Alexander, rex Macedoniae, Thebas diriperet, unius Pindari domo et familiae pepercit.'" 28. Diogenes Cynic us Myndum'^ profectus, quum videret magnificas portas et urbem exiguam, Myndios monuit, ut portas clauderent, ne urbs egrcderetur. 29. Demosthenes, Atheniensis, incredibili studio et labore 0 pervenit, ut, quum''^ multi eum ingenio parum valere existimarent, omnes aetatis suae oratores superaret eloquentia,
:

Numquam
bant.

tamen ex tempore

lebat assurgere, nisi rem,

dicebat, neque in concione vodc qua ageretur,'^ accurate antea

meditatus esset.

Unde

plerique

cum timidum

esse existima-

hac re Periclis'* consuetudinem miitabatur, qui non facile de quaque re dicere, nee existimationem suam fortunac committere solebat. 30. Pericles in concionem iturus,'^ quum animo perpendeinconsiderate dicta hominibus afferret, quantum pcriculi

Sed

in

d2

34

IV. ANECDOTES.

rent, solebat precari

excideret,
31.

a diis, ne quod^ ipsi verbum imprudenti quod reipublicae officere posset. Minos, Cretensium rex, saepe se in speluncam quan-

conferebat, ibique se cum Jove colloqui legesque ab eo Etiam Lycurgus^ Lacedaemoniis persuaaccipere dicebat. sit,^ se leges suas ab ApoUine didicisse. 32. Quum Lycurgus, Lacedaemoniorum legislator, Delpbis in templum ApoUinis intrasset, ut a deo oraculum petenescio, utrum Deus ret, Pythia* eum bis verbis allocuta est an homo appellandus sis sed deus potius videris esse. 33. Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, quum Persae^ dicerentur sagittarum multitudine solem obscuraturi,^ respondisse fertur melius itaque in umbra pugnabimus.
:

dam

34. Cyrus'

omnium suorum militum nomina memoria

te-

Mithridates autem, rex Ponti,^ duarum et viginti gentium, quae sub regno ejus erant, linguas ita didicerat, ut cum omnibus, quibus imperabat, sine interprete loqui posset. 35. Themistocles interroganti, utrum Achilles^ esse mallet, an Homerus, respondit Tu vero mallesne te in Olympico 'certamine^ victorem renuntiari, an praeco esse, qui victorum
nebat.
:

nomina proclamat ?
36. Epaminondas,^^ Thebpmorum imperator, in bello adversus Lacedaemonios, anin^os suorum religione excitandos ratus, arma in templis affixa^^ nocte detraxit, persuasitque militibus, quum ilia abesse viderent, deos iter suum sequi, ut ipsis proeHantibus adessent. 37. Idem in pugna ad Mantineam^^ graviter vulneratus est. Gluum animam recepisset, interrogavit circumstantes amicos, an clT/peus^^ salvus esset? deinde, an Jiostes fusi essent? Illi utrumque affirmaverunt. demum hastam e corpore educi jussit. Quo facto statim exspiravit.

Tum

38. Epaminondas tanta fuit abstinentia^^ et integritate, ut post plurima bella, quibus Thebanorum potentiam incredibiliter

auxerat, nihil in supellectili haberet praeter

ahenum

et

veru.
39. Lysander,^^ dux Lacedaemoniorum, militem quendam, via egressum, castigabat. Cui dicenti, ad nullius rei rapinam se ab agmine recessisse, respondit ne speciem quidem rap:

turi praebeas volo}^ 40. Iphicrates, dux Atheniensium,

quum

praesidio teneret

Corinthum,

et

sub adventum hostium ipse vigilias circumiret,

vigilem, quem dormientem invenerat hasta transfixit. Quod factum^^ quibusdam ei, ut saevum, exprobrantibus, qualem inveni, inquit, talerfi rellqui.

41

Quum quidam Thrasybulo,^^ qui civitatem Atheniensium

IV. ANECDOTES.

35

a tyrannorum dominatione liberavit, dixisset: quantas iibi gratias Athenae debent ! ille respondit Dii faciant, ut quanr tas^ ipse patriae debeo gratias, tantas ei videar retulisse} 42. Philippus, rex Macedonum, monentibus eum quibusdam, ut Pythiam quendam caveret, fortem militem, sed ipsi alienatum, quod tres filias aegre aleret, nee a rege adjuvare:

tur, dixisse fertur

abscijiderem? potius

Quid ? si partem corporis haberem aegram^ an curarem ? Deinde Pythiam ad se vo-

catum,* accepta difficultate rei domesticae, pecunia instruxit. Quo facto, nullum rex militem Pythia^ fideliorem habuit. 43. Mulier quaedam ab eodem Philippo, quum a convivio temulentus recederet, damnata,^ a Philippo, inquit, temulento ad Philippum sobrium provoco. 44. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, praedicare solebat, se oracontoribus Atheniensium maximam gratiam habere. viciis suis, inquit, efficiunt, ut quotidie melior evadam, dum eos dictis factisque mendacii arguere conor. 45. Ejusdem regis epistola fertur scripta ad Aristotelem

Nam

philosophum, qua filium' sibi natum esse nuntia\dt. Erat ilia epistola verbis concepta fere his Filium mihi genitum esse sciio. Quod^ equidem diis habeo gratiam : non tarn quod natus est, quarn quod ei contigit nasci temporibus vitae tuae. Spero enim fore, ut^ a te educatus et eruditus dignus evadat et nobis ei rebus,^^ quas ipsi relicturi sumus. 46. Alexander, Macedo, Philippi filius, quum puer a praeceptore suo audivisset, innumerabiles mundos esse, heu me miserum, inquit, qui ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum I 47. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorundam benevolentiam largitionibus sibi conciliare conatus esset, Philippus eum his verbis increpuit Sperasne^^ eos^'^iibijideles esse futuros, quos pecunia tibi conciHaveris ? Scito, aviorem non auro emi, sed virtutibus. 48. Alcxandro Macedoni, Asia debellata,'^ Corinthii per
:
:

legatos gratulati sunt,

regemque

civitate sua^*

donaverunt.

genus quum Alexander risisset, unus ex legatis, nulli unquam, inquit, civitatem dedimus alii, quam tibi et Herculi. (iuo audito Alexander honorem sibi delatum luQ,uod
officii''

bentissimc'^ accepit.
49. Quum Alexander Gracciae populis imperasset, ut divinos ipsi honores decernerent, Laccdaemonii his verbis utebantur:" qiioniam Alexander de.us esse voluit, esto deus; Laconica brevitate'^ regis notantes vccordiam.

50.

virum

Lysimachus,'^ rex Thraciae, Thcodorum Cyrenaeum,* libertatis amantissimum et regiaedominationi infestum,

cruci afflgi jussit.

Cui

ille,

hujusmodi minis,

inquit,

purpu

36
ratos tuos terreas.

IV. ANECDOTES.

Mea^quidem

nihil interest,^ humine^

an sub-

lime^ putrescam. 51. Mausolus, rex Cariae,* Artemisiam habuit conjugem. Haec, Mausolo defuncto, ossa cineremque mariti contusa et odoribus mixta cum aqua potabat. Exstruxit quoque, ad con-

servandam ejus memoriam, sepulcrum^ illud nobilissimum, ab ejus nomine appellatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum miGluod quum Mausoli manibus' dicaret, racula^ numeratur. certamen instituit, praemiis amplissimis ei propositis,^ qui defunctum regem optime laudasset. 52. Dionysius,^ qui a patre Syracusarum et paene totius Siciliae tyrannidem acceperat, senex, patria pulsus, Corinthi
pueros
sibi
litteras docuit.

53. Mithridates, rex Ponti, saepe

a clandestinis caveret

insidiis.

venenum Hinc factum

hauserat,
est, ut,

ut

quuia

a Pompejo superatus mortem sibi consciscere vellet, ne velocissima quidem venena ei nocerent. 54. Quum Gyges, rex Lydiae^ ditissimus, oraculum Apollinis interrogaret,

an quisquam mortalium

se esset felicior,^^

deus

Aglaum quendam Psophidium^^ feliciorem praedicavit. Is autem erat Arcadum pauperrimus, parvuli agelli possessor, cujus terminos, quamvis senex, nunquam excesserat, fructibus
voluptatibus angusti ruris contentus. quum in Italia esset, audivit, Tarentinos quosdam juvenes in convivio parum honorifice de se loquutos esse. Eos igitur ad se arcessitos percunctatus est, an dixissent ea, quae ad aures suas pervenissent. unus ex his, nisi, inquit, vinum nobis defecisset, multo etiam plura et graviora in te loquuturi eramus}^ Haec criminis excusatio iram regis in risum convertit. 56. Marsyas, frater Antigoni,^^ regis Macedoniae, quum causam haberet cum privato quodam, fratrem rogavit, ut de At iWe, in foro potius,^^ meruit ea domi cognosceret. si culpa vacas, innocentia tua ihi melius apparehit; sin damnandus es, nostra justitia.
et

55. Pyrrhus,^^ rex Epiri,

Tum

Nam

57. Clara sunt

et

apud Catanenses" nomina fratrum Anapi Amphinomi, qui patrem et matrem humeris per medios

ignes Aetnae portarunt, eosque flammis eripuerunt.

58. Spartanus

cum

vitae suae periculo e

nam iret, af^

quidam quum rideretur, quod claudus in pugnon fugere est propositum. 59. Spartanus quidam in magistratus petitione ab aemulis victus, maximae sibi laeiitiac essc,^^ dixit, quod patria sua se
mihi, inquit, pugnare,

meliores^ cives haberet.

60.

Gluum homo quidam, qui diu

in

uno pede

stare didice

IV. ANECDOTES.

37

rat, Lacedaemonio cuidam dixisset, se lypn arbitrari, Lacedaemoniorum quemquam tamdiu idem facere posse, ille respon-

dit

61.

at anseres^ te diutius. Diagoras Rhodius,'^

quum

tres ejus

filii

in ludis

Olym-

picis^ victores renuntiati essent, tanto affectus est gaudio, ut in

ipso stadio, inspectante populo,* in filiorum

redderet.

manibus animam

nunquam ad negotia publica accedeante quam in templo Jovis precatus esset. 63. Scipio dicere solebat, hosti non solum dandam esse viam fugiendi, sed etiam muniendam. Similiter Pyrrhus, rex Eplri,^ fugienti hosti pertinaciter instandum esse negabat;' non solum, ne fortius^ ex necessitate^ resisteret, sed ut postea quoque facilius acie cederet, ratus, victores fugientibus non
62. Scipio Africanus^
bat,

usque ad perniciem instaturos esse. 64. Metellus Pius, in Hispania bellum gerens, interrogatus, quid postero die facturus esset ? tunicam meam, inquit, si id eloqui posset, comburerem.
Corintho^" capta, totam Italiam taex tantis manubiis nihil in suum usum convertit, ita ut, eo defuncto, non esset unde^^ ejus filia dotem acciperet. Q,uare senatus ei ex publico dotem decre65.

L.

Mummius,

qui,

bulis statuisque exornavit,

vit.

66. Scipio Africanus major''^ Ennii poetae imaginem in sepulcro gentis Corneliae'^ coUocari jussit, quod Scipionum res

gestas carminibus suis illustraverat. 67. M. Cato, Catonis Censorii filius, in acie, cadente equo prolapsus, quum se recoUegisset, animadvertissetque gladium excidisse vagina, rediit in hostem acceptisque ali:

quot vulneribus, recuperato

est.

demum

gladio'*

ad suos reversus

Q,. Metellus Macedonicus in Hispania quinque cohorquae hostibus cesserant testamentum facere jussas, ad locum'^ recuperandum misit minatus, eos'^ non nisi post victoriam receptum iri. 69. Publius Decius consul, quum in bello contra Latinos Romanorum aciem cedentem videret," capite pro reipublicae salute devoto,"* in medium hostium agmen irruit, et magna

68.

tes,

strage edita plurimis

obrutus cecidit. Haec ejus mors victoriam paravit. 70. L. Junius Brutus, qui Romam a regibus liberavit,'' filios suos, qui I'arquinium regcm expulsum restitucre conati erant, ipse capitis damnavit, eosque virgis caesos** securi pertelis

Romanorum aciem

restituit iisque

cuti jussit.

71.

Gt Marcius Rex, consul,

quum

filium unicum, juve-

38

IV. ANECDOTES.
pietatis

nem summae rem suum ita

et^magnae

spei,

morte amisisset, doloobiret.

coercuit, ut a ro^o adolescentis protenus curi-

am

peteret, ibique

muneris sui negotia strenue

ultimo Macedoniae rege, accidit, ut serena nocte subito luna deficeret. Haec res ingentem apud milites terrorem excitavit, qui exisTum vero timabant, hoc omine- futuram cladem portendi. Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat in eo exercitu, in concione militum causam hujus rei tam diserte exposuit, ut postero die omnes intrepido animo pugnam committerent. 73. L. Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem appellatus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnasse is dicitur centum et viginti proeliis cicatricem aversam^ nuUam, adversas quinque et quadraginta tulisse coronis* esse donatus aureis duodeviginti, obsidionali una, muralibus tribus, civicis quatuordecim, torquibus tribus et octoginta, armillis plus centum sexaginta, hastis duodeviginti. Phaleris idem donatus est quinquies viciesque. Triumphavit cum imperatoribus suis
72. In bello
;

Romanorum cum Perseo/

triumphos novem.
74. Hannibalem in Italiam proficiscentem tria millia Carpetanorum^ reliquerent. Quorum exemplum ne caeteri quoque barbari^ sequerentur, edixit, eos a se esse dimissos, et insuper in fidem ejus rei^ alios etiam, quorum fides ipsi suspecta erat,

domum remisit.

Hannibal quum elephantos compellere non posset, ut praealtum flumen transirent, neque rates haberet, quibus eos trajiceret,^ jussit ferocissimum elephantorum sub aure vulnerari,^ et eum, qui vulnerasset, se in flumen conjicere illudque tranare. Tum elephantus exasperatus ad persequendum doloris sui auctorem tranavit amnem, et reliqui quoque eum
75.

secuti sunt.

SECOND

DIVISION.
HISTORY.

AN EPITOME OF ROMAN
EMPERORS.

FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE TIME OF THE

LIBER PRIMUS.
Antiquissimis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisse Ibi baud procul a Janiculo^ arcem condidit, eamque Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agriculturam docuit. Sub hoc 2. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Hinc Aeneas, Ancbisae rege Troja'^ in Asia eversa est. filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum peperIbi Latinus rex ei becerat,^ aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit.
1.

dicitur.

nigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium

as

urbcm
3.

condidit,

quam

in

Aenededit. honorem conjugis Lavinium ap-

pellavit.

Post Aeneae mortem, Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, urbemque condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam longam^ nunaccepit.

Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem Ejus posteri omnes, usque ad Roa Lavinia genitus erat. mam conditam, Albae regnaverunt.
cupavit.
4. Unus horum rcgum, Romulus Silvius, se Jove majorem esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clypeos hastis pereuterent, dieebatque, hunc sonum multo clariorem Fulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum esse quam tonitru.

praecipitatus
5.

est.

mitorem

Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, NuAmulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae Numitor paterna bona praetulit Amulius pater reliquisset. regnum obtinuit.
Silvius Procas, rex
et
;

40

V.

ROMAN HISTORY.

6. Amulius, ut regnum. firmissime possideret, Numitoris filium per insidias interemit, et fiiiam fratris, Rheam Silvi-

am, Vestalem virginem

fecit.

Nam

liis

Vestae sacerdotibus^

non

Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc quum Amulius compe risset, matrem in vincula conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim
licet

viro nubere.^

abjici jussit.
7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam^ se effuderat, et quum pueri in vado essent positi, aqua refluens eos in sicco reliquit. Ad eorum vagitum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros sustulit, et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos* dedit. 8. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transegerunt. Quum adolevissent, et forte comperissent, quis ipso-

avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium inter fee erunt, Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Tum urbem condiderunt in monte Aventino, quam Romulus a suo no1^54 \nine Romam vocavit. Haec quum moenibus circumdaretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia

rum

^^^

et

'

transiliebat.

Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum^ patead quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi^ accurrerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Festum itaque Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ab hos quum multi ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Romani, inter
9.
fecit,

ipsos ludos, spectantes virgines rapuerunt.

10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum adversus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae appropinqua-

rent, forte in

Tarpejam virginem

inciderunt, quae in arce' sa-

cra procurabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret, eique permiserunt ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, annulos aureos et armillas significans. At hostes, in arcem ab ea perducti, scutis Tarpejam obruerunt; nam et haec in sinistris

manibus gerebant.
hoste, qui montem Tarpejum teneconseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres, hinc conjuges et soceros complectebantur et rogabant, ut caedis finem facerent. Utrique his precibus commoti sunt. Romulus foedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit.^
1 1.

Tum

Romulus cum

bat,

pugnam

Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, cum ob aetatem, tum ob reverentiam iis debitam, Fatres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque
12.

eosque

LIBER

I.

41

raptanim nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regni tricesimo septimo, quum exercitum lustraret/ inter tempestatem p'X: ortam, repente oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc alii eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum.^ esse existimaverunt.
13. Post Romuli mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. Q,uo elapso Numa Pompilius, Curibus, urbe in agro Sabinorum, natus, rex creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum gessit nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, et sacra plurima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores moUiret. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, conjugis suae, jussu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit, quadragesimo tertio imperii anno. 14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se in bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum g, praestiterat. Rex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, idque trigeminorum, Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, certamine finivit. Albam propter perfidiam Metii Fuffetii^ diruit. Quum triginta duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit. 15. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, suscepit iraperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo V"jX' similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei moenia circumdedit.* Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad TibeVicesimo quarris ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. to anno imperii morbo obiit. 16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit, Damarati filius, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi^ fu- Vq^ Ipse Tarquinius, qui nogiens in Etruriam^ venerat. men ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam profectus Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et postquam alte erat. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier auguevolaverat, reposuit. riorum pcrita, regnum ei portendi intellexit.
;

'

17. Quum Romae commoraretur, Anci regis familiaritatem consequutus e.st, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem reliSed is pupillis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos quit. Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum genPlura bclla feliciter gessit, nee paucos tium' sunt appellati. Primus agros, hostibus ademtos,^ urbis territorio adjunxit. triumphans urbem intravit. Cloacas fecit; Capitolium^ incboavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci filios, qui-

bus regnum eripuerat, occisus est. 18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit irnncrium, gcnitus ex nobili femina, captiva tamon etnfamula. ^^g

Quum

in

domo Tarquinii
est.

Prisci (iducarctur,

flamma
ei

in

ejus capite visa

Hoc

PART

I.

prodigio Tanaquil E

summam

42

V.

ROMAN HISTORY.
et

dignitatem portendi
in

intellexit,

sicuti liberos suos educaret.

Gluum

conjugi persuasit, ut eum adolevisset, rex ei filiam

matrimonium dedit. Gluum Priscus Tarquinius occisus asset, Tanaquil de regem superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse eum petere, ut
19.
:
;

Sic Serpopulus, dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio obediret. Monvius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. tes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum^ ordinavit. Sub eo Roma habuit capitum octoginta tria millia civium Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 20. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et 220 Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui Servius successerat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus Curiae^ dejectus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Gluum domum rediret, aurigam super patris corpus, in via jacens, carpentum^
'

agerejussit.
21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum vicit. Tem-

plum

Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit.

Postea,

dum Ardeam

oppugnabat, urbem Etruriae, imperium perdidit. Nam quum filius ejus Lucretiae, nobilissimae feminae, conjugi Tarquinii Collatini, vim fecisset, haec se ipsa occidit in conspectu mariti,

patris et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, ut banc injuriam* ulciscerentur. 22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique 2^2 nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque per'

suaserunt, ut ei portas Urbis clauderet. Exercitus quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum reliquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Romae regnatum est per septem reges, annos ducentos quadraginta
tres.

23. Hinc consules eoepere-pro uno rege duo creari, ut, si unus malus esset, alter eum coerceret. Annuum iis imperium tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores redderentur. Fuerunt igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, consules L. Junius Brutus acerrimus libertatis vindex, et Tarquinius Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Collatino paulo post dignitas sublata est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tarquiniorum familia Romae maneret. Ergo cum omni patrimonio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publi-

cola consul Ifectus

24.

est.

Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius.

consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii
filius,

In prima
sese invi-

pugna Brutus,

LIBER

I.

43

cem

occiderunt.

serunt.

Romani tamen ex ea pugna victores reces* Brutum Romanae matronae, quasi communem pa;

Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucretrem, per annum luxerunt." tium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit qui quum morbo exstinctus esset, Horatium Pulvillum sibi collegam sumsit. Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit.
25.

Romanis

Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius bellum intulit, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium ei ^7^'

ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus Pontem ligneum^ defendit et hostes cohibuit, donee pons a tergo ruplus esset. Tum se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit et ad suos

transnavit.

26.
la,

Dum Tum

Porsena urbem obsidebat, du. Mucius Scaevoanimi, in castra hostis se contulit, eo consilio, At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege inter-

juvenis

fortis

ut

regem

occideret.

a regiis satellitibus comprehensus et ad regem ignibus allatis^ terreret, dextram arae accensae imposuit, donee flammis consumta esset. Hoc facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. Tum hie, quasi beneficium referens, ait, trecentos alios juvenes in eum
fecit.

deductus,

quum Porsena eum

Hac re territus Porsena pacemcum Romanis feTarquinius autem Tusculum se contulit, ibique privatus cum uxore consenuit. 27. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, populus
conjurasse.
cit,

Romae
tia

seditionem fecit, questus, quod tributis et mili- gr^ a senatu exhauriretur. Magna pars plebis urbem

reliquit et in

patres turbati

montem trans Anienem^ amnem secessit. Tum Menenium Aprippam miserunt ad plebem, qui
conciliaret.^

eam

senatui

ravit de ventre et

commotus

est,

ut

plebis' creati sunt,

Hie iis inter alia fabulam^ narmembris humani corporis qua populus in urbem rediret. Tum primum tribuni qui plebem advcrsum nobilitatis superbiam
;

defenderent.^
28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos regcs, Q,u. Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab urbe Volscorum'' Corio- "o^i li, quam bello ceperat, plebi invisis fieri coepit. Q,u^re urbe expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, contendit, et ab iis dux exercitus factus Romanos saepe vi

Jam usque ad quintum milliarium' Urbis accesserat, nee uUis civium suorum legationibus flccti poterat, ut patriae parceret. Dcniquc Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe ad eum venerunt quarum flectu et prccibus commotus est, ut exercitum removeret. Quo facto a Volscis ut^roditor occit.
;

cisus esse dicitur.

29.

Romani quum adversum

Vejentes'^ bellum gererent,

44
familia

V.

ROMAN HISTORY.
Profecti sunt

Fabiorum

sola hoc bellum suscepit.

vicissent,

trecenti sex nobilissimi homines,

^- y* Gluum saepe hostes

duce Fabio consule. apud Cremeram^ fluvium

Ibi Vejentes, dolo usi, eos in insicastra posuerunt, dias pellexerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes perierunt. Unus superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci

non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Glu. Fabium Maximum, ilium, qui Hannibalem^ prudenti cunctatione
debilitavit.3

30, Anno trecentesimo et ^02 Decemviri^ creati sunt, qui Hi prime anno bene egerunt
'

altero
civitati
;

ab Urbe condita
Irges scriberent.

secundo autem domina-

tionem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum Appius Claudius virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis Tum ad milites filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater eam occidit. profugit, eosque ad seditionem commovit. Sublata est decemviris potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut exilio puniti
sunt. g
-'

^'

bem

31. In bello contra Vejentanos Furius Camillus urFalerios^ obsidebat. In quo obsidione quum ludi literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hosaccepit, sed sceles-

tium duxisset, Camillus hoc donum non

tum hominem, manibus post tergum vinctis, pueris Falerios reducendum tradidit f virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem' in urbem agerent. 32. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci urbem Romanis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud Romanes crimini
datum
divisisset

gg^'
tuit.

quod albis equis' triumphasset, et praedam inique damnatusque ob eam causam et civitate expulsus est. Paulo post Galli Senones^ ad Urbem venerunt, Romanes apud flumen AUiam^ vicerunt, et Urbem etiam
est,
;

occuparunt.

Jam

nihil praeter Capitolium defendi po-

Et jam praesidium fame laborabat, et in eo erant,^*^ ut pacem a Gallis auro emerent, quum Camillus cum manu militum superveniens hostes

magno

proelio superaret.

LIBER SECUNDUS.
^^- bem
trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post UrUrbem accedebant, et quarto milliario trans Anienem" fluvium consederant. Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam, eximia corporis magnitudine, fortissimum Roman orum ad certamen singulare provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilissimus juvenis, provocationem accepit, Galium occidit, eumque torque
1.

Anno

condilam Galli iterum ad

LIBER

II.

45

aureo spoliavit, quo omatus erat. Hinc et ipse et poster! ejus Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. 2. Novo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno Urbis quadringentesimo sexto, iterum. Gallus processit, robore at- 4^^* que armis insignia, et provocavit unum ex Romanis, ut secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus militum,' obtulit et quum processisset armatus, corvus ei supra dextrum brachium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, hie corvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. Ita factum est, ut Gallus facili negotio a Valerio interiiceretur, qui hinc Corvini nomen accepit. 3. Postea Jlomani bellum gesserunt ci:mi Samnitibus.'^ ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictato43Q ris^ profectus est. Qui, quum negotii cujusdam causa Romam ivisset, praecepit Q,. Fabio Rulliano, magistro equitum, quem apud exercitum reliquit, ne pugnam cum hoste committeret. Sed ille, occasionem nactus, felicissime dimicavit et Samnites delevit. Ob banc rem a dictatore capitis damnatus est. At ille in Urbem confagit, et ingenti favore militum
;

et

populi liberatus est

in

Papirium autem tanta exorta

est se-

ditio, ut

paene ipse

interficeretur.

4. Duobus annis post T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius consules bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio ad Thelesino, duce hostium, in insidias inducti sunt.

Nam

Furculas Caudinas' Romanos pellexit in angustias, unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem suum Herennium rogavil, quid faciendum putaret, Ille
ait,

433

tur,

aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frangerenPontius aut omnes dimittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur. utrumque consilium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum^ misit. Samnites denique post bellum undequinquaginta annorum su5.

perati sunt.

Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentinis^ bellum indictum quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi ^^' Pyrrhum, Epiri' regem, contra Romanos auxilio poposcerunt.^ Is mox in Italiam vcnit, tumquc primum RomaMissus est contra ni cum transmarino hoste pugnavcrunt. cum consul P. Valerius Laevinus. Hie, quum exploratores Pyrrhi cepissct, jussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem exercitum, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaeeunque a
est,

Romanis
0.

agcrentur.

auxilio elephantorum' vicit. Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit. Pyrrhus Romanos milleoctingentos cepit, eosquc summo honore tractavit. Gluum eos, qui in proelio intcrfecti fuerant,

Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus

Nox

proelio finem dedit.

e2

46

V.

ROMAN HISTORY.

omnes adversis vulneribus^ et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere ad coelum manus dicitur, cum hac voce Ego cum talibus viris brevi^ orbem terrarum subigerem. omnia ferro igneque 7. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit vastavit Campaniam^ depopulatus est, atque ad Praeneste* venit, milliario ab Urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus,
videret, tulisse
:
;
;

qui

cum consule sequebatur,

;

in

Campaniam se recepit,

Legati,

ad Pyrrhum de
cepti sunt

captivis redimendis missi, honorifice ab eo sus-

Fabricium,
8.

ex legatis. captivos sine pretio reddidit. sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui
;

Unum

sed a Fabricio contemtus est. Romanorum admiratione teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum, qui pacem peteret, ea conditione, ut Pyrrhus eam partem Italiae quam armis occupaverat, obtineret. Romani responderunt,
promitteret, si ad se transiret

Q,uum jam Pyrrhus

ingenti

eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia recessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho, eum interroganti,
qualis ipsi
disse.
9.

Roma visa

esset ; respondit, se

regum patriam

vi-

cum rege Epiri conmiisso,^ Pyrrhus vulelephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Interjecto anno Fabricius contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medicus Pyrrhi nocte venit, promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi daretur. Hunc Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum. Tunc rex, generosum viri animum admiratus, dixisse fertur llle est Fabricius, qui difficilius ob honestate, quam sol a cursu suo averti potest. Paulo post Pyrrhus, lertio etiam proe^gj lio fusus, a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam reIn altero proelio
est,

neratus

diisset,

apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem,

interfectus est.

Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post Urbem ^qq' conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Siciliam tra10.

jecerunt,
'

regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenos-

que, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupaverant, su-

peraverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poenos gerebatur, primum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cornelio Asina Coss., in mari dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthaginienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mersit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occldit. Nulla
^g^
victoria
rentur.^

Romanis

gratior

fuit.

Duillio concessum
et tiblcen

est, ut,

a coena rediret, pueri funalia gestantes

11.

quum eum comita-

^^g

Paucis annis interjectis bellum in Africam transest. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna navali superatur nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navi-

latum

LIBER
bus, se recepit
;

III.

47

Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Q,uum in Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proeliis vicerunt, mag-

nam. vim hoinfiinum ceperunt, septuaginta quatuor civitates in fidem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Romanis petierunt. Q,uam quum M. Atilius Regulus, Romanorum dux, dare nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus, Carthaginienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis, Hi Xantiiippum miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proeiio vicit. Regulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 12. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum rogaverunt, ut Romam proficisceretur, et pacem captivorumque permutationem a Romanis obtineret. Hie quum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum, dixit, se dcsiisse^ Romanum esse ex ilia die, qua in potestatem Poenorum venisset. Tum Romanis suasit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facerent illos enim tot casibus fractos, spem nuUam nisi in pace habere tanti non esse, ut tot millia'-^ captivorum propter se unum et paucos, qui ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obti; ;

nuit.

Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissimis suppliciis

est.

exstinctus
13.

Tandem
belli

C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio Coss.,

tertio,

anno

Punici vicesimo
est

magnum

proelium

Ao

contra Lilybaeum,^ promontorium Siciliae. In eo proeiio septuaginta tres Carthaginiensium naves captae, centum viginti quinque demersae, triginta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. Statim Carthaginienses pacem petierunt, eisque pax tributa est. Captivi Romanorum, qui tencbantur, a Carthaginiensibus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia, Sardinia et ceteris insulis, quae intra Italiam Africamque jacent decesserunt, omnemque Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum^ est, Romanis permise-

navale

commissum

runt.

LIBER TERTIUS.
1. Anno quingentesimo undetricesimo ingentes Gallorum copiae Alpes transierunt. Sed pro Romanis to'

f^'

ta

traditumque est, octingenta millia bellum parata fuisse. Res prospere gesta est apud Clusium :' quadraginta millia hominum interfecta sunt. Aliquot annis post pugnatum est contra (Jallos in agro Insubrum,^ fmitumque est bellum M. Claudio Marcello, Cn. Turn Marcellus regem Gallorum, Cornelio Scipione Coss.
Italia conscnsit:

hominum ad

id

48
Viridomarum,

V.

ROMAN HISTORY,

sua occidit et triumphans spolia^ Galli, humeris suis vexit. 2. Paulo post Punicum bellum removatum est per Hannibalem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar, novem annos natum, aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in Hie annum agens vicesimum aef^n^' Romanos juraret. tatis, Saguntum,^ Hispaniae civitatem, Romanis amicam, oppugnare aggressus est, Huic Romani per legates
stipiti

manu

imposita,

denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Glui quum legates admittere noUet, Romani Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretui^ Hannibali, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. Dura responsa a Cartbaginiensibus reddita. Saguntinis interea fame victis, Romani Cartbaginiensibus bellum indixerunt.

Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, PyreTraditur in Italiam octoginta miliia et Alpes transiit. peditum, et viginti miliia equitum, septem et triginta elephantos adduxisse. Interea multi Ligures* et Galli HanniPrimus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Scibali se conjunxerunt. pio, qui proelio ad Ticinum^ commisso, superatus est, et, vulnere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus Multi conflixit ad Trebiam^ amnem. Is quoque vincitur. populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam' progressus Flaminium Cos. ad Trasimenum^ lacum superat. Ipse Flaminius interemtus, Romanorum viginti quinque miliia cae3.

naeum

sa sunt.
4. Gluingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post Urbem ^4q' conditum L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varro contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Gluamquam intellectum erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse, quam mora,^ Varro tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, in Apulia^" pugnavit ambo consules victi, Paulus interemtus est. In ea pugna consulares aut praetorii viginti, senatores
;

triginta capti aut occisi,

tria miliia et

militum quadraginta miliia, equitum quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod nunquam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt, 5. Post eam pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Romanis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent; responsumque est a senatu, eos cives non esse necessaries, qui armati'^ capi potuissent. Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, et tres modios aureorum annulorum''^ Carthaginem misit, quos

manibus equitum Romanorum, senatorum et militum detraxerat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal, qui

LIBR
ibi

III.

49

duobus Scipionibus^ quinque millia hominum. 6. Anno quarto post quam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, M. Claudius MarcellusCos. apud Nolam,^ civitatem CamIllo tempore paniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. Philippus, Demetrii iilius, rex Macedoniae, ad Hannibalem
remanserat
exercitu, a
vincitur, perditque in

cum magno
pugna

triginta

legatos mittit, eique auxilia contra

legati

Romanos

pollicetur.

Qui

a Romanis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevinus cum navibus missus est, qui regem impediret, quo minus copias in Italiam trajiceret.^ Idem in Macedoniam penetrans

quum

regem Philippum
7.

vicit.

Marcellus In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. magnam hujus insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni^ occupaverant Syracusas,^ nobilissimam urbem, expugnavit, et ingentem inde praedam Romam misit. Laevinus in Macedonia cum Philippo e* multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit et in Siciliam profectus, Hannonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agrigentum cepit quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, viIta omni Sicilia recepta cum ingenti ginti sex expugnavit. gloria Romam regressus est. 8. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones^ ab Hasdrubale interfecti erant, mis.sus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Romanorum omnium fere primus. Hie puer duodeviginti annorum in pugna ad Ticinum' patrem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum juvenum, Italiam deserere cupientium,^ auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. Viginti quatuor annorum juvenis in Hispaniam missus, die, qua venit, Carthaginem novam^ cepit, in qua omne aurum et argentum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, nobilissimos quoque Hos obsides parentibus obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Q,uare omnes Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno suis reddidit.
;
; ;

animo
9.

transierunt.
in dies lactiores fac-

Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum

Hasdrubal a
fratre

ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus, apud Senam,'" Piceni'^ civitatem, in insidias incidit, et strenue pugnans occisus est. Plurimae autem civitates, quae in Bruttiis ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis so tradiderunt. 10. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Hannibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus et in Africam mis- rrn' sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginiensium prospere pugnat totumque ejus cxercitum delet. Setae sunt.

cundo proelio undecim millia hominum

pit

occidit, et castra ce-

Syphacem, quatuor millibas etquingentis militibus. Numidiae'^ regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit,

cum

60

v.

ROMAN HISTORY.
Numidis
et infinitis spoliis

eumque cum
misit.

nobilissimis

Romam

Q,ua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam redire jube^^Y- tur. Ita anno decimo septim^ Italia ab Hannibale liberata est. 11. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tentatam, pugna ad Zamam^ committitur, in qua peritissimi duces copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit Hannibale cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam rediisset, mgenti gloria triumphavit, atque Africanus appellatus est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum
;

undevicesimum quam

coeperat.^

LIBER aUARTUS.
1.

Finito Punico bello, secutum est

Macedonicum

^' ^' contra

556.

ta est

Philippum^ regem. Superatus est rex a T Q-uinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas,* paxque ei dahis legibus 7ie Graeciae civitatihus, quas Romani con:

defenderant, bellum inferret ; ut captivos et transfugas redderet ; quinquaginta solum naves haheret ; reliquas Romanis daret ; mille talenta praestaret, et obsidem daret Jilium Demetrium. T. Q,uinctius etiam Lacedaemoniis intulit bellum, et ducem eorum Nabidem^ vicit-. 2. Finito bello Macedonico, secutum est bellum Syria"-gg cum^ contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hannibal se junxerat. Cornelius Scipio Missus est contra eum Cos., cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus' est additus. Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magnesiam,^ Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Scipione Cos. ingenti proelio fusus est. rex Antiochus pacem petit. Data est ei hac lege, ut ex Europa et Asia^ recederet, atque intra Taurum^ se contineret, decem millia talentorum et viginti obsides praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio Rorediit et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse ad imitationem fratris Asiatici accepit. 3. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Perseus rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Romanorum, P. Licinius Cos. contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Romani eam praestare noluerunt, nisi his conditionibus, ut se et suos Romanis dederet. Mox Aemilius Paulus Cos. regem ad Pyd^gg nam'^ superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occi-

tra

eum

Tum

mam

dit.

Equitatus

cum

rege

fiigit.

Urbes Macedoniae

LIBER

IV.

51
Ipse Hie,

omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Perseus ab amicis desertus in Pauli potestatem venit.
multis etiam
rediit in
aliis

rebus gestis,

cum

ingenti

pompa

Romam

nave Persei, inusitatae magnitudinis; namsexdecim remorum ordines^ habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnificentissime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstanAnte currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Pertibus.
seus ducti sunt. 4. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem susceptum est, sexcentesimo et altero anno ab Urbe condita, anno quinquagesimo primo, postquam secundum bellum Punicum transactum erat. L. Manlius Censorinus et M. Manlius Coss. in Africam trajecerunt et oppugnaverunt Carthaginem. Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt per Scipionem, Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus*^ in Africa militabat. Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam contra eum proelium committere.

'

5. Q,uum jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, tertio anno postquam Romani in Africam. trajecerant, consul est creatus et contra Carthaginem missus. Is banc urbem, a civiIngens ibi qqq bus acerrime defensam, cepit ac diruit. praeda facta, plurimaque^ inventa sunt, quae multarum civitatum Italiae, Siciliae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recogIta Carthago, septingentesimo anno postquam noscebant.
*

condita erat, deleta

cepit.
6.

est.

Scipio

nomen

Africani junioris ac-

Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus* arma et. P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad internecionem vicit. Post eum Q,. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanis contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et viginti quinque millibus ex militibus ejus occisis, Macedoniam recepit ipsum etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corinthiis' quoquc bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae civitati, propter injur iam" Romanis legatis illatam, Hanc Mummius consul cepit ac diruit. Tres igitur Romae ^Aq simul ccleberrimi triumphi fuerunt Scipionis ex Africa, ante cujus currum ductus est Hasdrubal; Metelli ex Macedonia, cujus currum praecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophilippus dicitur Mummii ex Corintho, ante quem signa acnea et pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae ornamenta praclata
movit,
; '
:

sunt.
7. Anno sexcentesimo decimo post urbem conditam A. V. Viriathus in Lusitania' bellum contra Romanos exci-610.

62
tavit.

V.

ROMAN HISTORY.
;

postremo tanPastor primo fuit, mox latronum dux ad bellum populos concitavit, ut vindex libertatis Hispaniae existimaretur. Denique a suis interfectus est. Gluum interfectores ejus praemium a Caepione Cos. peterent, responsum est, nunquam Romanis placuisse, imperatorem a militibus suis i'nterfici. 8. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantinis,^ civitate Victus ab his Q,u. Pompejus, et post eum C. Hispaniae. Hostilius Mancinus Cos., qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem, quam populus et senatus jussit infringi, atque ipsum Mancinum hostibus tradi.'^ Turn P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam Is primum militem ignavum et corruptum cormissus est. rexit :^ tum multas Hispaniae civitates partim bello cepit, partim in deditionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Numan621 tiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit reliquam provinciam in fidem accepit. 9. P. Scipione Nasica et L. Calpurnio Bestia Coss. Jugurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Adherbalem et Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, patrueles suos, interemisset. Missus adversus eui Cos. Calpumius Bestia, cortos
;

ruptus regis pecunia, pacem cum eo flagitiosissimam fecit, quae a senatu improbata est. Denique Q,u. Caecilius Metellus Cos. Jugurtham variis proeliis vicit, elephantos ejus occidit vel cepit, multas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. Ei successit C. Marius, qui bello terminum posuit, ipsumque Jugurtham cepit. Ante currum triumphantis g^JMarii Jugurtha cum duobus filiis ductus est vinctus,* et mox jussu consulis in carcere strangulatu.s.
'

LIBER aUINTUS.
1.

Dum
et

bellum in Numidia contra Jugurtham

geritur,

Teutones^ aliaeque German orum et Gallorum gentes Italiae minabantur, pluresque Romanorum exercitus fuderunt. Ingens fuit Romae timor, ne iterum Galli Urbem occuparent. Ergo Marius Cos. creatus, eique bellum contra Cimbros et Teutones^ decretum est belloque protracto,^ tertius ei et quartus consulatus delatus est. In duobus proeliis cum Cimbris ducenta millia hostium cecldit, octoginta millia

Cimbri

cepit,

eorumque regem Theutobochum propter quod meritum absens quinto consul creatus est. Interea Cimbri et Teutones, quorum copia adhuc infinita erat, in Italiam
;

ggj transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario eos dimicatum est ad Veronam.

*

et

Q,u.

Centum

Catulo contra et quadra-

LIBER
ginta millia aut in

V.

53
;

pugna aut in fuga caesa sunt sexaginta Tria et triginta Cimbris signa sublata sunt. 2. Sexcentesimo quinquagesimo nono anno ab Urbe condita in Italia gravissimum bellum^ exarsit. Nam gkq Picentes, Marsi Pelignique, qui multos annos populo Romano obedierant, aequa cum illis jura'^ sibi dari postulabant. Perniciosum admodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius Cos. in
millia capta.
"

eo occisus est; plures exercitus fusi fugatique. Tandem L. Cornelius Sulla cum alia egregie gessit, tum Cluentium, hos-

tium ducem,

cum magnis copiis fudit. Per quadriennium cum

gravi utriusque partis calamitate hoc bellum tractum est. Q,uinto demum anno L. Cornelius Sulla ei imposuit finem. Romani tamen, id quod prius negaverant, jus civitatis,^ belle
finito sociis tribueriint.
3.

Anno Urbis

conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto pricivile

mum Romae
regem
Ponti,^

bellum

exortum

est;

eodem anno
'

etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mithridatem,

ggg

decretum

esset,

Marius

ei

hunc honorem eripere

conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui adhuc cum legionibus suis in Italia morabatur, cum exercitu Romam venit, et adversarios cum interfecit, tum fugavit. Tum rebus Romae utcunque compositis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mithridatem coegit, ut pacem a Romanis peteret, et Asia, quam invaserat, relicta, regni suis finibus contentus esset. 4. Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, Marius, qui fugatus fuerat,^ et Cornelius Cinna, unus ex conet ingressi Romam, nosulibus, bellum in Italia repararunt bilissimos ex senatu, et consulares viros interficerunt multos proscripserunt ;" ipsius Sullae domo eversa, filios et uxorem ad fugam compulerunt. Universus reliquus senatus, ex Urbe fugiens, ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans, ut patriae subSulla in Italiarji trajecit, hostium exercitus vicit, mox veniret. etiam Urbem ingressus est, quam caede et sanguine civium Q,uatuor millia inermium, qui se dediderant, interfici replevit.
; ;

jussit

duo millia equitum

et

scnatorum

proscripsit.

Tum de.
vi-

Mithridatc triumphavit.

Duo hacc

cum, quod et Sociale"' dictum est, centum et quinquaginta millia hominum, viros consulares
fere ducentos.

bella funcstissima, Italiet Civile, consumserunt ultra

ginti quatuor, praetorios septem, acdilitios sexaginta, senatores

PART

I.

54

v.

ROMAN HISTORY.

LIBER SEXTUS.
conditae sexcentesimo septuagesuno Lucullo et M. Aurelio Cotta Coss. mortuus est Nicomedes, rex Bithyniae, et testamento populum Romanum fecit heredem. Mithridates, pace rupta, Asiam Adversus eum ambo consules missi rursus voluit invadere. variam habuere fortunam. Cotta apud Chalcedonem^ victus Sed quuin proelio, a rege etiam intra oppidum obsessus est. se inde Mithridates Cyzicum^ transtulisset, ut hac urbe capta totam Asiam invaderet, Lucullus ei alter consul occurrit, ac dum Mithridates in obsidione Cyzici commoratur, ipse eum a Postergo obsedit, fameque consumtum multis proeliis vicit. tremo Byzantium^ fugavit narali quoque proelio ejus duces oppressit. Ita una hieme et aestate a Lucullo centum fere millia militum regis exstincta sunt. 2. Anno Urbis sexcentesimo septuagesimo octavo Septuaginta g^y* novum in Italia bellum* commotum est. enim quatuor gladiatores,^ ducibus Spartaco, Crixo et Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuae erat, effiigerunt, et per Italiam vagantes paene ni levins bellum, quam HanniNam contraxerunt exercitum fere sexaginta bal, moverunt. millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanos conIpsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso sules vicerunt. proconsule, et post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno huic
1.

Anno Urbis

^^'
'

sexto, L. Licinio

bello finis est impositus.

3.

Interim L. Lucullus bellum Mithridaticum persequu-

tus,

Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Caquo ingentes copias ex omni regno adduxerat Mithridates, ingenti proelio superatum fugavit, et castra ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque minor, quam tenebat, eidem erepta est. Susceptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Armeniae
bira^ civitatem,

regnum

rege, qui tum ingenti gloria imperabat; sed hujus quoque regnum Lucullus est ingressus; Tigranocerta nobilissimam Armeniae civitatem, cepit; ipsum regem, cum magno exercitu venientem, ita vicit, ut robur militum Armeniorum deleret.

Sed quum Lucullus finem

ei

bello

imponere pararet, successor^

missus

est.

4. Per ilia tempora piratae^ omnia maria infestabant ita, ut Romanis, toto orbe terrarum victoribus, sola navigatio tuta

non
qJj'
est,

esset.

quod

celeritatp

id bellum Cn. Pompejo decretum paucos menses incredibili felicitate et Mox ei delatum bellum contra reconfecit.
intra

Quare

LIBER

VI.

55

gem
in

Mithridatem

et

Tigranem.

Q,uo suscepto, Mithridatera

vicit,

Armenia minore nocturno

proelio

castra diripuit, et

quadraginta millibus ejus occisis, viginti tantum de exercitu suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit cum uxore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Ph^rnacis filii sui seditione coactus, venenum hausit.^ Hunc vitae finem habuit Mithridates, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Regnavit annis sexaginta, \axit septuaginta duobus contra Romanos bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 5. Tigrani deinde Pompejus bellum intulit. Ille se ei de;

didit, et in castra Pompeji venit, ac diadema suum in ejus manibus collocavit, quod ei Pompejus reposuit. Parte regni eum multavit et grandi pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et populos superavit. Armeniam minorem Dejotaro, Galatiae'^ regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. Seeuciam, vicinam Antiochiae civitatem, libertate donavit, quod regem Tigranem non recepisset.^ Inde in Judaeam^ transgressus, Hierosoljmam, caput gentis, tertio mense cepit, duodecim millibus Judaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidem receptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante triumphantis currum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, filius Tigranis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Praelata ingens pecunia, auri atque argenti infinitum.' "Hoc tempore nullum per orbem terrarum grave bellum erat. 6. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio Coss. anno ab Urbe condita sexcentesimo undenonagesimo, 4-^L. Sergius Catilina,^ nobilissimi generis vir, sed ingenii pravissimi, ad delendam patriam conjuravit cum quibusdam, Claris quidem, sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in carcere strangulati sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catilina ipse proelio vic-

tus est et interfectus.

tertio C.

conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo Julius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul est factus. ^03 Q.uum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vincendo usque ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit autem annis novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flumen Rhodanum, Rhenum et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum intulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cognitum erat Germanos quoque trans Rhenum aggressus, ingen7.
;

Anno Urbis

tibus proeliis vicit.

8.

thos' missus

na

et

Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus contra Parest. Et quum circa Carras"* contra omiauspicia' proelium commisisset, a Surcna, Oro- -Jvq
*

dis regis duce, victus et interfectus est

cum

filio,

claris-

56
simo
et

ROMAN HISTORY.
praestantissimo juvene.

Reliquiae exercitus per C.

successit,

Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt. 9. Hinc jam bellum civile

%,

quo Romani

fortuna mutata est. Caesar enim victor e Gallia rediens, absens^ coepit poscere alterum consulatum quern quum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent^ contradictum est a Pompejo et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exercitibus, in urbem redire. Propter banc injuriam ab Arimino,^ ubi milites congregatos habebat infesto exercitu Romam con tendit. Consules cum Pompejo, senatusque omnis atque universa nobilitas ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit et, dum senatus bellum contra Caesarem parabat, hie, vacuam urbem ingressus, dictatorem* se fecit. 10. Inde Hispanias^ petit, ibique Pompeji legiones superavit tum in Graecia adversum Pompejum ipsum dimicavit. Primo proelio^ victus est et fugatus evasit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompejus sequi noluit; dixitque Caesar, nee Pompejum scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse superari. Deinde in Thessalia apud Pharsalum' ingentibus utrinque copiis commissis dimicaverunt. Nunquamadhuc Roiiianae copiae majores, neque melioribus ducibus convenerant. Pugnatum est ingenti contentione, victusque ad postremum Pompejus, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexandriam^ petiit, ut a rege Aegypti,^ cui tutor a senatu datus fuerat, acciperet auxilia. At hie fortunam magis, quam amicitiam, secutus, occidit Pompejum, caput ejus et annulum Caesari misit. duo conspecto, Caesar lacrymas fudisse dicitur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi'" quondam sui. 11. Quum ad Alexandriam venisset Caesar, Ptolemaeus el insidias parare voluit qua de causa regi bellum illatum est.
g- nominis^
;

inventumque est corpus ejus cum Caesar Alexandria potitus, regnum Cleopatrae^^ dedit. Tum inde profectus Pompejanarum partium reliquias est persequutus, bellisque civilibus toto terrarum orbe compositis, Romam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius^'^ agere coepisset, conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senatoPraecipui fuerunt inter conribus, equitibusque Romanis. juratos Bruti duo,^^ ex genere illius Bruti, qui, regibus expulsis, primus Romae consul fuerat, C. Cassius et Servilius Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venisset, viginti ^^^^^709

Rex

victus in Nilo periit,

lorica aurea..

tribus vulneribus confossus

12.

est.

Interfecto Caesare,

anno Urbis septingentesimo nono,

bella civilia reparata sunt.

soribus,

Senatus favebat Caesaris percusCos. Caesaris partibus stabat. Ergo turbata republica, Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis, a se-

Antonius

LIBER
I

VI.

57

natu hostis judicatus

so
exercitu,

est.

Fusus^ fugatusque Antonius, amis-

confugit ad Lepidum,'^ qui Caesari magister equitum fuerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat; a quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus^ cum Antonio pacem fecit, et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per tes-

tamentum

fuerat adoptatus,

Romam cum

extorsit, ut sibi

juveni viginti

annorum consulatus

exercitu profectus daretur.

Tum junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rempublicam armis tenere coepit, senatumque proscripsit.^ Per hos etiam Cicero orator occisus est multique alii nobiles.
13. Interea Brutus et Cassius,^ interfectores Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt. Profecti contra eos Caesar Octa-

vianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. Anapud Philippos, Macedoniae urbem, contra ^'^o' eos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et
tonius,

secundo Brubellum susceperat, victam interfecerunt. Tum victores rempublicam ita inter se diviserunt, ut Octavianus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias,' Italiam teneret; Antonius Orientem, Lepidus Africam ac-

Caesar
et

periit

tamen dux

nobilitatis

Cassius
illis

tum

infinitam nobilitatem, quae

cum

ciperet.

Paulo post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris OctaCleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopatra cupiditate Victus est ab Augusto^ namuliebri optat Romae regnare.
14.

viani,

apud Actium,^" qui locus in Hinc fugit in Aegyptum, et desperatis re- ^oj* bus, quum omncs ad Augustum transirent, se ipse interCleopatra quoque aspidem" sibi admisit, et veneno emit.
vali

pugna
est.

clara et illustri

Epiro

ejus exstincta

est.

Ita bellis toto

rediit

orbe confectis, Octavianus

anno duodecimo quam consul fuerat. Ex eo inde tempore rempublicam per quadraginta et quatuor annos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum AnIta ab initio principatus ejus ustonio et Lepido tenuerat. que ad fmem quinquaginta sex anni fuere.

Augustus

Romam

VL OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE NATIONS OF ANTiaUITY.

1. Universus terrarum orbis in tres partes dividitur, Eu ropam, Asiam, Africam. Europa ab Africa sejungitur freto Gaditano/ in cujus utraque parte montes sunt altissimi, Abyla in Africa, in Europa Calpe, qui montes^^ Herculis columnsB^ appellantur. Per idem fretum mare internum, quod littoribus Europae, Asiae et Africae includitur, jungitur cum Oceano. 2. Europa terminos habet ab oriente Tanaim* fluvium, Pontum Euxlnum^ et paludem Maeotida f a meridie, mare internum: ab occidente, mare Atlanticum sive Oceanum; a septentrione, mare Britannicum.' Mare internum tres maximos sinus habet. Quorum is, qui Asiam a Graecia sejungit

Aegaeum^ mare vocatur

et

secundus, qui est inter Graeciam

Italiam,
alluit,

oras

Ionium; tertius denique, qui occidentares Italiae a Romanis Tuscum, a Graecis Tyrrhenum^ mare

appellatur.
3. In ea Europae parte, quae ad occasum vergit, prima terrarum est Hispania, quae a tribus lateribus mari circumdata, per Pyrenaeos montes cum Gallia cohaeret. Quum universa Hispania dives sit et fecunda, ea tamen regio, quae a flumine Baeti^ Baetica vocatur, ceteras fertilitate antecellit. Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita,^^ quae freto Gaditano nomen dedit. Tota ilia regio viris, equis, ferro, plumbo, aere, argento, auroque abundat, et ubi penura aquarum minus est fertilis, linum tamen aut spartum alit. Marmoris quoque lapicidinas habet. In Baetica minium re-

peritur.
4. Gallia posita est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rhenum orientalem oram Tuscum mare alluit, occidentalem Oceanus. Ejus pars ilia, quae Italiae est opposita et NarbonenIn ea ora sita est Massis,^^ vocatur, omnium est laetissima. silia^^ urbs a Phocaeis condita, qui, patria a Persis devicta, quum servitutem ferre rion possent, Asia relicta, novas in Europa sedes quaesiverant. Ibidem est campus lapideus, ubi Hercules dicitur contra Neptuni liberos dimicasse.^* Quum

tela defecissent, Jupiter filium

imbre lapidum

adjuvit.

Credas

pluisse ;^^ adeo multi passim jacent.

OF THB GEOGRAPHY, &C.

5.

59

Rhodanus fluvius/ haud longe a Rheni fontibus ortus, Lemano^ excipitur, servatque impetum, ita ut per medium lacum integer fluat, tantusque, qiMntus venit, egrediatur. Inde ad occasum versus, Gallias aliquamdiu dirimit :^ donee, cursu in meridiem flexo, aliorum amnium accessu auclacu
tus in mareeffunditur.

Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rhenum porrigitur,^ frumenpabulique feracissima est, coelum salubre: noxia animalium genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et superstitiosi, ita ut deos humanis victimis gaudere existiment. Magistri religionum et sapientiae sunt Druidae,^ qui, quae se scire pro6.
ti

fitentur,^ in antris

abditisque silvis docent. Animas aeternas esse credunt, vitamque alteram post mortem incipere. Hanc

ob causam cum defunctis arma cremant aut defodiunt, eamque doctrinam homines ad bellum alacriores facere existimant. 7. Uni versa Gallia divisa est inter tres magnos populos qui fluviis terminantur. Pyrenaeo monte usque ad Garumnam' Aquitani^ habitant; inde ad Sequanam^ Celtae:^ Belgae^^ denique usque ad Rhenum pertinent. ^^ 8. Garumna amnis ex Pyrenaeo monte delapsus, diu vado-

sus est

et

vix navigabilis.

duanto magis

procedit, tanto

fit

latior

ad postremiJm magni freti similis, non solum majora navigia tolerat, verum etiam more maris exsurgit, navigantesque atrociter jactat.
9.

Sequana ex Alpibus ortus

in septentrionem pergit.

Post-

quam se haud procul Lutetia'^ cum Matronaconjunxit, Oceano infunditur. Haec flumina opportunissima sunt mercibus permutandis et ex mari interno in Oceanum transvehendis.
ortus, haud procul ab origine Vcnetum'^ qui etiam Brigantiae appellatur. Deinde longo spatio per fines Helvetiorum, Mediomatricorum'^ et Trevirorum'^continuo alveo fertur, aut modicas insulas circumfluens in agro Batavo autem, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in
1

0.

Rhenus itidem ex Alpibus

efficit

lacum

tibus,

amnes dividitur; nee jam amnis, sed ripis longe recedeningens lacus, Flevo" appellatur, ejusdemquenominis insu1am amplexus, fit iterum arctior, et fluvius iterum'^ in mare
plures
1 1.

emittitur.

Trans
ifinis

quae

est

Rhenum Germani habitant usque ad Vistulam^' Germaniae ad orientem. Ad meridiem terminamari Britannico
et Baltico.

tur Alpibus, ad septentrionem

In-

colae corporum proceritate excellunt, animos bellando, corpora laboribus exercent. Hanc ob causam crebro bella gerunt cum finitimis, non tam finium prolatandorum causa, aut imperii cupiditate, sed ob belli amorem. Mites tamen sunt erga supplices et boni hospitibus * Urbes moenibus cinctas, aut fossis ag-

60

VL

OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE

geribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas domos ad breve tempus non lapidibniaut lateribus coctis, sed lignis, quae frondibus tegunt. Nam aiu eodem in loco morari periculosum arstruunt,

bitrantur libertati.
12.

Agriculturae Germani non

agri

quam

modum
et

vescuntur
et liberis.

admodum student, nee quiscertum aut fines proprios habet. Lacte caseo et came. Ubi fons, campus nemusve iis

placuerit, ibi domos*figunt,

mox alio transituri^ cum conjugibus

Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis specubus

silvis

dicuntur transigere.

paludibusque invia redHercynia,^ cujus latitudinem Caesar novem dierum iter patere narrat.^ Insequenti tempore magna pars ejus excisa est. Flumina sunt in Germania multa et magna. Inter haec clarissimum nomen Rheni, de quo supra diximus, et Danubii.* Clari quoque amnes, Moenus,^ Visurgis,^ Albis.' Danubius, omnium Europae fluviorum maximus, apud Rhaetos^ oritur, flexoque ad ortum solis cursu, receptisque sexaginta amnibus, in Pontum Euxinum sex vastis
13. ditur.

Germania altis montibus,

Inter silvas

maxima

est

ostiis effunditur.

14.

Britanniam insulam Phoenicibus innotuise, eosque

et

plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabile est. Julius Caesar primus aperuit ;^ neque tamen prius cognita esse coepit, quam Claudio imperante.^*^ Hadristannum inde

Romanis eam

anus eam, muro" ab Oceano Germanico ad Hibernicum mare ducto, in duas partes divisit, ut inferiorem insulae partem, quae Romanis parebat, a barbarorum populorum, qui in
Scotia habitabant, incursionibus tueretur. 15. Maxima insulae pars campestris, collibus, passim silvisque distincta. Incolae Gallos proceritate corporum vincunt, ceterum ingenio Gallis similes, simpliciores tamen illis magis-

Nemora habitant pro urbibus. Ibi tuguria exstruunt et stabula pecori, sed plerumque ad breve tempus. Humanitate ceteris praestant ii, qui Cantium^^ incolunt. Tota haec regio est maritima. Q,ui interiorem insulae partem haque barbari.
bitant,

frumenta non serunt

Italia

lacte et

came

vivunt'.

Pro

ves-

tibus induti sunt pellibus.

16. ter

mare Tuscum

ab Alpibus usque ad fretum Siculum porrigitur inet Adriaticum. Multo longior est quam

In medio se attoUit i\.penninus mons, qui, postquam continenti jugo progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in duos quasi
latior.^

ramos^* dividitur. Nobilissima regio ob fertilitatem soli, coelique salubritatem. Q,uum longe in mare procurrat, plurimos habet portus, populorum inter se patentes commercio. Neque ulla

NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY.
facile est

61

regio/quae tot tamque 'pulcras urbes habeat, inter et magnitudine et nominis fama eminet. 17. Haec urbs, orbis terrarum caput, septem montes complectitur. Initio quatuor portas habebat Augusti aevo triginta septem. U rbis magnificentiam augebant fora, templa, porquas

Roma

ticus,

aquaeducius, theatra, arcus triumphales, horti denique,

et

id genus^ alia,

ad quae vel

lecta^

animus

stupet.

Quare

recte

de ea praedicare videntur, qui nullius urbis in toto orbe terramagnificentiam ei comparari posse dixerunt. 18. Felicissima in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi vitiferi coUes, ubi nobilissima vina gignuntur, Setlnum, Caecubum,

rum

Falernum, Massicum.

Nusquam
19.

Calidi ibidem fontes generosior olea. Conchylio quoque

scatent.

saluberrimi.^
et

pisce nobili

maria vicina

Padus* et Tiberis. Et quae Gallia Cisalpina^ vocatur, ab imis radicibus Vesuli^ montis exoritur primum exilis, deinde aliis amnibus ita alitur, ut se per septem ostia in mare effundat. Tiberis, qui antiquissimis temporibus Albulae nomen habebat, ex Apennino oritur; deinde duobus et quadraginta flu minibus auctus, fit navigabilis. Plurimas in utraque ripa
Clarissimi

amnes

Italiae sunt

Padus quidem

in superiore parte,

praecipue autem urbis Romanae magnificenPlacidissimus amnium raro ripas egreditur. 20. In inferiore parte Italiae clara quondam urbs Tarentum,^ quae maris sinui, cui adjacet, nomen dedit. Soli fcrtilitas coelique jucunda temperies in causa fuisse videtur, ut incolae luxuria et deliciis enervarentur. Q.uumque aliquamdiu potentia florerent copiasque baud contemnendas alerent, peregrinis tamen plerumque ducibus in beilis utebantur, ut Pyrrho, rege Eplri, quo superato,^ urbs in Romanorum potestatem venit. 21. Prpxima Italiae est Sicilia, insula omnium maris interni maxima. Antiquissimis temporibus eam cum Italiae cohaesisse, marisque impetu, aut terrae motu inde divulsam esse, verisimile est. Forma triangularis, ita ut litterao, quam Graeci Aara vocant, imao-inem referat. tribus promontoriis vocatur Trinacria.'" ]>iobilissimus ibi mons Aetnae, qui urbi Catanae imminet, tum ob altitudinem, tum etiam ob ignes, quos efifundit; quare Cyclopum" in illo monte officinam esse poiitae dicunt. Cineres e crateribus egesti'"^ agrum circumjacentem fecundum et feracem reddere existimantur. Sunt ibi Piorum campi, qui nomen habent a duobus juvenibus Catancnsibus, qui, flammis quondam repente ingruentibus, parentcs sencctute confectos,
villas adspicit,

tiam.'

humeris sublatos'^ flammae eripuissc feruntur. trum Amphinomus et Anapus fuerunt.

22.

Nomina

fra-

Inter urbes Siciliae nulla est illustrior Syracusis, Corin-

62

"VI.

OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE

thiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Atheniensi bus belle petita,^ maximas hostium copias delevit CarthagiSecundo nienSfcS etiam magnis interdum cladibus affecit. belle Punice^ per triennium oppugnata, Archimedis^ potissi:

Viciingenie et arte defensa, a M. Marcelle capta est. nus huic urbi fens Arethusae Nymphae sacer, ad quam Alphe* us amnis ex Peleponneso per mare Ionium lapsus comissari dicitur nam si quid ad Olympiam* in ilium amnem jactum fuerit, id in Arethusae fente reddi.^ De ilia fabula quid sta;

mum

tuendum
23.

sit,

sponte apparet.

In mari Ligustice insula est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyrnum vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis invia, coelum Incolae latrociniis dediti, feri grave, mare circa importunum. sunt et horridi. Mella queque illius insulae amara esse dicunProxima ei est Sardinia, quae a tur corporibusque nee ere. Graecis mercatoribus Ichnusa vocatur, quia fermam humani
vestigii^ habet.

hoc grave ac noxium.

nenatas gignit.

Solum quam coelum melius. Illud fertile, Noxia queque animalia herbasque veMultum inde frumenti Romam mittitur; unde

haec insula et Sicilia nutrices Urbis vocantur. 24. Graecia neminis celebritate omnes fere alias orbis terrarum regienes superavit. Nulla enim magnerum ingeniorum fuit feracior neque ulla belli pacisque artes majere studio exPlurimas eadem colonias in omnes terrae partes decoluit. Multum itaque terra marique valuit, et gravissima duxit.
;

bella

magna cum

gloria gessit.

25. Graecia inter

Ionium

et

Aegaeum mare

porrigitur.

In plurimas regienes divisa est, quarum amplissimae sunt Macedonia et Epirus' quamquam hae a nonnulis a Graecia sejunguntur^

tum

Thessalia.
;

Alexandri regnum
hie

illustravit

Macedeniam Philippi et quorum ille Graeciam subegit,

Asiam

latissime domuit,
transtulit.^

ereptumque Persis imperium in

Macedones

ta urbes numerantur;'-

Centum ejus regienes et quinquaginquarum septuaginta duas, Persee, ulti-

Macedeniae rege, superate^ Paulus Aemilius diripuit. quae ab Acrecerauniis incipit montib\is," desinit in Acheloo flumine. Plures earn populi incolunt. Illustris ibi Dedona in Molessorum finibus vetustissimo Jovis oraculo
26. Epirus,

mo

Columbae ibi ex arberibus oracula dedisse narranquercusque ipsas et lebetes aeneos inde suspenses deerum voluntatem tinnitu significasse^^ fama est. 27. Acheloi fluvii ostiis insulae aliquot objacent, quarum maxima est Cephallenia.^^ Multae praeterea insulae littori Epiri adjacent, interque eas Corcyra,'* quam Homerus Scheriam appellasse existimatur. In hac Phaeacas posuit ille et
inclyta.
:

tur

NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY.

63

hortos Alcinoi. Coloniam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo tempore^ Numa Pompilius'^ Romae regnavit. Vicina ei Ithaca,' Ulyssis patria, aspera montibus, sed Homeri carminibus adeo

ne fertihssimis quidem regionibus cedat. Thessalia late patet inter Macedoniam et Epirum, fecunda regio, generosis praecipue equis excellens, unde Thessalorum equitatus celeberrimus. Montes ibi memorabiles Olympus, quo deorum sedes esse existimatur, Pelion et Ossa, per quos^ Gigantes coelum petivisse dicuntur; Oeta denique, in cujus verlice Hercules, rogo conscenso, se ipsum cremavit. Inter Ossam et Olympum Peneus,^ limpidissimus amnis, delabitur, vallem amoenissimam, Tempe^ vocatam
nobilitata, ut

28.

irrigans. 29. Inter reliquas Graeciae regiones nominis claritate eminet Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athenae,^ de qua urbe deos^ inter se certasse fama est. Certius est, nul-

phos, totque in
bello
eas'-*

1am unquam urbem tot poetas tulisse, tot oratores, tot philosoomni virtutis genere claros viros. Res autem
gessit, ut

huic

soli gloriae

studere videretur
;

pacis-

hac laude magis etiam quam belli gloria splenderet. Arx ibi sive Acropolis, urbi imminens, unde latus in mare prospectus patet. Per propylaea'" ad earn adscenditur, splendidum Periclis opus. Cum ipsa urbe per longos muros'^ conjunctus est portys Piraeeus, post bellum Persicum secundum a Themistocle munitus. Tutissima ibi statio navium. Incolae 30. Atticam attingit Boeotia, fertilissima regio. magis corporibus valent, quam ingeniis. Urbs celeberrima Thebae, quas Amplilon, musices ope,'-^ moenibus cinxisse diIllustravit eam Pindari poctae ingenium, Epaminoncilur. dae virtus.'^ Mons ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithaeron, plurimis poetarum fabulis celebratus. 31. Boeotiae Phocis finitima, ubi Delphi urbs clarissima. In qua urbe oraculum Apollinis quantam apud omnes gentes auctoritatem habucrit, quot quamque praecljra munera ex omni fere tcrrarum orbe Delphos missa fucrint, nemo ignorat.'^ Imminet urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus vcrticibus Musae habitare dicuntur, unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum ingenia inilammarc existimatur.

que

artes ita excoluit, ut

32. Cum ea parte Graeciae, quam hactenus descripsimus, cohacret ingcns peninsula, quae Peloponnesus'^ vocatur, pla-

tfmi folio simillima.

Augustus

ille

tramcs inter

Aogaeum

mare

ct

Ionium, per

qucm cum Mcgaride

cohaerct, Isthmus'

In eo templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi celebrantur Isthmici." Ibidem in ipso Peloponnesi adit, Corinappellatur.

64

VI. OF

THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE

thus sita est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa arce (Acrocorinthon appellant) utrumque mare conspicitur. Q,uum opibus floreret, maritimisque valeret copiis, gravia bella gessit. In belle Achaico,^ quod Romani cum Graecis gesserunt, pulcherrima urbs, quam Cicero Graeciae lumen appellat, a L. Mummio expugnata funditusque deleta est. Restituit earn Julius Caesar, colonosque eo milites veteranos misit. 33. Nobilis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia, templo Jo vis Olympii ac statua illustris. Statua ex ebore facta, Phidiae summi artificis opus praestantissimum. Prope illud templum ad Alphei fluminis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad quos videndos ex tota Graecia concurritur. Ab his ludis Graeca gens res gestas suas numerat.^ 34. Nee Sparta praetereunda est, urbs nobilissima, quam
leges,^ civiumque virtus et patientia illustravit. Nulla gens bellica laude magis floruit, pluresque viros fortes constantesque genuit. Urbi imminet mons Taygetus,* qui usque ad Arcadiam procurrit. Proximo urbem Eurotas fluvius delaIn Sinum bitur, ad cujus ripas Spartani se exercere solebant.

Lycurgi

fere

Laconicum effunditur. Haud procul inde abest promontorium Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, per quos Orpheum^ad inferos
descendisse narrant.
35.

Mare Aegaeum,

inter

Graeciam Asiamque

patens,

plurimis insulis distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cyclades, sic appellatae, quia in orbem jacent. Media earum est Delus,'^ quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea insula Latona Apollinem et Dianam peperit, quae numina ibi
arduus. Inopus amnis pariter cum Nilo decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo celeberrimus, quod ob portus commoditatem templique religionem mercatores ex toto orbe terrarum eo confluebant. Eandem ob causam civitates Graeciae, post secundum Persicum bellum, tributa ad belli usum in eam insulam, tamquam in commune totius Graeciae aerarium, conferebant quam pecuniam insequenti tempore Athenienses in suam urbem transtulerunt.^ 36. Euboea^ insula littori Boeotiae et Atticae praetenditur, angusto freto a continenti distans. Terrae motu a Boeotia avulsa esse creditur saepius eam concussam esse constat. Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vocatur Euripus, sae\Tim et aestuosum mare, quod continue motu agitatur. Nonnulli dicunt, septies quovis die, statis temporibus, fluctus alterno motu agitari alii hoc negant, dicentes, mare temere,' in venti modum, hue illuc moveri. Sunt, qui narrent, Aristotelem phiet

una cum matre summa Cynthus, mons excelsus

religione coluntur.

Urbi imminet

NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY.

65

losophum, quia hujus miraculi causas investigare non posset, aegritudine confectum esse. 37. Jam ad boreales regiones pergamus. Supra Macedoniam Thracia porrigitur a Ponto Euxino usque ad Illyriam. Regie frigida et in iis tantum partibus fecundior, quaepropiores sunt mari. Pomiferae arbores rarae frequentiores vites sed uvae non maturescunt, nisi frigus studiose arcetur. Sola Thasus, insula littori Thraciae adjacens, vino excellit. Amnes sunt celeberrimi Hebrus, ad quem Orpheus a Maenadibus discerptus esse dicitur Nestus et Strymon. Montes altissimi, Haemus, ex cujus vertice Pontus et Adria conspicitur Rhodope et Orbelus. 38. Plures Tliraciam gentes incolunt, et nominibus diversae et moribus. Inter has Getae omnium sunt ferocissimi et ad mortem paratissimi. xlnimas enim post mortem redituras existimant. Recens nati apud eos deflentur funera autem cantu lusuque celebrautur. Plures singuli uxores habent.^ Hae omnes, viro defuncto, mactari simulque cum eo sepeliri cupiunt, magnoque id certamine a judicibus^ contendunt. Virgines non a parentibus traduntur viris, sed aut publico ducendae^ locantur, aut veneunt. Formosae in pretio sunt ceterae maritos mercede data inveniunt.^ 39. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium,' ad Bosporum Thracium/' urbs natura munita et arte, quae cum ob soli fertilitatem, tum ob vicinitatem maris omnium rerum, Nee Sestos praetereunda quas vita requirit, copia abundat. est silentio, urbs ad Hellespontum' posita, quam amor Herus et Leandri^ memorabilem reddidit; nee Cynossema,^ tumulus Hecubae,'" ubi ilia, post Trojam dirutam, in canem mutata et sepulta esse dicitur. Nomen etiam habet in iisdem regionibus urbs Aenos, ab Aenea,'^ e patria profugo, condita Zone, ubi ncmora Orpheum canentem secuta esse narrantur Abdera denique, ubi Diomedes rex advcnas equis suis devoran^ dos'^ objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hcrcule iisdem objectus est Quae urbs quum ranarum muriumque multitudine infestare tur, incolae, relicto patriae solo, novas sedes quaesiverunt
;
;

Hos Cassander,'^ rex Macedoniae, ir^jpocietatcm accepissc, agrosque in extrema Macedonia'* assignasse"'^ dicitur. Terminatur Scy40. Jam de Scythis pauca diccnda sunt. thia'^ ab uno latere Ponto Euxino, ab altero montibus RhipaeVasta regie nullis fers is, a lero-o, Asia et Phaside flumine. intus finibus dividitur. Scythae enim nee agrum exerccnt, nee certas sedes habent, sed armenta et pecera pascentes, per incultas selitudines errare selent.
plaustris vehunt.

Uxores liberosque secum

;

in

Lacte

et

PART

I.

melle vescuntur O

aurum

et

argen-

66
turn,

VI. OF

THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE

est,

cujus nullus apud eos usus

aspernantur.

Corpora

pellibus vestiunt.
41.

Diversae sunt Scytharum gentes diversique mores.

Sunt, qui funera

parentum

festis sacrificiis celebrent,

eorumque

capitibus affabre expolitis auroque vinctis pro poculis utantur.

Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt, idque tanto magis, quanto quis illustrioribus gaudet majoribus.^ li, qui Tauricam Chersonesum^ incolunt, antiquissimis temporibus advenas Dianae Bella mactabant. Interius habitantes ceteris rudiores sunt. amant, et quo quis plures hostes inter emerit, eo majore existi-

Ne foedera quidem incruenta Sauciant se qui paciscuntur, sanguinemque permistum degustant. Id fidei pignus certissimum esse putant. 42. Maxima fluminum Scythicorum sunt Ister, qui et Danubius vocatur, et Borysthenes.^ De Istro supra dictum est. Borysthenes, ex ignotisfontibus ortas, liquidissimas aquas trahit et potatu jucundas. Placidus idem laetissima pabula alit. Magno spatio navigabilis juxta urbem Borysthenida in Ponmatione apud suos habetur.
sunt.

tum

effunditur.

Rhipaeos montes et Aquilonem gens habitare existimatur felicissima Ilyperboreos^ appellant. Regio aprica, felix coeli temperies omnique afflatu noxio carens. Semel in anno sol iis oritur solstitio, bruma semel occidit.^ Incolae in nemoribus et lucis habitant sine omni^ discordia et aegritudine vivunt. Q.uum vitae eos taedet,' epulis sumtis ex rupe se in mare praecipitant. Hoc enim sepuiturae genus beatisSimum esse existimant. 44. Asia ceteris terrae partibus est amplior. Oceanus
43. Ultra
; ;

alluit, ut locis, ita nominibus differens Eous ab oriente, a meridie Indicus, a septentrione Scythicus. Asiae nomine^ appellatur etiam peninsula, quae a mari Aegaeo usque ad Armeniam patet. In hac parte est Bithynia ad Propontidem sita, ubi Granicus in mare eifunditur, ad quem amnem^ Alexander, rex Macedoniae, primam victoriam de Persis reporta vit.^ Trans ilium amnem sita est Cyzicus in cervice peninsulae,^^ urbs nobilissima, a Cyzico appellata, qui in illis regionibus ab Argonajitis pugna occisus est.^^ Hand procul ab ilia urbe Rhyndacus in mare effunditur, circa quem angues nascuntur, non solum ob magnitudinem mirabiles, sed etiam ob id, quod, quum ex aqua emergunt et hiant, supervolantes aves absorbent.^^ 45. Propontis cum Ponto jungitur per Bosporum, quod fretum quinque stadia latum, Europam ab Asia separat. Ipsis in faucibus Bospori oppidum est Chalcedon, ab Archia, Megarensium principe, et templum Jovis, ab Jasone^* conditum.
;

eam

NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY.

67

Pontus ipse ingens est maris sinus, non moUi neque arenoso circumdatus littore, tempestatibus obnoxius, raris stationibus. Olim ob saevitatem populorum, qui circa habitant, Axenus^ appellatus fuisse dicitur; postea, mollitis illorum moribus, dictus est Euxlnus.'^
46. In littore Ponti, in Mariandynorum agro, urbs et Heraclea ab Hercule, ut fertur, condita. Juxta earn spelunca est Acherusia, quam ad Manes perviam esse existimant. Hinc Cerberus ab Hercule extractus fuisse dicitur. Ultra fiuvium

Thermodonta^ Mossjni habitant. Hi totum corpus distinguunt notis.* Reges suffragio eligunt eosdem in turre lignea inclusos arctissime custodiunt, et si quid perperam imperitaverint, inedia totius diei afficiunt. Extremum Ponti angulum Cole hi tenent ad Phasidem quae loca fabula de vellere
; ;

aureo
47.

et

Argonautarum

expeditio illustravit.

in

duodecim

Inter provincias Asiae proprie dictae^ illustris est Ionia, civitates divisa. Inter eas Miletus, belli pa;

cisque artibus inclj-ta eique vicinum Panionium, sacra regio, quo omnes lonum civitates statis temporibus legates solebant miitere. Nulla facile urbs plures colonias misit,^ quam Mi-

Ephesi, quam urbem Amazones'' condidisse traduntur, Dianae, quod septem mundi miraculis annumeraTotius templi longitude est quadringentorum viginri solet. columnae centi quinque pedum, latitude ducentorum viginti tum viginti septem numero, sexaginta pedum altitudine ex iis triginta sex caelatae. Operi praefuit Chersiphron architectus. 48. Aeolis olim Mysia appellata, et ubi Hellespontum attingit, Troas. Ibi Ilium^ fuit situm ad radices mentis Idae, urbs bello, quod per decem annos cum uni versa Graecia gessit, clarissima. Ab Idaeo monte Scamander defluit et Simois, amnes fama quam natura majores.^ Ipsum montem certamen Dearum Paridisque judicium illustrem reddidit.'" In littore clarae sunt urbes Rhoeteum et Dardania; sed sepulcrum Ajacis," qui ibi post certamen cum Ulysse gladio incubuit, utr eiletus.

tern plum est

que

clarius.

lonibus Cares sunt finitimi, populus armorum bellique adeo amans, ut aliena etiam bella mercede accepta*'^ gereret. Princeps Cariae urbs Halicarnassus, Argivorum colonia, re49.

gum

sedes olinK

Unus corum Mausolus

fuit.

Qui quum

vita defunctus esset,

Artemisia conjux, desidcrio mariti flagrans, ossa ejus cineresque contusa'^ cum aqua miscuit cbibit-

ffuo,

splendidumque practerca sepulcrum" exstruxit, quod inseptem orbis terrarum miracula censetur. 50. Cilicia sita est in intimo recessu maris, ubi Asia proprie sic dicta cum Syria conjungitur. Sinus ille ab urbe Isso Issiter

68
CI

VI. OF

THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE

nomen

habet.

frigidissima, in
abfuit,

Fluvius ibi Cydnus, aqua limpidissim^ et quo Alexander Macedo quum lavaret/ parum

quin frigore enecaretur. Antrum Corycium in iisdem regionibus ob singularem naturam memorabile est, Ingenti illud hiatu patet in monte arduo, alteque demissum undique viret lucis^ pendentibus. Ubi ad ima perventum est rursus aliud antrum aperitur. Ibi sonitus cymbalorum ingredientes terrere dicitur.^ Totus hie specus augustus est et vere sacer, et a Diis habitari existimatur. Cilicia egressos Syria excipit, cujus pars est Phoe51. nice in littore maris interni posita. Hanc regionem sollers hominum genus colit. Phoenices enim litterarum formas a se inventas aliis populis tradiderunt alias etiam artes, quae ad

navigationem et mercaturam spectant, studiose coluerunt. Ceterum fertilis regio crebrisque fluminibus rigata, quorum ope terrae marisque opes facili negotio inter se permutantur. Nobilissimae Phoenices urbes Sidon, antequam a Persis caperetur, maritimarum urbium maxima, et Tyrus, aggere cum terPurpura hujus urbis omnium pretiosissima. ra conjuncta.* Conficitur ille color ex succo in conchis, quae etiam purpuras
vocantur, latente.
52. Ex Syria descenditur in Arabiam, peninsulam inter duo maria, Rubrum et Persicum, porrectam. Hujus ea pars, quae ab urbe Petra Petraeae nomen accepit, plane est sterilis hanc excipit ea, quae ob castas solitudines deserta vocatur. His partibus adhaeret Arabia felix, regio angusta, sed cinnami, thuris aliorumque odorum feracissima. Multae ibi gentes sunt, quae fixas sedes non habeant, Nomades a Graecis appellatae. Lacte et carne ferina vescuntur. Mul;

ti

etiam
53.

Arabum

populi latrociniis vivunt.^

Primus

Roma-

nis Aelius Gallus in

Camelos

inter

hanc terram cum exercitu penetravit.^ armenta pascit Oriens. Duo harum sunt

genera, Bractrianae et Arabiae.'^ Illae bina habent in dorso tubera, hae singula unum autem sub pectore, cui incumbant. Dentium ordine superiore carent. Sitem quatriduo tolerant aquam antequam bibant, pedibus turbant. Vivunt quinquagenis annis quaedam etiam centenis. 54. Ex Arabia pervenitur in Babyloniam, cui Babylon nomen dedit, Chaldaicarum gentium caput, urbs et magnitudine, Semiramis eam condiderat, vel, ut multi creet divitiis clara. diderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus exstructus laterculo coctili, triginta et duos pedes est latus, ita ut quadrigae inter se occurrentes sine periculo commeare dicantur altitudo ducentorum pedum turres autem denis pedibus quam murus altiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus sexaginta millia
;
;

NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY.
passuum
ti

69

complectitur.

Mediam urbem permeat Euphrates.

ambitu ;^ super ea pensiles horconspiciuntur, tantaeque sunt moles^ tamque firmae, ut onera nemorum sine detrimento ferant. 55. Amplissima Asiae regio India primum patefacta est armis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniae, cujus exemplum successores^ secuti in interiora Indiae penetraverunt. In eo tractu,
viginti stadiorum

Arcem habet

quern Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum fuisse, gentesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem esse terrarum omnium, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ibi sunt amnes, Indus et Indo major Ganges. Indus in Paropamiso* ortus undeviginti amnes recipit, totidem Ganges, interque eos plures navigabiles. Canes ibi gran56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia.
diores ceteris.
sagittis superjaci
coeli,

Arbores tantae proceritatis esse traduntur, ut

nequeant.

Hoc

efficit

ubertas

soli,

temperies

aquarum abundantia. Immanes quoque serpentes alit, qui elephantos morsu et ambitu corporis' conficiunt. Solum
ferant^

tam pingue et ferax, ut mella frondibus defluant, sylvae lanas arundinum internodia fissa cymbarum usum praebeant,

binosque,
57.

quaedam etiam

ternos homines, vehant.

Incolarum habitus moresque diversi. Lino alii vestiuntur et lanis arborum, alii ferarum aviumque pellibus, pars nudi incedunt. Q.uidam animalia occidere eorumque carnibus vesci nefas putant; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Q,uidam parentes et propinquos, prius quam annis et macie conficiantur,

velut hostias caedunc

tur

ubi senectus eos

morbus ve
li,

eorumque visceribus epulaninvadit, mortem in solitudine

aequo animo exspoctant. ortu solis ad occasum stare

solent,

qui sapientiam profitentur, ab solem immobilibus oculis in-

tuentes; ferventibus arenis toto die alternis pedibus insistunt.^ Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte arcessunt, in rogos incensos

se praecipitantes.'^ 58. Maximos India elephantos gignit, adeoque feroces, ut Hoc aniAfri elephanti illos paveant, nee contueri audeant. mal cetera omnia docilitate superat. Discunt arma jacere, gladiatorum more congredi, saltare et per funes incedere. Plinius^ narrat, Romae unum segnioris ingenii saepius castigatum esse verberibus, quiatardius accipiebat, quae tradebantur eundem repertum esse noctu eadem meditantem.'" Elephanti gre;

gatim semper ingrediuntur. Ducit agmen maximus natu, coAmnem transituri minimos git is, qui aetate ei est proximus. praemittunt. Capiuntur foveis. In has ubi elcphas deciderit, ceteri ramos congerunt, aggeres construunt, omnique vi conanDomiti militant tur extrahere. Domantur fame et verberibus. et turrcs armatorum in hostes ferunt, magnaque ex parto^^

g2

70

VI. OF

THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Totas acies prosternunt, armatos Ingens dentibiis pretium. In Graecia ebur ad deorum simulacra tanquam pretiosissima materia adhibetur ;^ in extremis Africae postium vie em in domiciliis praebet, sepesque in pecorum stabulis elephantorum dentibus fiunt. Inter omnia animalia maxime oderunt murem. Infestus elephanto etiam rhinoceros, qui nomen habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. In pugna maxime adversarii alvum petit, quam scit esse molliorem. Longitudine elephantum fere exaequat crura multo
Orientis bella conficiunt.
proterunt.
;

breviora
59.

color buxeus.
psittacos India mittit.

Haec avis humanas voces loqui discit, ferreo radio verberatur, alitor enim non sentit ictus. Capiti ejus eadem est duritia, quae rostro. Q,uum devolat, rostro se excipit,^ eique innititur. 60. Testudines tantae magnitudinis Indicum mare emittit, ut singularum testis casas integarit. Insulas rubri praecipue
Etiam
optime
reddit.

Q,uum

maris his navigant cymbis.^

Capiuntur obdormiscentes in

aqua, id quod proditur stertentium sonitu. Turn terni^ adnatant, a duobus in dorsum vertitur, a tertio laqueus injicitur, atque ita a pluribus in littore stantibus trahitur. In mari testudines conchyliis vivunt tanta enim oris est duritia, ut lapides comminuant in terram egressae, herbis. Pariunt ova, ovis avium similia, ad centena^ numero; eaque extra aquam defossa terra cooperiunt. 61. Margaritae Indici Oceani omnium maxime laudantur. Inveniuntur in conchis, scopulis adhaerentibus. Maxima laus est in candore, magnitudine, laevore, pondere. Raro duae inveniuntur, quae sibi ex omni parte sint similes. Has auribus suspendere, feminarum est gloria.^ Duos maximos uniones Cleopatra, Aegypti regina, habuisse dicitur. Horum unum, ut Antonium'' magnificentia superaret, in coena aceto solvit,
; ;

summa

solutum hausit. 62. Aegyptus, inter Catabathmum^ et Arabas posita, a plurimis ad Asiam refertur alii Asiam Arabico sinu terminari existimant. Haec regio, quamquam expers est imbrium, mire tamen est fertilis. Hoc Nilus efficit, omnium fluviorum, qui in mare internum effunduntur, maximus. Hie in desertis Africae oritur, tum ex Aethiopia descendit in Aegyptum, ubi de altis rupibus praecipitatus^ usque ad Elephantidem urbem fervens ad hue deeurrit. Tum demum fit placidior. Juxta Cercasorum oppidum in plures amnes dividitur, et tandem per septem ora^ effunditur in mare. 63. Nilus, nivibus in Aethiopiae montibus solutis, crescere incipit Luna nova post solstitium per quinquaginta fere dies; toticlem diebus minuitur. Justum incrementum est cubitorum
;

NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY.

71

sexdecim. Si minores sunt aquae, non omnia rigant. Maxiincrementum fuit cubitorum duodeviginti minimum quinque. Q.uum stetere aquae, aggeres aperiuntur,^ et arte aqua in agros immittitur. Q,uum omnis recesserit, agri irrigati et limo obducti seruntur.

mum

Nilus crocodilum alit, belluam quadrupedem, in terra Unum hoc in flumine hominibus infestam. animal terrestre linguae usu caret dentium plures habet ordines maxilla inferior est immobilis. Magnitudine excedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. Parit ova anserinis non majora. Unguibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes in aqua,
64.

non minus quam

;

Q,uum
lus,

satur est et in littore

avis,

parva

somnum capit, ore hiante, trocbidentes ei faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem

conspicatus ichneumon, per easdem fauces, ut telum aliquod Hebetes oculos dicitur habere in aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae in insula Nili^ habitantes, dirae huic belluae obviam ire audent, eamque in-

immissus, erodit alvum.

credibili audacia expugnant.

65.

Aliam etiam belluam Nilus alit, hippopotamum

dorso equi
ct
;

ungu-

iis binis,

dentibus aprorum.

juba et hinnltu rostro reslmo, cauda et Cutis iinpenetrabilis, praeterquam si hu^

more madeat. Primus hippopotamum et quinque crocodiles M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludis Romae ostendit.^ 66. Multa in Aegypto mira sunt et artis et naturae opera. Inter ea, quae manibus hominum facta sunt, eminent pyramides, quarum maximae sunt et celeberrimae in monte sterili inter Memphin oppidum et eam partem Aegypti, quae Delta vocatur. Amplissimam earum trecenta sexaginta sex hominum millia annis viginti exstruxissc traduntur. Haec octo jugera soli occupat unumquodque latus octingentos octoginta tres pedes longum est altitudo a cacumine, pedum quindecim
; ;

millium.

Intus in ea est puteus

octoginta

sex cubitorum.

Ante has pyramides Sphinx est posita mirae magnitudinis. Capitis ambitus centum duos pedes habet longitudo est pedum centum quadraginta trium altitudo a ventre usque ad summum capitis aplcem sexaginta duorum. 67. Inter miracula Aegypti commcmoratur etiam Moeris* .acus, quingenta millia passuum in circuitu patens; Labyrinthus,^ ter mille domos et regias duodccim uno pariete amplex-^
;
;

us, totiis marmore exstructus tectusque turris dcniquc in insula Pharo, a Ptolemaco, Lagi filio,^ condita. Usus ejus navibus noctu ignes ostendcre ad praenuntianda vada portusque introitum.
;

68. In palustribus

Aegypti regionibus papynim nascitur.

;;

72

VI. OF

THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE

;

Radicibus incolae pro ligno utuntur ex ipso autem papyro navigia texunt, e libro vela, tegetes, vestem ac. funes. Succi Praecausa etiam mandunt modo crudum, modo decoctum. parantur ex eo etiam chartae. Chartae ex papyro usus post Alexandri demum victorias repertus est. Primo enim scripturn in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborum postea publica monimenta plumbeis tabulis confici, aut marmoribus mandari coepta sunt. Tandem aemulatio regum Ptolemaei et Eumenis in bibliothecis condendis^ occasionem dedit membranas Pergami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore libri modo in charta ex papyro facta, modo in membranis
scripti sunt.

69. Mores incolarum Aegypti ab aliorum populorum moribus vehementer discrepant. Mortuos nee cremant, nee sepe-

medicates,^ intra penetralia coUocant. Nefeminae, viri domos et res domesticas curant onera illae humeris, hi capitibus gerunt. Colunt effigies multorum animalium et ipsa animalia. Haec interfecisse capitale est morbo exstincta lugent et sepeliunt.
liunt
;

gotia extra
;

verum arte domos

Apis omnium Aegypti populorum numen est bos niger cum Candida in dextro latere macula nodus sub lingua Non fas est eum certos vitae quern cantharum appellant. annos excedere. Ad hunc vitae terminum quum pervenerit, mersum in fonte enecant. Necatum lugent, aliumque quaerunt, quern ei substituant nee tamen unquam diu quaeritur.^ Delubra ei sunt gemina, quae thalamos vocant, ubi populus auguria captat. Alterum intrasse laetum est in altero dira portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur signo, si e manibus consulentium cibum capit. In publicum procedentem grex puerorum comitatur, carmenque in ejus honorem canunt, idque
70.
;
:

videtur intelligere.
71.

Ultra

Aegyptum Aethiopes

habitant.

Horum
;

populi

quidam Macrobii* vocantur, quia paulo quam nos diutius vivunt. Plus auri apud eos reperitur, quam aeris hanc ob causam aes illis videtur pretiosius. Aere se exornant, vincula auro fabricant. Lacus est apud eos, cujus aqua tam est liquida
atque
levis, ut nihil eorum, qu^le inmittuntur, sustinere queat quare arborum quoque folia non innatant aquae, sed pessum

aguntur. 72. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo f a ceteris partibus marl. Regiones ad mare positae eximie sunt fertiles inte;

riores incultae et arenis sterilibus tectae, et

desertae. Prima pars ab occidente praealtus Abyla, Calpae monti in montes columnae Herculis appellantur.'

obnimium calorem est Mauritania.^ Ibi mons Hispania oppositus. Hi

Fama est,

ante Her-

NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY.
culem mare internum
isse in
terris

73
nee exitum habu-

inclusum

fuisse,

Herculem autem junctos montes diremisse et mare junxisse cum Oceano. Ceterum regie ilia est ignobilis et parvis tantum oppidis habitatur. Solum melius quam incolae.
;

Oceanum

et opulentior. Ibi satis longo a saxa cernuntur attrita fluctibus, spinae piscium, ostreorumque fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus infixae, et alia ejusmodi signa maris olim usque ad ea loco effusi. Finitima regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras Philaenorum, proprie vocatur Africa.^ Urbes in ea celeberrimae Utica et Carthago, ambae a Phoenicibus conditae. Carthaginem divitiae, mercatura imprimis comparatae, tum bella cum Romanis^ gesta, excidium denique illustravit. 74. De aris Philaenorum haec narrantur.* Pertinacissima fuerat contentio inter Carthaginem et Cyrenas de finibus. Tandem placuit, utrimque eodem tempore juvenes mitti, et loCarthaginiensium cum, quo convenissent pro finibus haberi. legati, Philaeni fratres, paulo ante tempus constitutum egressi

73.

Numidia^ magis culta

littore intervallo

esse dicuntur. duod quum Cyrenensium legati intellexissent, magnaque exorta esset contentio, tandem Cyrenenses dixerunt,
se

tum demum hunc locum pro

finibus habituros esse,

si

Phi-

laeni se ibi vivos obrui passi essent.

runt.
locis,

lUi conditionem accepe-

Carthaginienses autem animosis juvenibus.in illis ipsis ubi vivi sepulti sunt, aras consecraverunt, eorumque virtutem aeternis honoribus prosecuti sunt. 75. Inde ad Catabathmum= Cyrenaica^ porrigitur, ubi Ammonis oraculum et fons quidam, quem Solis' esse dicunt. Hie sole oriente fit fons media nocte fervet, tum paulatim tepescit frigidus per meridiem maxime riget. Catabathmus A-allis est Proximi his^ Ibi finitur Africa. devexa versus Aegyptum. populi urbes non habent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, quae mapalia vocantur. Vulgus pecudum vestitur pellibus. Potus est lac Interiores etiam incultius succusque baccarum cibus caro. vivunt. Sequuntur greges suos, utque hi pabulo ducuntur, ita Leges nullas habent, nee in comilli tuguria sua promovent.^
;

mune

consultant.

Inter hos Troglodytae in specubus habitant,

serpentibusque aluntur. 76. Ferarum Africa feracissima.

gignit,

Pardos, pantheras, leones

ignorat.
;

quod belluarum genus Europa

saevit.

Leoni praeciin infantes

pua
nisi

generositas.'"

Prostratis" parceredicitur

non-

summa fame
est,

Animi

ejus index cauda,

placidus

immctam

ea flagellat. Vis

servat; dum irascitur, summa in poctorc. Si fugere cogitur,

;

quam, dinn terram et se ipsum

contemcursu

tim

cedit,

quam

diu spectari potest

in silvis acerrimo
et in

fertur.

Vulneratus percussorem novit,

quantalibet multi-

74
tudine appetit.*
ret.

VI. OF

THE GEOGRAPHY,

&C.

Hoc tarn saevum animal gallinacei cantus terDomatur etiam ab hominibus. Hanno Poenus primus leonern mansuefactum ostendisse dicitur. Marcus autem Anpugnam
in campis Philippicis,*

tonius, triumvir, primus,^ post

leones ad currum junxit. 77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo insidentis exaequant, celeritatem vincunt. Pennae ad hoc demum videntur datae, ut currentes adjuvent nam a terra tolli non possunt. Ungulae cervinis sunt similes. His in fuga comprehendunt lapides, eosque contra sequentes jaculantur. Omnia concoquunt. Ceterum magna iis stoliditas, ita ut, quum caput et collum frutice occultaverint, se latere existiment. Pennae
;

Romae

eorum quaeruntur ad ornatum.

78. Africa serpentes generat vicenorum cubitorum; nee minores India. Certe Megasthenes scribit, serpentes ibi in tantam magnitudinem adolescere, ut solidos hauriant cervos taurosque. In primo Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam^ serpens centum viginti pedum a Regulo, imperatore Romano,^ ballistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam. asservatae sunt. In India serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. Ex arboribus se in praetereuntes praecipitant gressusque ligant nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu^ resolvunt. At dracones in ipsas elephantorum nares caput condunt spiritumque prae-

cludunt,
tur,
dit.

Plerumque

in ilia dimicatione utrique

commoriun-

cum

victus elephas corruens serpentem pondere sue ell

NOTES
EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES.
Page

Est vitanda, " is to be avoided." Athenae, arum, used only in the plural. The plural form was adopted in consequence of the union, by Theseus, into one city, of the boroughs into which Attica was subdivided. In commemoration of this union, a festival, called EuvotV^a, or MeroiVtu, was annually celebrated on the sixteenth day of the month Hecatombaeon, Athenae is derived from 'AO/j^;?, the Greek name for Minerva, who was the tutelar goddess of the whole country. " Neither nor." 3. Nee nee. 4. Morlui, (from morior,) " the dead." 5. Litterae, the letters of the alphabet, (it is also used in the plural to signify an epistle.) According to tradition, Cadmus introduced the alphabet into Greece from Phoenicia.
1.

2.

G. 7.

Alii

alii.

"

Some

others."

Gain, " the Gauls."

The word

Galli

is

merely the native

term Gael, latinized. 1. Cecidit, from cado.

Romans had commonly three names, the Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen. The Pracnomen was put first, and marked the individual. It was commonly written with one letter; as, T. for Titus, M.Marcus, C. Caius, P. Publius; some2.

The more

noble

times with two letters;

rius;

as,

sometimes with three;

Ti. for Tiberius, Cn. Cneius, Sp. Spuas, Ser. for Servius, Sex. Sextus.

The Nomen was put after the Pranomen, and marked the^<?7is or clan. The Cognomen was put last, and marked the familia. 3. The Phoenicians were particularly distinguished among the
nations of the ancient world for extensive navigation, commerce,

and manufactures.
Odit, a preterite with the signification of a present. Novi, iase. See n. 4. (). Acida, " acids." The neuter plural of adjectives often has the force of a substantive.
4.
.5.

Lhdcia, " sweets." See n. G. Nemo non, " every one." This phrase, when resolved, is equivalent to 'tumo est qui uon. The Greek phrase, oiSds {tarlv) oorij ov,
7.

8.

has the same signification. 9. Connect thus cauda {est) index animi leonum. 1. Maximi, the genitive of valuing, which is generally rendered by adverbs. 2. Pergami. The names of towns of the first and second declension, and of the singular number, are put in the genitive, when an:

78
Page

NOTES.
to the question ubi, where 1 Pergamus, now Bergamo, a town of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the Caicus, the capital of a kingdom which the Romans enlarged in favour of Eumenes, after the defeat of Antiochus. king of Syria, and which was left to the Roman people by Attains, the last king, B. C. 133, A. U. C. 621. Here Eumenes founded a famous library, in opposition to that of Ptolemy at Alexandria, who, from motives of jealousy, forbad the exportation of Egyptian _papy?*W5, in consequence of which Eumenes invented parchment, called hence Pergamena {cTiarta.') Antony and

swering

Cleopatra transported this library, containing 200,000 volumes, to Alexandria. 3. Esse^ when it admits of being translated by have, and denotes possession, governs the dative. 4. Terrori sunt, " are a terror to, terrify." 5. Nobis. The dative sometimes indicates the object for which, and on account of which, something takes place. 6. Ne quidem, "not even." These words are always separated by the word on which the emphasis falls. 7. Sacra, profana, as substantives. See note 6, p. 4.
Parcere, signifies properly, " to show forbearance," as, Invidere, " to feel envy." 10. Mederi, signifying " to give relief," " to cure," governs the dative of the person. 11. Vesci, " to feed upon," governs the ablative. 12. Prioribus, (jpedibus), " the fore feet." 13. Uti aliqua re, "to make use of a thing." 1. Carere, " to be without, want, be in want of;" it is followed by an ablative of the thing wanted. 2. Sex sestertiis Romae venit. sestertium (the name of a sum, not of a coin) was equivalent to 1000 sestertii. sestertius was equal to 3f cents, and 1000 sestertii or a sestertium, to S37 50; six sestertia, therefore, were equal to ^225. Veneo, venire, " to be sold, to be exposed to sale ;" it must be distinguished from venio, venire, " to come."
8. 9.

3. Carthagine. Names of towns of the 3d declension, and also plurals of the 1st and 2d, are put in the ablative when answering to the question, where 4. Beneficium repetere. The accusative depending upon the infinitive, and that again which depends upon it, like adverbs with the infinitive, form, in conjunction with it, the subject,
'?

1.

2.

3. 4.
lies,

Prodesse from prosum. vehi is equivalent to equitationem. Pugnare, equivalent to p^ignam. Juveni. The person on whom a necessity of doing: something is put in the dative, as here, juveni and seni, anl in the fol-

Equo

lowing sentences,
5.

discipidis

and
is

senibus.

nothing else than the four oblique cases (genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative) of the neuter of
the participle passive in dus. In respect to signification, it supplies the place of a declinable. infinitive of the present active, since it expresses the action or state of the verb, as a verbal substantive.

Vincendi.

The gerund

governed, as a substantive, by other substantives and adjecand also governs the case of its verb. Thus, Utendi governs re in the ablative, because its verb utor governs that case. 7. Natura, " by nature, naturally ;" the ablative of the cause.
It is

tives,
6.


NOTES.
8.

79
Ftge
6, p. 4.

9.

Noi^a (negoHa), the neuter plural. See note With equus, inutilis est must be understood.
i.

10. Pen'tuie,

e.

11. :^
1.

et,

"as well

adhibentur. as also."

" thou thyself also." 3. Sid) hasta, " at auction, at public sale." At first a spear was set up only when spoils taken in war were to be sold. Afterwards at all auctions. Hence hasta is put for a public sale, and sid) hasta venire, to be publicly sold. 4. Clementia instead of quam clementid. The ablative may be put after the comparative, if the comparative particle be omitted instead of the nominative of the subject, and, in the construction of the accusative with the infinitive, instead of the accusative of the subject. 1. Opulentissimae urhes. The words which form an apposition, agree with those, which they accompany, in case, and, for the most part, when circumstances permit, in gender and number, 2. not altores 7 3. Thebae, a plural only. 4. Utor with an ablative of the thing used. 5. Quod. the relative pronoun refers to is, ea, id, and agree with it in case, the demonstrative is often left out. G. Parcere with the dative of the thing spared. 7. Car ere aliqua re.
2.

Quid for aliquid. ^ i;?se, " thou too,"

Why

When

8.

9.

Vel, even. Haec, as a neuter plural, to be referred to the preceding sub-

stantives.
1.

when

condantur. It is to be observed, as a general rule, that the verb preceding ut is in the present or future tense, the verb following ut must be put in the present subjunctive and that, when the preceding verb is in any of the preterite tenses, the verb following must be in the imperfect or perfect subjunctive. 2. Ne vuhieribus quidem. See above, note G, p. 5. 3. Omnia, quae, "all, that." 4. Nequis (aliquis) equivalent to: ut nemo Apelles, the greatest painter of that time. 5. Quia, equivalent to quod non. G. Quin conspicer, "that I cannot see," or, " without seeing you." 7. Quiyi after non dubito signifies " that."

Ut

lO

8. Unusne. The enclitic ?te (distinguished by its quantity from the conjunction ne) is equivalent to num. 9. Qua de caussa. This is the usual position of the words as in quam ob rem, the preposition is placed after the relative pro;

noun. 1. Suffosmm, sell. ease. So also in the following sentences, pul- 1 son 2LX\d fugatos must be connected with esse, which stands at the end of the sentence. In Thcssnlia, supply aliud oppidum. 2. Jusserat cremari. The inhnilive active is used with jubere, when the person is expressed to whom ihe commission is given
otliervvise, the infinitive passive.
3. Quam Ilispaniae gentcs. The relative is here used a.s the accusative of the subject. Hispania was separated from Gaul by the Pyrenees, and from Africa by the Fretnm Hcrculeum, now the Straits of Gibraltar on the east it was bounded by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the Atlantic.
;

PART

I.

II

80
Pttge

NOTES.
4. Noli, with the infinitive, often forms a periphrasis, instead of ne with the imperative or subjunctive.

11

6.
isse,

Homerus
&c.

traditur.

Instead of quidam tradunt,

Homerumvix-

12

The accusative, expressing duration of time. a participial form and signification there is, however, no theme from which it can be derived. It is commonly assigned to fatiscor. 8. Legentem, i. e. aliquem qui legebat: " a reader." The participles in this and some of the following 9. Habenbes. sentences, can be rendered by the relative pronoun, for which sometimes (as in dantis) the demonstrative must be taken. 1. Proeliatus, equivalent to qui centum et viginti proeliis ivier6.
7.

Totos dies.

I<^essush.a.s

fuerat.
2.
3.

Adverse corpore.
Satiati.

"

On

the breast."

This and the following participles may be rendered

by " when."
4.

Transiburi.

The

future participle active

is

used

to express

an action which one is about to perform. Those, which have preceded for 5. Duces ad berga recipiunb. a time, when tired, take the hindmost place, 6. Ejus tumulo circumdedib, equivalent to tumulum ejus circwmdedit
7.
iirbe, Buccphalon o,ppellaba. Pabronum, scil. suum. The possessive pronoun is in every instance omitted, where it can be understood from the context.

13

i7istibubus, " although appointed heir." Tanbae magnibudinus. The genitive of quality. The future participle passive 10. Tegendo, " for covering." can often be translated by a substantive. The adjective vicbor is here used exactly after 1. Filio vicbore. The phrase is equivalent to posbquam the manner of a participle. filius vicerab Olympiae (in the solemn games there celebrated.)

8.

Heres

9.

2.

Convolvunbur, " are rolled together

roll

themselves toge-

ther."

iESOP'S FABLES.

14

Milvii mebu, or milvium mebuenbes. That shows more definitely the efiicient cause. 2. Becepbus, i. e. posbquam recepbus fuib. 3. Orare, " to pray ;" exorare, "to move by prayer, to obtain by praying, to prevail upon." The ablative absolute whereby the origi4. Corrosis plagis. nal force of this mode of speaking shows itself; " by means of the nets being gnawed through," i. e. " by means of its gnawing the nets." By this form the sentences are more intimately connected than if the form, ub plagas corrodcreb eumque liberarebj were used. The relative 5. Quo facbo, instead of quum hoc facbum esseb. noun often stands instead of the demonstrative at the beginning of a sentence, to connect it more closely with that which precedes. When the subject of the verb is expressed chiefly 6. Soleanb. by the clause following it, whether there be, or be not, an antecedent word, receiving the action of the verb, the pronoun is to be considered as indefinite, and joined with the subjunctive mood. It
;

NOTES.
has been observed, that this mood has two different names, as it has two distinct uses, potential and subjunctive. When the meaning is contingent, that is, when the sense requires this form, the mood is strictly potential, as Doceam, " I may teach." Here the verb is not affected, as to its mood, by any antecedent word. But, if we say. Quod doceam, " Because I teach," the verb is under the government of the conjunction quod, and were it not for this conjunction, the English being indicative, the verb would be put in the indicative mood. In this example, therefore, the verb is strictly in the subjunctive mood, this form being used, not because the sense requires it, for the English is indicative, but because it is subjoined to the conjunction quod. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1. p. W, 3d ed.
PraetereuTiti from praetereo (jpraeteriens), Cui, instead of huic. 9. Maledicere, properly " to speak ill of one."
7.

81
Page

1*

8.

to Jupiter, the

it

is sacred to Juno, the eagle Apollo, and the wolf to Mars. 11. Quod denotes the cause of the action of the verb on which depends, {conquerehatur) ; while ut expresses the consequence

10.

Apud Junonem.
raven

The peacock

to

of the action.

12. Negata esset excellat. When a proposition, containing the statement of a fact, and therefore being in the indicative mood, has another dependent upon it, connected by a causal conjunction or relative, in which something is alleged as the sentiment or language of another, and not of the writer, the dependent proposition In the present case, the dependwill be "in the subjunctive mood. ent clause, connected to the preceding by the conjunction quod, express an opinion the author, but the complaint of the not of does peacock. The sentence, from quod vocis to cantu excellat, is equivalent, therefore, to Quod dixit, vocis suavitatem sibi negatam esse, dum lusciniam, avem tarn parum decoram, cantu excellere. Crom-

bie's

Gymnasium,

rick's translation,

2d

vol, 2, p. 4, 3d ed. cd. p. 341.

Zumpt's Lat. Gram. Ken-

13. Nonenim. Combine oportuitnonconferri omnia," one oughi not to heap up." 14. AdvenierUe domino prati, instead of quum dominus vratl ad-

veniret.
I.

3.

No7i

Cui instead of huic. See page 14th, note est in animo instead of non libet.
used in
this

5th.

IS
The neu-

3.

Dulc.ia, " the agreeable ;" tuta, " the safe, safety."

ters of adjectives are often particularly in the plural.

4. 5.

manner

as substantives,

Nosne, instead of nu7n nos. Frueris, with the ablative of the thing. impersonal verbs, pudet, piget, pasnitet, t(Edet,miseret, reThe 6. quire the person who is the subject of the feeling to be in the accusative case, and the object which excites it to be in the genitive.

Latrando. The ablative cf the g^und. QxLod denotes the cause of the preceding. With the ablative of the thing. 9. Vescamur. possis. The subjunctive stands after qui, q^iae, quod, 10. Vclis when it refers to an indefinite object, expressed by 15, aliquis, or
7.

8.

talis.

II.

Eundem,

scil.

leonem.

82
Page

NOTES.
12.

15

Conspicata and obviam facta can be resolved by

guvm with

the pluperfect.

not audebat 7 Recta via, " straight forward.*" See above, note 1st. 15. Cui. The participle depends upon videre^ and sup16. Facientem. plies the place of the infinitive. In what relation does the future past stand here 1 17. Videro. By this concord. 18. Sic. 19. Dissidio orto, equivalent to post dissidium ort/wnij or postquam. dissidium ortum erat. 20. Quantum boni. The genitive depends upon quantum. The nominatives and accusatives neuter of some pronouns, and of some adjectives which are used as pronouns, take a genitive, either because they are virtually become substantives, or because they denote a part.
13. 14.

Ausa est.

Why

16

note 6th, page 14. The subjunctive serves to express l*hat which exists only in the conception of another. Unde, instead of et inde, connects in the same 2. Unde agnitus.
21. Sit.
1.

Compare Tanquam esset.

manner as the relative pronoun. 3. lUam, scil. gallinam, as the accusative of the subject, while massam, which depends on celare, is the accusative of the object. An adverb. 4. Una. The adjective is often added to the verb, in5. Laetiprior. stead of the adverb, to denote the manner, or situation, in which the action is performed.

Compare note 1st above. Contendunt, etc. Observe the use of the present in animated narration instead of the imperfect, just as below aufugit and patitur instead of the perfect. See above, note 1st. 8. Comitatus esset. 9. Idqu, equivalent to et quidem. 10. Ne nostris quidem corporibus. The particles ne, quidem, are separated by the word on which the emphasis lies. In what case
6. 7.

Conspexisset.

corporibus 7 Qiiid fiat. Interrogati ves, when preceded by such words as scio, nescio, quaero, dubito, are said to be taken indefinitely, and are joined to the subjunctive mood.
is
11

12.

Quod quum.

13.

Enim

suffers us to

See above, note 5, p. 14. add in thought a sentence from the pre-

IT

ceding. 14. Nitidas, i. e. Candidas. The ancients wore garments of wool, which was cleansed and made white by Fullers. The subjunctive of the pluperfect takes the 1. Reddidissem. place of the future past, and denotes an action as possible in the and as accomplished future, in relation to a future action. Ne is used instead of non, with the im2. Ne me interficite. perative mood, and also with the present subjunctive. 3. Propter hoc ipsum, " f0c the same reason." These words are explained by the following sentence. 4. Pugnandi imperitus, is used in the same manner as peritus, imperitus, litterarum. See note 10, p. 15. 5. Eos, qui irritent. The cardinal numerals, unus, duo, &c. im6. Bina aut terna. ply, that the number spoken of belongs to all collectively, and is the

NOTES.
whole amount.
the

83

Page The distributive, shiguli, bim, terni, denote that 1 specified belongs to each individual, and is therefore only a part of the whole. Thus, Eutropias, speaking of the government of the senators after the death of Romulus, says, *' RcgTuiverimt per quinos dies ;" not, " they reigned five days," but " five days each," Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1, p. 38, 3d ed. periphrasis for illam parituram esse. 7. Fore, ut pareret. 8. At denotes an objection which we make to the intention or

number

thought.
9.

Etiam, "yet

too,"

with reference

to the trouble

via repertas, (of things, which afterwards the words, which one can get without any exertion) are opposed. 10. Quae is the accusative governed by assequi ; se the accusative of the subject. The phrase may be rendered, " which they
tain them, to

it

costs to ob-

despair of being able to attain." See note 10, p. 15. 11. Desperent. 12. Dicitur respojidisse, instead of respondit, ut dicitur. 1. Cavcreiit. The past tense is here used, because hahiernnt, the leading verb, is in the past. Even, however, though the leading verb were present {habcnt), caverent would still be used, if it were requisite to denote a continued action: "how they might protect themselves for the time to come." 2. Multis aliis propositis, " after many other propositions." 3. Ipsos is equivalent to 5<?, but lays more stress on the pronoun. 4. Jussit appendi. See note 2, p. 11. See note 1, p. IG. 5. Quasi esset. The accusative is used in exclamations with C. O te stolidum. or without an interjection. Me miseruml me felicenil The clause gives the reason for the 7. Qui ignorare videris.

18

preceding remark.
8.

Sibiplacere, applied to a vain person,

who

is filled

with con-

ceit

on account of something.

9. Licet venias, fruaris. derstood.

The

subjunctive depends upon ut un-

10.

11. 12.

tanti,
id. 13. 10,

More forcible than non euro. The genitive of valuing. Quod jwssit. The relative pronoun contains, in relation to the meaning of a consequence, and may be expressed by ut
Ni/iil moror.

Tahiti

esse.

Conducit. note 7.

Concerning the present

in a narration.

See

p.

the proposition introduced by the relaextrahat. tive expresses the end and motive of the action mentioned in the preceding proposition, so that ut might be substituted for it, the verb must be in the subjunctive mood. This applies also to rela14.

Qui

When

tive adverbs. Compare Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 23, and Zurapt's L. G., Kenrick's Trans), p. 348. often add to the e.Tpre.ssion of pasMisericordia motus. 1. Thus, znccn.w.s ira, sion a participle which designates its origin. iiijlavimatus amore, percussus tcrrorc. See page 14, note G. 2. Quo.lcm soleant. 3. Qui pasceretur. The relative pronoun includes the designation of a reason, and is then, in signification, equivalent to quod. Concerning the subjunctive, see note 12, p. 14. The ablative absolute. 4. Bella cxorto {exorior.) Properly tclis 5. Vulneribus confossus, collabilur, (collabor).

We

19

h2

84
Page

NOTES.
But the consequence
See note
6, p. 18.

1 9 should be used.
cause.
6.
7.

is

often lised instead of the

O me

stolidum.

8.

tive
to."

Qui aestimaverim.. As ]\xsX zbove, qui pasceretur. Quos noverat. The relative pronoun includes the accusaof the subject, which depends upon noverat. When he knew
*
'

See 9. Afferri jiibet. 10. Quibus allatis.

allatae essent.
11.
12.

note

2,

page

11.

The phrase may be

For the use of

resolved into qv/ie quvm the relative, see note 5, p. 14.

Quod quum, instead of quum hoc. Aliqua parte. The ablative of measure, as in the sentence, Sol muUis partibus major est, quam terra. The whole clause is equivalent to ut aliquam. 13. Se levaret.
partem oneris
14. 15.

reciperet.

16. 17.
18.

20
a

1.

See note 6, p. 18. See above, note 3. Tezendo. The ablative answering to the question, by what % De node, " during the night." Ad opus. The spinning and weaving. Quo facto. See note 5, p. 14.

O me miserum.
Qui
nolvrim.

2. 3.

Deteriore conditione. The ablative of quality. Incerta. To be joined with domina, and to be explained as

participle.

The ad4. Prima node, instead oiinitio, or, primaparte nodis. jectives primus, medius, ultimus, and the like, are often used in this manner for the sake of abbreviating the expression. Thus, in media urbe, in ultimo carmine, in summo monte. Sui, sibi, is a reflective pronoun, i, e, denotes an agent, 5. Sese. who is the subject of the proposition, and whose act reverts upon himself; and therefore, this pronoun exists only in the oblique It continues to be used in a sentence through successive cases. If a second propositions, as long as noother subject is introduced. subject be introduced, se refers strictly to that subject, and z5 should be used of the first. But se often continues, if no ambiguity is produced, to be used of the original subject, especially if the second proposition expresses a thought or purpose of the subject at first. Thus in the present instance, sese is used, because the second proposition, ut sese volare doceret, expresses a wish of the testudo, the Zumpt's Lat. Gram. p. 241. subject of the first. 6. Volare supplies the place of the accusative of the thing {docere aliquem aliquid). Instead of arripuit et sustulii, (arripio, 7. Arreptam sustulit. toUo). Instead of comminuta est et interiU. 8. Comminuta interiit.
9.

Quae quum.
Se for ipsam.

10.
11.

Venetur. in the present.

12.

The

See note 11, p. 19. See above, note 5. present is used, because the leading verb

is

Cui

accipitur.

See note

5, p. 14.

13.

Partam praedam,

(pario).

Partus applies properly

to that
*'

which has been earned or acquired by one's self; then to which is held in possession. So parta praeda here signifies booty which is secure."
14.
15.

that the

Usque

sublaiis

Domum. Domus and rus, like names

equivalent to quae postquam sustulerat. of towns, are used with

NOTES.
verbs of motion, without prepositions, domum, (or domos, of more than one) " home " rus, " into the country ;" domo and rure, " from home, from the country;" domi and ruri (which is more common than rure,,) "at home, in the country." 16. AliqiuiTUum vice, ''a, considerable distdince." See p. 15, note
;

85
Paso

20

'20.

17.

Etet, "both and."

18. Defatigatus.

The

participle is used to denote the cause of

what
19.

follows.
Qiiue

See p. 18, note 14. 20. Pxnitebat. See page 15, note 6. 21. Requiro, qui. Supply aliquem, which fore the relative pronoun. See page 18, note 14. 22. Qui allevet.
liberet.
1.

is

often understood be-

Suhmersum iri.

In what

is

called the infinitive future passive,

{amatum, monitum iri, &c.), iri is really the infinitive of the passive impersonal itur, " things tend." Audio eum monitum iri, is therefore literally, " I hear that things tend to advising him ;" i. e. " that he is about to be advised." Hence the supine is unchanged, whatever be the gender or number of the substantive. Zumpt's Lat.

Gram.
2.

p. 110.

6,

Ezislimaret. Concerning the subjunctive, see page 14, note and page 16, note 11. 3. Major canibus. See page 8, note 4. 4. Quibus possis. Compare note 12, p. 18. 5. Qui fit. Instead oi' quomodo, unde Jit. 6. Natura formidolosos, i. e. eos, qui natura formidolosi sunt.
7.

Iiiquit ille,

i.

e.

lupus.

8.

9.

Futurum, sci\. esse ; equivalent to /ore. Ubi. For quum ibi, expressing the cause of the assertion con-

subjunctive designates a case only est, a positive and expected case. So also, at the end of the fable, si conjuncta sit. 11. Aspergi. Aspergere, {adspergcre), might be used here to express a voluntary action. An expression of asseveration; considered an abbre12. Pol. viation of Pollux. 13. Arreptum devoravit. Instead of arripuit et devoravit. These ablatives may be resolved by post14. Praeda divisa.

tained in the question. 10. Si moriendum sit.

The

thought possible;

si

moriendum

quam.
1.

Vlndicat sibi labor meus.

Instead oimiki vindico ob laborem

si

22

egregium vieum.
2.

Qui

voluerit.
scil.

Instead of

quis volu^rit, "should

any body

wish."
3.

Aut quae,

earum.
require the subjunctive

4. 5.

Quod debeat. See page 18, note 12. Modo and duvimx)do, " provided only ;"

always denote something supposed, as distinguished from something real. The subjunctive represents thee words 6. Qv^d daturus esset.
after them, because they
erat,

as a part of the invitation if the expression were, q^iod daturus they would be an explanatory addition of the narrator. Compare note 12, p. 11. Qui is frequently employed in Latin, to intro7. Quae quum.
;

86
Page

NOTES.

J8^ duce a sentence or clause, where in English we use the demonstrative pronouns simply. See note 4, p. 8. 8. Caeteris. See note 6, p. 18. 9. O vos stolidos. See p. 21, note 2. 10. Quantopere ezcruciet. For petivermit, ut dicitur. 11. Petivisse dicuntur. above, note 7. See 12. Quarum. The future participle serves to express an in13. Punihirus.
tention.
14.
et hie,

quo.

The

relative

demonstrative, or, in other words, qui

15. Poeniluit. 16.

pronoun includes the copula, and the is frequently used for et ille,

Suos refers

See note 6, p. 15. to At/ienienses, ipsi to Philippus.

of Athens, and a strenuous

17. Demosthenes, the greatest orator

opponent of Philip.
18.

tive.

23

1.

denotes a purpose, and consequently has the subjuncequivalent to ut ea. Compare note 14, p. 18. Impetu facto. Intead oi impetum fecisse {in caulas) et gregem
It is

Qua

dilaniasse.

Frustrari conveys the idea 2. Prustratus, i. e. quum decepisset. of pains taken in vain {frustra). et lupus Instead of tandem revera irrueret. irruente. Lnipo 3. 4. Coepit forms with orare a periphrasis for the finite verb {pravit), to denote the commencement of the action. See note 7, p. 22. 5. Quo sono.
.6.

Allecti,

from

allicere, originally " to allure

by

bait."

7.

Impetu facto.

See above, note

1.

In the usual transposition of sentences, 8. Quos puUos, eos. where the relative precedes the demonstrative, the former attracts to which it refers. substantive the itself to

The future passive participle denotes the pur9. Comedendos. pose and destination ut ah iis comedantur, (" for eating.") In signification equivalent to -ycTia^'wri. The su10. VeTiatum. pine is frequently use with ire, venire; thus, eo dormitum ; ihimus
:

auditum oratores ; spectatum veniunt. Instea-d of corripuit et dilaniavit. 11. Correptum dilaniavit. The gerund supplies the place of a 12. PartiendA negotium. declinable infinitive of the present active. See note 5, p. 7.
13. Astutior, scil. quam asinus. See note 4, 14. Laudare coepit. 15.

above.

Unde didicerit. In a direct question the expression would be, unde didicisti ? Alluding to the ass which had been killed by him. 16. Hujus. See note 6, p. 18. 1. Heu miseram vicem ! 24: 2. Pratcdulentus. Opposed to blandus. According to the context, perfida voluptatis 3. Perfda voluptas. would have been more appropriate.
Cupidus pascendi. See note 5, p. 7. Simul simul. The repetition of the adverb denotes the quick succession of the actions. It might be said, though with less animation, simul atque hunc adspicit, accurrit. The relative pronoun includes the signi6. Jure plecior, qui. See note 3, p. 19. fication of cause. An intentional play upon words similar in form. solo. 7. Salo 8. Seque. Combine et dixit, se avolaturum esse, si eum gravaret.
4.
5.

NOTES.
9.

87
Page

Al

ille, scil.

rcspondtt.

24-

Nee, "not even." Considenkm. Instead of the infinitive as denoting an action 11 of ihe accusative of the subject. This change takes place generally wiih the verbs sentire, videre, audire, and the like. 1. Draconem. Dragons, in consequence of their acute sight were often considered the guardians of holy places and treasures. 2. Prolem, Semele and Ino, and his grand-children Pentheus
10.

25

and Actaeon.
3.
It lies

lllyriam, a country bordering on the Adriatic, opposite Italy. in a northerly direction from Macedonia. It answers now,

modern Albania. name of Bithynia, which extends along and Euxine. 5. Argonautas. The Grecian heroes, who went to Colchis in the ship Argo, under the command of Jason, to take forcible posin a great degree, to
4.

Bcbnjcia, an ancient

the Propontis

session of the golden fleece. G. Pollux diUdCastor, sons of Leda and Jupiter, were worshipped under the name of Dioscuri, (A(do-*coi)po(,) " sons of Jupiter." 7. Mira magnitudine. The ablative of quality. 8. Novevi digilis. The ablative of measure. 9. Annorum. The genitive of quality. 10. Ossa and Pelion, mountains in Thessaly, 11. Alhenis. The names of towns of the 3d declension, or of the plural number, are put in the ablative when answering to the question,
13.

where

a building full of intricate windings. Icarium pelagus, a part of the Aegaean, off the western coast of Asia Minor. 14. Cyclopes,, the assistants of Vulcan. 15. 7%e55a/ia, a country in the north of Greece. 16. Morbo implicitus. Equivalent to correptus.
12. Labijrinthus,

Instead of a^i/y-uw. The guest of Admetus. 3. Orcus generally stands for the infernal regions here it is the divinity that conducts men to the world below, by the Greek poets called Oavaroi, (Mors.) 4. Cassiope, wife of Cepheus, king of Aethiopia. 5. Nereides, daughters of Nereus, a god of the sea. G. Perseus, son of Jupiter and Danac, who received from Mercury winged sandals, with which he flew over the sea; whence here advolavil. 7. Medusa, one of the Gorgons, who petrified all by her terrific
1.

Si quis.

26

2.

Hercules.

appearance.
8. 9.

Victor, as victor, after

Re

cognila,
visa.

i.

10.

Qmo

having proved victorious. insidias sibi parari cognovisset. Equivalent to cujus adspectu.
e.

quum

11. 12.

Inpalriam.
VciiLo moti.

To

Argos, in Greece.
et

Instead of rami {cum pomis) vento maventur

rccr.dunt.
13.

Prleus, a king of Thessaly, one of the Argonauts. 14. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus. 1.5. Mdluvi, (to be distinguished from malum.) 1(). Misit. Instead of ca7y<rcz7. 17. Ill medium. Among the guests. 18. Mcrcurius, the messenger of the gods.

88
Pago

NOTES.
19.

26

20. Ida,

Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam, king of Troy. a mountain of Mysia, east of Troy.

21. Diremturum esse. The infinitive depends upon dixit, which, according to the signification, is included in imperat. Spondco is one of the four verbs of the second 22. Spopondit.

2T

conjugation, which receive the reduplication in the perfect, after the manner of the Greek. Translate as if it were expressed in the active 23. Anteposito. hoc doiUTim prioribus anteposuit et 24. Menelaus, king of Lacedaemon, and son of Atreus. The Parcaehad fixed it as his destiny, 1. Cito periturum esse. to enjoy, either a long but inglorious life, or great glory and a short life. 2. Scyros, an island in the Aegaean sea. 3. Ithaca, an island on the western side of Greece ; Ulysses, (*OSv(ravs\ was distinguished for his prudence. not advocare ? 4. Advocari. See note 2, p. 16. 5. Unde. 6. Aulis, a town in Greece, on the Euripus. which separates Euboea from the continent. 7. Agamemnon, king of Argos, and brother of Menelaus. He had preferred himself to the goddess in 8. Superbiusque. Scil. svperbius, quam par erat. the art of shooting with the bow. 9. Abduxit. On this pretence {sic) he allured her from her home to Aulis.

Why

28

10. Terram Tauricam. TheTauricaChersonesus was alarge peninsula of Europe, at the south-west of the Palus Masotis, now called the Crimea. It was joined by an isthmus to Scythia. The inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. 11. Achilles was desirous of marrying Polyxena, and was killed at an interview with her in the temple of Apollo, according to some, by the god, who favoured the Trojans; according to others, by Paris. 12. Caucasus, a range of mountains between the Euxine and the Caspian sea. The length of this chain is 400 miles, and its breadth from 60 to 200 miles. 13. Quae, with the signification of purpose. See n. 14, p. 18. 14. Pluto, Jupiter, and Neptune, sons of Saturn, divided the world among themselves by lot in such a manner, that Jupiter obtained the heaven {Olympus), with the sovereignty of the whole, Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal regions {Hades), and the realms of the dead. 15. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cererem non esse passuram. 1. Eleusis, a town in Attica, famous for the Eleusinian Mysteries, which commemorated the arrival of the goddess in this re-

gion.
2.

Igne ohruebat.
terrestrial.

In order to purify

him by

fire

of that which

was
3.

Quas

disseminaret.

Quas

is

equivalent to ut eas.

See

n. 13,

p. 27. 4. Parcae.

The

three goddesses of destiny, Clotho, Lachesis,

and Atropos.
5. 6. 7.

Victurum, scil. esse. Calydon, a town in Aetolia in Greece, Atalania, daughter of Jasion, who ruled over a part of Area-

NOTES.
dia; she chase.
8.
9.

89
Page

was brought up

in the woods,

and devoted herself to the

28

In aves, Meleagrides, " gninea-hens."

;

Sidon, onis, {do in these names is long, TiiSuiv, uvos in the detown in Phoenirivative Sidonius it is usually short, 'Licovioi). cia, on the Mediterranean. 10. Creta, a large island in the same sea, south-east of Greece; famous for its 100 cities and the laws of Minos. It is now called

Instead of Aac co7iiz7io7ig, since he had added the condition to their message. 12. Cadmus. See p. 25, 1. 13. Delphos. must To the oracle of Apollo in Phocis. suppose that he had questioned the oracle respecting his future lot; hex\ce he\ow responsum. 14. Sequcrelur. The idea of an order is contained in the words responsum accepit; hence sequeretur instead of ut sequeretur. 15. In Boeoliam. A country of Greece, north of Attica. It is

Candia. 11. Conditione addita.

We

called Livadia. Draco-aem. See p. 25, 1. 17. Aravit. He ploughed them over, as a sower the scattered seed. 18. Sparli, called T.7raproi from a-cipuv, " to sow." Here the name is derived from spargere. 19. Thebae, arum, the capital of Boeotia. Its citadel was built by Cadmus, hence called Cadm^a. 20. Silenus, the instructor and companion of the young Bacchus. 21. Mygdonia, a country of Lydia in Asia Minor. 1. Quidquid tetigisset. Here ihe action is expressed in the pluperfect, because it is last in relation to the following, aurum Jieret, and it is expressed by the subjunctive, because it is an historical narration of the language of another. 2. Quern. The relative pronoun includes, besides the demonstrative, a conjunction, as et, vero, igilur, iamen, etc. Quemis here the accusative of the subject depending upon jussit. 3. Colore aur CO. The ablative of quality instead of ajita^mcto est colore aureo. 4. Schoeneus. He was born in Boeotia, but became naturalized
10.
;

now

29

in

Arcadia.
5.
<).

Horum,

soil,

malorum,.

Megara. town in Greece, the capital of a country called Mfgaris. It was at an equal distance from Athens and Corinth, on the Sinus Saronicus. 7. Ncgavit, i. e. dixit, Cretam non esse recepturam, &c. 8. Tantum scelus, a strong expression for mulierum tam scelestnvi.
9.

Praccipilat.

The

present instead of the perfect.

See note

7,

p. 10.

10.

Muris

cinxit.

Since he collected the stones by the melody

of his lyre.

partum, i. e. hos liberos suos. 12. Superhius. See note 8, p. 27. 13. Dicilur, narranlur. Observe the construction of the verbs did and narrari with the nominative and infinitive.
1

1.

Qucm


90
Page

NOTES.
1.

3O

Harpyias, fledged, ravenous monsters.

apTrd^ctv.

The name

is

derived

from

The ancient poetic language called dogs, " beings 2. Canes. subservient to the gods."
3.

Argonautae.
rogarent.

See note

5, p. 25.

4. Iter

Rogare aliquem aliquid, " to ask one

for

some-

thing." 5. Strophades,

name

31

two islands off the western coast of Greece. The derived from o-rpt^sjj/, " to turn," because here the sons of Aquilo or Boreas turned from their pursuit of the Harpyiae. Instead of liberaverunt. 6. Liberarunt. Complete the following sentences by eos la1. Latere aliquem.
is

tent. 2.

Dum viveret. The

it

tence, because
3. Ancipiti,

of another, and
i.

subjunctive stands in the dependent senhistorical narration of thoughts and words is not an assertion of the author.
is

an

dubiae et ambiguae. order of translation is, ut non auderent adducere in du^itationem ea, quae audivissent ab eo. 5. Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount Mycale. It was one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia, and owed its foundation to the Athenians. The conjunctions Autem, Enlm, Vero, Quoque, 6. Ego vero. Quidem, are always placed after the introductory word of the clause, generally in the second place, and sometimes in the third as, llle autem, Ego enim, Qui vero not Autem ille, Enim ego, Vere
e.

4.

Quae ab

eo.

The

Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 46. The Cynics (from kvmv) endeavoured to attain 7. Cynicorum. the highest freedom by denying themselves every superfluity, allowing only the necessaries of nature. Like travellers, without a home upon earth, they always went with knapsack and staff, engaged in a conslant war against vice and the vicious. 8. Videret, with a participle. See n. 11, p. 24. 9. Nisi ista periissent. He considered the knowledge, which he had acquired during his absence, of so much greater value than
qui.

extensive possessions.
10. Accubuisset. The ancients took their meals reclining {accumbentes), not sitting. 11. Cogitationibus inkaerens, " lost in thought." 1. Tarentinus, of Tarentum, now Tarento, a town of Calabria, in Magna Graeciaor Lower Italy, situated on the Tarentinus Sinus, near the mouth of the river Galesus. The luxurious habits of the Tarentines were proverbial. 2. Villicus, a superior slave in the country, who took charge of the villa or country-seat of his master. Slaves only were liable

32

to corporal
3.

punishment.
scil.

Vehementius,

quam par

erat.

since anger, like every violent passion, is usually compared with flame. 5. Veriius, " through fear." For the genitive discendi, see n.
4. Exarsisset,sci\.ird,

12, p. 23.

Cupiditate ductus. See n. 1, p. 19. Pythagoras had established a flourishing school of philosophy in Magna Graecia, in the sixth century, A. C. 8. Fuisse fertur. See n. 13, p. 29.
6. 7.

NOTES.
more expressive form of interrogation, 9. Quid esset, qiwd. instead of quare ? 10. Interesset, i, e. praesens esset, audiret sermones. The infinitive here expresses the object of the 11. Poenituit. repentance, which, when designated by nouns, is put in the genitive.

91
Pago

3 J8

Ptolemaeus, one of the kings of Egypt, after Alexander, in in Alexandria, the capital of the country. 13. LeorUino, of Leontium in Sicily. See note 13, p. 29. 14. Qui existimabatur. At Delphi, the c6mmon oracle of Greece. 15. Dclphici. " I have no reason to." 16. Nihil habeo quod,
12.

whose reign Hegesias taught

1.

Homerus

creditur.

See

n. 13, p. 29.

33

Quaestionem. The question was Octoginia annos Tiatum, " when 3. applied to the years of human life, is with an accusative of the time. On solemn 4. In certamen musicum. by poets, contended for the prize. Dicunt, scil. homines. 5.
2.
6. 7.

a riddle. eighty years old," Old^ rendered Latin by natvs,

occasions, choirs, headed
*

Et

ipse, " also."

Rediens, *' while returning." verse which contained a sentiment displeaSententiam. sing to them. Pan, the protector of herds, whom Pindar worshipped in a 9. chapel near his house, but who ranged over the woods and mountains, his usual abode. 10. Pepercit, with the dative of the object. 11. Mijndus, a maritime town of Caria, north-west of Halicarnissus. 12. Quum, " though."
8.

ageretur. The conjunction denotes an indefinite conceived only as possible. 14. Pericles, a celebrated orator and general of Athens, who by his great abilities maintained an absolute sovereignty over the republic for 15 years, and shared it with others for 25 years. He died about 429 years B. C, in the 3d year of the Peloponnesian war. The future participle active expresses an action, 15. Ilurus. which one intends or is about to perform. 1. Ne quod, in^lead of 7ie verbum aliquod. 2. Lycurgus, a celebrated lawgiver .of Sparta, son of king Eunomus, and brother of Polydectes. The reform, which he effectHis laws continued in full force for 700 ed, happened 884 B. C.
13.

De qua

object,

34

years. 3. Persunsit, with the dative of the object. This was the title of the priestess, who delivered 4. Pythia. the oracles at Delphi from the sacred tripod. In the second Persian war, before the contest at 5. Persae.

Thermopylae.
ferri, videri, existimari.

Respecting the use of diet, narrari, See n. 13, p. 29. 7. Cyrus, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Aslyages, king of Media. He was the founder of the Persian monarchy. 8. Ponlus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by
6.

Obscuraluri,

scil. esse.

PART

I.

92
Page

NOTES.

34: the Euxine, on the east by Armenia, on the south by Cappadocia, and on the west by Galatia and Paphlagonia. 9. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. He is the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 10. In Olijmpico certamine. Olympia, a town in Elis, a country of the Peloponnesus, situated on th? southern bank of the Alpheus, now Alfeo. This was the celebrated region in which the OlymThey were pic games were held in honour of Jupiter Olympius. of very ancient foundation, and revived, by Coroebus, B. C. 776, and serve as the epoch of Grecian chronology. They were celebrated at the conclusion of every fourth year, or rather every forty-ninth month, and were 'held for five successive days. The Roman lustrum was a period oifive years. 11. Epaminondas, a famous Theban, who aided his friend Pelopidas in freeing their city from the yoke of Lacedaemon, and in maintaining its freedom and independence. 12. Affixa. The ancients, after a contest, hung up, in the temple of the gods, the arms taken from the enemy, or at the close of the war, their own. 13. Mantinea, a town of Arcadia, near the borders of Argolis. From the death of Epaminondas, Thebes lost its power and consequence among the Grecian states. 14. Clypeus. It was considered most disgraceful to a soldier to

abandon his shield in the fight. 15. Tanta abst. et iyitegr. Ablatives of quality.
16. L/ijsander, a celebrated Spartan, who terminated the Peloponnesian war, by taking Athens, and appointing 30 tyrants over
it,

B. C. 404. Volo praebeas. 18. Quod factum.

17.

Understand

'ut.

The

accusative depending upon exprdbran-

tibus. 19. Thrasybulus, who freed his country from, the 30 tyrants, B. C. 401. 1. Quantas-tantas. Concerning the position of the sentences, and the attraction of the substantive by the relative, see n. 8 d '^'

3S

23.
2.

'

in videar retulisse, is a more modest expression than ui reiulerim would be, since it leaves it to others to decide as to the merit of his action. 3. Abscinderem. Understand mim or ne ; abscinderemnc. 4. Pythiavi ad se vocatuvi. Translate as if it were Pythiam ad se vocayit, quumque ab co, (" from his mouth :") accepissct {audivisset) difficuliatem rei dom. ("the deranged state of his private affairs,") eum pecunia instruxit. 5. Pythia. The ablative in the abridged comparison. 6. Damnata, who, in a cause decided by the king, had received

an unfavourable sentence. 7. Pilium, Alexander. 8. Quod, instead of quam

9.

Sperojore

ut.

A common

ob rem.

periphrasis for spero with the in-

The ablatives depend upon dignus. Instead of 7iu7n speras. " That such as." Concerning the subjunctive following the relative, when it refers to talis, ejusmodi, is, see n. J
11. Sperasne. 12. Eos, quos.
10, p. 15.
'

finitive of the future. 10. Et nobis et rebus.

NOTES.
Dehellare means properly, "to end the war, 13. Asia debellata. to weaken the enemy so as to disable him from continuing the con"to conquer." test;" hence simply 14. Civitate sua, "wiih the freedom of their city."
15.

93
Page

35

Officium,

an action by which we think

to please, or confer

favour upon one.

Alexander now considered the compliment 16. Lubentissime. by which he wa^ made equal to Hercules as a favourable omen of
future greatness, 17. His verbis utebaTdur.

Understood, " in the resolution taken

upon

it."

18. Brevitafe. The Lacedaemonians took great pains to convey the most expressive meaning in the fewest words; whence such mode of expression has been proverbially called Laconic. 19. L/ysimachus, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, who at the partition of the empire, received for his share Thrace, the Chersonese, and the countries adjacent to the Euxine. 20. Cyrenaeum, " of Cyrene," now Curin, the capital of Cyrenaica, a country of northern Africa, east of the Syrtis Major and west of Marmarica. It corresponds with the modern Barca. /?itere5^ and re/er^ are joined with a gen1. Mea nihil interest. itive of the person whose interest is concerned, or with the neuters

36

of mei, tui, etc. The degree of importance is expressed by adverbs, or by the neuters of adjectives, or by their genitives. The thing in which any one's interest is involved is not expressed by a substantive, but by an accusative with an infinitive, or by id with a subjunctive and the interTnea, ttia, sua, nostra, vestra, instead

rogative particles. 2. Humir^, instead of utrum humi. 3. Sublime, instead of i7i sublimi. 4. Caria. province in the south-west of Asia Minor. 5. Sepulcrum. The Mausoleum, one of the wonders of the world. 6. Septem miracula. Of these the principal were the temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus, or brazen image of Apollo, at Rhodes, the pyramids of Egypt, &c. 7. Manibus. Not from manus, but from manes. Translate as if it were, et in hoc certa8. Praemiis propositis. mine praemia amplissinia proposuit ei, qui 9. Dionysius, surnamed the younger, was finally expelled by Timoleon, B. C. 343. 10. L/ydia, a province in the western part of Asia Minor, on the

Aegaean.
Se felicior. Instesid of qv/im ipse. Psophidium. Of Psophis, a town of Arcadia. Pyrrhus crossed to Italy for the express purpose of aidmg the Taren tines in the war which they had undertaken against the
11.

12.
13.

Romans, B. C.
seems
;

280.

eramus. The conditional sentence, nisi defecisset require essemus, and this would convey the same meaning but eramus expresses the conditional as positive and not to be doubted, so that the boldness of the speaker is more forcibly displayed by the indicative. 15. Anti^onus, suvnamed Gotui^iw, son of Demetrius, and grandson of Antigonus, who was one of Alexander's generals. 16. In for potius, scil. cognoscam.
14. Loquut-uri
to

94

NOTES.

36

now Catania, a. town Sit ihe foot of Aetna, in Sicily. At permits us to understand a sentence from the preceding "you would justly laugh, if I intended to fly before the enemy hut I go to war to fight firmly, without abandoning my post." With the verbs esse, proficisci, dare, and 19. Sibi laetitiae esse. venire, verto, fio, and others of the same meaning, besides the dative of the person, another is used to express the purpose, effect, and destination. Zumpt's L. G. Kenrick's Transl.
17. Catdtta,
18.
;
;

3T

Se meliores. Instead of quam ipsum. See n. 18, p. 36. 1. At anseres. 2. Rhodius, of the island Rhodus, which the Mediterranean, See n. 10, p. 84. 3. In ludis Olympicis.
20.
4. 5.

lies opposite

Caria, in

Inspedante populo. " In the sight of the assembled people." Africanus. So called from his victory over Hannibal in Africa. 6. Epirus, a country in the western part of Greece, forming a part of modern Albania. The neuter of the participle passive 7. Insiandum esse negabat. in dus is used in the nominative, or the accusative before the inAccordfinitive, with esse, in the sense of propriety or necessity. ingly the words above may be translated, " said that one ought not to urge."
8. Fortius, scil. 9.

quam
i.

Ex necessitate,

e.

alias fecisset. necessitate coactus.

10. Corinthus, now Corito, a famous commercial city, situated on the Isthmus of Corinth, now Hexamili, which connects the Peloponnesus with Hellas, or Greece properly so called. Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, B. C. 146. 11. Non esset unde. Instead of non esset aliquid, ex quo 12. Major. The conqueror of Hannibal in the battle of Zama, to be distinguished from the Younger, who destroyed Carthage. 13. Gentis Corneliae. The family of Scipiones was a branch of the gens Cornelia. The full name of this Scipio was P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Concerning the name of the Romans, see Sometimes, as in the present instance, a fourth name, n. 2, p. 4. called the Agnomen, was given, added from some illustrious action or remarkable event. 14. Recuperato demum gladio, i. e, non prius ad suos reversus est, quam gladium recuperaverat. 15. Locum. The place from which they had retreated during the fight. soldier could name his heir in the presence of 3 or 4 comrades, before he went to battle, and this, without any other ceremonies, was considered a complete testament. It was called testamentum militare, vel in procinctu, i. e. " made while he was girding himself, or preparing for battle." 16. Eos is to be referred to milites, which is contained in cohortes.

17.

Cedentem

videret.

See

n. 11, p. 24.

18.

Capite devoto.

He

suffered himself to be devoted to death

by certain ceremonies, as if it were an atoning sacrifice for the whole army. 19. Liberavit. Brutus expelled TarquiniusSuperbus, B. C. 509The consular authority was established, which continued independent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia. 20. Virgis caesos. Roman citizens, who were condemned to

NOTES.
were beaten with rods previous to their execution, in order them on a level with the slarves. Per5ew5wasconqueredbyPaulus AemyliuSjSonof theAemylius who fell at Cannae. The decisive battle was fought at Pydna, B. C. 168. The province Macedonia, under the Romans, included Thessaly and Epirus, and extended from sea to sea. It is
death,
1.

9^
Page

3T

to place

38

now
2.

Roumelia.

Hoc amine. All unusual phenomena, particularly in the heavens, were considered by the ancients as signs of future things.
3. Cicatricem aversam, i. e. iii parte corporis, hostibus aversa, i. e. in tergo ; on the contrary, adversa vuhiera are " wounds jn the

Crowns were given by the ancients to free citizens as tokens of merit and valour. They were different according to the circumstances Obsidionalis, for freeing an army from a blockade Vallaris vel Castrensis, to the first who mounted the rampart, or entered the camp of the enemy Muralis, to him who first scaled the walls of a city in an assault Navalis, to him who first boarded the ship of an enemy Civica, to him who had saved the life of a citizen. There were smaller rewards of various kinds as, trappings, (^Phalerae) ; golden chains, a banner, {Vexillum) (Aurea Torques) bracelets, {Armillae). 5. Carpetani. The territories of this people were in the centre of Spain, in what is now New CastHe. Their principal city was Toletum, now Toledo. Hispani et Galli, who were in the Carthaginian 6. Barbari. army. The Romans, like the Greeks, called every nation barbarian which was not of their own race. " In order to give credit to this pretence." 7. Infidem ejus rei. Respecting the subjunctive, see n. 14, p. 8. Quibus trajiceret.
:

breast." 4. Coronis.

18. 9.

Vulnerari.

See

n. 2, p. 11.

AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY.

hill on the Tiber, by some considered as one of the seven hills on which Rome was built while others say that It was fortified by Ancus it was not included within the city. Martins. Troja, the capital of Troas, a district on the 2. Troja eversa. Aegaean coast of Mysia in Asia Minor. After a war of 10 years, undertaken in consequence of the rape of Helen by Paris, Troy was taken and completely destroyed by the allied army of the Greeks, B. C. 1184. This city has been celebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil the former gives an account of the war, and the latter relates the wanderings of Aeneas, after the fall of See p. 26, 11. his native city, and his final settlement in Italy.
1.

Jamculum.

39

3.

Quibiis pepercerat, {parcere alicui).

Alba lonqa. Called longa, because it extended along the hill Albanus, and AWa, from the circumstance of Aeneas having found on the spot a wkile sow with 30 young ones, according to the prophecy of Helenus. Vestae sacerdotibus. The Vestal virgins devoted themselves 1. to the service of the goddess Vesta, and kept the perpetual fire upon her altar. They took upon themselves the vow of chastity, and a violation of it weis punished with death.
4.

40

i2

96

NOTES.
2.

40

Vironubere,
is

man

" to be

D-wcere, " to take in marriage," is used when a Nuhere, " to be veiled," or duci^ ; led," is used when a woman is the subject.

the subject of discourse

The Tiber having flat banks, the overflowing 3. Ultra ripam. of the river is a common occurrence. 4. Nutriendos. -Instead of ut cos nutriret. 5. Asylum, Gr. acvXav, a consecrated place, which aflforded safety
from violence. Understand such as during the civil commotions had 6. Pulsi. been expelled by the opposite faction, or were obliged to leave their country on account of a murder, which, in the badly organized state of civil society, was a common occurrence. The Capitol was a citadel and temple on the Tar7. In arce. peian rock, which formed a part of the Capitoline hiJl. On condition that Tatius, king of the Sa8. In urbem recepit.

41

bines, should share the sovereignty with him. At the end of every five years a review {census) 1. I/wstraret. of the people was made. After the census was finished, an expiatory or purifying sacrifice, {Sacrificium lustrale), was made and thus the people were said to be purified, {lustrari). Because this was done at the end of every fifth year, hence Lustrum is put for the space of five years, Romulus was afterwards wor2. Ad deos sublatum, {tollere). shipped by the Romans as a god, under the name of Quirinus. The general of the Albans. After a 3. Melius Fuffetius. treaty of peace had been made, he sided with the Romans in a battle between them and the Veientes, and, deserting during the fight, exposed his allies to great danger. 4. Ei moenia circumdedit. Equivalent to novis earn moenibus circumdcdit. 5. Corinthus. See n. 10, p. 37. 6. Etruria, otherwise called Tuscia, a celebrated country of Italy, lying to the west of the Tiber. It is now called Tuscany. Those elected by Romulus were called 7. Minorum gentium. Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled by Tullus Hostilius, Tarquinius Priscus, and Brutus, were denominated Patres minorum gentium. This at least is the opinion of some critics. Others maintain, that all those who were enrolled before the time ol Brutus, were named Patres viajorum gentium, and those enrolled

by him, Patres minorum gentium.

vol. 2, p. 315.
8. 9.

See Crombie's Gymnasium,

Ademtos, i. e. q^ios hostibus ademerat. Capitolium. See n. 7, p. 40.

4:2

The census was instituted by Servius Tullius, and 1. Censum. properly consisted in taking an account of the property and family of each citizen, and in imposing taxes in proportion to their efiecls. Servius at the same time divided the people into six classes, and these again into centuries. The census was at first taken by the kings, and afterwards by the consuls but, after the year of the city 310, by a proper ofiicer, called Censor. 2. Curia. The place at which the senate usually met was the Curia Hostilia, built by Tullus Hostilius at the foot of the Palatine hill, so that there was an easy ascent to it from the Forum by
;

means
3.

of steps, (gradibus).

CarpenPum, a vehicle with two wheels, and an arched cover-

NOTES.
ing,
4.
1.

91^
Page

mules.

sometimes without the covering, and generally drawn by 4:2 It was used by the Roman matrons in the city. Hanc injuriam. The outrage offered her by the king's son. lytixerunt. Lugere means not only " to lament, to bewail," 43

but also " to

2.

wear mourning

for."

Pons

lig'fieus.

A bridge over the Tiber,

As
it

licius,

(from

svblicae, " stakes.")

allatis.

was

called also pons subentirely of wood, it

torture, in

was
3.

easily taken asunder, {rumpi).

Ignibus

He

threatened

him with

which

fire also

was

used.

4. Anienerfi.

Anio is used. Apennines, and empties into the Tiber near Antemnae. 5. Qui concilia/ret. See n. 14. p. 18. 6. rahulam. See this fable, I'l. 8. 7. Tribuni plebis. Two tribunes were at first created, but A. U. 297, ten tribunes were created, which number continued ever after.
8.
9.

From the obsolete nominative Anien, for which The Anio is a river of Latium, which rises in the

Qui

defenderent, i. e. ea de causa, ut. Volscorum. The Volsci were situated in the southern part of

Latium.
Milliarum. The public ways {Publicae Viae) of the Rofurnished with mile-stones, which were distant from one another 1000 paces or 5000 Roman feet. The pace {Passus) included a double step, {gradus vel gressus), or the space from the place where the foot is taken up to that where it is set down. 11. VeierUes. The inhabitants of the city (oruw) in Etru10.

mans were

Fm

ria.

Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, which empties into the Tiber above Rome. 2. Qui HoMnibalem. In the second Punic war. 3. Debililavit, i. e. vires imminuit. 4. Decemviri. Bodies charged with a college of ten men. particular office were generally designated by the number of their members, to which wis still given an explanatory epithet. Thus here the above-mentioned Decemvirate is distinguished from other decemviral bodies by the addition o{ Icgibus scribendis. 5. Falerii, a city in Etruria. The inhabitants were called Falisci. G. Rediccendum tradidit. As above, c. 7, pvxros uzori nvirien1.

44

dos dedit.

The iise of 7. AIMs equis, i. e. curru invectus albis cquis juncto. while horses, in their opinion, was confined to the gods, and especially to Jupiter and the Sun. 8. Gain Senones, a nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their native possessions on the banks of the Seine (Sequdua) and Marne {Matrona), and, under the conduct of Brennus, pillaged Rome. They settled on the coast of Umbria in Italy.
9.

which empties

Allia, a little river of Italy, in the territories of the Sabines, into the Tiber. 10. I/i eo erant. collective noun or noun of multitude, e. gr.

praesidium, turba, multiludo, cxercitus, nobilitas, may be the subject of a plural verb. It is common when a noun of this class continues the subject of successive propositions, to join a singular verb with it in one and a plural in another; thus, in the present instance, praesidium is connected, in the first proposition, with the singular verb laborabat, in the second, with tne plural erant.
11.

TVans Anienem.

See

n. 4, p. 43.

98
Page

NOTES.

4:5

One of the highest military officers. In 1. Tribunus militum. the earliest times there were three to each legion, and as the legion at that time consisted of 3000 men, each tribune commanded 1000 hence they were called by the Greeks chiliarchi {x'^^^'^9X'-) In later times there were six in each legion, who commanded under the consuls. 2. Samnites, a people of Itsily, whose territory was called Sarrvniwm. Their country lay between Apulia on the east, Latium and Campania on the west, Lucania on the south, and the confines oi the Marsi on the north. 3. Dictator, a mag:istrate at Rome, invested with absolute authoHe was appointed only in extraordinary cases, when the rity. circumstances of the state required prompt and efficient management. His power continued only for the space of six months. The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called his master of horse, mngister equitum. 4. Furculae Caudinae, a narrow pass in the vicinity of Caudium, a town of the Samnites.
;

5.

Sub jugum.

When

enemies were vanquished, they were

stripped of their arms and made to pass under the yoke, (jugum). This consisted of two spears planted in the ground, which were crossed at the top by a third, so low, however, that the captives were obliged to bend in passing under. Tarentum was a Grecian colony in lower Italy, 6. Tarentinis. still called Tarento. 7. Epirus, a country on the western coast of Greece. 8. Auxilio poposcerunt. The more usual construction is, poscere auxilium ab aliquo, or, with a double accusative, poscere aliquem,

46

auxilium. 9. Elephantorum. As the Romans first saw the elephant in the army of Pyrrhus in Lucania, and were ignorant of its proper name, they called it bos Lucas. 1. Adversis vulneribus, See note 3, p. 38. 2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 3. Campania, a country of Middle Italy, on the Inferurti vel
.

Tyrrhenum Mare.
Praeneste, a town in Latium. Praelio commisso. In the consulship of P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. Decius Mus. 6. Pueri comitarentur. This 'distinction was usuall)'' allowed to triumphant generals, and only on the day of their triumph. It was granted to Duilius for his lifetime. 1. Se desiisse. Soldiers who were taken prisoners in war, lost 4:T thereby their right of citizenship.
4. 5. 2. Tot millia. The Carthaginians had proposed an exchange in the lump, although the number of Carthaginian prisoners was by far the greater. 3. Lilyhaeum, the western promontory of Sicily.

48

4. Citralberum. The /Zfcr^s (now the ^Jro) flowed through Spain from north-west to south-east, almost parallel to the Pyrenees. The country south of this river remained subject to the Carthaginians. 5. Clusium, (now Chiusi), a town in Etruria. 6. Insiibres, a powerful Gallic tribe in Upper Italy, in what is now the government of Milan in Austrian Italy. 1. Spolia. The spoils which a general took from the general of the enemy was called spolia opivui. They were dedicated and

NOTES.
suspended in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. These spoils were obtained only thrice before the fall of the republic. The first byRomulus, who slew Acron, king of the Caeninenses; the next by A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, king of the Veientes, A. U. C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Marcellus, who slewViridomarus, a king of the Gauls, A. U. C. 530. 2. Saguntum, a city on the eastern coast of Spain, in Hispania Tarraconensis. 3. Ut mandaretur. Understand before it qui postidarentj the idea of which is contained in miserunt. 4. Liguria, a country of Upper Italy, bounded on the south by the Sinus Ligusticus, or Chdfof Genoa, on the north by the Padus, now the Po, on the east by the river Macra, and on the west by the Varus. It answers to Genoa and part of Piedmont. 5. Tlcinus, now Tessino, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, which rises in the Alps, and, having traversed in its course the Lacus Verbanus, (now Lago Maggiore), empties into thePadusnear Ticinum, 6. Trebia, a river of the same country, which rises in Liguria, and flowing in a northerly direction empties into the Padus near Placentia. 7. Twscia,OT Etruria. From the former the present name Tuscany is derived. 8. Trasimenus, a lake of Etruria, near Perusia, (now Perugia), from which it takes its present name, lake of- Perugia. 9. Qiiam, mora, i. e. cunctando et bellum differendo. This Fabius had shown, who, when appointed dictator, weakened the enemy by avoiding an engagement and continually harassing his army by countermarches and ambuscades. Hence he received the surname of Cunctator. 10. Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Magna Graecia in Italy, lying along the Adriatic, from the river Frento in the north-west

99
Pae

48

promontory lapygium. Armata, " with their arms in their hands." 12. Aureorum annulorum. The senators and knights enjoyed the privilege of wearing golden rings. Publius and Cnaeus. The former 1. A duobus Scipionibus. was a father of the elder Scipio Africanus. Bells were invented there, in 2. Nola, a town of Campania. the beginning of the 5th century, by St. Paulinus, the bishop of the place. Hence they have been called in Latin Nolae, or Camto the
11.

49

panae.
3. Quo minus irajiceret. After verbs meaning " to hinder, to prevent," quo minus is used in the signification of Tie. It seems to be a 4. Poeni, a name given to the Carthaginians. corruption of Phoeni or Phoeniccs, as the Carthaginians were of

Phoenician origin.
5.

Syracusae',2i celebrated city of Sicily,

founded about 732 B. C.

by Archias a Corinthian.
Scipiones interfecti. Both were slain within the space of one month, in the eighth year of their generalship in Spain, in unfortunate battles against the Carthaginians. * 7. Ad Ticinum. See above, c. 3. Since they thought that the state was 8. Ilal. deser. cnpient. ruined beyond all hope of recovery, 9. Carthago nova, now Carthagcna, on the southern coast of His6.

Duo

pania Tarraconensis.

100
Page

NOTES.
Sena Gallica, now Senigaglia, a town on the Adriby the Senones, A. U. C. 396. 11. Picenum, a country of Italy on the Adriatic, east of the Apennines now called the March of Ancona. 12. Bruttii, a people who inhabited the most southern part of
10. Sena, or
atic, built
;

49

Italy.
13. Numidia, an extensive kingdom in the northern part of Africa, west of Africa Propria. It was bounded on the west by Mauretania, and on the south by Gaetulia. It forms the present kingdom of Algiers. 1. Zama^ a town of Numidia, now Zamora, 300 miles south-west of Carthage. 2. Quam coeperat, i. e. anno undevicesimo, postquam coeperat. See above, p. 49, 6. 3. Philippus, the son of Demetrius. 4. Cynoscephalae, eminences in Thessaly, south-east of Pharsaresemblance to the heads of dogs, {kwojv lus, so called from their

50

51

was 5. Nobis, a tyrant of Sparta, celebrated for his cruelty. slain B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14 years. Syria, a country of Asia, on the 6. Syriacum, "a Syrian," Mediterranean, between Arabia and Cilicia in Asia Minor. 7. Legates, the name of the officer chosen by a proconsul or propraetor to accompany him to his province, and assist him in the discharge of his duties. Sometimes the governor remained at home, and merely sent out the legatus to the province; and at other times the senate sent out a legatus, without naming any proconsul or propraetor. 8. Magnesia, a town in the northern part of Lydia, near the junction of the Hermus and Hyllus, and in the vicinity of mount Sipylus. 9. Asia, i. e. Asia Minor, in which Antiochus had many possessions. 10. Taurus, the largest range of mountains in Asia as to extent. Intra Taurum, " on the southern side of the range." 11. Pydna, a town in the southern part of Macedonia, situate on the shore of the Sinus Thermaicus. It was originally called Citron. 1. Sezdecimremorumordines. The ships of war were variously named from their rows or ranks of oars. Those which had two rows or tiers were called Bir ernes ; three, triremes; four, quadriremes ; five, quinqueremes Ye\ penteres ; those of six or seven, by a Greek name, Hexeres, Hepteres, and above that by a circumlocution, as in the present instance. The rowers were placed above one another in different stages or benches ( in transtris veljugis) on the side of the ship. 2. Tribunus, as tribunus militum. 3. Phirima, works of art, and images of the gods, taken from the
temples of conquered towns.
Pseudophilippus, '^evSocpCXi-mroi, who had falsely assumed the of Philippus. certain Andriscus pretended to be the son of Perseus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom of Macedonia, and formed k large party among the Macedonians, who were oppressed under the sovereignty of the Romans. 5. Corinthiis. Corinth, (see p. 37, 65,) the principal city of the Achaean league, a famous confederacy which was formed B. C. 284, and continued formidable upwards of 130 years.
4.

He

name

NOTES.

101

The Roman ambassadors had been treat6. Propter injuriam. ed with violence and insult, at the meeting of the confederacy at Corinth, on account of the extravagance and severity of their demands in consequence of which, war was declared against the
;

51

confederacy. 7. Lusitania, a part of ancient Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, answering nearly to the modern kingdom of Portugal. Portugal is in its length larger than Lusitania, but from west to east much
smaller.
1. Numantia, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, near the sources of the river Durius. The Numantines did not accept this expedi2. Hostibus tradi. ent for evading the fulfilment of the contract, and did not offer violence to the consul who was offered to them as a victim. 3. Correxit. He began by reforming the abuses which had crept into the military discipline. 4. Vinctus, " in chains." The history of the war with Jugurtha has been given by Sallust in a work styled Bellum Jugurthinum. 5. Crmbri et Teutones, northern tribes who left their ancient abodes, and went in search of new settlements. Other Gallic tribes through whose territory they passed, joined them, See above, p. 44, 32. 6. Ne iterum. 7. TeutoTies. Marius met the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, now Air, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. He left 20,000 dead on the field of battle, and took 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. 8. Belloque protracto. See n. 5, p. 14. 1. Gravissimum bellum. The war of these allied nations (subjects of Rome) was called bellum sociale, or, because the Marsi, a people of middle Italy, were the leading nation engaged in it, bellum Marsicurn ; also, bellum Italicum. 2. Acquajura^ the right of Roman citizens, jura civitatis. 3. Jus civitatis. The freedom of the city was conferred in difierent degrees, according to the different merits of tlMkallies towards the republic. To some the right of voting {jus suffragii) was given, and to others not. After the social war it was communicated, with the right of voting, to all of the Italfans south of the river Rubicon on the upper sea, and of the city Luca on the lower sea. Afterwards the same right was granted to Cisalpine Gaul, which hence began to be called Gallia Togata. 4. Pontics, a kingdom in the north of Asia Minor, on the Ponlus Euxinus Mithridates had greatly enlarged it by his conquests. 5. Pugatnisfuerat. He had taken refuge in Africa, but returned upon hearing that Cinna had embraced his cause. 6. Proscripserunt. Proscribere, properly " to post up in writing, to publish any thing to be sold," especially in reference to auctions; also, " to confiscate one's property, sequester or seize one's to estate ;" from the time of Sylla, " to proscribe, or outlaw one doom to death and confiscation of property." Sylla introduced the custom ofproscription, after having conquered the party of Marius. He ordered lists {tabulae proscriptionis), of the names of those whom he doomed to die, to be placed in the public places of the city, with the promise of a reward {duo talenta) for the head of each person so proscribed. He divided the lands and fortunes of the slain among his friends, and declared their children incapable of honours. * 7. Sociale. See above, n. 1.
;
;

52

53

IQ2
Page

NOTES.

54

now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, oppoByzantium, built by a colony from Megara, B. C. 685, some years before the founding of Byzantium. 2. Cyzicus, anciently a very flourishing city, situate on the island of Cyzicus, in the Propontis, which is now a peninsula, and preserves its name. 3. Byzantium, a city situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a colony from Argos and Megara, B. C. 658. Constantine the Great made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A. D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis.
1.

Chalcedon,

posite

the war of the slaves. Gladiatores. Gladiators were for some'time exhibited only at funerals, biit afterwards also by the magistrates, to entertain the They were kept and trained in schools {in ludis) by perpeople. sons called Lanistae. The whole number under one Lanista was called Familia. Gladiators were at first composed of captives, slaves, or condemned malefactors. Afterwards also free-born citizens fought, some even of noble birth. Gladiators were exhibited sometimes at the funeral pile, often in the Forum, but usually in an amphitheatre, so called, because it was seated all round, like two theatres joined. The place where the gladiators fought was called ArcTui, because it was covered with saw-dust or sand, to prevent the gladiators from sliding, and to absorb the blood and the persons who fought, J.rmaru. The slaves of Capua were quickly joined by an immense multitude of their fellow-sufferers, with whom Italy was filled, 6. Cabira, a fortified town of Armenia Minor, near the confines of Pontus, afterwards called Sebaste. 7. Successor. M. Acilius Glabrio, who was shortly after succeed4.

Novum helium,

5.

ed by Pompey.
8. Piratae, chiefly the inhabitants of the coast of Asia Minor, especially the Cilicians, who rendered the Mediterranean unsafe by their piraaies. 1. Venenum hausit. According to others, he stabbed himself, since the poison had no effect on him, in consequence of the antidotes which he wasln the habit of taking to render ineffectual the attempts of his enemies to poison him, 2, Galatia, a country of Asia Minor, lying west of Pontus. It derived its name of Galatia from the Gaub oj* Celtae, who invaded and settled the country. From the Greeks, who subsequently became intermingled with them, the country was also called Gallo-

55

Graecia,
3.
^

Quod non recepisset.

See

n. 12, p. 14.

Judaea, a province of Palestine, forming the southern division, and lying north of Arabia. Hierosolyma (Jerusalem) was
4.

the capital,
5. Argenti infinitum, i. e, infinitum pondus, infinita summa. 6. Catalina. In order to repair his ruined fortune, he attempted to effect apolitical revolution, and to murder the Senate and opulent citizens, with the intention of confiscating their property for the benefit of himself and his followers,
.

Parthi, a people of Asia, successively tributary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, and almost unknown until about 240 B. C, when they suddenly emerged from their obscurity under Arsaces, who laid the foundation of the Parthian empire. This empire was bounded on the east by the Indus, on the south by
7.

NOTES.
the

103
Page

Mare Erythraeum, on the west by the Tigris, and on the north by Caucasus. 8. Carrae, a town of Mesopotamia, south-east of Edessa. 9. Contra auspicia, notwithstanding the unlucky omens, which

55

occurred before the battle. 1. Nominis, i. e. populi, 2. Absens. Candidates were bound according to law to be present at Rome, and when they commanded an army, to discharge it before soliciting an of&ce. But Caesar continued with his army in Cisalpine Gaul. 3. Ariminum, now Rimini, a town in Italy on the Adriatic, beyond the limits of Caesar's province wherefore the taking possession of this town was to be considered as a declaration of war. 4. Dictatorcm. See n. 3, p. 45.
;

56

5. Hispayiias. The plural comprehends the three principal divisions of the peninsula, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, and Baeiica.

Primopraelio. Thisbattle was fought near Dyrrachium, now city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea. 7. Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thessaly, south-west of Larissa, on the river Enipeus. In its neighbourhood is a large plain
6.

Durazzo, a large

called Pharsalia, in
8.

which

the battle

was

fought.
*

Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great, B. C. 332, situate at the mouth of the Nile. It was famous for its commercial advantages, commanding the trade of the east until the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It was also celebrated for its schools, and its library of 700,000 volumes. 9. A rcge Aegypti, the last of the Ptolemies, and the brother of Cleopatra. 10. Generi quondam, i. e. qui quondam gener Caesaris fuerat. Pompcy had formed a league with Caesar and Crassus, A. U. She died in 694, and had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar. the year 703, and with her death the last bond of union between the two statesmen was severed. 11. Cleopatra, the sister of Ptolemy she had a short time before laid claim to the throne. He made himself perpetual Dictator, Impera12. Insolentius. tor, &c. and it was suspected that he intended to declare himself
;

king.
13. Bruti duo, Marcus and Decimus. Antony besieged D. Brutus in Mutlna, a town of 1. Fusus. Gallia Cispadana, now Modena, but was defeated by the consuls Pansa and Hirtius. 2. Lcpidum, who was in Gaul with the army. 3. Oclavianus, the son of C. Octavius and Atia, a niece of JuBut lius Caesar, by whom Octavianus was adopted as a son. sons, who entered a family by adoption, added to the name cf their pater adoptivus, which they assumed, the name of their real father with an addition so that Acmilius became Aemilianus, ^nd OciaOctavianus had first waged war wHh ftie senvius, Octavianus. ate (Optiviates) against Antony.
;

5T

See n. 6, p. 53. Proxcripsit. After the first battle Cassius caused one of his freedCassius. men to kill him ; Brutus fell on his own sword after the second. 6. Philippi, a town of Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 7. Gallias, (as Hispanias, see n. 5, p. 56), comprehends all coun4.
5.

PART

1.

1)64

NOTES.

57

58

tries under the name of Gallia, both on this side and the other side of the Alps. short time after the divisiQn, Lepidus was strip8. Lepidus. ped of his portion by Octavianus, and made to retire to a private station, because he made higher pretensions than he ought. Augustus, a title of honour, which Octavianus received in 9. the year 726, when he proposed to abdicate the imperatorial dignity, and which conveyed the idea of holiness, since Augustus was especially applied to places which were devoted to religious purposes. 10. Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus. 11. Aspis, a poisonous serpent of Egypt and Libya, whose bite occasions inevitable death, but without pain. 1. Fretum Gaditanum, from Gades, a Phoenician colony, now Cadiz. qui, which poNot, as in English, monies 2. Qui montes. sition of the relative, when accompanied by an apposition, the Latin did not admit, 3. Herculis columnae, as marks of the limit which nature had put to the wanderings of Hercules. According fo some he had erected columns on these mountains, after he had separated them by force, and thereby connected the Mediterranean {mare internum) with the Ocean {mare Atlanticum). 4. Tanais, now the Don. 5. Pontus Euzinus, now the Black Sea. 6. Paius Maeotis, now the Sea of Azoph or Zaback.

Mare Brit, now the North Sea. Aegaeum, now the Archipelago. 9. Tyrrhenum, so called from the ancient inhabitants of middle Italy, who named the land which they inhabited Tyrrhenia ; by the Romans it was called Tuscia.
7. 8.

10. Baetis,

now

the Guadalqttiver.

The island, on which Gades was built, was con11. Condita. nected to the main land by a mole. 12. Narbonensis, so called from the city Narbo (Narbonne) before the reign of Augustus it was called Provincia Romana (Provence), as being the first country subdued by the Romans in Transalpine Gaul. 13. Massilia, now Marseilles. Respecting the foundation of the city by the Phocaeans, see Part II. I. i, 14. Campus lapideus, or campi lapidei, a plain of sevej^al miles in extent, covered with round stones, situate in the vicinity of the Rhodanus, (Rhone), not far from the sea. The natural soil of this region is the same as described by the ancients.
15. Pluisse, scil. lapidibus.

59

1. Rhodanus, now the Rhone. Z/3i5 Lemanus, now the Lake of Geneva. They distinguished the v/ater of the Rhine at a considerable distance, whence the opinion arose that the river iiowed unmixed through the lake. 3. Dirivnit. The Rhone flows between Gallia Narbonensis and Lugdunensis, and empties into the Mediterranean by several mouths between Narbo and Massilia.

2.

4. Porrigitur. The ancient Gallia comprehended the whole country west of the Rhine as far as the North Sea, including the modern kingdom of the Netherlands. 5. Druidae. Britain, according to Caesar, was the great school

NOTES.
of the Druids, and their chief settlement was in the island called The common derivation is from ^(jvf, " an oak," or from the old British word dru or drew, " an oak," because they taught in forests, or, as Pliny states, never sacrificed but under an oak. The knowledge in which they 6. Quae se scire prqfitentur. boast, which they assert that they possess. 7. GarurriTia, now the Garonne. 8. Aquitania comprehends the modern Gascony, and a part of Guienne. The Aquitani were a powerful people of Iberian origin, who divided themselves into many tribes.

105
Page

59

Mona by Tacitus, now Anglesey.

9.

Sequd'fia,

now

the Seine.

This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which lay between the Sequana and Garumna, extending eastwardly from the ocean to the Rhine. Augustus, however, B. C. 27, extended Aquitania into Celtica as far as the Ligeris, now the Loire, and further diminished Celtica by comprehending under Belgica that part which lay near the Rhine. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which 11. Belgae. lay north of Sequana and the territories of the Celtae, between the ocean and the Rhine. 12. Usque ad Rhenum pertinent. To that part of the Rhenus now
10.

Celtae.

called the Lower Rhiiie. 13. Lutetia, now Paris. 14. Lacus Venetus, or Brigantiae, from the town Brigantia on Its eastern bank, now Bregentz in Tyrol. It was also anciently It is now called Boden Sea, or Lake Constance, called Bodamicus. from a town of that name on its western border. 15. Mediomatrici, a people of Belgic Gaul, who were situated along the Mosella or Moselle. Their capital was Divodurum, now

Metz.
16. Treviri, a nation of Gallia Belgica, between the Mosella and Mosa, now the Meuse. The capital was Augusta Trevirarum, hgw Treves, on the Moselle. 17. Flevo, a branch of the Rhine, which expanded to such a degree as to form a considerable lake. This lake, having been in process of time much increased by the sea, assumed the name of Zuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea. After forming the lake it was contracted again 18. Ilerum. into a narrower bed, and re-assumed the appearance of a river. It is not now a river, but is a part of the Zuyder Zee. This river falls into the Baltic, and still retains 19. Vistula. its ancient name. 20. Boni kospitibus, i. e. erga hospites. Non ut ibi vianeant, sed ad tcmpus, et max 1. Alio transiluri.

60

alio transiluri,

i.

e.

co consilio, ut in

alium locum iranseant.

This was an immense forest of Germany, 2. Silva Hercynia. considered by some writers as covering nearly the whole of that extensive territory. Parts of it only remain at the present day, which go under particular names, as the Black Forest, which separates Alsace from Swabia the Bohemcrald, which encompasses' Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Hercynia sylva the Hartz forest in Lunenburgh, &c. Its breadth, according to Caesar, was nine 3. Patere narrat. days journey, while its length exceeded sixty.
; ;

106
Page

NOTES.
4.

60

Danubius, the Danube, called by the Greeks

the

Ister,

which,

name
5. C.
7.

Romans also applied to the eastern part cf the stream. Moenus, now Mayne, which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. Visurgis, now the Weser, falling into the German ocean. Albis, now the Elbe.
Rhaetia^ bounded on the north by Vindelicia, east by NoriItaly,

8.

cum, south by
,

and west by

Helv^etia.

61

Aperuit. Julius Caesar made two voyages from Gaul to Britain, and thus opened the way to the Romans. In the reign of Claudius, A. D. 42, the 10. Claudio imperante. Romans first established themselves in Britain, under the command of Aulus Plauiius. 11. B'luro. This wall, which was intended to protect Roman Britain from the incursions of the Picts'and Scots, extended from the Tyne to the Esk. The succeeding Caesars built other ramparts and walls for the same purpose. 12. Cantium. now Kent. 13. Longior quam latior. two predicates are joined to a noun, and one is to be expressed in a higher degree than the other, both are used in Latin in the comparative. 14. Ramos. One of these branches of the Apennines terminates in the promontory of lapygium, the other in that of Leucopetra. \. Id genus, equivalent to hujus generis.
9.

When

heda, i. e. when one merely reads about them. Fontes salitherrimi, the warm baths of Baiae. 4. Padus, now the Po. 5. Gallia Cisalpina,^ or Togata, the northern part of Italy on this side of the Alps, including the Italian Tyrol, extending as far south as the Rubicon. 6. Vesulus, in Liguria, a mountain of the Alpes Cottiae. 7. Urbis Romaiiae magnificentiam, instead of Romam urbem mag2. 3.

nificentissimam.
8.

9.

TarentiLm, now Taranto. Superato. In the war with the

II.

Romans.
" three,"

See

Roman
oKpa,

Hist.

Lib.
10.

59.

Trinacria,

compounded of rpeTs,

and

" a pro-

montory."
11. Cyclopes, giants with one eye in their forehead5 who forged the thunderbolts of Jupiter in the workshop of Vulcan. 12. Egesti, from egero.

13.

Humcris

sublatos Jlammae erip., equivalent to humeris sustu-

lisse etjl. erzpuisse.

^^

ia^' c^^^^^
2.

^^^^^^'

^^ ^^ account of

this

war, see part IL C.

Bello Punico. See Roman Hist. Lib. III. 211. 3. ilrc/ime^e5, a famous mathematician, who defended the town for a long tune by the machines of war which he He was made captive and slain by a Roman soldier constructed 4. Olyvipia. See p. 34, n. 10.
in the preceding sentence Ichnusa is derived from Xyvoi, vestigium Epirus,a, country of Greece, to the west of Thessalv Ivinff along the Adriatic, and now forming a part of modern Albania 8. Sejunguntur. Macedonia and Epirus, which were governed by kings, were by many considered as not belonging to Greece ' which consisted only of free states.
b.
7.

5.

Reddi depends upon dicitur

Vestigii.

The name

KOTES.
Transhdit. For the history of Philip and Alexander, see part II. E. See Roman Hist. Lib. IV. 3, 10. Perseo superato. range of mountains in the vicinity 11. Acroceraunii monies. of the sea, which terminated in the promontory Acroceraunium. The ancients supposed that the oaks 12. Tinnitu significasse. of Dodona possessed human voices and prophesied. The priests drew their predictions from the rustling of the leaves, and the clattering din of large kettles, which were suspended in the air near a brazen statue when this was agitated, it struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to the rest.
9.

107
Pape

62

Cephallenia, now Cefalonia. 14. Corcyra, now Corfu, the land of the Phaeacians, over which (according to the Odyssey) Alcinous reigned in the time of Ulysses. The gardens of Alcinous bloomed and bore fruit constantly. 1. Quo tempore. Not tempore quo. See p. 58, n. 2. 2. Nwma Pompilius. See Roman Hist. Lib. I. 13. 3. Ithaca, now Teaki. The fame given by the Odyssey of Homer to this barren island, has placed it in as high or even a higher rank than that occupied by ihe most fruitful region of the earth. 4. Per quos, scil. monies. They placed these mountains one upon the other, intending by means of them to climb to the habitation of the gods. See III. 3 5. Peneus, now Salempria, 'LaXtitnoia (pronounced Salebria), one of the finest and clearest rivers of Greece. 6. Tevipe, to. riinrri. 7. Athenae. Understand sunt, or sitae sunt. 8. Dees, Neptune {YIogh6Qv,) and Minerva (^ABnvr)). From the last the town received its name, 9. Eo,s, instead of tales, tarn praedaras.
13. 10. Propylaea, tu Ttooiriyaia, a gateway, ornamented with rows of columns, one of the most magnificent structures in Athens. 11. Longos muros, ra jiaKpa Teix^rj: also called (TKcXr]. 12. MiLsices ope. See above. III. 23.

63

Epaminondae virtus. See Part II. D. 8, 9, 10. Nevio ignorat. Combine thus, nemo ignorat, quantam auctoritatem oraculum Apollinis in hac urbe habuerit. Respecting the relative in. the beginning of a sentence, see n. 5, p. 14. 15. PeloponTicsus, (" the island of Pelops,") now the Morea. 16. Isthmus, Gr. i(T0^6r, the Isthmus of Corinth is now Hezamili. The Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. 17. I/iidi Isthmici. 1326, in honour of Melicerta or Palaemon, but having been interrupted after some years, they were re-instituted by Theseus in honour of Neptune. Respecting this war, see Roman Hist, 1. Helium Achaicum. Lib. IV. 6. and Part II. E. 75, 76. As the Olympiads were celebrated after 2. Res gestas numerat. an interval of 4 years, the Greeks called that space of time an Olympiad. They counted the Olympiads from the year 776 B. C. They reckon (numerant), or date their actions and exploits (res gestas) from the years of the Olympic games. See p. 34, n. 10. See Part II. D. 1, 2. 3. Lnjcurgi leges. from Arcaextending Taygctus, a chain of mountains, which 4. dia divide into two branches, of which one tcnninait's in the
13.
14.

64

Taenarium Prumontorium,

the other in the

promontories form the Sinus Laconic us,

now

Malea Pr. These G. of Colokythia.

k 2

108
Page

NOTES.
5. Orpheus, as is said, descended by a cave at infernal regions, for the purpose of procuring restoration of his wife Eurydice to life. 6. Clydddes, from kvkXos " a circle." 7.
8.

6*

Taenaras to tne from Pluto the

Delus, (derived from 6ri\os), now Sedili. Transtulerunt. The allied states of Greece, in order that they might always be prepared to carry on war with the Persians, made a proportional contribution, which they deposited in the temple of Delos, as a common treasury of Greece, but subsequently the Athenians, having become most powerful by sea, conveyed the treasures to Athens, and applied them to their own use.

65

Euboea, now Negropont. Temere, " without stated intervals." Plures (uxores) singuli (viri) habent. 2. Ajudicibus. In these disputes judges decided who was most worthy of following her husband. 3. Ducendae. The participle denotes the purpose. 4. Inveniunt, etc. instead of Tiiaritos pecunia dat-a (rnercedc)
9.

10.
1.

emunt.

Constantinople from Constantine the Istamboul or Stamboul. 6. Bosporus Thracius, (so called to distinguish it from the Bosporus Cimmerius), a strait connecting the Propontis {Sea of Marmora) with the Pontus Euxinus {Black Sea). 7. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, leading from the Aegaean to the Propontis. 8. Amor Herus et Leandri, the love of Leander of Abydus (on the Asiatic coast) for Hero, (genit. Herus, Hpw, of>j). a priestess of Venus at Sestos, to whom he used to swim by night across the Hellespont. He was at length drowned, in consequence of the torch, which Hero held to direct his course, being extinguished during a storm. 9. Cynossema, kwos (rrifxa, " a dog's tomb." 10. Hemba, wife of Priam, king of Troy. 11. Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, who, after the destruction of Troy, went in quest of new habitations, accompanied by a band of his countrymen. 12. Devorandus, " to be devoured.'' 13. Cassander, son of Antipater he made himself master of
5.

Byzantium,

called
call

Great.

The Turks

it

'

Macedonia

after his father's death.

or the Phasis, whic^ also extended into unknown regions of the north and east. The name of Riphaei Monies is applied to any cold mountams in a northern country it would appear that the ancients intended to denote by them the northern and western limits of the earth.
;

14. In extrema Macedonia, i. e. in extremis Macedoniae partibus. 15. Assignasse, scil. iis. 16. Scythia, a country between the Ister and the Maeotis Pal us

^-

-Majoribus, etc.

i.

e.

quanta quis (aliquis) illustriores majores

Taurica Chersonesus, (to distinguish it from the Ckersonesus TAracia), a peninsula in the Black Sea, now Crimea. 3. Borysthenes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine, ' now the Dnieper. 4. Byperborei, inep/Sdpeioi the word signifies " people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas." Thrace was the residence of
2.
;

NOTES.
Boreas, according to the ancients, and it appears that the Greeks called the Thracians Boreans it is probable, therefore, that they called the people be3'ond these Hyperboreans, perhaps the inhabitants of Russia and part of Siberia. Virgil places them under the
;

109

66

north pole.
It was also during one half of the year day, and 5. Occidit. during the other night. 6. Omni, equivalent to ulla. 7. Taedet (like piget, poenitet) is used with an accusative of the person and a genitive of the thing, see n. 6, p. 15. Asia Minor is here meant, which is now 8. Asiae nomiiie.

called Natolia, A'tuxlolia, or rather Anadoli, from dvaToXii, oriens. Respecting the arrangement of the words, 9. Ad quem amnem. see p. G3, n. 1. 10. Victoriam reportavit. For an account of this battle, see Part

E. 18. Peninsulae. Cyzicus was originally an island. From the lime of Alexander, who joined it to the continent by a mole, it has been called a peninsula. 12. Ab Argonautis occisus est, on their expedition in quest of the
II.

11.

golden fleece. 13. Aves absorbent, by fascination, as

fect of their breath. 14. Ab JasoTie.
1.

it

would seem, or by the

is

ef-

Something similar

told of rattlesnakes.

On the expedition to Colchis. Azcnus, from a^evoi, "inhospitable." It bore the name of 2. Euxinus, from Iv^eivoi, " hospitable." Axenus, until the establishment of numerous Greek colonies along its coast insured to voyagers a safe and friendly reception. 3. Thervwdon, a river of Pontus, falling into the Euxine. 4. Distinguunt ivotis, " tattoo their body," i. e. make punctures in the naked body, which are variously stained, so as to give them a parti-coloured appearance. So above, 41. Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt. 5. Asia proprie dicta, i. e. Asia Minor.
It sent out eighty colonies. 6. Colonias misit. 7. Amazoncs, a fabulous nation of women, who are said to have dwelt in the eastern pan of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Euxine, in the vicinity of the Thermodon.

6T

Ilium, otherwise, Troja. Fama qiuim natura majores, " more celebrated than large." See p. 26, 11. 10. Judicium illus. redd. 11. Ajax, the son of Telamon, next to Achilles the bravest of After the death of the Grecian heroes who fought before Troy. Achilles, Ajax andljlysses disputed their claim to the arms of the When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged hero. that he became bereaved of his understanding, and slaughtered a flock of sheep, supposing them to be the Greeks who had given the preference to Ulysses, and then stabbed himself with his sword. The Greeks originally bore arms only for 12. Mercede accept/i. The custom of serving foreign princes (alieiui their native land. hella gerere) for pay {mercede accepta) was first introduced after the Peloponnesian war. 13. Contusa, from contundo.
8.

9.

14.
1.

Septdcrum.

See

p. 36, 51.

Zxivare, properly used in a transitive signification, iararc

cw-

68

110
Page

NOTES.

68

pus, membra, is also used in a neuter sense, instead ot se lavare, or lavari. 2. Lucis, i. e. ^nemoribus. The greatest part of the Corycian cave was 3. Terr ere dicitur. in the bottom of the reality a valley between rugged rocks valley was a hole, in which the rushing of the water might produce the effects here mentioned. There was another Corycian cave in Phocis near Parnassus. This connexion with the main land 4. Cum terra conjuncta. was first made by Alexander, who, when besieging the place, formed a mole in order to gain access to the city, which was built

on an
5.
6.

island.

Latrociniis vivunt. As the Bedouins at the present day. Aelius Gallus penetravit. In the reign of Augustus, A. U. C.

729.

69

adjectives from Bactrianus and 7. Bactrianae et Arabiae, Arabius. The camel with one bunch or protuberance on its back is called a dromedary. The noun ambitus has the penalt short, although I. Ambitu. the participle ambitus has that syllable long. The arches on which the gardens rested, the plan of 2. Moles. which was arranged by Semiramis. Seleucus Nicator, one of the successors of Alex3. Successores. ander, who penetrated as far as the countries which border on the

Ganges. 4. Paropamisus, a mountain which separates Bactria from India. 5. Ambitu corporis, i. e. corpora elephantorum aTnbientes et implicantes.
6. Lanas ferunt. and shrubs. 7.

The

cotton (gossypium)

growing upon

trees

In like manner the Fakirs at the present day acquire a character for holiness by subjecting themselves to bodily
Insistunt.

tortures
8.

and mortifications. In rogos se praecipitantes.

This

is

told of the

Gymnosophis-

tae.
9. Plinius, a learned Roman, who lived in the reigns of Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian, and who has left an extensive work, giving an account of almost every natural object. He perished, in an eruption of Vesuvius. 10. Meditantem, i. e. exercentem.

11.

Magna ex parte.
Ebur
adhibetur.

In the east the battle

is

by the elephants.

principally decided

TO

1.

The most famous

Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva were of ivory, and were covered with golden garments 2. Excipit, equivalent to sustinet.
'^'^*'' '^^^^^'^ ^ ^^' ^''^^'

statues of Phidias as the in the Parthenon at Athene

vigaiu'''
4.

utuntur pro cymbis, iisque na-

homines, b. Ad centena, " about a hundred ^^^ry time " ".is an object of pride among the women." 7 ^!?.-''''T/r'^' ""'' 1^- i^.toni'i=^> the triumvir, who after the war wi^ thp '^ ^"^"7' ^' Alexandria, with cTeo patra pa ra thela the last J n^n^ princess^""T^^ of Egypt, whom he rivalled in extrava.
scil.

Terni,

pH

8.

Catahathmus,

Karaffadii^s,

a region constantly declining.

NOTES.
This waterfall {Catarractes or Caiaracta) is 9. Praecipitatus. the smallest of several, which the river forms before its entrance into Egypt.
10.
1.

Ill
Pass

TO

Septem ora. Many give it nine mouths. Aggeres aperiuntur. Egypt is intersected by canals, in order 7 1 extend the water of the river through every part of the country. These are kept shut by sluices and dams, until the Nile has attained its proper height, 2. In insula Nili. So says Pliny. According to others, Tentyra {ra TtvTvoa) is a town and district on the western side of the Nile. 3. Crocodilos ostendit. The Roman Aediles took upon themselves the care of celebrating the Ludi Mazivii or Romani, and some other .festivals, in which they often caused foreign and rare animals to be exhibited to the people. 4. Moeris, a lake in Middle Egypt, now BirTcet Caroun. The present extent of this lake is by no means the same as that represented by the ancients. 5. Labyrintkus. The labyrinth, which is said to have been built by 12 Egyptian kings, lay on the southern side of lake Moeris, not far from Arsinoe.
to
6. Piolemacus, Lagi filius, or Soter, the first of the Ptolemies. Egypt was governed by these princes from the time of Alexander it became a Roman province. From the light-house here mentioned, built upon the island of Pharos, the name Pharos is

until

applied to light-houses in general.

The Alexandrian library, commenc1. Inbibliotheciscondendis. ed by the second Ptolemy (Philadelphus), is said to have increased until it contained 700,000 volumes (volumiTUt). Respecting the library at Pergamus, see p. 5, n. 2.
2. Medicalos, "embalmed," as mummies. The priest kept another in readiness 3. Nee diu quaeritur. which had the required marks. 4.
5.

72

Macrobii,

fxaKpo^ioi, "

long-lived."

Terminatur Nilo. eastern limit of Africa

in Africa.

The
;

Nile wels considered by

many as

the

others

comprehended the whole of Egypt

6. Mauritania was bounded on the north by the Fretum Herculeum, now Straits of Gibraltar, on the east by Numidia, on the south by Gaetulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. It is now the empire of Fez and Morocco. The inhabitants were called Mauri. See p. 58. 1. 7. Columnae Her cutis app. 1. Numidia, now the kingdom of Algiers. It was bounded on the north by the Mediterranean, south by Gaetulia, east by Africa Propria, and west by Mauritania. The inhabitants were called Nomades, and afterwards Numidae. That part of Africa called Propria corresponds with 2. Africa.

73

modern Tunis. The three Punic wars, which terminat3. Bella cum liomanis. ed in the destruction of Carlhoge. See Roman Hist. Lib. II. 10 13. Lib. 111.3 11. Lib. IV. 4, 5. full account of this transaction is given in 4. Narrantur. the 79lh chapter of Sallust's History of the Jugurthine war. The declivity which separated Cyrenaica from 5. Catabathmus. Egypt was called Catabathmus magnus, to distinguish it from another in the Lybian nome, called parvus. The former is called by the Arabs Akabct-Ossolom.
the

12

NOTES.
6. Cyrenaica, corresponding with the modern Barca, was also called Pentapolis, from five principal cities which it contained, viz. Berenice or Hesperis, Barce, Ptolemais, ApoUonia, and Cyrene the capital.

Page

T3

7.

Solis, sci\.

fontem.

8. His, scil. locis regionibus.

As the herds go in quest of food, so these pas9. Ita promoveni. toral tribes wander about with their huts or tents. Generositas, scil. est. Instead of leories praecipue generosi. 10. 11. Prostratis, i. e. iis, qui se prosternunt. 1. Appetit, he finds him out in the greatest multitude, and attacks 14:
him.
2.
Ill

campis Philippicis.

After the battle in the plains of Phi-

Macedonia, in which Brutus and Cassius perished, and the party of Octavianus and Antonius proved victorious. 3. Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Africa, which empties into the sea between Utica and Carthage. 4. Regulus, imp. Rom. Concerning Regulus, see Roman Hist.
lippi in

Lib.
6.

11. 11, 12.

Manu,

" with

its

trunk.

DICTIONARY.
Explanation of Abbreviations and Marks.
a.

adj.

Active. Adjective.
.

irr.

m.
n.
n. p.

adv.
al.
c.

Adverb. Ut alii putant.

Irregulat Masculine. Neuter.

comp.
eonj. contr.
def.

....

Common gender. Comparative. Conjunction.

Contraction. Defective. Defective preteritive.

num.
card.

Neuter passive. Numeral.

do. do. do. Multiplicative do. Adverbial do. Participle.
'

num. Cardinal ord. num. Ordinal distr. num. Distributive

mult.num.
adv.
part. pass. pp.
pi.
-

def.pret.
d.

num.

Deponent.
Diminutive.

dim.
/.

Feminine.

-^^ -^^

Passive.

Perfect passive.
Plural.

freq.
fr.

----.
-

.
-

Frequentative,

From.
Imperative.

prep.
pr. cum. ace. pr. cum. abl. pro.

Preposition.

imper. impers.
inc.

ImpersonaL
Inceptive. Indeclinable. Interjection.

A preposition with the ace. A proposition with the abl.

Pronoun.
Superlative. Vide, See.

ind.
int.

sup.

The Arabic numbers denote the declension and conjugation. marked thus (>-'), a long one ( ).

short vowel

is

a, short fqr db.

As

E for Ex.

jaciw5)thrown from,thrown away,

cast
off.

ab, prep.
d-rrd,

cum.

abl.

from, by, &c./r.

dz'.

lay by, throw aside. > abluo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {ab et luo) to wash off, make clean, puabdittis, a, um, pari, d^ adj. (fr. abrify, do) hidden, removed, secret. abdo, ere, idi, Hum, a. 3. (A et do) abs,prep. cum. abl. from, Er. ab, for softness. Al. from dip, back. to put away from view, hide, remove. Do in its compounds is abscindo, indere, idi, issum, a. 3, {ab et scindo) to tear off, cut off, part often to put or place, els in condo, asunder. subdo. For I give or consign to absens, tis part, absent. Fr. abs a place what I put in it. and ens. Ens, entis, from ci^l, abduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ab et part, cii, ivrdi, whence entis, ents, duco) to lead from, to lead or take
river Nestus.
I

Abdera, ae, /. 1. a maritime town of Thrace, at the mouth of the

abjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ab et jdcio) to throw from, throw away,

away.

ens.

abductus, a, um, part. pass, led from absolve, olvere, olvi, latum, a. 3. {ab et solvo) to loose from, loose, unor away. tie, release. abeo, ire, ivi et ii, Hum, irr. n. {ah et absorbeo,bere, bui, more frequently eo) to go from or oflf, to depart. than psi,ptum, a. 2. {ab et sorbeo) aberro, are, dvi, dtum,n.\.{ab et erro) to stray from, wander, lose to sup or suck in, absorb, swallow, the way. abjectus, , um, part. pass, {ab et abstcrreo, e e, ui, Hum, a. 2. {abs et

114
terreo) to frighten terrify, deter.
abstin/'ntia, ae.f.
1.

DICTIONARY.
from or away,
accessus, us,

m. 4, a coming to, an approaching or drawing near to.

i.

an abstaining

accldo, ere,
fall

from, abstinence.

down

n. 3. {ad et cddd) to at or before, accidit, it

happens. abstineo, inere, inui, CTitum, a. 1. for absteneo (abs et tened) to hold off accipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. {ad et cdpio) to take to, receive, comfrom, keep from, abstain, refrain

prehend, verba, to hear. from. absum, esse, fui, irr. n. {ah et sum) accipiter, tris, m. 3. a hawk, falcon. place distance from a Fr. accipio, where capio is used in to be at a its stronger sense of seizing,#om or person, to be absent. Parum Fui, its rapacity. abest, it wants but little. and the part. futurus,hoth. come accommodatus,' a, um, adj. accomfrom the old verb fuo,fr. ^uw to modated to, _adjusted, fit, suitabe.
ble.
ere, si

or psi, turn or ptum. accumbo, mbere, hui, bltum, n. 3. {fr. accUbo, i. e. cUbo ad), to lie down a. 3. {ab et sumo) to consume or sit down at table. make an end of Absumi destroy, dolore, to fret one's self to death, accurate, adv. accurately, diligently, attentively. to die of grief absumtus vel ptus, a, umfl^art. pass accurdtus, a, um, adj. {fr. euro) done with care, much attended to, consumed, destroyed, wasted. accurate. absurdus, a, um, adj. grating, discordant, not agreeing with the accurro, currere, curri et cucurri, subject in hand, inconsistent, abcursum, n. 3. {ad et curro) to run surd. As said of that {ab) from to. which one turns away one's ears accuso, dre,dvi,dtum,a, 1. to arraign, and is (surdus) deaf to it. accuse. For accauso, (as Excluahundantia, ae, f. 1. abundance do for Ezclaudo),fr. causa, a juplenteousness. dicial process. So incuso. abundo, are, dvi, dticm, n.l.to over- deer et dcris, ere, sup. dcerrimus, adj. flow, abound. Properly said of fr. aKT], a point), sl^arp, keen, (unda) water rising {ab) out of its brisk, enterprising, valiant. bounds. So ezundo is used dcerbus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to be Aeque ac, tart), bitter, tart, harsh, severe. ac, conj. and, as, than. just as much as non secus ac dcerrime, adv. sup. See acriter. not otherwise than. Soft for ate dcervus, i, m. 2. aheap. For agerVUS,fr. dyepoijfut. dyupw, tO COlleCt. fr. atque, whence atq', ate, as Neque, Neq\ Nee. as in sylva. Acca, ae, f. 1. Acca Laurentia, the dcetum, i, n. 2. vinegar. Fr. dceo, wife of Faustulus, shepherd of to be tart. king Numitor's flocks, who Achaicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to brought up Romulus and Remus, Achaia(which name was extendacctdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. i. e, ceed by the poets to all Greece) or do ad, to come to, draw near, apGreece, Grecian. proach. Also, to acquiesce in, Achelous, i, m. 2. a river of Greece, ^coincide with properly, I come which rises in mount Pindus in up to a proposal, ad negotia, to Epirus, and after dividing Acarenter upon business, come to the nania from Aetolia, falls into the subject in hand. Ionian sea. It is now called Asaccendo, ere, di, sum, . 3. to light pro Potamo or the White river. up, set on fire. Accendo is fr. AcMrusia, ae,f. 1. a lake in Camcando, tomake to shine, /r. caripania, between the promontory deo, to shine as fugo, fr. fugio. of Misenum and Cumae. ]N!"ow accensus, a, um, part. pass, lighted Lago delta Collucia.

absumo,

up, set on

fire.

[Achilles, is

et

eos,

m.

3.

son

ol

DICTIONARY.

115

Peleus and Thetis, th bravest of dddmas, antis, m. 3. (aJa^aj, avros,^ the Grecian heroes in the Trojanj a diamond, adamant, war. 'additus, a, um, part, added. dcidus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to he addo, ere, idi, itum, a. 3. {ad et do) tan) sour, tart, harsh. to add. That is, to place a thing dcies, iti,f. 5. {fr. d<\g, a point) thej {ad) near to or by another, .sharp edge or point of any thing, adduco, cere, xi, cluvi, a. 3. {ad et as of a sword or spear. Hence,! ducd) to lead to, conduct, bring, a battalion, an army in battle ar-j induce in dvbitaiioncm, to bring ray into doubt. _ dcinus, i, m. 2. {fr. uKig, a point) a.ddemlusorptus,a,um,part.fr.adiberry, kernel, grape-stone, mo, taken away. dcris, ere-, adj. See deer, ddeoj adv. {ad eo) to such a degree, dcriter, crins, cerrivie, adv. sharply, to such a pass, so. Ad is joined boldly, valiantly. to an adverb, as in adhuc. So in Acroceraunia et i, orum. n. et m. pi. English, hereto, hitherto, there2. {fr. uKpog, high, and Kcpawoi, a fore. thunderbolt, because they were ddeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, Itum, irr. n. {ad often struck on account of their et eo) to go to, approach, height) very high mountains ^/iC7Co. rere, si,n. 2. {ad et haethat separate Epirus from Mace-| reo) to stick close to, grow to, addonia. here. Acrocorinthos, i, f. 2. 'AKpoKoptvdog^Adherbal, dUs,'m. 3. a Numidian a high hill overhanging Corinth, prince, son of Micipsa and grandon which was a citadel of the' son of Massinissa. same name. ^adhlbeo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to adopt, Acropolis, is, f. 3. the citadel of apply, employ, use. That is, Athens. {hdbeo\ I hold any thing in actio, onis, f. 3. {fr. actum sup. of hand (ad mcos usus) for the purdgo) a thing done or doing, act,' pose of using it. action business; action at law. adhuc, adv. up to this point, hitherto, as yet. Aclium, i, n. 2. now Azio, a town See Adeo. and promontory of Epirus, fa- ddimo, imere, emi, emlum or cmpmous for the naval victory obtain-| t^cm, a. 3. to take away. Fr. emo, ed by Augustus over Antony and' I take. Emo ex alio ad vie, 1 take from another to myself. Cleopatra. actus, a, um, part, {dgo, agtum, ac- dditus, us, m. 4. {fr. dxlitum, sup. of ddeo) a going to, entry, acturn, actus) led, conducted, dri-j cess. ven. dculeus, i, m. 2. {fr. dcuo, to sharp- adjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. {ad etjdceo) to lie near, border upon. en) a sting, a point. dciimen, inis, n. 3. {fr. dcuo, to adjungo, gcre, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ad et sharpen) sharpness, or sharp jungo) to join to, annex, unite, adjulus, a, um, part. pass, of adjuvo, point, acuteness. "helped, aided. 4. {fr. okIs, a sharp point,' dais, us, adjuvo, uvdre, uvi, utum, a. 1. {ad or acuo) a needle, bodkin. et juvo) to help, aid. dcutiLS, a, um, adj. {fr. dciilum sup.^ of acuo) sharp-edged, pointed, Admetus, i, m. 2. one of the Argonauts, king of Pherae in Thessaacute. ly. ad, prep, cum ace. (shortened from' a pud) at, about, near a ^\aQ.t. adniinistcr, iri, m. 2. an assistant, servant. Also, to, unto. Ad, in composition, increases the force of words, administro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. {ad et ministro) to lend aid, direct, For, if I put any thing {ad) to another, I increase that o\hcT admira.tio,Onis,f.^. {admiror)Q.Oimiration, wondei. thing.
|

my

PART

I.

116

DICTIONARY.

admiratus, a, um, part, of admiror. adrosus, a, um, part, (from adrodo, ere, osi, osum, 3.) gnawed, gnawadmiring. ed round, bitten. admiror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {ad et mlror) to wonder greatly, to ad- adscendo vel ascendo, dire, di, sum, a. 3. {ad et scando) to ascend, mire. mount, climb. admissus, a, um, part, of admitto, adsisto vel assisto, sistere, stiti, (comadmitted. mon with asto) n. 3. {ad et sistc) admitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3, {ad to stand by the side of, assist, et mitto) to admit to one's own help. presence, to receive to admit to one's own attention or appro- adspergo vel aspergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. {ad et spargo) to sprinkle, bation, give heed to, approve, albesprinkle, bedew, low. admodum, adv. just, exactly, en- adspicio vel aspicio, icere, exi, ecium, That is, ad modum jus- a. 3. {ad et specio) to look at, betirely. hold, see. ium, up to the just and proper measure simply, up to the mea- adsto vel asto, stare, stiti, n. 1. {ad, et sto) to stand by or near. sure. admoneo, ere, ui,, Hum, a. 2. {ad et adsum, ades, adesse. adfui, irr. n. moneo) to put in mind, warn, ad {ad et sum) to be by or near anmonish. other, help, attend to. admonUus, a, um, part, admonish ddiddlor, oris, m. 3. {adulor) a flat; ;

ed.

terer.

admoveo, overe, 6vi,-6tum, a. 2. {ad aduncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curvet movco) to put near, bring near ed, bent. to, apply. advclio, here, xi, clum, a. 3. {ad et adndto, are, dvi, dium, n. 1. {ad et veko) to bear to, conduct, convey. ndto fr. no) to swim to or toadvekor, to arrive, wards. advena. ae, m. 1. a new corner,
ddolescens,
tis,

adj.
;

{fr.

adolesco)

stranger.
.

man or woman. rival. ddolcscentia, ue,f. 1. youth. adversarius, i, m. 2. {fr. adverser) adolesco, olescere, olevi, very rarely an adversary.
et adversum, prep, cum ace. against, opposite, towards. strength. adversus, a, um, adj. turned to adopto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. I desire w^ards, facing or right opposite choose, adopt. That is, {opto) I to; adversa vulnera, wounds in desire to be {ad me) by me. Or front adverso corpore, on the ad is very much. breast. adorior, oriri, ortus sum, dcp. 3. el advoco, are, dvi, dhm, a. 1. {ad et i.{ad et orior) to set about, takt voco) lo call to, call. in hand, undertake invade, at advolo, are, dvi, dtum., n. 1. {ad et tack. volo) to fly to, or towards.

growing, young subst. m. et f. advenio, enlre, eni, entum., n.!i. {ad one still growing, or still growing et venio) to come to, arrive. in strength and vigour a young adventus, us, m. 4. a coming, an ar;

olui,

ultnm, {ad
3. to

et olesco,fr. oleo.)

adversus

n. inc.

grow

up,

grow

in

called. Edile. Adriaticus, a, um, adj. (from A dria). aedilitiiLS, a, um, adj. pertaining to

Adria, ae, et Hadria, ae, m. 1. the aedlfico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (i. e. Adriatic sea,. Also /. a city bea'edem facia) to build a house, tween the mouths of the Padus build. and Athesis, from which the sea aedllitas, dtis, f. 3. the office of was

Mare Adriaticum
cuvi, the

vet HadriatiAdriatic or Hadriatic

Ediles

{vir)

one

who has

held

the office of Edile.

sea

now, the Gulf of Venice.

Aegacus^

a,

um,

adj. pertaining to

DICTIONARY.

117

the Aegaean. Aegaeum mare, Aesculapius, i, m. 2. son of Apollo, was god of medicine. the Aegaean sea (now Archipelago) a part of the Mediterrane- aestas, dtis, f. 3, (/r. aestus) the an, dividing Greece from Asia summer. aestimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (/r. Minor. aes ; timo being a termination, as aeger, gra, grum, adj. (sup aegertivius in maritimus) to value, esrimus) weak, infirm, sick. Pr. depyds transp. dtypos. That is, in- timate. . capable of work or action. aestuo, are, dvi, dtum, {fr. aestus) to aegre,adv.(fr -aeger) hardly, scarcebe hot, boil, rage.
ly,

with

difficulty.
3.

aestuosus, a,

um,

adj. {aestus) stor-

aegritudo, inis, f.
grief, affliction.

{aeger) sorrow,

my.
aestus, us, m. 4. {fr. oiaTat. pp. aWo), to burn) heat.

of

Aegyptus,
Aelius,
i,

i,

f. 2. (AiyvnTos) Egj^pt.

vum) age. aeternus, a, um, adj. (for aeviternus Aemilius, i, the name of a Roman fr. aevum) lasting for ages or all family : Paulus Aemilius, surages, eternal. named Macedonicus, was one of Aethibpia, ae,f. 1. a country of Africa, divided into Superior and Inits most illustrious members. The former answers to ferior. aemuldlio, 6nis,f. 3. emulation, ammodern Abyssinia, the latter to bition. aemulus, a, um, adj. emulous. the southern parts of Africa. Aethiops, upis, m. 3. an inhabitant aemulus, i, m, 2. a rival. of Aeihiopia. Aeneas, ae, m. 1. a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Aetna, as,f. 1. a volcanic mountain Venus. of Sicily, now Mongibello. aeneus, a, um, ad.j. {for aerineus,fr. aevum, i, n. 2. {fr. aiwv) length of time, an age. aes, aeris) brazen. iienigma, dtis, n. 3. (uif ty/xa) a riddle, Afer, ra, rum, adj. relating to AfriAel.

man

m. 2. the name of a Rofamily; abbreviated thus,

aetas, dtis, f. 3. (for aevitas fr. ae-

obscure (question.
Aenos,
i,

ca, African.

inde- affdbre, adv. skilfully, exquisitely. Fr. faber, ri. Ad modum fabri, pendent city of Thrace, at the workmanlike. Or ad is, very. eastern mouth of the Hebrus, confounded with Aeneia, of which affectus, a, um, part, of afficio. Aeneas was founder. affero, afferre, attuli, alldtum, irr. a. (ad et fero) to bring, cause. Aeolis, idis,f. 3. a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegae- afficio, icere, tci, ectum, a. 3. {ad et an. fdcio) to affect, influence gaudio Jwstem aequabiliter, adv. {fr. aequabilis) afficcre, to fill with joy cladibus afficcre, to defeat an eneequally, uniformly. my afficifebri, to be seized with aequdlis, e, adj. equal. fever. aequdliter, adv. equally. aequltas, atis, f. 3. equity, imparti- affigo, glre, xi, xum, a. 3. {ad et ality, love of justice. figo) to fix or fasten to, attach to ajfigcre cruci, to crucify. aequus, a, um, adj. just, equal, even That is, aequus animus, equanimity. affinis, e, adj. adjoining. der, aeris, m. 3. (dt'ip) the air. dwelling {ad fines) at or by the aerarium, i, n. 2. {aes, aeris, money) boundaries of another's estate or the treasury. dwelling. Affines, relations. aes, aeris, n. 3. (/r. dlai?, splendour) a.Jfflrmo, dra, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr.firbrass. mus) to make firm or sure, to say Aeschylus, t, m. 2. an excellent solfirmly or positively, affirm. dier and celebrated writer of tra- ajflxus, a, um,, fart, of affigo. aj/ldtus, iis, m. 4. {fr. ajio) a breathgedies, born at Athens.
f. 2.
;
; ;

now Eno, an

118
ing upon, gust of wind
;

DICTIONARY.
;

diem, to pass a day bene, to be inspira well. enthusiasm. agricola, ae, m. 1. {ager et colo) a Africa^ ae,f. 1. Africa. husbandman, farmer. Africanus^ i, m. 2. the surname of two of the Scipios, Publ. Corne- agricultiira, ae, f. 1. tilling of the ground, agriculture. lius, and Publ. Aemilianus, call Agrigentum, i, n. 2. now Girgenti, ed Africanus the younger. a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from Africus, a, urn, adj. pertaining to the sea. Africa, African. Agamemnon, onis, m*3. king of dhtnum, i, n. 2. a brazen vessel, a Mycenae and Argos, brother to caldron. Menelaus, He was appointed aio, is, def. to say, speak. commander-in-chief of the forces Aja.v, dcis, m. 3. the name of one of the most celebrated Grecian sent against Troy. heroes that fought before Troy. Agathyrsi, orum, m. pi. 3. an effe minate nation of Scythia, dwell He was son of Telamon. ing near the Maeotis Pal us. dla, ae,f. 1. a wing, an armpit. dgellus, i, m. 2, dim. of ager, a aldcer, cris, ere, adj. lively, brisk, spirited. small piece of ground, a little field. aldtus, a, um, adj. having wings, winged. Agenor, oris, m. 3. a king of Phoenicia, was son of Neptune and Alba, ae,f. 1. Longa, a city of LaLibya, and brother to Belus. tium, built by Ascanius, B. C. ager, gri, m. 2. iAy^oq) a field, farm 1152. land, estate, agri, rorum, the Albdnus, a, um, adj. mons Albanus, country in opposition to the city, mount Albanus, which derived agger, Iris, m. 3. a heap, mound its name from Alba, was 16 miles rampart. from Rome, subst. m. 2. an inaggredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. {ad habitant of Alba. et grddior) I go to or up to, enter Albis, is, m. 3, now the Elbe, a river upon, assail, attack. of Germany falling into the Geraggressus, a, um, part, of aggreman ocean. dior. Albaia, ae, m. 1, the ancient name agitator, oris, m. 3. {agito) a driver of the river Tiber. dgito, are, dvi, dium,freq. a. 1. (/r albus, a, um, adj. white. ago') to drive, stimulate, agitate, Alcestis, zdis, f. 3. a daughter of Peharass, think of, revolve in the lias, and wife of Admetus. mind. Alcibiddes, is, m. 3. an Athenian Aglaus, i, m. 2. the poorest man of general, disciple to Socrates he Arcadia, pronounced by the orawas nephew of Pericles, and linecle more happy than Gyges, kin ally descended from Ajax. of Lydia. Alcinous, i, m. 2. was king of the agmen, inis, n. 3. (for agimen fr. Phaeacians, and is praised for his ago) an army on march, a troop, love of agriculture. His gardens band. are beautifully "described by Hoagnitus, a, um, part. pass, of agmer. nosco. Alcyone or Haley one, es, f. 1. daughagnosco, oscere, dvi, Hum, a. 3, {ad et ter of Aeolus, married Ceyx, nosed) to know, recognise, own. king of Trachinia. They were agnus, i, m. 2. a lamb. both transformed into birds callago, agere, egi, actum, a. 3, {fr. ed Halcyons. uy(o) to do, act, carry on, lead, Alcyonius, a, um, adj. Alcyonii dies, drive, spend the time funus, to halcyon days. perform funeral ceremonies an- Alexander, ri, m. 2. the 3rd, surnum, to be in a certain yearj named the Great, was son of
tion,
'

DICTIONARY.

119

Philip and Olympias. He was Alpkeus, i, m. 2. now Alfeo or Alpheo, a famous river of Peloponborn B. C. 356. nesus,which rises in Arcadia,and Alexandria, ae^f. 1. a great and ex after passing through Elis falls tensive city of Egypt, built B. C. into the sea. 332, by Alexander. algeo, ere, si, n. 2. to be cold, to Alplnus, a, um, adj. relating to the Alps, Alpine. shudder with cold. Alpini mures, marmots, quadrupeds about the alicunde, adv. (aliquis et unde) from

some place. Properly, from some

whence.
aliendtus,a, um,part. of alitno.
alitno, are, dvi, dtum, a.
I.

size of the rabbit, allied to the

murine
to

tribe.

They

inhabit the

make
;

to lytransfer. alitnus, a, urn. adj. {fr. alius) be alter, era, erum, adj. one (of two) the other. longing to another, derived from alternus, a, um, adj, one after anoanother source, foreign. ther, alternate. alio, adv. to another place. Althcae, ae, f.\. the wife of Oeneus, aliquamdiu, adv. for some time. king of Calydon, and mother of aliqioando, adv. (aliquis et quando)

{alienum) different, estrange

higher regions of the Alps and Pyrenees. alte, tius, tissime, adv. high, high-

make another's,

Meleager. at some time, sometimes, foraltitiido, inis,f. 3. {fr. alius) height. merly. aliquanlum, adv. somewhat, a little, altrix. Ids, f. 3. {fr. alo) a female nourisher, foster-mother, nurse. rather. aliquis, qiui, quod et quid, pro. some- alius, a, um, adj. high, deep, loud alta voce, with a loud voice albody, some one. tum silentium, profound silence. aliquot,ind. adj. some, some certain. alummcs, i, m. 2. {fr. alo) one who a few. aliter, adv. in another way, otheris reared up, as a foster child, pupil, &c. wise, alius, a, ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, adj. alveus, i, m. 2. the channel or bed of a river; a dilch, trench. another, other, alii....alii, some...
;

others.
alldtus, a,
allectus, a,

alvus,

i,

f. 2. the belly.

amdrus, a, um, adj. bitter. Avidzon, onis, f. 3. {fr. a, non, et jia^oi,mammxi) an Amazon. Amdalltvo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad ct zones, a nation of female warlevo) to lift up, lighten, mitigate, riors, who established themselves relieve. in Pontus, along the coast of the Ailia, ae,f. 1. a river of Italy, flowEuxine. ing into the Tiber. It is now

um, part, of o.ffcro. um, part, of allicio.

the Aia.
allicio, icere, exi, eci/um, a. 3.

ambitio, onis, f.

{ad

et

ambio

3. ambition. JF^r. properly a going round,

canvassing for posts of honour. lacio) to allure, attract, entice. alligo, dre,dvi,dtum, a. \.{ad et ligo) ambitus, us, m. 4. a going round, compass, circuit, to bind to. alloquor, qui, quutus vel cuius S2cm, ambo, ae, o, adj. pi. ("A^t^w) both. d. 3. (ad et loquor) to speak to, amhnto, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to walk,
addresf, accost.
alhLo, uere, ui,

walk along.

utum, a. 3. {ad, et luo, dmicitia, ae,f. 1. friendship. fr. Xouo), to wash,) to flow hard amicus, a, um, adj. {fr. amo) friendby or near to, to lave. dlo, ere, ui. Hum vel turn, a. 3. to amicus, i, m. 2. a friend.
nourish, support, feed. dmitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. {a et Aloeus, i, m. 2. a giant, son of Titan mitlo) to send away, dismiss suf;

and Terra.
Alpes, ium, f. pi. 3. the Alps.

fer to go, lose.

Amman

et

Ilammon,

onis,

m.

3.

120

PICTIONARY.
Anchlses, ae, m. 1. son of Capys, and father of Aeneas.
ancilla, ae,f.

1. a maid-servant. ancora, ae,f. 1. {liyKvpa) an anchor. Ancus, i, m. 2. Martins, the 4th king of Rome, was grandson to Numa, thing. by his daughter. dmoenus, a, wTO,<Z;.pIeasant,charmAndriscus, i, m. 2. a worthless pering, delightful. son, called also Pseudophilippus, amor, oris, m. 3, love. who incited the Macedonians to Amphinomus, i, m. 2. and Andpus. revolt against Rome. two brothers of Sicily, who. when Catana and the neighbour- Andromeda, ae, f. 1. daughter of Cepheus, king of Aetniopia, oy ing cities were in flames by an Cassiope. eruption of Aetna, saved their ango, gtre, xi, a. 3. to press close, parents on their shoulders. They afiiict, vex, trouble. received divine honours in Sicily after their death, and the place anguis, is, c. 3. a snake. of their burial was called Camp- angidus, i, m. 2. an angle, corner. us piorum. angustiae,drum,f. 1. a narrow place or pass, narrowness. Amphlon, onis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter, who received from Mercury anguslus, a, um, adj. {Jr. ango) narrow, confined. the lyre, by the sound of which he anima, ae,f. 1. breath, life, the soul raised the walls of Thebes. ample, adv. amply. anlmam reddere, to give up life dmplector, cti, xus sum, d. 3. {am animam recipere, to come to one's about, et plecto) to fold one's self self again. about another, embrace. animadvcrto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (i. e. verto animum ad) to take notice amplio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to inof, attend, observe. crease, enlarge; i. e. amplius facia. animal, dlis, n. 3. an animal. ampliUs, adv. {fr. ampU,^ more. anlmosus, a, um, ^(ij.spirited, couraamplus, a, um, adj. great, extensive geous. ample. anivius, i, m. 2. the mind, disposiAmulius, i, m. 2. king of Alba, was tion of the mind, courage, soul, son of Procas, and younger bropurpose or design generosus anither to Numitor. mus, generosity una animo, unaAmyclae, drum, f. pi. 1. a city of nimously aniraus mihi est, I have Laconia in Peloponnesus, southa mind, am inclined. west of Sparta, and in its vicini- Anio, 67115, m. 3. now the Teverone, ty. a river of Italy, flowing through Amycus, i, m. 2. a son of Neptune, the country of Tibur, and falling and king of the Bebryces. He into the river Tiber, about 3 miles was slain by Pollux, one of the north of Rome. Argonauts. annecto, ectcre, exui, exum, a. 3. {ad an, adv. whether'? whether, or, et necto) to join to, attach, anelse. nex. Anacreon, tis, m. a famous lyric poet annHlus, i, m. 2. a ring. of Teos in Ionia,* who flourished annumero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad 532 B. C. et numero) to number, count, enuAndpus vel Anapius, i, m. 2. vel merate. ATiapis, is, 3. see Aviphinomus. annuo, ere, ui, utum, n. 3. {ad et Anaxagoras, ae, m. I. a philosopher nuo) to nod to, assent by a nod, of Clazomenae in Ionia, disciple assent. to Anaximenes, and preceptor to annus, i, m. 2. a year. Euripides and Pericles. annuus, a, um, adj. yearly. anceps, ipltis, adj. doubtful. anser, is, m. 3. a goose.
;

of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya, amnis, is, m. 3. a river. dmo, are.^ dvi, dtum, a. 1. to love; amans adcujus rei, fond of any

name

DICTIONARY.

121

anserinus, a, um, adj. of or per- appello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad et pello) to call to, call upon, adtaining to a goose; ova, goose
eggrs.

ante, prep,
aiite,

cum

ace. before.

dress. append,o, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {ad et

pendo) to hang to, to weigh. adv. before, on a former occasion. apptto, ere, Ivi et ii, Itum, a. 3. {ad. antea, adv. formerly, afo'etime. et peto) to try to get, aim at, deantecello, ere, ui, a. Z. \ante et cello, sire vehemently. to drive.) to surpass. Appius, i, m. 2. the praenomen of
antepono, ponere, posui, posUum, a. an illustrious family at Rome. 3. {pMe el pono) to place before, appono, oTure, osui, ositum, a. 3. {ad prefer. et pono) to place near, set before, antequam, adv. before that, before. apply to, attach, unite. Antiockia. ae, f. 1. now Antakia, a apposltus, a, um, part. pass, of apcity of Syria, on the river Oronpono. tes, about 20 miles from its appropinquo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. mouth. {ad et propinquo) to draw nigh, Antioc/ius, i, m. 2. the name of seapproach. veral Syrian kings. apricus, a, um, adj. {fr. aperio) exArdiope, es, f. 1. the mother of Amposed to the sun, sunny, clear,

phion and Zethus.

warm.

Antipdter, tris, m. 3. a poet of Si- apto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fit, don. adapt. antiquus, a, um, adj. old, ancient. aptus, a, um, part. {fr. apo vel apio, Antium. i, n. 2. now Antio, a mato bind), well suited, fit. ritime town of Italy, upon a apud, prep, cum ace. ut, close by, promontory 32 miles from Osnear, among. tia. It was the capital of the Apulia, ae,f. 1 now Puglia,a. counVolsci. try of Magna Graecia in Italy, Antonius, i, m. 2. the name of sevelying along the Adriatic. aqua, ae, f. 1. water, ral Romans. antrum, i, n. 2. a cave. aquaeductus, iis, m. 4. an aqueduct. Apelles, is, m. 3. a celebrated paint- aquila, ae,f. 1. an eagle. er of the island of Cos, son of Aquilo, onis, m. 3. the north-wind. Pithius. Aquitdnia, ae, f. 1. a country of Apenninus, i. m. 2. the Apennines. Gaul, between the Garumna or Garonne and Pyrenees. aper, ri, m. 2. a wild boar, a boar. aptrio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {ad et pd- Aquitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhario) to open. bitants of Aquitania. apertus, a, um, part, oi aptrio, open- dra, ae,f. 1. an altar. Arabia, ae,f. 1. a large country of ed. apex, ids, m. 3. a top, a summit. Asia, forming a peninsula beapis, is, f. 3. a bee. tween the Arabian and Persian gulfs. Apis, is, m. 3. a god of the Eg)'ptians worshipped imder the form Arabicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to Arabia Arabicus sinus, the Red of an ox. sea. Apollo, inis, m. 3. son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phoe- Arabius, a, um, adj. Arabian. Arabs, obis, m. 3. an Arabian. bus. apparatus, us, m. 4. (/r. appdro) a arbitror, dri, dtussum,d. 1. to judge, think", imagine. preparing, preparation. appdreo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. {ad et arbor et arbos, oris,/. 3. a tree. pdreo) to appear; appdret, it is area, ae,f. 1. a chest. apparent. Arcadia, ae, /. 1. a country in the appellatus, a, um, part, of appello, middle of Peloponnesus, suraddressed. rounded on evcrv side bv land.
.

122
Areas, ddis, m.

DICTIONARY.

city of Umbria in Italy, at the 3. a son of Jupiter mouth of the river Ariminus. reigned in PeCallisto. lasgia, called from him Arcadia. Aristippus, i, m. 2. the elder, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to arceo, ere, ui, a. 2. to keep off, drive Socrates, and founder of the Cyaway ; to keep in, restrain. renaic sect, flourished about 392 arcessitus, a, urn, part. pass, oiar-

and

He

cesso.

B.C.

arcesso, ere, Ivi, Uum, a.3. to call for, Aristobulus, i, m. 2. a to some of the invite, summon.

name comhigh priests

mon

and kings of Judaea. Archimedes, is, m. 3. a famous geometrician of Syracuse, born B. C. Aristoteles, is, m. 3, a famous philosopher, born at Stagira, B. C. 287.
arcMtectus, i, m. 2. an architect. 384. Archytas, ae, m. 1. a Pythagorean arma, drum, n. pi. 2. arms. philosopher of Tarentum, and an armdtus, a, um, part. pas^. of armo, able astronomer and geometriarmed. cian. He flourished 400 B. C. Armenia, ae,f. 1. now Turcomania, arete, arctius, arctissime, adv. tighta large country of Asia, divided
ly, closely. arctus, a, urn. adj. confined, close. arcus, us, m. 4. a bow, an arch.

into

Upper and Lower,calledalso

a,
i,

Ardea, ae,f. 1. now of Latium, near the coast, the

Major. Armenius, Ardia, a town armentum,

cacattle).

um,
n. 2.

adj.

Armenian.
are.

a herd (of large

For aramentum,fr.

pital of the Rutuli. As useful for ploughing. ardeo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. to glow, armilla, ae,f. 1. a bracelet. burn, be consumed by fire. armo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to arm. arduus, a, um, adj. high, steep, dif- aro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (dj&ow, dpw) ficult. to plough.'

arena, ae,f. 1. sand. arreptus, a, um, part. pass, of arriarenosus, a, um, adj. sandy. pio. Arethusa, ae, /. 1. a fountain in arripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (ad Elis, said to force its way under et rdpio) to take by force, seize, the sea and rise again in the is lay hold of. land of Ortygia, near Syracuse arrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. [ad et in Sicily. rogo) to claim to one's self,

argentum,

i,

n. 2. silver.
1.

claim more than one's right,arrogate. ars, lis, f. 3. art, occupation, craft. Artemisia, ae, /. 1. a queen of Ca-

Argias, ae, m.

the founder of

Chalcedon. Arglvi, orum, m. pi.

2. the Argives, the inhabitants of Argos and Arria, wife of Mausolus. golis in Peloponnesus. artifez, ids, m, etf. 3. an artist. Arglvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to arundo, znis,f. 3. a reed.

Argos. Aruns, tis, m. 3. a son of TarquiniArgonautae, drum, m. pi. 1. a name us Superbus. given to those heroes who went arx, cisj. 3. {fr. uKpa) a lofty place, with Jason on board the ship Arcitadel. go to Colchis, 1263 B. C. Ascanius, i, m. 2. a son of Aeneas Argos, i, n. 2. et inplur. num. Argi^ by Creusa. orum, m. 2. the capital of Argolis ascendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. See adin Peloponnesus. scendo. arguo, ere,ui, utum, a. 3. (fr. dpyvs, Asia, ae,f. 1, one of the three parts white) to make clear, prove of the ancient world. prove another to be guilty, con- ^siaticus, i, m. 2. the surname of vict. Lucius Corn. Scipio,for his conAriminum, i, n. 2. now Rimini, a quests in Asia.

DICTIONARY.

123

Asina, ae, w. 1. a surname of a attingo, tingere, tlgi, tactum, a. 3. {ad et tango) to touch, border branch of the gens Cornelia. upon, reach, gain. m. 2. an ass. um, adj. rough, rugged attollo, ere, a. 3, {ad et tollo) to lift or raise up. attritus, a, um, part. pass, of atiero. See adspergo. art, dtus, sum, d. 1. "{ad et auctor, oris, m. 3. an author. reject, spurn, despise, dis- auctoritas, dtis,f. 3. authority. actus, a, um, part. pass, of augeo. aspis, idis, f. 3. an asp. audacia, ae, f. 1. {fr. audax) couassequor, qui, quiitus vel cuius sum, rage, audacit}'. d. 3. {ad et sequor) to come up audax, dcis, adj. {fr. audeo) daring, with, reach, gain, procure. bold. asservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad et audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. p. 2. to servo) to watch over, preserve. dare, adventure. assigno,dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad et audio, Ire, ivi, Hum, a. 4. to hear, signo) to assign, allot. hearken. assisto. See adsisto. auditor, oris, m. 3, a hearer. assurgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, auditus, a, um, part. pass, of audio. n. 3. {ad et surgo) to rise, rise up. auditus, iis, m. 4. a hearing, report. astronomia, ae,f. 1. astronomy. aufero, auferre, abstUli, abldtum, irr. astutus, a, um, adj. {fr. astus, us, a. {abs et fero) to carry off, take craft) crafty, cunning. away, remove. asylum, i, n. 2. {acvXav) an asylum, aufugio, ugere, ugi, ugltum, n. 3. sanctuary. {abs etfugio) to flee or run away, at, conj. but. fly from. Atalanta, ae, f. 1. a daughter oi\augendus, a, um, part, of augeo, to Schoeneus, king of Scyros. be increased. Athenae, drum., f. pi. 1. the capital augeo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 2. to increase, of Attica, founded 1556 B. C, by enlarge. Cecrops and an Egyptian colony; augurium, i, n. 2. {fr. avis et gero^ called Athenae {'Adiivai), in hodivination from the flight and nour of Minerva, {'AOqvri). singing of birds an augury. Atheniensis, is, m. 3. an inhabitant auguste, adv. reverently. of Athens. augustus, a, um, adj. august, veneAtilius, i, 7. 2. a name of Regurable, sacred. lus. Augustus, i, m. 2. Octavianus CaeAtlanticus, a, um, adj. pertaining sar, second emperor of Rome, to Atlas mare Atlanticum, the was son of Octavius, a senator, Atlantic ocean. and Accia, sister to Julius Caeatque, conj. and. sar. atrociter, adv. {atrox)cr\ie\\y fierce- Aulis, idis et Idos, f. 3. a town of lyBoeotia on the sea-coast; where Altdlus, i, m. 2. a king of Pcrgaall the Greeks conspired against
asinus, i, asper, a, harsh. aspergo. aspernor, zperno) dain.
; ;
,

mus.
attentus, a,

Troy.

um, adj. (fr. attendo) at- Aulus, i, m. 2. a praenomen comtentive, diligent. mon among the Romans. altera, tercre, trivi, tritum, a. 3. {Ofd Aurelius, i, m.2. the name of many et tero) to rub against, wear, desRomans. troy. aureus, a, um, adj. golden.
AUhis, idis, f. 3. a name given to Attica from a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, king f Athens. Attica, ae, /. 1. a country of Greece. Atticus, a, um, adj. Attic, Athenian.
1. a charioteer. auris, is,f. 3. the ear. aurum, i, n. 2. gold.

auriga, ae,f.

auspicium, auspice.

i,

n. 2. {fr. auspcx)

an

'

124

DICTIONARY.

ausus, , um, part, of audeo, having Bactridna vel Bactria, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia, which derived dared. its name from the river Bacaixt, conj. or aui...aut, either.. .or. trus. autem, conj. but. Bactridni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhaautumnus, i, m. 2. autumn. bitants of Bactriana. auzllium, i, n. 2. aid, help auxilia,
; ;

auxiliaries. dvdriiia, ae,f.

Bactridnus,
1.

a,

um,

adj. pertaining
i,

avarice. to Bactria, Bactrian. dvdrus, a, um, adj. covetous, avari- baciXlum, i, n. et bacillus,

m.

2.

staff, stick. cious. dveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {a et vehd) Baetis, is, ace. Baetim, dbl. Baeti,
3. now the Guadalquiver, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received 3. (a et the name of Baetica. away. Avcniinus, i, m. 2. one of the seven Baetlcus, a, um, adj. pertaining to the Baetis ; Baetica provincia, or hills on which Rome was built simply Baetica, the southern part it was not reckoned within the precincts of the city till the reign of Hispania Ulterior. Bagrdda, ae, m. 1. now Megerda, of the emperor Claudius. dversus, a, um,part.pass. of dverto. a river of Africa flow

to

carry away.

m.

dvello, ere, velli, et vulsi,

vulsum, a. vello) to tear or drag

dverto, tere,
to

ii, sum, a. 3. (a etverto) turn from or away, avert, re-

Utica and Carthage,

ballista, ae,f. 1, (/r. /JdAXw, to

throw)

move.

a warlike engine

to shoot stones

avicula, ae, dim. of avis, /.La small or darts with, bird. Balticus, a, um, adj. mare Balticum, avidus, a, um, adj. (^fr. aveo, to long the Baltic sea. for) eager, desirous, greedy. barbdrus, a, um, adj. barbarous, unavis,
is,

f. 3.

a bird.
I.

civilized; Z>arZ>ari,barbaTians,(not

dvbco, are, dvi, dtum, a.

to call oiF or away. dvolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. to fly away.

{a et voco)
(a et

I.

Greeks, or, not Romans ) Batdvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to Batavia, now Holland. volo)
beatitudo, inis, f. 3. beatitude, felicity.

dvuncMus,
cle,

i,

m.

2.

a maternal un-

bedtus, a,
i,

dvus,

m.
i,

2.

a grandfather.
2.

um, adj. {fr. heo, to happy) happy, blessed.

make

mevos) the ancient Bebrycia, ae,f. 1. an ancient name name of the Euxine. The word of Bithynia, from the Bebryces signifies inhospitable, and was who settled there, after passing highly applicable to the inhabitfrom Europe. ants of the coast. Belgae, drum, m. pi. 1. the most axis, is.m. 3. an axle, axis. warlike people of ancient Gaul. Belgicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to B the Belgae. Bellerophon, tis, m. 3. the son of Babylon, onis, f. 3. a celebrated Glaucus, king of Ephyre, concity, the capital of the Assyrian ,quered the Chimaera. empire, on the banks of the Eu- bellicosus, a, um, adj. warlike. phrates. bellicus, a, um, adj. warlike belUca Babylonia, ae, /. 1. a large province laus, military glory. of Assyria, of which Babylon belligero, dre, dvi, dlum, n. 1. {bellum was the capital. ct gcro) to wage war. hacca, ae,f. 1. a berry. bello. dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wage Bacchus, i. m. 2. the son of Jupiter war. and Semele, the daughter of Cad- bellua, ae,f. 1. a beast, monster. mus the god of wine. jbellum, i, n. 2. war.
; ;

Azenus,

m.

DICTIONARY.

125

Belus, i, m. 2. one of the most an- bos, bovis, c. 3. an ox, a cow. \Bosphdrus vel Bosporus, i, m. 2. cient kings of Babylon. Thracius, now the Straits of Conbene, adv. comp. melius, sup. optime stantinople, which connect the well berie pugnare, to light with Propontis with the Euxine success. bene/ icium, i, n. 2. a kindness, faCimmerius, now the Straits oj vour, benefit. Caffa or Theodosia, which connect the Maeotis Palus with the benevolcntia, ae,f. 1. good will, be;

nevolence.

Euxine.

benigne, adv. kindly. brachium, i, n. 2. an arm. benignus, a, um, adj. kind, liberal. brevi, adv. {scil. tempore) shortly.
beast. brevis, e, adj. short. Bestia, ae, m. 1. Calpurnius Bestia, brevitas, dtis, f. 3. shortness, brevitya Roman consul. bestiola, ae,f. 1. a little beast. Brigantia, ae, f. 1. Brigantiae laBias, antis, vi. 3. one of the seven cus, a lake of Rhaetia between
bestia, ae,

/.la

men of Greece, son to Teutamidas, born, at Priene.

wise
bibliolheca, ae, f. 1
{J3i/3XioO)'iKri)

the Alps, stance.

now

lake

of

Con-

li-

brary.
hibo, ere,
;

Britannia, ae,f. 1. Great Britam. Britannicus, a, um, adj. pertaining

;

i, itum, a. 3. to drink, imto Britain, British. bibe bibtre colorem, to take a Britannus, a, um, rt^?. British Bricolour. tanni, the JBritons. Bibulus, i, m. 2. a son of M. Cal- bruma, ae, f. 1. the shortest day of purnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato's the year, the winter solstice win;

daughter. He was Caesar's colter. Bruttium, i, n. 2. a promontory of league in the consulship. blduum, i, n. 2. the period of two Italy. days. Bruttii, drum, m. pi. 2. a people bini, ae, a, distr. num. adj. two, two the farthest part of Italy. Brutus, i, VI. 2. the name of a noble by two. bipes, edis, adj. two-footed. family at Rome. bis. num. adv. twice. Bucephalus, i, m. 2. a horse of Alexander's. Biihynia, ac,f. 1. a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebry- Bucephdlos, i, f. 2. et Bucephdla, ae, cia. f. 1. a city of India, on the Hyblanditia, ae.f. 1. a complimenting; daspes, built by Alexander in honour of his horse. blanditiae, blandishments, flatte-

blandus, a, um, adj. soothing, flatter.

buxeus, a, um, adj. {fr. buxum) of box, of a pale yellow, like box, Byzantium, i, n. 2. now Caastantiing. Boeolia, ae, / 1 a countryof Greece, nople, a town situate on the European sidcof 4he Thracian Bosnorth of Attica.
ry.

bonitas, dtis,f. 3. goodness. bonus, a, um, adj. good melior, better ; optimus, best bowum, a good thing, good ; bona, goods ; bcmi,
;

phorus.

C.
Cabira, ind. a town of Pontus, on the river Iris. caciimen, inis, n. 3. the lop or summit of any thing. Cadmus, i. vi. 2. the son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. cddo, cadcre, ctcidi, cdsum, n. 3. to fall bene, to turn out well mate,
:

upright men.
Boredlis,
e,

adj. northern.

Boreas, ae, m. 1. the north wind. Borysthtnes, is, m. 3. a large river ofScyihia, falling into the Euxine, now called the Dnieper. Borysthenis, idis,f. 3. a town situate at the mouth of the Borysthenes.

ill.

126

DICTIONARY,
fall,

caducus, a, um, adj. ready to

falling. Caecilius,
i,

Calydonius, a, vm, adj. pertaining to Calydon, a city of Aetolia in Greece. camelus, i, c. 2. a camel. maa family. Caecubum, i, n. 2. vel Caecubus ager Camillus, i, m. 2. (L. Furius) a celebrated Roman. a district in Latium, famous for Campdnia, ae, f. 1. now Campagna, its wines. a country of Italy, south-east of Caecubus, a, um, adj. pertaining to

m.

2.

the name of a Ro-

Caecubum.
caedes, is, f. 3. slaughter. caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, a. 3, to cat, fell, kill. caeldtus, a, um, part, of caelo, engraved columnae caeldtae, fluted
;

Latium.
campestris, e, adj. belonging to plain, even, level. campus, i, m. 2. a plain, field. cancer, cri, m. 2. a crab. candidus, a, um, adj. white.

columns.
caelo, are, dvi,

candor,
a, 1. to

oris,

m.

3.

sheeny white-

dtum, engrave, emboss.

carve

ness, brightness, splendour. cdnis, is, c. 3. a dog.

caepe, n. ind. an onion. Caepio, onis, m. 3. a surname of one

Cannae, drum, f. pi. 1. a village of Apulia, near the Aufidus. of the branches of the Servilian Cannensis, e, adj. pertaining to Can-

nae. cdnere, cecini, cantum, a. 3. to. sing, sound, blow. caestus, us, m. 4. (fr. caedo, to strike) canthdrus, i, m. 2. a beetle. Cantium, i, n. 2. a country in the a gauntlet, boxing glove. caesus, a, um, fart, of caedo. south-eastern extremity of Bricaetera, (et cetera) ae, f. caeterum, i tain, now called Kent. n. (in the oblique cases used also canto, dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. {fr. in the masculine) adj. the rest, cdno) to sing often, to sing. residue, other. cantus, us, m. 4. a song galli cantus, caeterum, adv. as for the rest, but. the crowing of the cock. Caius, i, m. 2. a praenomen very cdnus, a, um, adj. hoary, gray. common at Rome. cdpaz, dcis, adj. {fr. cdpio) containCalais, is, m. 3. son of Boreas, broing, capacious. ther of Zethes. cdpesso, ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 3. {fr. -tacalamitas, dtis, f. 3. calamity, mispio) to take, undertake, enter upfortune, on. calamus, i, m. 2. a reed (for writing cdpiendus, a, um, part, of capio. with). cdpio, cdpere, dpi, captum, a. 3. to calathiscus, i, m. 2. a little basket. take, make captive; take to one's calefdcio, facere, feci, factum, a. 3 self, enjoy. (/r. cdleo etfdcie) to make warm cdpltdlis, e, adj. capital, dangerous calefactus, a, um, part. pass, of calecapitate odium, deadly hatred. Jio. cdpitolium, i, n. 2. a celebrated temcalef to, fieri, factus sum, pass. irr. ple and citadel at Rome on the to be warmed, grow hot. Mons Capitol in us. calidus, a, um, adj. warm. capra,ae,f. 1. a goat. callidus, a, um, adj. {fr. called) skil- captlvus, a, um, adj. captive. ful, practised, crafty. captlvus, i, m. 2. a prisoner, cap-

family. Caesar, dris, m. 3. a Julian family.

surname of the cdno,

cdlor, oris,

m.

3.
1.

heat.

tive.

Calpe,

es,

mountain in the south of Spain, opposite Abyla on the African

coast.

now

Gibraltar, a

Calpurnius, i, m. 2. the noble Roman family.

name

dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. {fr. capio,) to catch at ; auguria, to watch for auguries. captus, u, um, part, of capio. of a Capua, ae, f. 1. the chief city of
pto,

Campania

in Italy.

DICTIONARY.
capitis itis, n. 3, a head, life damnare, to condemn to death; praecipua capita, the chief points. 2. a chief city. carbonarius, i, m. 2. a collier. career, eris, m. 3. a prison. cardo, inis, m. 3. a hinge, careo, ere, ui, itum, {cum dblaiivo) to be without, want. Cares, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabitants of Caria, anciently called

127

cdpvi,

castra ponere, to pitch a camp,

encamp.
casus, us, m. 4.

falling, accident,

chance, occurrence. Catabatkmus, i,f. 2. {^KaraffaQudC) a great declivity separating Cyrenaica from Egypt. Catdna, ae, /. 1. a town of Sicily, at the foot of Mount Aetna. Catdnensis, e, adj. pertaining to Catana.

Leleges. Calienus. i, m. 2. Plotlnus, a man. Caria, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia who burnt himself upon the fuMinor, south of Lydia. neral pile of his patron. carica, ae,f. 1, a fig. Catilina, ae, m. 1. L. Sergius, a nocarmen, inis, n. 3. a verse, song, ble Roman, who formed a conpoem. spiracy against his country, but Carneddes, is, m. 3. a philosopher was baffled in his attempts by Ciof Cyrene in Africa. cero. caro, nis,f. 3. the flesh of animals. Cato, onis, m, 3. a surname of the carpenium, i, n. 2. a kind of carriage, Porcian family. chariot, wagon. Catulus, i, m. 2. the name of seveCarpitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. a people ral distinguished Romans. of Spain. catulus, i, m. 2. a young dog, whelp carpo, pere, psi. plum, a. 3, to gather, the young of other animals. pluck, tear. Caucasus, i, m. 2. the name of the Carrac, drum, f. pi. 1. a very anhighest and most extensive range cient townof Mesopoiamia,southof mountains in the northern part east of Edessa. of Asia. CartJuiginiensis, e,adj. pertaining to Cauda, ae,f. 1. a tail. Carthage. Co-udimLS, a, um, adj. pertaining to Carthago, inis, f. 3. a celebrated Caudium, a town of the Samcity of Africa. See faux vel furcula. nites. cdrus, a, um, adj. dear, precious, caula, ae,f. 1. a sheep-cote, fold. costly. causa, ae, /. 1. a cause, reason cdsa, ae, f. 1. a cottage or cabin, mea causa, on my account; alihut. cujus rei causa, on account of a Casca, ae, m. 1. one of Caesar's thing. 2. a matter in dispute, lawassassins, who gave him the first suit thus, causam habere cum altblow. quo. cdseus, i, m. 2, cheese. cautes, is, f. 3. a rugged rock, cliff. Cassander, dri, m. 2. a Macedonian, cdveo, cdvere, cdvi, cautum, n. 2. to son of Antipater. beware, or take heed of; cavere Cassiope, es, f. 1. married Cepheus, ab aliquo, to beware of any one. king of Aethiopia, by whom she cdverna, ae,f. 1. a hollow place, cahad Andromeda. vern. Cassius, i, m. 2. the name of many cdvus, a, um, adj. hollow. Romans. Cecropia, ae,f. 1. the original name Castalius, a,um,adj. of Castalia, a of Athens. fountain of Parnassus in Phocis, Cecrops, opis, m. 3. an Egyptian, sacred to the Muses, deemed the first founder of castigdlus, a, um, part, of castigo. Athens. cast.igo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1, to chas- cedo, ccdtre, cessi, cessum, n. 3. to tise, punish. give place, give way, yield, decaslrum, i, n. 2. a castle, fort caspart loco aiicui, to give way to tra, drum, a camp, encampment any one.
; ; ;
;

PART

I.

m
celeber, bris,
e,

DICTIONARY.
adj. frequented, much certe, ius, issime, adv. certainly, as-

resorted

to,

famous.

suredly.

certo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. el n. 1. to celebrdtus, a, um, part, of celebro. contend, strive, fight. celebritas, dtis,f. 3. celebrity, fame. celebro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fre- certus, a, um, adj. established, sure,

quent, resort'
ness, speed.

to,

celebrate.

certain.

celeritas, dtis,f. 3. swiffhess,

1. a hind. cervinus, a, um, adj. of a stag or speedily. adv. hart. rime, celerlter, ius, Celeus, i, m. 2. a king of Eleusis, cervix, lcis,f. 3. the neck. cervus, i, m. 2. a stag. father to Triptolemus. Celo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to hide, cessdior, oris, m. 3. a loiterer, lingerer, idler. conceal.

quick- cerva, ae,f.

Celtae,

to

drum, m. pi. 1. a name given a part of the Gauls, whose

cesso,

dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1, to give

over, intermit, cease.

situate

na and Garumna.
censeo, ere, ui,

country,called GalliaCeltica,was ceteri, ae, a. See caeteri. between the rivers Sequa- ceterum: See caeterum. cetum, i, n. 2. any large sea-fish, a

whale. vel Uum, a. 2. to thus, censere in- Ceyx, yds, m. 3. a nia, husband of ter, to count or enrol among;
count, reckon
2, to
;

um

judge, Chalcedon, onis, Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, Ce7isori7ms, i, m. 2. a Roman geneopposite Byzantium. ral, sent against the Carinagini- Chaldatcus, a, um, adj. of Chaldaea, ans. a country of Asia, between the eensorius, a, um, adj. pertaining to Euphrates and Tigris. the censor so eensorius {vir), one charta, ae,f. 1. paper. who has been a censor. Chersiphron, onis, m. 3. a builder of census, us, m. 4. a valuation of the temple at Ephesus. every man's estate, a rating, tax- Chersonesus, i, f. 2. {x^p<r6vr)aos) a ing. peninsula. centeni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every Chilo, onis, m. 3. a Spartan philosohundred. pher, who has been called one of eentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the the seven wise men of Greece.

hence,
think.

estimate,

king of TrachiAlcyone. f. 3, now Kadi-

hundredth,
centies,

cibus,

i,

m.

2.

food.

num. adv. a hundred times. cicatrix, ids, f. 3. a scar, wound. centum, ind. num. adj. pi. a hun- Cicero, onis, m. 3. a native of Ardred. pinum, son of a Roman knight, centurio, onis, m. 3. a centurion. one of the most celebrated of the Cephallenia,ae,f. l.now Cefalonia, ancient orators. an island in the Ionian sea, be- clco'iiia, ae,f. 1. a stork. low Corcyra. Cilicia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia cera, ae,f. 1, wax. Minor, on the coast of the MediCerberus, i, m. 2. a dog of Pluto, terranean. with 50 heads according to He- Cimbri, orum, m. pi. 2. a people of siod, and three according to Germany, who occupied the others he was stationed, as a Chersonesus Cimbrica, or mo;

keeper, at the entrance to the indern Jutland. fernal regions. ductus, a, um, part, of cingo. Cercdsum, i, n. 2. a town of Egypt. Cineas, ae, w. 1. a Thessalian, miCeres, eris, f. 3. the goddess of corn nister and friend of Pyrrhus,king and harvests. of Epirus. cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. to cingo, gcre, xi, ctum, a. 3. to gird, distinguish, see, descry. encompass, surround. certamcn, inis, n. 3. a contest, strife., cinis, eris, m. 3. ashes.
.

DICTIONARY.
.

129
;

Cimia, ae, m. L, Cornelius, a par- clam, adv. secretly (pr. cum ace. et abl.) without the knowledge of. tisan "of Marius. during the civil clamo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cry wars between him and Sylla.

cinndmum,
circa, prep,

i,

cum

out or aloud, to call on. n. 2. cinnamon. ace. about, around, clamor, oris, m. 3. a loud voice, cry,
a,

in the

circuitus, circuit.
do.

shout. neighbourhood oi. iis, m. 4. a going around, clandestinus,

um,
3.

adj. secret, hid-

den.
brightness, fame.
cldrus, a,

circumddtus, a, um, part, of circum- claritas, dtis,f.

um,

adj. clear, loud, re-

circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. nowned. {circum et do) to put or set around, Claudius, i, m. 2. the name of an illustrious patrician family at surround, encompass.
circumco, Ire. ivi, (circum et eo).
circumjlvA), Ire, xi,
et ii,

itum, irr.
3. to

n.

Rome.
claudo, dere,
si,

sum, a.

3.

to shut,

xum, n.

flow

close.

claudus, a, um, adj. lame, limping. round or about. circumjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (circum clausus, a, um, part, of claudo. et jaceo,) to lie about, border up- clavus, i, m. 2. a nail. Clemens, tis, adj. adj mild, merciful. oii. :mentia, ae,f. ae, 1. mildness, mercy, circumsto, stare, steti, n. 1. (circum dementia, clemency. et sto) to stand round, beset. circumvenio, enire, tni, etvlum, a. 4. Cleopatra, ae.f. 1. a queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes.' (circum etvenio) to surroimd, circlodca, ae, f. 1. a common sewer, cumvent, defraud. sink. circumveTitus, a,um,part. of circumCiuentius, i, m. 2. a Roman citizen, venio. of the family of the Clueniii. Ciris, is, f. 3. (fr. Ketpo), to cut) a name of Scylla, daughter of Ni- Clusium, i, n. 2. now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, on the banks of the It means sus, king of Megara. Clanis. a lark, into which she was changclypeus, i, m. 2. a shield. ed. cis Cneius, adj. (i. qui i, m. 2. a praenomen comCisalpinus, a, um, e. mon among the Romans, Alpes est) on this side of the Alps (with reference to Rome), Cisal- coactus, a, um, part, of cogo. coccyx, ygis, m. 3. a cuckoo. pine. cista, ae,f. 1. a basket of osiers, a Codes, itis, m. 3. Pu^. Horatius, a Roman famed for his valour. chest. citdtus, a, um, part, et adj. stirred codilis, e, adj. dried, burat latercVf
j

hcs, brick. up, hurried, swift. Cithacron, onis, m. 3. amoimtain of coctus, a, um, part, of coquo. caelum, i, n. 2. et in plural num. coeBoeoiia. li, drum, m. 2. heaven, the clicito, tins, tissime,adv. quickly. mate. citra, prep, cum ace. et adv. on this cocTia, ae, f. 1. supper. side. coepi,coepisse, def.pret. I begin, have citus, a, um, adj. quickly. begun, or taken in hand. civicus, a, um, adj. (fr.civis) relatcivica, ing to a citizen; corona a cocptus, a, um, part, of coepi, begun. coerceo, ere, ui. Hum, a. 2. (con et arcivic crown.

civilis,

e,

civis, is,

c.

adi. of a citizen, civil. ^. a citizen.

ceo) to

keep

in, confine, restrain,

check, control.

civilas, dtis, f. 3.

a city, a state, a cogitdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a thought, deliconstitution, the right of citizenberation. cogitdtum, i, n. 2. a thought. ship, cUides, is, f. 3. overthrow, destruc- cogito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (for a>ation, disaster. gito) to think.

130
cognitus, a,

DICTIONARY.
um, part, of cognosco comedendus,

a, um, part, of comedo^ comedo, edere, edi, esum, a. 3. (co?i et edo) to eat up. cognomen^ inis, n. 3. a surname. cognosco, oscere, ovi, iturn, a. 3. (con comes, itis, c. 3. a companion. et nosco) to know, learn, deter- comissor, dri, dtus sum, d.l. to go mine judicially de causa, to de- to a feast, to go to. comitor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to accide a cause. company, follow. cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, a.2.{con dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. commemdro, et ago) to lead together, collect compel, constrain cogere agmen {con et memoro) to make mention of. to bring up the rear. cohaereo, rere, si, sum, n. 2. {con et commendo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {co^n, et mando) to commit to one's haereo) to hang together, be unit charge, commend. ed to. cohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {con et commeo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con et meo) to go, pass, go together. habeo) to hold, hold in, restrain cohors, tis, f. 3. a. cohort, the tenth commercium, i, n. 2. commerce, trafpart of a legion. fic. Colchis, idis, f. 3. now Mingrelia, a commigro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con et migro) to migrate. country of Asia, east of the Eux ine sea. comminuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {con colldhor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {con et et minuo) to break in pieces, labor) to fall down, give way bruise, lessen. colldre, is, n. 3. a collar, a kind of comminutus, a, um, part, of commiband for the neck. nuo. Collatlnus, i, m. 2. L. Tarquinius commissus, a, um, part, of committo. a nephew of Tarquin the Proud committo, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (con husband of Lucretia. et mitto) to join together, comcollectus, a, um, part, of colligo. mit, consign; pugnam, to join coUega, ae, m. 1. a colleague. crimen, to commit a battle ; collegium,, i, n. 2. a college, society. crime. colligo, Igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. {con commoditas, dtis,f. 3. aptness, conet lego) to gather together, colvenience.

kuown.

lect.

commodum,
tage.
et

i,

n. 2. profit,

advan-

m. a hill. collocdtus, a, um, part, of colloco colloco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con
coUis,
is,

loco) to place, settle.

colloquium, i, n. ference.

2.

conversa.tion,con-

colloquor, qui, quiitus vel cuius sum d. 3. {con et loquor) to speak with

one, converse. collum, i, n. 2. the neck. cultum, a. 3. to cultivate, look up to with respect, honour, inhabit. colonia, ae,f. 1. a colony. coWrius, i, m. 2. a colonist. color, oris, m. 3. a colour. columba, ae,f. 1. a dove, pigeon. columbdre, is, n. 3. a dove-cot. colmmia, ae,f. 1. a column. combiiro, urere, ussi,ustum, a. 3.(for
colo, colcre, colui,

commorior, mori, mortuus sum, d. 3. (con et morior) to die along with. commoror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (conet moror) to abide, stay, tarry. commotus, a, um, part.' of commoveo. commoveo, overe, ovi, dtum, a. 2. (con et moveo) to move together, move, stir bellum, to begin a war. communico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. communis) to share with one, im;

part, communicate. communis, e, aaj. adj. c( common comoedia, moedii ae (*cw/jwjia) a CO-

medy
compdratus, a,um,part. of compdro. c&inpdro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. {con et fdro) to compare, acquire, procure,

comuro, con

et

sume.

uro) to burn, con- compello, pellerc, puLi, pvlsum, a. 3. (con et pcllo) to drive together,

DICTIONARY.
drive,

131

^ni cqvxurro, currere, curri et cncurri, cursum, n. 3. {con et curro) to run together meet. armpenso, are. art, dtnm, a. 1. {conet. against cfTTj^i/s^tiS, penso) to weigh one thing a, urn, part, of concutio. another, compensate. Icancutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3, {con et qudtio) lo shake, agitate, discompirio. erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. {con'

compel; in fugam,

lo

to flight.

pdrio.) to find out, discover.! quiet, learn. \condendus, a, nm, part, of condo. complector, cti, xus, sum, d. 3. {con et conditio, 6nis,f. 3. a state, situation, ^/C<<?) to embrace, to take hold of; condition; stipulation, terms of compkcii amove, to love. agreement. 'cmp&no, 6nre,dsui,dsltwn,a.3.{co7i conditus, a, nm, part, of condo. et poTw) to put together, compose, condo, ere, idi, Hum, a. 3. {con et do) perform. to lay or treasure up, hide to co'/npositus, a, um, part, of comp&no. lay together (as bricks in buildzomprehendendus, a, um.part. ofcaming), construct, found. prehendo, to be seized condiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con et diicd) to hire, bargain for, comprehendo, dire. di. sum, a. 3. {con et prekendo) to lay hold of, com confectus, a, um, part, of conficio. preheud. conftro,ferre, tuli, latum, irr.a. {con tomprehensus, a, um, part, of cometfiro) to carry or bring together, prehendo. collect; se conferre, to betake one's self, go. compulsus, a, um, part, of compello. condtus, a, um, part, of conor. conficio, icire, eci, eclum, a. 3. {con et fdcio) to do thoroughly, finish, ioncedo, dire, ssi, ssum, a. 3. {con et complete do up, destroy seneocedo) to yield, concede, allow. plagis, tfit^, to weaken, exhaust conceptus, a, um, part, of concipio. to beat severely concessus, a, um, part, of concedo. bellum, to terminate war. concha. ae,f. 1. a shell-fish, a shell. a conchylium, i, n. 2. a shell-fish. corxfido, fidire, fisus sum, n. p. 3. to trust, put confidence in. concilio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to unite, join together, conciliate, gain canjidtus, a, um, part, of conflo. over, reconcile conciliare sibi, to conjligo, gire, xi, ctum, a. 3. {conet acquire for one's self. fiigo) to dash one thing against
ci
I

another, contend, engage. concinnus, a, um, adj. well-adjusted conflo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con etflo) elegant, agreeable. to blow together, melt together, concio,6nis,f. 3. an assembly, a meet compose, unite. ing of the people. concipio, ipire, epi, eptum, a. 3. {con conjluo, ire, xi, xum, n. 3. {con et jluo) to flow together, et cdpio) to conceive, draw up, flock, crowd. concito, dre, dvi, dtum.freq. a. i.{con et cito) to stir up, rouse to action confodi, odere, odi, ossum, a. 3. {can
et fodio) to dig, pierce, stab. excite. concitor, oris, m. 3. one who rouses confossus, a, um, part. o{ con fodio. or stirs up, an exciter. confugio, iigere, ugi, Hgitum, n. 3. (conet fugio) to flee to, take refuge concoquo, quire, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con with, have recourse to. et cbquo) to boil, digest, concoct. ^ Concordia, ae,f. \. union in {cordc) congero, rire, ssi, stum, a. 3. {conet

mmd, unanimity, con- giro) to carry together, heap up, cord. accumulate. concredo, ere, idi, itum, a. 3. {con et congridior, idi, gressus sum, d. 3. crtdo) to consign, confide, en{con et gridior) to go together, join
heart or
trust. battle, encounter. concrimo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et congrigdlus, a, um, part, of congrt" crimo) to bum with, consume by SOfire. congrcgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. I. {con

m2

132
et

DICTIONARY.

grex) to collect together, as- consilium, i, n. 2. counsel, a plan, purpose, council ; eo consilio, ut, semble. with the intention of, to the end conjectus, a, wm, paH. of conjicio. that. conjicio, ictre, tci, ectum, a. 3. {con
etjdcio) to ture.

throw together, conjecn. 3.

consisto, sistere, stiti, n. 3. {con

sisto) to
sist.

ex

stand firmly, stand, con

1.

conjugium,

i,

marriage, wed^
.

lock. conjunctus, a, um, part, of conjungo. conjungo, gere, xi, cium, a. 3. {con et jungo) to join together, unite. conjurdttos, a, um, part, of conjuro conjuro, are dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con juro) to swear together, league together, conspire. conjux or unx, ugis, c. 3. a husband, wife. F'r. jugo or jungo, to couple. Conor, art, dtus, sum, d. 1. to strive, endeavour, attempt. conqueror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. {con et queror') to complain, bewail, la'
(

consolor, dri, dtus sum, d.

{con

ei

solor) to console, comfort, solace

conspectus, a, um, pari, of conspicio conspectus, us, m. 4. a sight ; in conspectu, in the sight. conspicdtus, a, um, part, of conspicor. conspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {con et specio) to behold, observe. conspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be-

hold.
co7ispicuus, a,
illustrious.

um,

adj. conspicuous,

constans, tis, adj. firm, steady. constituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {con et stdiuo') to set up, appoint, establish.

ment.

conscendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {con consiiiutus, a, um, pari, of constituo. et scando) to climb up, mount, as- consto, stare, stiti, stdium, n. 1. to cend. consist of; magno, to be dear; conscensus, a, um, part, of conscendo. constat, imp. it is certain, evident,
conscieiitia, ae,f. 1. joint

knowledge,

known.

conscisco, iscere, ivi, itum, a. 3. {con et scisco) to execute, put in execu

construo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con et struo) to put together, construct, build, pile up. tion ; mortem sibi consciscere, to consuesco, escere, evi, etum, n. 3. {con lay violent hands on one's self. et suesco) to be accustomed or conscius, a, um, adj. conscious, privy used to, to be in the habit of. to. consuetudo, inis,f. 3. custom, usage, consecro, are, dvi,dtum, a. 1. {con et habit. sacro) to consecrate, dedicate consul, mis, m. 3. a consul. consenesco, escere, ui, inc. 3. {con et consuldris, e, adj. pertaining to the senesco) to grow old. consul ; {vir), one who has held consentio, tire, si, sum, n. 4. {con et the consulship. sentio) to be of the same opinion, consuldtus, its, m. 4. the consulship. agree, unite. consulo, ere, ui, tum, a. 3. to consult, consequor, qui, quutus vel ciitus sum. deliberate. d. 3. {con et sequor) to procure, consulto, dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. to obtain. ask advice, consult, deliberate. consequiitus or cuius, a, um, part, of consumo, umere, umsi et umpsi, umconsequor. tum et umptum, a. 3. (^con et sumo)

conscience.

to destroy, consume, waste. consumtus, vel ptus, a, um, part, of conservo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et consumo. servo) to preserve, protect. contdgiosus, a, um, adj. contagious. consideo, idere, edi, essum, n. 2. {con contemnendus, a, um, part, of conet sedeo) to sit together. temno. consldo, idere, edi, essum, n. 3. {con contemno, nere, si vel psi, tum vel et sldo) to sit down together, enptum, a. 3. {con et temno) to uncamp. dervalue, contemn, despise.
3.

co7is9ro, erere, erui,

et sero) to join.

ertum, a.

{con

DICTIONARY.

133

corUempldtus, a, um, part, of corUem- contusus, a,um,part. of contundo. plor. convalesco, escere, ui, n. 3. {con et valesco) to grow strong, return to contemplor, art, dtus sum, d. 1. to view steadfastly, observe, cona state of health, recover. template. convenio, enire, eni, entum, n. 4:.{con contemtim et ptim, adv. contemptuet venio) to come together, meet. converto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. {con et ously, scornfully. verto) to turn, convert, change conterntus vel ptus, a, urn, part, of contemno. in usum suum convertere, to apply conterntus vel ptus, s. m. 4. contempt, to his own use apply to converscorn. tere se in preces, to have recourse contendo, dere, di, sum or turn, a. et to entreaties converti in fugam, n. 3. to contend, engage, solicit, to fly. ask ad aliquem, to go to some conversus, a, um, pa,rt. of converto. one. convicium, i, n. 2. loud noise, abuse, contentio, 6nis,f. 3. a straining; efreproof. fort, exertion, contention. covivium, i, n. 2. a banquet, entercontentus, a, urn, adj. content, satistainment. fied. convoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {conet trivi, conterOjterere, tritum, a. 3. {con voco) to call together, et tiro) to break or bruise small, convolvo, vcre, vi, utnm, a. 3. {con et wear out. volvo) to roll together convolvi, contiuens, tis,part. et adj. adjoining, to roll one's self together. adjacent; continued, successive; cooperio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {con et temperate. 2./. 3. the continent, pdrio) to cover. copia, ae, f. 1. plenty, abundance, main land. contineo, intre, inui, entum, a. 2.{con a swarm, multitude; pi. copiae, et teneo) to hold together, contain, troops, forces. comprehend. copiose, adv. plentifully, abundantcontingo, tingere, t'lgi, tactum, a. 3. {con et tingo) to touch coiitingit coquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to boil, bake, {imp.) mihi, it happens to me, 1 coquus, i, m. 2. a cook. have the fortune. continuus, a, um, adj. continual, con- cor, dis, n. 3. the heart. tinued, following inclose succes- coram, prep, cumabl. in the presence * sion. of, before adv. face to face, opencontra, prep, cum ace. right opposite ly adv. on the other Corcyra, ae, f. 2. now Corfu, an islto, against hand. and in the Ionian sea, on the contractus, a, um, part, of contraho. coast of Epirus. contradico, cere, xi, ctvm, a. 3. {con- Corinthius, a, um, adj. pertaining to Corinlh, Corinthian. tra et dico) to speak against, conCorinthus, i. f. 2. an ancient city of tradict. contradiclus, a, um, part, of contraGreece, now called Corito, on the isthmus of Corinlh. duo. contraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con Coriolanus, i, m. 2. the surname of et trdho) to draw together, collect, C. Marcius, from his victory over Corioli. contract. contrcrius, a, um, adj. opposite, con- Corioli, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of Latium, on the borders of the trary. Volsci. contueor, tri, itus sum, d. 2. {con el tueor) to gaze upon, behold, sur- corium, i, n. 2. the skin or hide of a beast. vey. contundo, tundire, tudi, tusum, a. 3. Cornelia, ae,f. 1. a Roman lady. {con et tundo) to break, strike, Cornelius, i, m. 2. the name of an
;
; :

bruise, crush.

illustrious family at

Rome.

134

DICTIONARY.

credo, dere, dtdi,diium,a.3.to creditf cornix, ids, f. 3. a crow. believe, trust. cornu, u, n. 4. a horn. credulus, a, um, adj. easy of belief, corona, ae,f. 1. a crown. ciedulous. corpus, oris, n. 3. a body, corpse. Cremera, ae, /. 1. a small river of correptus, a, um, part, of corripio. Tuscany, falling into the Tiber. corrigo, igtre, ezi, ectum, a. 3. {con et rego) to make straight, makecremo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to. bum,
better. corripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3.(^con ef rdpio) to lay hold of hastily seize. corrodo, dere, si, sum, a. 3, (cow et rodo) to gnaw. corrosus, a, um, part, of corrodo. corrumpo, umpire, upi, upturn, a. 3 {con et rumpo) to waste, injure, corrupt, bribe. corruo, uere, ui, n. 3. {con et ruo) to fall together, go to ruin, decay. corrwptus, a, um, part, of corrumpc

set

on

fire.

creo, are, dvi,

dtum,

a. 1. to

make,

create, appoint, elect.

cresco, escpre, evi, etum, n. 3. to in-

crease, grow. Creta, ae,f. 1. now Candia, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the

Cyclades.
Cretensis, e,adj. pertaining to Crete,

Cretan. crimen, inis, n. 3. charge, accusation, a crime. Corsica, ae, /.I. an island in the crlnis, is.m. 3. the hair. Mediterranean, north of Sardi- Crixus, i, m. 3. a leader of gladia-

tors. nia. coruscus, a, um, adj. glittering, shin- crocodilus, i, m. 2. a crocodile. crucidtus, a, um, part, of crucio. ing, bright. Corvinus, i, m. 2. a name given to crucidtus, ixs, m. 4. torment, torture. M. Valerius. crucio, d,re, dvi, dtum, . 1. to torcorvus, i, m. 2. a raven. ture, afflict. Fr. the tortures {crvrCoryciiis, a, um, adj. pertaining to cis) of the cross. Corycus, a town and promontory of Cilicia Campestris antrum crudelis, e,adj. savage, cruel. Corycium,the Corycian cave near crudeliter, adv. cruelly. the town crudus, a, um, adj. raw, rough, Cos. an abridgment for Consul and rude. Consulem cruentus, a, um. adj. bloody. Coss. an abridgment for Consules cruor, oris, m. 3. blood, gore. and Consulibus. crus, iiris, n. 3. the leg. Cotta, ae, m. 1. the surname of a fa crux, ucis,f. 3. a cross. mily which belonged to the gens cubitu7n, i, n. 2. et cubitus, i, m. 3. Aurelia. the arm below the elbow, the el;

cramhe, es,f. colewort,

crassus, a,

1.

sort of

cabbage or

bow.
culex, ids, m. 3. culpa, ae, /. 1.

um,

adj. thick, coarse.

a gnat. a fault, offence

i, m. 2. the surname of a blame, family belonging to the gens Li culpo, dre, dvi, dtum, a.l.to blame. cinia. cultellus, i, m. 2. a knife. crater, tris, m. 3. {Kparvp) a bowl, cultus, a, um, part, of colo. goblet the basin, crater, or hol- cum, prep, cum abl. with adv.when ; low on the top of a volcano. cum...tum...hoih...a.nd. In compoCrates, is, m. 3. a philosopher of sition cum increases the force of Thebes in Boeotia,disciple of Di the simple word. ogenes the Cynic. cunctdtio, 6nis,f. 3. delay, a lingercredtus, a, um, part, of creo. ing, hesitation. creber, bra, brum, adj. thick, close cuniculus, i, m. 2, a rabbit. frequent. cupiditas, dtis, f. 3. a desire eager-

Crassus,

crebro, adv. frequently.

ness.

DICTIONARY.
cttpldo, ints,f. 3. desire.

135
1.

cupidus,

a,

um,

adj. desirous.

Cyllene, es,f. cadia.

a mountain of Ar-

cupio, ere ivi. et ii, Itncm, a. 3. to cymba, ae,f. 1. a boat. cymbdhcm, i, n. 2. a cymbal, hollow desire. musical instrument of brass. cur, adv. why 1 for what reason 1 cura, ae,f. 1. care, solicitude, anx- Cynicus, i, m. 2. a Cynic, one of the Cynici, a sect of philosophers iety.

Cures, ium, f. pi. 3. a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was kin^:. The inhabitants, called QvArites, were carried to Rome. curia, ae, f. 1. a curia, one of the thirty parts into which Romulus divided the Roman people a place of meeting, the senatehouse. Curiatii, drum, m. pi. 2. a family of Alba, carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, were of this family. euro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to take care of, attend to, be concerned about. curro, currere, cucurri^ cursum, n. 3. to run. currus, us, m. 3. a chariot. Cursor, oris, m. 3. L. Papirius, an illustrious citizen of Rome. cursus, us, m. 4. the act of running, running; a course. curvus, a, um, adj. curved, crook;

founded by Antisthenes. Cynocephdlae, drum, f. pi. 1. eminences in Thessaly. Cynocephdli, drum, m. pi. 2. a nation in India, who have the head of a dog, according to some traditions probably a species of baboons. Cynocephdlus, i, m. an Egyptian
;

deity.

Cynossema, dtis, n. 3. a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus. Cynthus, i, m. 2. a mountain of

Delos. Cyrenaeus,
a,

um,

adj. pertaining to

Cyrene. Cyrenaica,

ae, /. 1. a country of Africa, east of the Syrtis Minor. It corresponds with the modern

Barca.
Cyrene,
cs, et

Cyrenae, drum, f.

1.

the capital of Cyrenaica. Cyrencnsis, e, adj. pertaining to

Cyrene.

Cyrnus, i, m. 2. (Kvpj/of) a name of Corsica. ed. Cyrus, i, m. 2. a king of Persia. custodia, ae, f. 1. the act of keep- Cyzlcus, i,f. 2. an island of the Proing, a guard, guard-house, priponiis a town upon the island.
;

son. custodio,

ire,

ivi,

Hum,

a.

4.

to

D.

guard.
a guard, keep- Daedalus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, the most ingenious artist of his age. cutis, is,f. 3. the skin. davinandus, a, um, part, of damno. cyaneus, a, um, adj. (^Kvdvcoi) of a damndtus, a, um, part, of damno. bright blue, azure. damno, are, dvi, dtum, a. \. io conCyclddes, um, f. pi. 3. a name given demn damnare capitis, to conto certain islands of the Aegaean demn to death. sea, that surround Delos, as with damnosus, a, um, adj. hurtful, prea circle {kvk>.<;). judicial, injurious. Cyclopes, um, m- pi. 3. a race of Da-imns, i, m. 2. a son of Belus and men of gigantic stature, who in- brother of Aegyptus, who estahabited the western parts of Siblished himself on the throne of cily. Argos. He was the first of the Cydnus, i, m. 2. a river of Cilicia race of the Bclidcs. Campestri.^;, which falls into the dandus, a, um, part, of do. sea a little below Tarsus. Danid)ius, i, m. 2. the Damtbe^ the
'uslos,
er.

odis,

m.

3.

136

DreTIONARY.

largest river in Europe, except decumbo, umbere, cubui, ubitum, n. 3. {de et cubo) to lie down. the Rha or Volga, daps, ddpiSjf. 3. a banquet, repast, decurro, currere, curri et cucurrt, cursum, n. 3. {de et curro) to run meal. Dardania, ae, /. 1. a district of down, flow doM^n. Troas, in the north-western part deditio, dnis,f. 3. a yielding up, surrender. of Asia Minor, extending from Abydos to the promontory of deditus, a, um, part, of dedo. dedo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. to give Rhoeteum. ddturus, a, um, part, of do. up, surrender. That is, {Do) I ddtus, , um, part, of do. give {de) away from myself de,prep. c. abl. of, from, outof,touch deduce, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et diico) to bring down, lead forth. ing, concerning. deductus, a, um, part, of deduco. dea, ae,f. 1. a goddess. debelldtus, a, um, part, of debello. defatigdtus, a, um, part, of defatigo. debello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et defatigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et
bello) to finish

a war, vanquish,

fatigo) to weary out, fatigue.

defectio, onis, f. 3. et defectus, us. 4. a deficiency, want also,
;

subdue.

m.

debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to owe, be an in debt, be obliged. eclipse (of the sun or moon). debilis, e, adj. feeble, infirm. defendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {de et debilito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ener fendo, to hit) to hit off, ward oflf; vate, enfeeble. protect, defend. debltus, a, um, part, owing, due, defensus, a, um, po.rt. of defendo. decedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {de et defero,ferre, tuli, Idtum, irr. a. {de cedo) to go away, withdraw, yield, etfero) to carry down or along,

depart this life, die. decemvir, i, m. 2. one of ten

bring, bestow.

men

deficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. et n. 3.

appointed to execute jointly any {de etfdcio) to decrease, fail, be public commission; thence called wanting. Decemviri, dejieo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. {de etjleo') decerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3 to bewail, lament, deplore. {dc et cerno) to judge, determine dejiuo, uerc, uxi, urum, n. 3. {de et decree, contend bellum alicui, to Jiuo) to flow down. delegate to one the command of a defodio, bdtre, odi, ossum, a. 3. {de war. etfodio) to dig, bury. decerpo, ere, si, turn, a. 3. {de et carpo) deformis, e, adj. deformed, ugly to pluck off, take away, lessen. deformitas, dtis,f. 3. deformity, decido, idere, idi, n. 3. {de et cado) defossus, a, um, part, of defodio. to fall from or down, fall. defunctus, a, um, part, of defungor, decimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the {vita) dead. tenth. defungor, gi, ctus sum, d. 3. {de et Decius, i, m. 2. a name among the fungor) to perform, be freed Romans. from. decldro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et dego, gere, gi, a. et n. 3. (for deago. cldro) to declare, show clearly, i. e. vitam, aetatem, tempus,) to manifest. lead, pass, spend, dwell. decoctus, a, um, part, of decoquo. degusto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et decoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3, {de et gusto) to taste. coquo) to boil, boil away. deinde, adv. after that, next in decorus, a, um, adj. comely, beautiorder. ful, decorous, decorated. Deiotdrus, i, m. 2. first distinguished decretus, a, um, part, of decerno. as tetrarch of Galatia, and afterdecresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, n. Avards made king of Armenia 3. {de et cresco) to decrease, wear Minor by Pompey. away. dejectus, a, um, part, of dejicio.
;

DICTIONARY.
dejicio, icere,

137

ed, edum. a. 3. (^de jdcio) to throw down. delator, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {de labor) to fall or slide down. delapsus, a, um, part, of delabor. deldlus, a, um, part, of defero.
delecto, are, dvi,

dtum, a.

1. (/r.

demonstrdturus, a, um, part, of demonstro. et dtmonstro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et monstro) to point out, show, demonstrate. Demosthenes, is, m. 3. a celebrated deorator of Athens, born B. C.
et

licio, delectum^'fr. lacio) to delight,

381.

please,

dtmum, adv.
merely.

at length, in fine, only,

um, part, of deligo. delendus, a. um, part, of deleo.

delectus, a,

dtni, ae^ a, distr. num. adj. pi. every delco, ere, ivi, etum, a. 2. to blot out, ten. efface, destroy. dtnique, adv. in fine, lastly. dcletus, a, um., part, of delco. dens, tis, m. 3. a tooth. dcliciae, drum,/. 1. delights, luxu- densus, a, um, adj. thick, close.
ries. Dentdtus, i, m. 2. Siccius, celebratdelictum, i, n. 2. a fault. Fr. delined for the large number of requo, delictum, a failure in duty. wards which he earned by his deligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. {de et valour. lego) to choose out, select. denuntio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et Delphicus, a. um, adj. pertaining to nuntio) to denounce,declare,fore-

Delphi.
Delphi, drum, m. pi. 2. now Castri, a town of Phocis, famous for a temple and oracle of Apollo. delphinus, i, m. 2. (AeX^ij/) a dolphin. Deltu, ae^ f. 1, that part of Egypt near the Mediterranean, between the Canopic and Pelusiac mouths of the Nile. It was so called from its resemblance to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, A. deh'djrum, i, n. 2. {fr. deluo, to clean.se, purify) an altar, temple, or sacred place. Delus vel-os, i,f. 2. an island of the Aegaeaft, situate in the centre of the Cyclades, the birth-place of

warn.
tus sum, d. 3. (de etpasupon, eat up. depingo, ngere, nxi, cium, a. 3. (de et pingo) to paint, depict, figure. deploro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et plGro) to deplore, lament, be-

depascor,

ci,

cor) to feed

wail. depono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (de et pono) to lay or put down. depopuldtus, a, um, part, of depopulor.

depdpulor, dvi, dtus sum, d. 1. (de et popular) to lay waste, ravage, depopulate. dtprehendo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (de et prehendo) to seize, catch, take

unawares.
deprehensus, a, um, part, of deprehendo.

dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (de etpulso) to drive down or away. Corinth, falherofLucumo, afterdtscendo, dere, di, sum, n. 3. (de et wards Tarquinius Priscus. scando,^ to descend. denurgo, gire, si, sum, a. 3. {de et merge) to plunge, sink, drown. describo, oere, psi, ptum, a. 3. (de et scrlbo) to describe, arrange, disdcmersus, a, um, part, of demergo. tribute. Demetrius, i, m. 2. a prince of Madescro, rcre, rui, rtum, a. 3. (de et cedonia. deiinssus, a, um, part, of demitto. sera) to abandon, forsake. demitto. iltere, isi, issum, a. 3. (de et desertum, i, n. 2. a desert. dtsertus,a.um,part. et. adj. forsaken, viitLo) to throw or send down. Dcvwcritus, i, m. 2. a celebrated philonely, uninhabited, waste. losopher of Abdera, commonly! desidcrium, i, n. 2. a longing for, known under the appellation ofi desire grief for the want of, regret. the laughinp philosopher.
;
|

Apollo and Diana. Demardtus, i, m. 2. a rich citizen of depulso,

138

DICTIONARY.

three sons crowned the same day desino, stnere, slvi et sii, sihim, a. et at Olympia, and died through n. 3. {de et sino) to cease, leave excess of joy. oiF, give, over, abandon. despero. dialectus, lus, i,f. 2. a dialect, desptrdtus, , urn, part, of despero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et Didna, ae,/. 1. the sister of Apollo. dico, dre, dvi, dtum, a.l.to assign, spero) to despair of. dedicate, consecrate. desponsdtus, a, um, part, of despondico, cere, xi, ctuJa, a. 3. to say, tell, so. speak, desponso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. freq. {fr. despondeo,) to promise in dictator, oris, m. 3. {fr. dicto) a chief magistrate elected on extraordinary occasions, and vested with destino, are, dvi, dtum, . 1. to make absolute authority; a Dictator. fast, fix, assign, appoint, aim at, desum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. n. {de dicto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. of dico) to speak or dictate what anet sum) to be wanting, fail. other may write. deterior, adj. comp. deterrimus, sup. (no positive), {fr. dettro) worse. dictum, i, n. 2. a word, saying, exdeterreo, ere, m. Hum, a. 2. {de ei pression. terreo) to deter, frighten, discour- dictus, a, um, part, of dico. age. dies, ei, m. vel f. in sing. m. in pi. detestor, dri, dtus sum, d. I. {de et 5. a day.
'.,

testor) to detest.

be different, draw down or off, to difficile, adv. with difficulty. take away. difficilis, e, adj. difficult. For disdetrimentum, i, n. 2. damage, loss. facilis; dis contradicts, as in disjPr. detriium, supine of detero. similis. deus, i, m. etf. {Qedi) God, a deity difficultas, dtis, f. 3. difficulty, troudivinity. ble, a bad condition. deveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et digitus, i, m. 2. a finger, a finger's veho) lo carry down, convey, breadth. transport. digndtus, a, um, part, of dignor. devexus, a, um, adj. inclining down- dignitas, dtis, f. 3. dignity, rank, wards, sloping. honour. devictus, a, um, part, of devinco. dignor, dri, dtus sum, d.X.Xo think devtnco, vincere, vlci, victum, a. 3. {dignurm) worthy; to think a {de et vinco) to conquer, vanthing worthy to do, deign to do. quish. dignus, a, um, adj. worthy, deservdevolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1, {de et ing of volo) to fly down, fly away. dildnio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {di et devorandus, a, um, part, of devoro Idnio) to tear or rend in pieces, dcvordtus, a, um, part, of devoro. mangle. devoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et diligens, tis, adj. {fr. diligo) fond voro) to devour, eat up. of, partial to a pursuit, diligent, devotus, a, um, part, of devoveo attentive. devoveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. {de et diligenter, adv. (m5,W5tW)diligentvoveo) to vow, doom, devote, ofler ly, attentively. up, immolate. diligo, Igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to esdexter, tera, et tra,terum, et trum, adj. teem highly, love. For dilego, right, on the right hand. to choose one apart from othdextra, ae,f. 1. the right hand. ers, diadema, dtis, n. 3. {6La.6j]iia) a di- dimicdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a flight, encountrdho) to

detractus, a, um, part, of detraho detrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et

differo, differre, distuli, dildtum, irr. a. etn. to carry hither and thither,

adem.

ter, contest,

Diagcras, ae, m. 1. an athlete of dimicdtus, a, um, part, of dimlco. Rhodes, 460 B. C. He saw his dimico, dre, dvi, (rarely mz,), dtum,

DICTIONARY.
a. 1. {ii et
ter,

139
e,

mico) to contend.

fight,

encoun

dissimilis,

adj. {dis et similis)

un-

like, dissimilar.

dimissus, a, um, part, of dlmitto. dimiltendus, a, um, part, of dlmitto dimitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. {di et mitto) to let go, dismiss. Diogenes, i, m. 3. a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope. Dioviedcs, is, m. 3. a king of Aetolia one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. diphthongus, i,f. 2. a diphthong, diremturus, a, um, part, of dirimo dlreptus, a, um, part, of diripio. dirimo, imere, emi, emtum vel emptum, a. 3. {dis et emo) to divide, separate, determine. diripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (di et rdpio) to plunder, spoil, pillage. diruo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. [di etruo)
to

distinctus, a, um, part, of distinguo. distinguo, guere, zi, ctum, a. 3. {di et stingMo) to distinguish by

marks, mark, adorn.

disto, stare, n. 1. {di etsfo) to

stand

apart, be distant. distribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {dis et tribuo) to divide, distribute.
ditior, V. dives. ditissimus, v. dives. diu, adv. {diutius, diutissime,) for

long time.
diurnus, a, um, adj. {fr. diu) diurnal, daily.

um, adj. {fr. diu) lasting. diuturnltas, dtis,f. 3. length of time,

diiitinus, a,
{fr. diu) last-

long duration. overthrow, destroy. diHiurnus, a, um, adj. dims, a, um, adj. dreadful, dire, poring.
tentous. dlrutus, a, um, part, of diruo. discedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {dis ct cedo) to go away, depart. discendus, a, um, part, of disco. discerpo, pere, psi, plum, a. 3. {dis et carpo) to tear in pieces, rend. discerptus, a, um, part, of discerpo. disciplina, ae,f. 1. instruction, dis-

dlvello, vellere, velli, (saepius quxim vulsi), vulsum, a. 3. {di et vello) to

pull asunder, disjoin, pull off: diversus, a, um, adj. different. dives, itis, {ditior for dlvitior, ditissimus for divitissimus) rich,

wealthy.

dlvido, idtre, Isi, Isum, a. 3. to divide. cipline. dlvlnus, a, um, adj.Ye\a.iingto{Divi) discipHlus, i, m. 2. {fr. disco)z. learnthe Gods, divine. er, pupil. dlvlsus, a, um, part, of dlvido. disco, discere, didici, a. 3. to learn. dlvitiae, drum, f. pi. 1. {fr. dives" ";) riches. discordia, ae,f. 1. discord, disagreement. divulsus, a, um, part, of divello. discordo, are, avi, dtum, n. 1. to be do, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. {fr. SSo, iw) to give dare viam, to give at variance, disagree, differ. discrcpo, are, dvi vel ui, n. 1. {diset way dans, a giver; poenasdare, crepo) to differ in sound,vary, disto suffer punishment crimini, to accuse. agree. diserte, adv. clearly, expressly, elo- doceo, ere, ui, tum, a. 2. to teach. dbcilitas, aiis,f. 3. aptness to learn, quently.
; ;

disputdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a learned disdocility. cussion, discourse. doctrlna, ae, f. 1. instruction. The dispUlo, dre, dvi, dtum, a.\.\.o deart of making {doctum) learned. bate, argue. Said of persons who doctus, a, um, part, of doceo. in discourse {putant diversa)a.Ye Dodona, ae, /. 1. a famous city of of opposite sentiments. Epirus, with a forest in the neighdisstmino, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bourhood,situate near the sources

spread abroad.

of the Acheron.

dissero, ere, ui, t/iim, a. 3, to say, de- doleo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to grieve, bate, discuss. sorrow, be in pain. dissidium, i, n. 2. {fr. dissideo,to dis- ^dolor, 6ris, m. 3. {fr. doleo) grief,
I

agree with) disagreement.

pain.

PART

I.

140

DICTIONARY.

dolus, i, m. 2. (AoXo?) a device, art duodecim, card. num. adj. pi. ind. twelve. ful contrivance, wile. domesticus, a, um, adj. appertaining duodecimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the twelfth. domestic. to (ddmum) a house, duodeviginti, card. num. adj. ind. domicilium, i, n. 2. (jr. domus)

two from twenty, eighteen. house, place of abode. 1. a mistress {domus) duritia, ae,f. 1. vel diirities, iei, f. 5. {diirus) hardness. domination onis, f. 3. dominion, des- durus, a, um, adj. hard, harsh, severe. potism, tyranny, dominus, i, m. 2. a master {domus) dux, ducis, c. 3. (/r. duco^ duxi) a leader, guide, general. master, lord. a house of Dionysius, i, m. 2. the 1st, or the domitus, a, um, part, of domo. elder, a tyrant of Syracuse. The domo, are, ui, itum, a. 1, (/r. Sajidcj, 2nd, surnamed the younger, was w) to subdue, vanquish, break or tame wild animals. son of the 1st, and succeeded his domus, i et its, 2. et 4. (Aoy^ios) a father as tyrant of Sicily. house. dondtus, a, um, paH. of dono. E. donee, adv. while, until. dono, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to give, e, ex, prep. c. dbl. (tl) from, out of,
domina, ae,f. of a house.
;

bestow donum, i,

freely, present.
n. 2.

among.
ebibo, ibere, ibi, ibitum,a.3. (eethibo)

gift.

Doricns, a, um, adj. pertaining to to drink up. the Dorians, Doric. ebrietas, diis,f.3. (fr. i'brius, drnnk) dormio. Ire, ivi. Hum, n. 4. to sleep, drunkenness. dorsum, i, n. 2. the back. ebicr, oris, n. 3, ivory. dos, dotis, f. 3, (Awj) a marriage- edico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (e et dico) portion, dowry. to speak out, declare publicly, draco, onis, m. 3. (ApaKwv) a dragon. announce. Druidae, arum, m. pL.l. the Druids, editus, a, um, part, of edo. priests of Britain and Gaul. edo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (e et do) Celtic word. to give out, publish, proclaim; dubitdtio, onis, f. 3. a doubting spectaculum, to give an exhibidoubt, hesitation. tion stragem, to make a slaughdi^bito, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {dubius) ter, to overthrow. to be in doubt, hesitate. edo, edere, vel esse, edi, esum, irr. a. dUMum, i, n. 2. doubt sine et pro- (tJw) to eat. cul dubio, without doubt, beyond ediicdtus, a, um, pari, of educo. a doubt, doubtless. duco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1 {fr. du^o) ducendus, a, xtm, part, of duco. to bring up, educate. ducenti, ae, a, card. num. adj.pl. two tduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {e et diico) hundred. to lead forth.

A
;

duco, cere., xi, ctnim, a. 1. to lead, efficio, icere, eci, ecttim, a. 3. (e et carry, draw; uxorem, to marry; fdcio) to bring to pass, accomplish, exequias, to discharge the last make. duties to any one. effigies, iti,f. 5. an image. ductus, a, um, part, of duco. effio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (e etfio) to Duillius, i, m. 2. C. Nepos, a Roman breathe out animam, to breathe consul, the first who obtained a one's last, die. victory over the naval power of ^jfi'-gio, ugere, iigi, ngUum, a. etn. 3. Carthage, B. C. 260. (e etfugio) to fly from, fly away, dulcis, e, adj. sweet. escape. dum, adv. as long as, whilst, until. effundendus, a, um, part, of effunduo, ae, o, card. num. adj. pi. (Avo) do.
;

two.

effundo, fundere, fiidi, fusum, a. 3.

DICTIONARY,
(e et

141
;

fundo)

to

pour

out, spill,

waste.
effusus, a, nm, part, of effundo. egeo, tre, ui, n. 2. to be in want of.

a. 3. to take as in demo, adimo, buy, purchase. emorior, mori, mortuus sum, d. 3. to

die.

want. Egeria,

ae, f. a nymph of Aricia in Italy, who was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid be-

came his wife. egero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. (e et giro) to carry out, cast out. 1. (e et neco) to kill, slay. egestus, a, um part, of egero. enervo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weakego, mei, pro. I. en, enervate. egridior, di, ssus sum, d. 3. (e et enim, adv. for, indeed.
grddior)
egregie,
to

emlus vel emptus, a, um, part, of emo. eTiascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. (e et nascor) to spring from, grow up, be born of. endtus, a, um, part, of enascor. eneco, are, ui, turn, vel dvi, dtum, a,

adv.

walk out, go forth, Enna, ae,f. 1. a town of Sicily, situate on an eminence in the middle in a distinguished

manner. of the island. egregius, a, um, adj. eminent, sur- Ennius, i, m. 2. an ancient poet, passing one chosen (e grege) out born at Rudiae in Calabria, flouof the flock. rished towards the close of the egressus, a, um, part, of egredior. first Piyiic war. eldbor, hi, psus sum, d. 3. {e et labor) enuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a.\. {e et to slide away, escape, disappear. nuntio') to pronounce, publish, deelapsus, a, um, part, of eldbor. clare. Elephantis, idis, f. 3. an island and eo, ire, ivi, Uum, irr. n. (ecj) to go. city of the Nile in Egypt. ed, adv. thither, so far. elepkantus, i. m. 2. et elephas, antis, Eous, i, m. 2. Lucifer, the mornmg m. 3. an elephant. star. Eleusinii, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- Eous, a, um, adj. ('Hwoj fr. 'Hwf bitants of Eleusis. the morning) of the morning, Eleusis et -in, Inis, f. 3. a town of eastern. Attica, celebrated for the festivals Epaminondas, ae, m. 1. a famous of Ceres. Theban, descended from the anelldo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. (e et laedo) cient kings of Boeotia. to dash in pieces, crush. Ephesus, i, m. 2. a city of Ionia, eligo, tgere, tgi, ectum, a. 3. (e et famous for a temple of Diana, lego) to pick out, select. one of the seven wonders of the eloquens, tis, adj. -ntior, -ntissimus, world. Ephialtes, is, m. 3. a giant, son of eloquent. eloquentia, ae, f. 1. eloquence. Neptune and brother of Otas. eloquor, qui, quiitus vel ciitus sum, They were called Aloides, from d. 3. {e et loquor) to speak out or their reputed father Aloeus. Epimenides, is, m. 3. an epic poet of plainly, say. 6luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. {e et luceo) to Crete, contemporary with Solon. shine forth. Epirus, i, f. 2. a country of Greece, to the west of Thessaly, lying imergo, gere, si, sum, n. 3. (g et mergo) to come out, rise up, along the Hadriatic.
;

emerge.

epistola, ae, f.

1. {iiTi<TTo\fi)

an

epis-

tmineo, ere, ui, n. 2. (e et mdneo) to tle, a letter. rise above, be conspicuous, be cpitortie, es,f. 1, {tniTo^ii'i) an abridgeminent. ment, abstract. emilto, iltere, xsi, issum, a. 3. (e et epHlae, drum,/. 1. (for edipiilae,fr, mitlo) to send forth; in mare edo) food, a feast, banquet. emitti, to empty into the sea. epulor, dri, dtus, sum, d. I. to feast, emo, cmere, emi, emtum vel emptum. banquet.

142
eqvS,

DICTIONARY.
Uis,

m.

3,

horseman

most northern chain of Taurus,

joins the Tigris, and with it empties into the Sinus Persicus.

knight, equidem, conj. indeed, truly, for

my

Euripides, is, m. 3. a celebrated part. tragic poet, born at Salamis the equitdtus, us, m. 4. cavalry. day on which Xerxes was defeatequito, are, dvi, dtum, a.l. to ride ed by the Greeks. equus, i, m. 2, a horse. erectus, a, um, adj. et part. (^fr. eri- Euripus, i, m. 2. a narrow strait dierepius, a,

go) raised up, upright, erect. um, part, of eripio.

c.

vidingEuboea from the main land

of Greece.
to-

erga, prep.

ace.

over against,
of,

wards.
ergo, conj.
fore.

on account

Europa, ae, /. 1. a daughter of Agenor,king of Phoenicia,whom Jupiter, under the form of a bull, there one of the carried to Crete
;

three main divisions of the anerigo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (e et cient world, supposed to have rego) to set upright. taken its name from the daugherindceus, i, m. 2. a hedge-hog ter of Agenor. eripio, ipere, Ipui, eptum, a. 3. (e et Eurotas, ae, m. 1. a river of Lacorapio) to take away by force. It is nia, flowing by Sparta. erro, dre, dvi, dium,n. 1. to wander,. now called Vasilipotamo, a corstray, err. ruption of Basilipotamos (king of erodo, dere, si, sum, a. I?, {e et ro rivers), a name given it by way do) to gnaw off, eat into, con

of eminence. Itum, a. 4. to Eux'mus, i, m. 2. (fr. 'Kv^eivos, hospitable) the Euxine, an inland instruct, inform. rudi doctun sea, north of Asia Minor, now the facio. Black Sea. eruditio, onis, f. 3. a teaching, in evddo, dere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et vddd) struction, learning. to go out, escape. erudltus, a, um, part, of erudio. esurio. Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. (/r. esuy- eversus, a, iLm, part, of everto. rus,fr. edo) to desire to eat, be everto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (e et verto) hungry. to overturn, overthrow, destroy. et, conj. and, also, even; et...et, evocdtus, a, um, part, of evbco.

sume.

erudio, Ire, Ivi, et

ii,

both.. .and.

etiam, conj. also; with the comp. even. For etjam, and now, now further. Etruria, ae,f. 1. a celebrated coun try of Italy, lying to the west of the Tiber. Etrusci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit ants of Etruria. Etruscus, a, um, adj. pertaining to Etruria.

evoco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {eet voce) to call out, invite, summon. evolo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. \.{e et volo^ to fly out or away.

evomo,
to

ere, ui,

vomit
c.

itum, a. 3. (e et forth, cast out.

vomo)

ex, prep.

abl. (il)

from

v. e.

exactus, a,

part, of exigo. exaequo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1, {ex et

um,

aequo) to equal.

make

equal or even, to

Negroponte, exdnimo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et an island of the Aegaean, on the animo) to deprive of life, kill. eastern coast of Greece, separat exardesco, descere, si, n. inc. 3. to ed from the main land by the grow hot, be on fire, burn. Euripus. exasperdtus, a, um, part, of exaspeEumenes, is, m. 3. a Greek officer ro. in the army of Alexander the exaspero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 2d, a king of Pergamus, celebratprovoke, exasperate. That is, to ed for his love of learning. make {asperum) sharp in temEuphrates, is, m. 3. a large river of per. Asia, which rises in a part of the excedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {ex et
ae, f. 1.
;

Euboea,

now

DICTIONARY,
go forth, depart yond, exceed.
ctdo) to
;

143
a,

go be- exiguus,

um,

adj. slender, small,

exilis, e, adj. slight, small, feeble.

i,

excello, ere, ui, n. 3. {ex et cello, to exilium,

n. 2. (for

exulium,fr. exuZ,

urge forward)
surpass.
ezcelsus, a,

to

be high, excel,

banishment. eximie, adv. remarkably, excellentexile)

ly-

an

um,

adj. {fr. celsum, sup.

of cello) high. eximius, a, um, adj. {fr. eximo, to ezcidium, i.n. 2. (fr.excido) destrucchoose out) choice, excellent, retion, ruin, an overthrow. markable, excido, ere, i, n. 3. {ex et cddo) to existimdtio,6nis,f. 3. opinion,credit,
fall out.

honour,

excido, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {ex et existimo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 2. {ex et caedo) to cut or hew out, hew acstimo) to think, esteem, judge. down. exitium, i, n. 2. {fr. sup. of exeo) excipio, ipere, epi, eptwm, a. 3. {ex et ruin, destruction. cdpio) to receive, take up, sus- exitus, us, m. 4, a going out, event,

um, adj. greatly wished or longed for. exordtus, a, um, part, of exoro. cito) 10 call out, stir up, awaken, exorior, oreris, oriri, ortus sum, d. 3. cause. et 4. {ex et orior) to rise, arise, excldmo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et spring up. clamo) to cry out, exclaim. exorno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et exclude, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {ex et orno) to adorn, embellish. claudo) to shut out, exclude, exoro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et hatch. oro) to pray earnestly, gain by enexcaecovel-coeco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. treaty. exorttcs, a, um, part, of exorior. {ex et caeco) to make blind. ezcolo, colcre, colui, cultum, a. 3. {ex expecto vel -specto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et specto) to look for, wait et colo) to cultivate, improve, exezcitandus,

tain. excisus, a,

um, part, of excido. a, um, part, of exclto.

1.

issue. exoptdtus, a,

ezcito, are, dvi, dt^tm, a.

{ex

et

ercise.

for.

excrucio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {exet expedio. Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. to disentangle, rid, prepare, equip. That crucio) to torture greatly, excruis, to take one's {pedevi) foot {ex) ciate. out of confinement. excHbiae, drum,/, pi. 1. {fr. excubo, to lie out) watches (properly, by expedltio, 6nis,f. 3. {fr. expedio) a military expedition. night;) the sentry, guard. excusdlio, onis, f. 3. an excusing, expello, pellere, paii, pulsnm, a. 3, {ex et pello) to drive out, baexcuse, defence. nish. excdo, edere ct esse, tdi, esum, irr. expers, lis, adj. for expars, being a. {ex et edo) to eat up. without any part in a concern, example. eocemplum, i, n. 2. an without, destitute. exequiae, V. exscquiae. exerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {ex et ar- expetendus, a, um, part, of expcto. ceo, vel Jr. l^epy^^) to exercise, expeto, ere, ivi, et ii, itum, a. 3. {ex et peto) to seek out, long for. practise odium, to hate agros, expio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to expito till a field.
;

Fr. ate, atone for. exercitus, us, m. 4. an army. part, of exerceo, as being trained expleo, tre, tvi, etum, a. 2. {ex etpleo) to fill up. and exercised. exhaurio, rire, si, stum, a. 4. {ex et explico, dre, dvi, dtum, et ui, itum, haurio) to draw out, exhaust. a. 1. {ex etplico) to unfold, develope, explain. Sxigo, igere, eei, actum, a. 1. {ex et ago) to lead or thrust out, ba- expldrdlor, oris, m. spy, scout. nish.
3. {fr.

expldro) a

n2

144

DICTIONARY.

ezpglio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. 4. to polish well, finish, adorn. expono, onere, osui, osltum, a. 3. {ex fdba, ae, f. 1. a bean, fetter, ri, m. 2. {for fdciber,fr.facio^ et pond) to set forth, explain. a workman, artificer. exprobo, dre^ dvi, dtum, a. 1. to up-

Fabius, i, m. 2. the name of a nobraid, reproach. ble and powerful family at Rome, expugndtus, a, um, part, of expugwho derived their name from no. expugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {exet faba, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated it. pugno) to take by storm or assault, conquer. fabrica, ae,f. 1. {fr.fdber) a shop, expulsus, a, um, part, of expello. the art of framing or forging. cxsequiae, drum, f. 1. pi. funeral Fabricius, i, m. 2. Caius Lniscinus^ solemniiies; properly, a following a Roman general, distinguished to the grave, fr. sequor. by his consummate knowledge exsequor, qui, quiitus, vel cuius sum, of military affairs, and his incord. 3, {ex et sequor) to follow, purruptible fidelity. sue, prosecute. fabrico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr.fdexsilio, Ire, ui et ii, ultum, n. 4. {ex ber) to make, frame, forge, conet salio) to spring forth. struct. exspecto, V. expecto. fabula, ae, f. 1 {fr. for, faris) a reexsplro vel -plro, are, dvi, dtum, a. port, tale, fable, play. 1, {ex et spiro) to breathe out fdbiilosus, a, um, adj. fabulous. expire. fdciendus, a, um, part, of facio. exstinctus, vel -tinctus, a, um, part fades, iei, 5. {fr. fdcio, as species of exstinguo. fr. specio) the inake, appearance, exstinguo vel-tinguo, guere, xi, ctum countenance. a. 3. {ex et stinguo) to put out facile, ius, lime, adv. easily. extinguish, kill extingui w.orho fdcinus, oris, n. 3. {fr. fdcio) a to die a natural death. deed. exstructus vel -tructus, a, um, part. fdcio, facere, feci, factum, a. 3. to of exstruo. make, do, value pluris, to value exstruo vel -truo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3 higher fac^ imper. take care. {ex et struo) to build up. factum, i, n. 2. a deed, action. exsurgo, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. {ex factitrus, a, um, part, of facio. et surgo) to rise, rise up. factus, a, um, part. offo. exter vel exterus, a, um, adj. -terior. faex, faecis, f. 3, lees, dregs. -timus, of another country, fo- Falerii, drum, m. pi. 2. now Falari, reign. a town of Etruria, of which the externus, a, um, adj. outward, exinhabitants were called Falisci. ternal. Falernus, i, m. 2. a fertile plain of exto vel -sto, dre, iti, atum, n. 1. {ex Campania, with a mountain, faet sto) to appear or be above, remous for its wine. main, exist. Falernus, a, um, adj. pertaining to extorqueo, quere, si, turn, a. 2. {ex et Falernus, Falernian. torqueo) to wrest from, extort. Falisci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabitextra, prep. c. ace. without, beyond ants of Falerii. extractus, a, um, part, of extrdho. fallo, falUre, fefelli, falsum, a. 3. to extrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ex et deceive, escape the notice of.
.

traho) to draw out, extract. falsus, a, um, adj, deceitful, faithextrtmus, a, um, adj. sup. of exterus less, false. the utmost, last extrema senec- fama, ae, f. 1. (^^/t;?) report, rumour, tus, extreme old agp. fame.
;

DICTIONARY.
fdmelicus, a, um, adj. hungry. fames, is,f. 3. hunger. fdmilia, ae, f. 1. (for famulia fr. famvlus) the slaves belonging to a master, a family. fdmilidris, e, adj. belonging to the same {familia) family, intimate,
,

145
a,

femineus,

um,

adj. of a

woman,

womanly,
1. a wild beast. fera, ae, feraz, dels, adj. {fr.fero) fruitful. fere, adv. about, nearly, almost. ferinus, a, um, adj. (fera) of wild

familiar. fdmilidritas, dtis, f. 3. friendship, intimacy, confidence. fdmilidriter, adv. familiarly, as i f he were one of the same family. fdmula,ae,f. l.afemale slave, maid servant. fas, n. ind. divine law, justice, right nonfas est, it is not allow;

beasts. fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (^pw) to bear, carry, relate ; ferunt, they say ',fertur, it is said, feroz, ocis, adj. {fr. fera} fierce, wild, bold. ferreus, a, um, adj. iron, cruel, hard-

hearted.

ferrum,

i,

n. 2. iron.

ed.
fascis,
is,

fertilis.e,adj. ( fr.fero) fertile, fruitful.

m.

3.

a bundle of wood,

fertilitas, dtis,f. 3. fertility ,fruitful-

twigs, &c. the fasces carried beness. fore the Roman magistrates were ferula, ae,f. 1. a reed, rod, staff. generally of birch. ferus, a, um, adj. {fr. fera) savage, fdldlis, e, adj. (fr.fatum) destined wild. by fate, fatal. fervco, vere, vi et bid, n. 2. to boil, seethe, foam, be hot, glow. fdteor, fdliri, fassus sum, d. 2. to own, confess. fessus, a, um, part, oifatiscor. fdtidicus, a, um, adj. foretelling fu- festino, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to hasture events, prophetic. ten, be in a hurry. fdtigdtus, a, um, part, oifatigo. festum, i, n. 2. a feast. fdtigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weary, festus, a, um, adj. festive, jovial, fatigue. merry. fdtiscor.fatisci, fessus sum, d. 3. to fctilis, e, adj. {fr. fetus, part, offinbe exhausted, wearied. go) made of- earth or clay.

fdtum,

i,
',

n.

2.

a prophecy;

fate, ficus, i et us, f. 2. et 4.

fig-tree,

destiny fato fungi, to die. figFaustulus, i, m. 2. the shepherd fi delis, e, adj. faithfa], fr. fides. v;ho preserved Romulus and Re- fides, ei, f. 5. credit, faith, integrimus. ty infidcm, in confirmation in 3. the throat, a pasfaux, cis, fidem accipere, to give an assurance of protection, to accept a sage, defile; Caudinae Fhirculae vel Fauces, a defile near Caudi capitulation. or Caudium, where a Roman ar- fidus, a, um, adj. faithful. my was obliged to surrender to figo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. to fix, fastthe Samnites and pass under the en. yoke. filia, ae,f. 1. a daughter. fdveo, favtre, fdvi, fautum, n. 2. to filius, i, m. 2. a con. favour. findo, findere, fidi, flssum, a. 3. to cleave, cut, split. favor, oris. m. 3. favour. febris, is,f. 3. a fever. flngo,flngire,finxi,flctum, a. 3. to adj. form, frame; devise, feign. fecundus, a, um, fruitful, fertile. felicitas. dtis,f. 3. happiness, good finio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to end, fortune. conclude, finish. feliciter, adv. happily, fortunately. finis, is, m. et f. the end or conclu; ;

felis,

is,

f.

3.

cat.

ftliz, icis, adj. happy, felicitous.

femina, ae,

/.la

boundary. um, part, oi finio. female, woman. finltimus, a, um, adj. neighbouring.
sion, a limit,

finitus, a,

146
fio, fieri,

DICTIONARY.
formido,
Inis, f. 3. fear.

factus sum, irr. n. to be or done, happen, become. Jirmdtus, a, um, part, oijirmo. firmiter, adv. firmly, steadfastly.
made
firmo, are, dvi, dtum, a.
firm, establish. Jirmus, a, um, adj.
1.

formidolosus, a, um, adj. fearful. formositas, dtis, f. 3. beauty. formosus, a, um, adj. beautiful,

to

make

handsome.
fors,
tis, f. 3.

chance.

steady, fortasse, adv. perhaps. forte, adv. (the abl. of /or5, Tised adsure. verbially) by chance, accidentalfissus, a, um, part, offindo.
firm,
Jldgello, are, dvi,

jidgellum, scourge.
fidgitiosus, a,
flagitious,
i,

dtum, whip)

a. 1. (/r.

lye,

to

whip, fortis,

adj. (jior, -issimus) brave,

valiant.

fidgitium, reproach. jldgro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. be on fire.

um, adj. infamous, fortiter, {-ius, -issime) bravely, valiantly. wicked. 2. n. a shameful crime, /<9riiiw<^<?,ms,/.3.bravery,fortitude.
fortitna, ae,f.
1. to 1.

{fr.fors) fortune,

chance, luck, destiny. forum, i, n. 2. a market-place, a public place in Rome, where asFlaminius, i, m. 2. the name of sesemblies of the people were veral distinguished Romans. held, and justice was administerJiamma, ae, /. 1. a flame,
burn,
Jiecto,

dire, xi, xum, a.

3. to

bend
shed

twisf, turn.
fieo, fiere, Jltvi, fietum, a. 2. to tears, weep.

ed. fossa, ae, f. 1. {fr. fossum, sup. of fodio) a ditch.

fietus, us, m. 4. weeping. Flevo, onis, m. 3. a lake

formed by

the Rhine, which, having been in

progress of time much increased by the sea, assumed the namex)f Zuyder Zee or Southern Sea. Jlexus, a, um, part, of fiecto.
fioreo, ere, ui, n. 2. (Jios) to flourish,

fovea, ae,f. 1. a pit. fbveo, fovere, fovi, fotum, a. 2. to keep warm, cherish. fractus, , um, part, offrango. frdgilis, e, adj. {fr. frango) easily broken, frail, perishable. frdgilitas, dtis, f. 3. brittleness,
frailty.

i, n. 2. a fragment. frango, frangere,fregi,fractum, a. 3. to break, break in pieces, break Jlos, oris, m. 3. a flower, a blossom. Jluctus, us, m. 4. ifr. fluo) a wave. down, weaken. Jiumen, inis, {fr.fiuo) n. 3. a stream, frdter, iris, m. 3. a brother.

fragmentum,

bloom.

river. fiuo, ere, xi,

fraudHlentus, a, um, adj. {fr.fraus)

xum, n. 3. to flow. fraudulent. Jluvius, i, m. 2. {jr.jluo) a river. fraus, dis, f. 3. fraud, deceit. fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. 3. to freqtiens, tis, adj. frequent,constant,
dig.

numerous.
fretum,
i,

foecundltas, dtis,f. 3. fruitfulness. foecundus, a, um. adj. fruitful. foedus, eris, n. 3, a league. folium, i, n. 2. a leaf. fons, tis, m. 3. a fountain. forem, def I shall be fore, to be
;

n. 2. ui,

strait,

a sea.

1. to rub, chafe. frigeo, gere, xi, n. 2. to be cold.

frico, dre,

turn,

a.

frigidus, a, um, adj. {fr. frigeo")

cold. frlgus, oris, n. 3. (fr. frigeo) cold. foris, adv. without doors, abroad. frons, dis, f. 3. the leaf of a tree, forma, ae,f. 1. a figure, form, beaua branch with leaves, a green

about

to be.

ty.

bough.
1.
e,

formica, ae,f.
formiddbilis,

an

ant.

fructuosus, a, um, adj. fruitful, profitable.

adj. to be feared,

formidable.

fnuMs,

ws,

m.

4. fruit.

DICTIONARY.
frugalitas, dtis, f. frugality.
3.

147

temperance, Gaditdnus, a, urn, adj. of Gades /return Gaditanum, the straits or

i |

frumentum,
fruor,
iy

i,

n. 2. corn, grain.

Gibraltar,

1. called also Gallograecia, a country of Asia Minor, enjoy. south of Paphlagonia. frustra, adv. to no purpose, in vain.' frustrdtus, a, um, part, oi frustror. Gallia, ae,f. 1. Gaul, an extensive and populous country of Europe. frustror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to de-j ceive, disappoint, frustrate. Gallicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to Gaul. frutex, ids, m. 3. a shrub. frux, gis, f. 3. {frux rarely found) gallvtia, ae,f. 1. a hen. the fruit or produce of the earth, gallindceus, i, m. 2. a cock. com. Igallus, i, m. 2. a cock. Gallus, i, m. 2. a Gaul, fuga, ae,^\. {(pvyfi) flight, fugdtus, a, um, part, of fugo. Ganges, is, m. 3. a famous river of 3. ugere, ugi, ugitum, India. n. fugio, to fly, run away, escape. Garumna, ae,f. 1. a river of Gaul, which falls into the Sinus CanfUgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to put to flight, rout. tabricus, now the Bay of Biscay. It is now called the Garonne. fulgeo, gire, si, n. 2. to shine, glitter. gaudeo, gandere, gavisus sum, n.p. fuligo, inis,f. 3- soot. 2, to rejoice, be glad. Julio, onis, m. 3. a fuller. fulmen, iuis, n. 3- lightning, thun- gaudium, i, n. 2. joy, gladness. der. Fr.fulgeo,fulgiinenjulmen. gavisus, a, um, part, of gaudeo. gelidus, a, um, adj. cold as {gelu) fundie, is, n. 3. a torch.
I
|

itus et clus sum, d. 3, to Galatia, ae, f.

funditus, adv. (fr. fundus) from the very bottom, utterly. fundo,fundtre, fuidi, fiisum, a. 3. to pour out lacrimas, to shed tears hostes, to rout the enemy. fundus, i, m. 2- the bottom of any thing, ground a field, farm. funestus, a, um, adj. {fr. funus) deadly, fatal, inauspicious. funis, is, m. 3. a rope, cord, funus, cris, n. 3. a funeral. fur,furis, c. 3. (iiwf) a thief (a dimin, of furca furcula, ae, a fork) a little fork; Furculae Caudinae, v. faux.
;
;

ice,

gelu, n. et m, ind. ice, frost. geminus, a, um, adj. double gemim fratres, twins. gemmdtus, a, um, part, of gemmo^ set with precious stones. gemmo, are, dvi, dtum, m. 1, to bud, shine like precious stones.
;

gener, i, m. 2. a son-in-law. genero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to beget,

produce. gener ositas, dtis, f. 3. nobleness of mind, generosity, magnanimity. gener osus, a, um, adj. born of a no-

ble (generis) race, noble-heartfuriosus, a, um, adj. furious, mad. ed, Purins, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- gcnitrix, ids, f. 3, a mother. ly at Rome, which Camillus first genitus, a, um, part, of gigno. raised to distinction. gens, tis,f. 3. a clan among the Rofurtum, i, n. 2. {fr. fur) theft. mans, nation, tribe. fiisus, a, um, part, oi'fundo. genus, iris, n. 3, {Tivoi) a family, race, kind. futurus, a, um, part, of sum.
1. geometry, Germania, ae, f. 1. an extensive country of Europe at the east of Gades, ium,f. et m. pi. 3. now CaGaul. rfi;r,thenameofaflourishingcom- Gcrmanicus, a, um, adj. pertaining mercial city of Spain, situate on to Germany, German. an island of the same name, at Germdnus, i, m. 2. an inhabitant of

geometria, ae,f.

the

mouth

of the Baetis.

Germany.

148

DICTIONARY.
;

hahere, to owe thanks; in graUam^ in favour of. gero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3, to hea.rjgrdtuldt'us, a, um, part, of gratulor. carry, do res, to do actions ; odi- grdtulor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to con gratulate, um, to entertain hatred ; onus, to grdtus, a, um, adj. grateful, agreeabear a burden.

germdnus, a, um, adj. german fra-\ ter, a full brother.

;

ble, pleasing. Geryon, onis, m. 3. et Geryones, ae, w. 1. a celebrated monster who grdvis, e, adj. heavy, weighty, severe grave coelum, an oppressive lived in the island Erythia, near climate. Gades. gesto, dre, dvi, dium, a. 1. freq. of grdvitas, dtis,f. 3. heaviness, gravi;

gero, to bear, carry. gestus, a, um, part, oi gero ; res ges tae, exploits. Getae, drum, m. pi. 1. a tribe of Scythians remarkable for their strength and fierceness. giga,s, antis, m. 3. (Ftyaj) a giant.

ty-

grdviter, adv. heavily.

grdvo, dre, dvi, dtum,a. Ifto burden,

load.

gigno, gignere, genui, genitum,a. 3 to beget, produce. gldber, bra, brum, adj. smooth, bald
gldcies, ei,f. 5. ice.
3. (fr. glddius) a sword-player, gladiator. glddidtorius, a, um, adj. pertaining

gladiator, 6ris,m.

to

a gladiator.

glddius, i, m. 2. a sword. glans, dis,f. 3. an acorn.

glisco, ere, n. 3. to

grow, increase.

gregdtim, adv. in herds. gressus, us, m. 4. a step. gre-x, gis, c. 3, a herd, flock. grus, uis, m. etf. 3. a crane. guberndtor, oris, m. 3. a pilot, governor. Gyarus, i, f. 2. a small island of the Archipelago. Gyges, is, m. 3. a minister of Candaules, king of Lydia, who murdered his master, and usurped the throne about 718 B. C. Gymnosophista, ae, m. 1, one of a class of Indian philosophers, the

gloria, ae,f. 1. glory. glorior, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to boast Gorgias, ae, m. 1, a celebrated orator and sophist, born at Leontium in Sicily jWhence he was surnam-

same with the Brachmani, who were called gymnosophists,or naked philosophers, by the Greeks, from their going naked.

ed Leontinus.
gracilis,
e,

H.

adj. slender, lean, light Gracchus, i,m.2.ihe name of seve- habeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to have, ral distinguished Romans. hold, consider.

grddior, grddi, gressus sum, d. 3. to go, walk. gradus, its, m. 4. a step. Graecia, ae,f. 1. Greece. Graecus, a, um, adj. pertaining to Greece. grandis, e, adj. big, large. Granicus, i, m. 2. a river of Bithynia, famous for the victory of Alexander over Darius, B. C.

hdbito, dre, dvi, dium, a. l.freq.fr. habeo, to inhabit. hdbitiirus, a, um, part, of habeo habitus, a, um, part, of habeo. hdbltus, its, m. 4. condition, dress, manner.

hactenus, adv. thus far, hitherto. Hadridnus, i, m. 2. the 15th emperor of Rome, successor to Trajan.

334. Haemus, i, m. 2. a chain of moungrassor, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to go on, tains forming the northern bounadvance, rage against. dary of Thrace, and separating grdtes, f. pi. 3, thanks agere, to it from Moesia. give. halcyon, onis, f. 3. the halcyon. gratia, ae, f. 1. thanks, gratitude, Halicarnassus, i, f. 2. now Bodron, grace gratiam reddere, referre, a famous maritime city of Caria, to give thanks; agere, to thank; in Asia Minor.
;

DICTIONARY.
Hamilcar, dris, m.
3.

149

a Carthagini-

Asia, Africa, and the islands of

the Mediterranean.
;

an general.

Hannibal, dlis, m. 3. a Carthaginian herba, ae,f.\. an herb age. general, the inveterate enemy of

grass, herb-

Rome.
Hanno,
onis,

m.

3.

a Carthaginian

general.

herbidus, a, um, adj. full of herbs, rassy. Hercules, is, m. 3. a celebrated hero,

Harmonia, ae, f. 1. a daughter of son of Jupiter and Alcmena. Mars and Venus, who married Hercynia, ae,f. 1. a very extensive Cadmus. forest of Germany.
Harpyiae, drum,/, pi. 1. three wing- Herennius, i, m. ed monsters, who had the face of Samnites. a woman, the body of a vulture, heres vel haeres,
3.

a general of the

edis, c. 3,

an

heir.

and had their feet and armed with sharp claws.

haruspex, ids, m. 3. Hasdrvhal, dlis, m. nian general.
hasta, ae^f.
3.

fingers heri, adv. yesterday. Hero, us, f. 3. a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos, greatly beloved a soothsayer.

a Carthagi-

1. a spear. hand, adv. not. haurio, rlre, si, stum et sum, seldom

by Leander, a youth of Abydos. Hesperus, i, m. 2. a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy,and the country received the

name Hesperia fromhim,according

to

rlvi

et rii,
off.

ritum, a.

4.

to

draw,

some accounts,
gaping opening,
; ;

drink

haustus, a, um, part, of haurio. haustus, us, m. 4. a draught. hebes, etis, adj. blunt, dull. htbesco, ere, n. inc. 3. to grow blunt, dim, or languid. Hebrus, i, m. 2. now Marisa, the largest river of Thrace. It empties into the Aegaean. Hecuba, ae,f. 1. the second wife of

keu, int. alas hiatus, us, m. 4. a

aperture, Hibernicus, a, um, adj. Irish the Irish Sea. hibcrnus, a, um, adj. wintry num tempus, the winter. hie, adv. here.
hie, haec, hoc,

mare,
hiber-

pro. this.

Hiempsal,
gurtha.

Priam, king of Troy.

Jicdera, ae,f. Hegcsias, ae,
1.

m. 3. a brother of Adherbal, put to death by Judlis,

ivy.
1.

a philosopher of hiems vel hyems, emis, f. 3. winter. Hiero, onis, m. 3. a king of Sicily. Cyrene. IlcUna, ae,f. 1. the most beautiful Hierosolyma, ae,f. I. et a, drum, n. woman of her age, daughter of pi. 2. Jerusalem, hi7ic, adv. hence, from this place. Jupiter and Leda. Helicon, onis, m. 3. a famous moun- hinnio, ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. to neigh. tain in Boeotia, near the gulf oi hinnitus, iis, m. 4. a neighing Corinth, sacred to the Muses hinnxileus, i, m. 2. a young hind or fawn, and Apollo. helleborus, i, m. 2. hellebore. hio, are, dvi, alum, n. 1, to gape, yawn, open. Hellespontus, i, m. 2. now the Dardanelles, a narrow strait between Hipparchus, i, m. 2. a son of Pisistratns, who succeeded his father Asia and Europe, near the Proas tyrant of Athens. pontis. Helvetia, ae,f. 1. now Switzerland HippoLytns, i, m. 2. a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, a country of Gaul. Helvetii, drum, m. pi. 2. now the Hippomenes, is, m. 3. a son of MaSwiss, the inhabitants of Helvecareus, who married Aialanta with tlie assistance of Venus. tia HerdcUa, ae,f. 1. a name given to' hippopotdmus, i, m. 2. the hippopomore than 40 towns in Europe,! lamus or river-horse.
m.

150

DICTIONARY.

Hispania, ae, f. 1. now Spain, an humerus, i, m. 2. the shoulder. extensive country, forming a hUmidus, a, um, adj. moist. Fr.Jmmor. kind of peninsula, in the S. W. hUmilis, e, adj. low {humi) on the of Europe. ground, low; humili loco natum Hispdnus, a, um, adj. Spanish; m. esse, to be of humble origin. 2. a native of Hispania. hitmor, oris, m. 3. moisture, hodie, adv. (for hoc die) to-day. hUmus, i, f. 2. the ground humi, on hoedus, i, m. 2. a kid. the ground. Homerus, i, m. 2, a Greek poet, the most celebrated and ancient of hyaena, ae,f. 1. the hyaena, "'Yaiva. hydrus, i, m. 2. ('Y6pos) a waterall the profane writers. serpent. homo, inis, c. 3. a man. honestas, dtis, f. 3. dignity, honour hymnus, i, m. 2. ("Y/ii/o?) a song. Hyperboreus, a, um, adj. (^'YTrepfiopsos) virtue. northern, wintry. honestus, a, urn, adj. honourable, honor, et -os, oris, m. 3. honour, a hystrix, icis,f. 3. ("YffrptQ a porcupine. post of honour, office.
;

honorifice, {centius, centissime)

ho
I.

nourably.
hora, ae,f. 1. ("fllpa) an hour. Hordtius, i, in. 2. the name of several Romans; Horatii, three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who fought against the Curiatii. horreo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be rough. horridus, a, urn, adj. {fr. horreo) rough, hideous, frightful. Hortensius. i, m. 2. the name of several Romans.

Iberus, i, m. 2. now the Ebro, one of the largest rivers of Spain, which empties into the Mediter-

ranean. adv. there. ibidem, adv. in the same place.

ibi,

Ibis, idis, f. 3. ("!/?(?) the ibis

Egyptian bird like a devours serpents.

stork,

an which
;

Icarus, i, m. 2. the son of Daedahortdtus, its, m. 4. (/r. hortor) an exlus. hortation. Icarius, a, um, adj. of Icarus; hortor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to excite mare, a part of the Aegaean sea encourage, exhort. near the islands Myconos and hortus, i, m. 2. a garden. Gyaros. hospes, His, c. 3. a stranger, guest. Ichneumon, onis, m. 3. {^Ix^sviiOiv) hospitium, i, n. 2. the act of receivthe ichneumon or Egyptian rat. ing (hospitcs) strangers, hospi Ichnusa, ae, /. 1. a name given to tality hospitio accipere, to enterthe island of Sardinia, from its tain. resembling a human footstep
;

hostia,
hostllis,

ae, /,
e,

1,

a victim, animal

i:ixvoi).

sacrificed.

Ico,

'icere,
;

adj. {fr. hostis) of an ene strike my, hostile. tify. Hosiilius, i, m. 2. Tullus, the third ictus, a,

ici, ictum, a. 3. to hit, icere foedus, to make, ra-

stroke, blow. hue, adv. hither; huc.illuc, now Idem, eddem, idem,, pro. the same. here.. .now there. idoneus, a, um, adj. fit, proper, suithujusmodi, adj. ind. {hie et modus) able. of this kind or sort, such. tgltur, conj. therefore.

hostis, is,

king of Rome, succeeded Numa. c. 3. an enemy.

ictus,

its,

um. part, of ico. m. 4. {fr. ico, ictum) a

humdnitas,

(humdnus) hu- igndrus, a, um, adj. {fr. in, not, et gndrus, knowing) ignorant. humdnus, a, um, adj. pertaining to igndvus, a, um, adj. {in, not, etgndman, human. Fr. homo, or allied vus, industrious) idle, inactive, to it. cowardly.

man

dtis, f. 3.

nature, humanity.

DICTIONARY.
tgms,
is,

151

immolo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sacrifice, immolate. That is, to sprinkle {molam) a salted cake unknown, mean, ignoble. (i?i) upon a victim. ignoro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. {fr.igndrus) to be ignorant of, not to immorldlis, e, adj. {in et mortdlis) immortal. know. ignotus, a, um, adj. {in et notus) immotus. a, um, part, {in et motus) unmoved. not known, unknown. Ilium, i, n. 2. a name of Troy, de- immHtdtus, a, um, part, of immiito ; rived from Ilus, one of its kings. nihil immutdtus, unchanged. illdius, a, um, part, of infero. imviuto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et ille, a, ud, pro. he, she, that. muto) to alter greatly, change.

m.
e,

3. fire.

ignobilis,

adj. {in, not, et nobilis)

'

drum, f. 1. {fr. illicio) impdtiens, tis, adj. {in et pdtior, pdenticements, allurements. tiens) that cannot or will not illico, adv. {illoco, in hoc loco) in bear, impatient frigoris, unable that place, on the spot, instantly, to withstand the cold morae, imillv.c. adv. to that place, thither patient of delay, huc...illvx, now here. ..now there. impedio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to hinillustris, e, adj. {fr. illuceo) clear, der, check, prevent, F'r. in et bright, illustrious, far-famed. pedes. That is, to throw any illustro, dre, dvi, dtuvi, a. 1. (m et thing against the feet of another, Instro) to illuminate, illustrate, and hinder his progress. make renowned. impedUu^, a, um, part, of impedio. Illyria, ae,f. 1. et lUyricum, i,n.2. impendeo, dtre, di, n. 2. (m et pencountry a bordering on the Adrideo) to hang over, impend, threakatic Sea. opposite Italy. ten. imago, inis, f. 3. an image, figure, impenetrdbilis, e, adj. {in et penetrd' likeness. bilis) impenetrable. imbexillis. e, adj. weak,feeble. That impense, adv. {fr. impendo, to lay is, resting {in baciUum) on a out money upon) at great cost stick. of labour and pains, extraordinaimbcr, bris, m. 3. {fr. o^ifipoi) a rily. shower. imperdtor, oris, m. 3. {fr. impero, imitdtio, onis, f. 3. {fr. imitor) imiimperdtum) a commander-intation. chief of an army, general. imitor^ dri, dlus sum, d. 1. to imi- imperito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. tate. fr. impero) to command, govern. immdnis, e, adj. horrible, cruel, imperitus, a, um, adj. {iii, not, et monstrous. peritus) unskilful, ignorant, ineximmcvior, oris, adj. {in, not, el meperienced. mor) forgetful, regardless. impcrium, i, n. 2. {fr. impero) comillecebrae,
; ; ;

immensus,

a,

um,

adj.

{in,

not, et

mand, authority, government.

wc/io7-,m^nsu.v)immeasurable, im- impero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. mense, boundless. pdro) to command, rule over, goimmcriius, a, um, part, {in, not, et vern. meritus) undeserved, undeserv- impertio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to iming. part, share. That is, to give imminco. ere, ui, n. 2. {hv et mineo) {partem) a part. to hang over,threaten, be at hand. impctro, dre, dvi, dtum. a. 1. {in et imrnissus. a, um, part, of immilto. pdtro, to effect) to accomplish acimmitto, ittlre, isi, issum, a. 3. {in et complish the object of a request, milto) to send or let in, to send to, obtain by request. to throw at. impetus, ics. m. 4. {fr. imptlo, to asimmobilis, e, adj. {in, not, et mObilis) sail) an assault or fury withwhich immoveable. we assault any one, violence
,

PART

I.

152

DICTIONARY.
inclpio.
cipere, cepi, ceptum, a, 3w

impeium facere in aliquem, to make an attack upon one. impius, a, um, adj. (i7i et plus) im-

cdpio) to begin. incitdtus, a, um, part, of incito. incito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et pious, wicked. cito) to rouse, excite, stimulate. impleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. (pleo fr. nUo)) to fill, fulfil, accomplish. includo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {in et claudo) to shut in or up, include. impliciius, a, um, part, of implico. implico, are, ui et dvi, ituvi et dium, inclusus, a, um, part, of incliido. a. 1. (m et piled) to entangle, in- inclyius, a, um, adj. {fr. k^vtos) revolve implicari morho, to be seiznowned, illustrious. incola, ae, c. 1, {fr. incolo') an inhaed with. imploro, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. {fr. bitant. ploro) to call upon with weeping, incolo, colere, cohci, cultum, a. 3. {in et cola) to inhabit, abide or dwell beseech, impono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (in in. et pono) to lay upon, impose. incolUmis, c, adj. {in et cdlUviis) safe,

(in

et

importmius, a, um, adj. importunate, sound, unpunished. outrageous, outrageous in de- incompertus, a, um, part, {in, not, mands, tyrannical, cruel. et compel tus) not discovered, unimpositus, a, um, part, of impono. known. improbdttis, a, um, part, of improbo. inconslderdte, adv. inconsiderately. improbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (m et incredibilis, e, adj. {in et credibilis) probo) to disapprove of. incredible. imprudens, tis, adj. (in et prudens) incredibiliier, adv. incredibly. iinprudent, inconsiderate. incrtmenium, i, n. 2. an increase. impugndiurus, a, um, part, of imFr. i7icresco, increvi, whence iu^ pugno. crevimentum, incrementum. impugno, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. {in et increpo, dre, ui. Hum, a \. {fr. crepo, pugno) to attack. to make a noise) to make a noise impune, adv. without punishment, at, upbraid, reprove. with impunity. incrue7itus, a, aun, adj. {in et crue7i~ imus, a, um, adj. {fr. infxmus, sup. tus) not bloody, bloodless. of inferus) the lowest. inculte, adv. rudely, uncouthly, inelegantly. about, amongst, for; i7icultus, a, um, adj. et part, {in ei i7i dies, from day to day in eo cwZi^s)uninhabited,uncultivated, esse, to be on the point of. desert. tndnis, e, adj. empty, void, vain. incumbo, cu7nbere, ciibui, cubiium, n. inaresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be3. {in et cubo) to lean, lie, or recome dry. cline upon, to attend or apply to; inctdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {in et gladio vel i7i gladium, to fall ctdo) to go against or towards upon one's sword, slay one's self. go, come. inc7orsio, 6nis,f. 3. {fr. incurro, i7vincendium, i, n. 2. {fr. incendo) a cursum) a running upon, incurfire, conflagration. sion, attack. incendo, dere, di, suvi, a. 3. {fr. can- incus, iidis, f. 3. an anvil on which do') to set fire to, burn. smiths {i7icud7ini) forge iron. incensus, a, um, part, of incendo. inddgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. incertus, a, um, adj. {in et cerius) indu, within, et ago) to trace out uncertain. as hunters do, investigate. inchoo, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. to be- inde, adv. from that place, thence. gin. i7idex, ids, m. etf. {fr. indico) one inctdo, cldere, cldi, cdsum, n. 3. {in who shows or discovers, a sign, ei cddo) to fall into or upon, hapmark, index. pen in aliquem, to fall in with India, ae.f. 1. an extensive country one. of Asia, which took its name
c.

in,

(^prep.

ace. et abl.) in, into,

against,

at,

DICTIONARY.
from the Indus,
its

153

western boun-1 2 V^^^> ^erg, xi, zum, a. 3, {in et figo) to fix, fasten in. indico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {dico) infimus, a, urn, adj. lowest. For inferrivius^fr. inferus. to show, discover, disclose. indico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {in et di- infmlhts, a, um, adj. {in et finltus) without bounds, infinite; infinico) to declare, proclaim. tum argenti, an immense quantiindictus, a, um, part, of indico. Indicus, a, um, adj. Indian. ty of silver. indigena,ae,c.\..a.n2LiiYeoidL'^\diCe.\infirmus, a, um, adj. (in et firmus) weak, infirm. For indugena, fr. indu, in, and geno for gigno. inflavimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {flamdary.
|

indoles, is,f. 3. natural disposition. indue ft, cere, xi, ctum. a. 3. {in et

mo)
cite.

to set

on

fire,

inflame, ex-

diico) to lead in, induce, per- injldtus, a, um, part, of hijlo. suade. infiigo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (wt et inductus, a, um, part, of indiico. fligo) to inflict, strike. indtcOfUere.ui, iilum, a. 3. {fr. tvoiui) info, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {i7i etfio) to put on, clothe to blow into or upon, puff' up. Indus, i, VI. 2. a celebrated river o[^infre7idco,ere,ui,n.2. {inetfrx:ndeo) India, falling, after a course of to gnash with the teeth. 1300 miles,inio the Indian Ocean infringo, ingere, egi, actum, a. 3. It forms the western boundary of {i7i etfrango) to break in pieces. India. infundo, fundire, fitdi, fusum, a. 3. industria, ae,f. 1. industry. {in etfundo) to pour into. indiitus, a, um, part, of indiio. ingtnium, i, n. 2. {fr. ins^no, ininedia, ac,f. 1. {fr. in, not, and edo, genui) natural disposition or cato eat) want of food, hunger. pacity, genius, character. ineo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. a. et n. ingeno, same as ingigno, gignere, to go into, enler foe du^, to form genui, ginlium, a. 3. {in et gigno) a league. to engender, produce. inermis, e, adj. {fr. in, not, and ingens, tis, adj. great, large.
;

defence- ingenuus, a, um, adj. {fr. ingeno) native, freeborn, liberal, candid. inexplicdbilis, e, adj. {in et explicd- ingredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. {in bilis) inexplicable, intricate. et grddior) to walk into, go in, infdmis, e, adj. (fr.fama) infamous, enter. disgraceful. ingressus, a, um, part, of ingredior. infans, tis, c. 3. an infant. Fr.for, ingruo, uere, ui, n. 3. to fall violentfans. One who cannot speak. ly on, assail. infiri, drum, m. 2. the infernal re- inhaereo, rtre, si, sum, n. 2. {in et gions the infernal gods the haereo) to cling to, adhere to shades. in cogitationihus, to be lost inferior, us, adj. comp. of infervs. thought. infcro, inferre, intuli, illdtum, irr. nhio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1. {in a. {in etfero) to bring into, bring et hin) to gape for, covet. against; bellum alicui, to w age linim tens, a, um. adj. {in et amicus) war agamsi. unfriendly, hostile. inferus, a, um. {inferior, infimus inique. adv. {in et aeque) unequally, vet imu.s) whicli is below. unjustly. infesto, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to an- iniquus, a, um, adj. {in ct aequus) noy, molest, injure. Infestussum unequal, unjust. in. inltium, i, n. 2. {fr. ineo, initum) a infestus, a, um, adj. {in, not, et fesbeginning. Vus) hostile niturus, a, um, part, of iiieo. infidns, a. um, adj. {in, not, et fidus) injicio icere, eci, edum, a. 3. {in et unfaithful, faithless. jdcio) to cast into, throw upon.
less.
;

anna) without arms,

154
tnjiicundus, a,

DICTIONARY.
um,
adj. (in etjucun-l insidiae,

dus) unpleasant, harsh.

injuria, ae,f.
jus, juris.
1.

injury,

wrong. Fr.
d. 3. (in'
'

drum, f. pi. {fr. insideo) an ambush, lying in wait, treachery per insidias, treacherously.
;

insidior,dri, dtussum, d. 1. (insidias facia) to lie in wait, plot against. et nascor) to grow in. insigne, is, n. 3. (fr. signuvi) a sign inndto, are, dvi, dium, n. 1. (in et or mark of distinction, ensign. ndio) to sMam into, float upon. insignis, e, adj. distinguished by some (signum) mark or sign, disinndtus, a, um, part, of innascor, inbred, innate. tinguished. inniior, ti, sus vel xussum, d. 3. (m insivndo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (in et Simula) to pretend a charge et nitor) to lean or rest upon, deagainst, to accuse. pend upon. innocens, tis, adj. innocent, guilt- insislo, sistere, stiti, stdtum, n. 3.
i7inascor, nasci,

Quod non jure Jit.

ndtus sum]

less.

(in
1.

et sisto) to

stand upon,

insist.

innoccntla, ae,f.

innocence.

insolabiliter, adv. inconsolably.

innotesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (notus insolens, tis, adj. insolent, arrogant. insblenter, adv. (fr. insolens) arroJio) to become noted or known. iitnozius, a, wm, adj. (in et nozius) gantly. inoffensive, harmless. insolitus, a, um, part, et adj. unacinnumerdbilis, e, adj. (in et nuvieracustomed, unusual. biiis) innumerable. inspecto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. innuvierus, a, um, adj. countless, inof inspicia) to look into, observe,

numerable.
(inops) want. inops, apis, adj. poor, needy. est sine ope.

Inopia,

SIC, f. 1

Qui

Mopus,

i,

m.

2.

a river of Delos,

which the inhabitants supposed to be the Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. Near its banks Apollo and Diana were
born.

in vel im- prlmis, adv. especially. inquam, is, it, def. I say, inqutndturus, a, um, part, of inquino.

behold. insperdtus, a, um, part, et adj. not hoped, for, unexpected. instdturus, a, um, part, of insto. instituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (in et stdtua) to appoint, institute. institutum, i, n. 2. (fr. instituo) a practice, institution. institutus, a, um, part, of instituo. insto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. \ (in et sto) to stand near, urge, request earnestly. instriivientum, i, n. 2. (fr. instruo)
.

an instrument.
1. to

inquino, dre, dvi, dtum, a.

file,

de- instruo, ere,xi, ctum, a. 3. (inetstruo) to furnish, provide, fit out, ininquiro, rere, sivi. sltum, a. 3. (jn et struct epulas, to prepare a meal. quaere) to seek for, inquire, in- Insubres, um, m. pi. 3. the inhabitvestigate. ants of Insubria, a country near insdnia, ae, f. 1. (insdnus) madness, the Po, supposed to be of Gallic ^ folly. origin. insdnio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. (insdnus insuesco, escere, evi, etuvi, n. inc. 3.

contaminate, stain.

sum)

to

be mad.

to

become accustomed.

inscribo, here, psi, ptum, a. 3. (in et insiila, ae,f. 1. an island. scribo) to write upon, inscribe. insHper, adv. moreover. inscriptus, a, um, part, of inscribo. integer, gra, grum, adj. (grior, germsectum, i, n. 2. (inseco, insectum) riimis) whole, entire, uncorruptan insect. ed, unhurt. inslq^iens, tis, pari, of inscquor. intega, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et

inseqnor, qui, quutus vel ciitus sum., teg a) to cover. d. 3. (in et sequor) to follow. integrltas. dtis, f. 3. (fr. integer) insldeo, idere, edi, essum, n. 2. (in integrity. et sedeo) to sit or rest upon. intellectus, a, um, part, of intelligo.

DICTIONARY.
tntelligo, Igere, exi,

155
which
{iiiter

edum,

a. 3. (in- interns, a, uvi, adj. (fr. inter)

is within. intervallum,
i,

understand, perceive, discern, know inter, prep. c. ace. between, among. irdercipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3, {inter et capio) to take by surprise, intercept. inter di CO, cere, xi, ctuvi, a. 3. {inter et dico) to forbid, prohibit. inter dictus, a, um,part. oi inter dico. interdiu, adv. by day. inferdum, adv. now and then, sometimes. interea, adv. {inier ea negotia) in the
ter et lego) to

n. 2. the

space

vallos)

between the stakes of the rampart of a camp, any interval.

intervenio, venire, veni.ventum, n. 4. {inter et venio) to come between. intexo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. {in et texo) to interweave. intimus, a, um, adj. (for interrimus fr. interns) innermost, very inti-

mate.
intra, prep.
c.

ace.

within

adv. in-

ward.
intrlpidus, a,

meanwhile.

um,

adj. {in, not, et

interemtus vel -emptus, a, um, part. trepidns) fearless, intrepid. intro. are. dvi, dtum,a. 1. {intro eo) of interimo. intereo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. to go into, enter.
interest,

{inter et eo) to go to ruin, perish. introdiico. cere, xi, dum, a. 3. {intro imp. {inter et sum) it conet diico) to lead in, introduce. cerns, or is the interest of; ?7iea, introitus, iis, rn. 4. {fr. introeo, in-

interfector, oris,

concerns me. troltum) a going in, entrance. m. 3. {fr. inlerjicio, intneor, eri, itus sum. d. 2. {in et tueor) to look steadfastly at, beiaterfectuvi) a murderer.
it

inter ficio, iccre, eci,

edum,

a. 3. {^In-

hold.
intus, adv. {ivroi)

inusitdtjis, a, um, adj. {in ctusitdtus) unusual, uncommon. interimo, imcre, emi, emtuvi or empturn, a. 3. {inter etemo) to take in inutilis, e, adj. {in et utilis) useless, unserviceable. the midst, take away, kill. interjectus, a, um, part, oi interjicio invddo, dere, si, sum., a. 3. {in et vddo) to enter, fall upon, attack. interjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {inter et jdcio) to throw between or invenio, venire, vtni, ventnm, a. 4. {in et venio) to come upon, light among. upon, find, invent. interior, us. adj. (comp. of interns) 3. {fr. invenio) interior. invenlrix, ids. more within, inner, an inventress. intcrnecio, onis, f. 3. a ma.ssacre, inventus, a, nm, part, of invenio. carnage, destruction. inlernodium, i, n. 2. the space be- investigo, dre, dvi. dtmn, a. 1. to trace or find out by {vestlgiis) the tween two knots or joints. prints of the feet, to investigate, internum, a, um, adj. {fr. inter) indiscover. Mo.re Intcrnuvi, ner, internal inviceyn, adv. alternately, mutually. Mediterranean sea. interpres, etis, m. 3. an interpreter. invidus, a, um, part, {in et vidv^) unconquered. Fr. inter and partes, or inter and invldeo, vidtre, vidi, visum, a. 2. {in pretium' That is, keep et video) to envy. tnterrcgnnm, i, n. 2. {inter et regnum) an interreis'n, the space of one's eye fixed on an object with sentiments of secret jealousy. lime in which a throne is vacant between the death of one king in?;zrZm, ae,/. 1. envy, hatred, spite, linvlsns, a, um, adj. odious, hateful. and the accession of another. intcrrngatus,a,um,part.o[interrogo. invitdtus, a, um, pirt. of invito.

ter etfdcio) to kill, murder. interim, adv. in the meanwhile.

withm.

invito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to a.sk, interrngo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1 invite. intersum, esse, fui, futiims, irr. n. {inter et sum) to be in the midst, invius, a, um, adj. {fr. via) impas-

be present

at.

sable.

o 2

156

DICTIONARY.

invoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et Italia, ae, f. 1. Italy, a celebrated country of Europe. voco) to call upon, invoke. Zones, urn, m. pi. 3. the inhabitants Italian. ^;f^^^'^'^^'UcZi. -' Italus, a, um, of Ionia. ) loma, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia itdque, adv. therefore. That is, and so. Minor, on the coast of the Ae-

gaean,
lontcns, a, urn,
) )

lomus,

a,

um,
is,

j^^.^^_

'

{fr. eo, itum) a journey, way, march. ittrum, adv. once more, again.
ter, itineris, n. 3.

Iphicrdtes,

m. 3. a celebrated ge- Ithaca, ae,f. 1. a mountainous and rocky island, wath a city of the neral of Athens, who rose from same name, situate north-east of the lowest station to the highest Cephallenia. It was famous for offices in the state. being a part of the kingdom of Iphigenia, ae, / 1. a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Ulysses. ipse, a, um, pro. he himself, she iiidem, adv. in like manner, likewise. herself, itself; he, she, it et ipse, itiirus, a, he also. Ira, ae,f. 1. anger, passion, resent;

um, part, of eo.

J.

ment.
vrascor, irasci, d. 3. (/r. ira) to be

jdceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to lie. jdcio, jdcere, jeci, jactum, a. 3. to throw, cast, hurl. irretio. Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. {fr. retc) jacto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq.fr. jacio,) to throw to and fro, toss. to ensnare, entangle. irrideo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (m et jactus, a, um, part, oi jacio. rldeo) to laugh at, scoff. jdcidor, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to throw iorigdtus, a, um, part, of irrigo. {jaculum) a javelin, hurl. irrlgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et javi, adv. now, presently, already. rigo) to water, bedew, irrigate. jamdiidum, adv. long ago. irrlto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pro- Janiculum, i, n. 2. now Montorio, voke, enrage, irritate. one of the seven hills at Rome, irruo, ^ccre, id, n. 2. {in et ruo) to on the opposite shore of the rush in or on furiously, attack. Tiber. Ancus Martins joined i.s, ea, id, pro. this, he, she, it. it to the city by the bridge SubliIsocrdles, is, m.' 3. a celebrated cius. Athenian orator, son of Theodo- Japetus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus or rus. Titan and Terra. Issicus, a, wm, adj. pertaining to Jason, onis, m. 3. a celebrated hero, Issus. son of Aesun. was leader

irdtus, a,

angry or enraged. um, adj. {fr. ira) angry,

enraged.

He

Issus,
iste,

i,

f. 2.

now

Aisse,

a town of

of the Argonauts.
jejiinus, a, um, adj. fasting, hungry. jocor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to speak in jest, joke.

juba, ae,f. 1. a mane. jubeo, jub e, jussi, jussum, a. 2. to order, bid, command. jiicundus, a, um, adj. {fr. juvo) dewhich received their name from lightful, sweet. the isthmus of Corinth, where Judaea, ae,f. 1. a province of Pathey were observed. lestine, forming the southern diIsthmus, i, m. 2. ('Io-0/^dj) an isth vision.
;

on the confines of Syria, ud, pro. this, that, he, she, it, Ister, tri, m. 2. a large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea called also Danubius. Isthmicus,a,um, adj. Isthmian ludi sacred games among the Greeksj
Cilicia,
(I,

mus, neck of land separating two Judaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining to seas, Judaea Judaeus, i, m. 2. a Jew.
;

ite,

adv. so, thus.

judex, Ids,

c.

3. {jus et

dico) a judge.

DICTIONARY.
jitdicdius, a,

157

judicium,

i,

n. 2.

um, part, of judico. judgment; a sen

tence, decision. judico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to judge, determine, think. jugerum, i, n. 2. an acre of land. jUgurn, i, n. 2. a yoke the summit
;

jUvdre, jiivi, juium, a. 1. to succour, help, assist, /uzte, ^rc;?.c.acc.immediatelyupon, {judex) hard by, near; adv. nearly alike,
jiivo,

equally.

of a mountain.
fr. jugo, jungo.
ae,

I'V. ^vyov.

Or

labor et -os, oris, m. 3. toil, labour. m. 1. a son of Masta- Idbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. to fal!, nabal, the brother of Micipsa. glide, flow. Julius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- Idboriosus, a, um, adj. {fr. labor) 1}' of Alba, brought to Rome by toilsome, laborious. Romulus, where they soon rose labor 0, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {labor) to the highest honours of the to labour, be oppressed with, sufstate. fer with morbo, to be sick fame, juuctus, a, um, part, of jungo. to be hungry. jungo, gtre, xi, ctum, a. 3. to join Idbijrinthus, i, m. 2. {AaPvpiv9os) a jungere currum, to put the horses labyrinth. to the chariot. lac, lis, n. 3. milk. junior, us, adj. comp. (for juvenior Ldceduemonius, a, um, adj. Lacefr.juvenis) younger. daemonian. Junius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- Lacedacmon, onis, f 3. a noble city ly at Rome. of the Peloponnesus, the capital Jiino. onis.f. 3. the wife of Jupiter of Laconia, called also Sparta. Jiipiler, Jbcis. m. 3. the son of Sa- Idcerdtus. a, um, part, of Idcero. turn and Ops, and king of the ldce.ro, arc, dvi. dtum, a. I. {fr. lacer,

Jugurtha,

gods. torn) to tear in pieces, maim. jurgiosus, a.um, adj. (fr. jurgium) Idcessltus, a, um, part, of lacesso. quarrelsome. Idccsso, ere, ivi, itum, a. 3. to rouse, jurgiuvi, i, n. 2. a quarrel. provoke, irritate. juro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (//. jus, Laconicus, a,um, adj. Spartan, Lajuris) to swear. conic. jus, juris, n. 3. law, right, justice; lacryyna., ae,f. 1. a tear. jus civitatis, citizenship jure, lacus, us, m. 4. a lake. justly, reasonably. Fr. jussi fr laedo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to hurt,
;

jubeo.

That which

is

ordained

harm.
laetdtus, a,

or divine. jussus, a, um, part, of jubeo.

jussus, us, m. 4. {fr. jubeo, jussum)

by laws

human

um, part, of laetor.

laetiiia, ae,f. 1. {fr. laetus) joy. laetor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be glad,

a command.
justitia,

rejoice.
laetus, a,
tiful.

Justus, right, upright.

ae.f 1. {f Justus) justice. a, um, adj. {fr. jus) just,

um, adj. glad, joyful, prosperous, flourishing, fruitful, plen-

Laevinus, i, m. 2. P. Valerius, a juvenca, ae,f. 1. a heifer. Roman consul, sent against PyrjuvCnis, is, adj. {comp. junior, for rhus; Laevini. a familybelonging juvenior) young, youthful subst. woto the gens Valeria. c. 3. a youth, youns: man or man. Fr. jiivo. One who has laevor, Oris, m. 3. smoothness. arrived at that time of life which Lagus, i, 777. 2. a Macedonian of admits of his being of use to his mean extraction, who adopted country, to his family, and to him Ptolemy (thence called Lagus or self. Lagides), the first Macedonian juvenius, ulis, f. 3. {fr. juvenis) king of Egypt. youth. Idna, ae,f. 1. wool.
;

:58

DICTIONARY.

Idndtus, a, um, adj. having or bear leaena, ae,f. 1. {Aeaiva) a lioness. Leander, dri, m. 2. a youth of Abying wool, woolly. dos. Idnidtus, a, um, part, of lanio.
Idnio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 to tear, to lebes, etis, m. 3. (Aipris) a kettle. ledus, a, um, part, of lego. cut in pieces. lapicidina, ae, f. 1. (/r. lapiclda Leda, e, /. 1. the wife of Tyn darns, king of Sparta, was mother fr. lapis et caedo) a quarry ; marof Pollux and Helena, and also moris, a marble-pit, quarry of
.

marble.
Idpideus, a, um, adj. {fr. lapis) stony lapis, idis, m. 3. a stone. lapsus, a, um, part, of labor. Idquetis, i, m. 2. a noose, halter snare. largior, Iri, Itus sum, d. 4. to grant (Zar^e) largely ,lavish,give. grant largUio, onis, f. 3. {fr. largior) a giving freely, grant, gift. largus, a, um, adj. large, extensive copious. late, adv. widely, far and wide.
Idtehra, ae,f. place.
1. (fr.

of Castor and Clytemnestra.

legdtio, onis, f. 3. (legatus)

an em-

bassy. legdtus,

i, m. {fr. lego) an bassador, lieutenant.

2.

am-

legio, onis, f. 3,

a legion, body of
of ten
co-

soldiers horts.

consisting

Idteo)

m. 3. {lex etfero, latum) a lawgiver, legislator. lego, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to send or depute as an ambassador, or as a deputy or lieutenant. legere, legi, ledum, a. 3. (Afhidinglego, a
legislator, oris,

yw) to gather, choose, read, read aloud. Lemd?ius, i, m. 2. a lake in the counescape the observation of try of the Allobroges, now called later, eris, m. 3. a brick or tile the lake of Geneva. later cuius, ^, w. 2. a small brick or lente, adv. slowly, remissly. tile. Latinus, a, um, adj. pertaining to leo, onis, m. 3. {Kio^v) a lion. Leonidas, ae, w. 1. a king of SparLatium, Latin. Latinus, i, m. 2. a son of Faunus ta, celebrated for his bravery and and Marica, king of the Aboripatriotism. He led the 300 Spargines in Italy, who from him tans who fell at Thermopylae. were called Latini. Leontvrius, i, m. 2. pertaining to
Idteo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lurk, lie hid,

Leontium. Leontium, i, n. 2. a town of Sicily. Ldtona, ae,f. 1. the mother of Apol- Lepldus, i, m. 2. M. Aemilius, a Rolo and Diana. man celebrated as being one of Idtrandus, a, um, part, of latro. the triumvirs, with Octavianus latro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to break, and Antony. bark at. lepus, oris, m. 3. a hare. latro, onis, m. 3. a robber. letdlis, e, adj, {fr. letum, death)
Idtitudo,
inis,

3.

{fr.

latus)

breadth.

latrocinium,
Idtiirus, a,

i,

n. 2. robbery.

mortal, deadly, fatal.

levis, e, adj. light.

Idtus, a,

um, part, oifero. um, adj. broad, wide.

levis

et

laevis,

e,

adj.

{fr.

'XeTos)

Idtu, eris, n. 3. a side. smooth, polished. lauddtus, a, um, fart, of laudo. levitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. levis) lightlaudo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. laus, ness. laudis) to praise. levo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. levis) laus, dis, 3. praise. to lighten, relieve, alleviate. laute, adv. sumptuously, magnifi- lex, legis,f. 3. a law, condition. cently. libenter, adv. {fr. libens, willing) Idvo, lavdre, lavdvi et saepius Idvi, willingly, cheerfully. lavdium, lautum et lotum, a. 1, et liber, era, erum, adj. free. 3. to wash, rinse, bathe. liber, bri, m. 2. {fr. Xcttos, bark)

DICTIONARY.
the

159

inward bark or rind of a tree,

a manner
befit-

a book.
tiberdliter, adv. in

drum, pi. a letter, epistle also, letters or learning, the arts,

terae,

the sciences.
litterdrius, a,

ting a (liberum virum)

freeman or

um,

adj. (fr. littera)

gentleman, liberally.
libere,

relating to letters, literary,

liberdcus, a, U7n, part, of Ubero. litus vel littus, oris, n. 3. {fr. >,i<rcrds, adv. freely. \iTrd;, smooth) a shore, a bank, liberi, drum, m.pl. 2. children, (free- loco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to place, born, not slaves). dei)osite -jVirgoducenda locatur, a liber 0, are, dvi, dtuvi, a. 1. to free, girl is bestowed or given in marset at liberty. Liberum facio. riage. JFr. locus. That is, in libertas, dtis. f. 3. (fr. liber) liberloco pono.
ty.

locus,

i, m..

2. loci et Idea, oru^p,, pi.

Libya, ae, f. 1. properly that part m. et n. a place. of Africa which borders on the locusta, ae,f. 1. a locust. Mediterranean, adjoining Egypt. longe, adv. {fr. longus) a long way The poets have extended the off, far, wide. name to all Africa. longinquus, a, um, adj. (fr. longus) licet, ibat, Hcuit, vel licitum est, imp. being a long way off, distant. it is just or right, it is lawful or longitudo, inis, f. 3, (fr. longus) allowed. length, Licinius, i, m. 2. the name of an il- longus, a, um-, adj. long, lustrious family at Rome. loquuturus vel -ciiturus, a, um, part. licet, conj. although. of loquor. lienosus, a, um, adj. {lien, enis, loquiitus vel ciitus, a, um, part, of spleen) splenetic, affected with loquor. spleen. loquor, qui, quutus vel ciitus sum, d. ligTieus, a, um, adj. (fr. lignum) of 3. {fr. Xoyos, a word) to speak, wood, wooden. lorica, ae,f. 1, a breast-plate, coat lignum, i, n. 2. wood. of mail. Fr.lorum. As ancientligo, are, dvi, dtuvi, a. 1. to bind. ly made of leather or leathern, Ligicria, ae, f. 1. a country in the thongs. west of Italy, along the Ligusti- lorum, i, n. 2, a thong, whip, cus Sinus or Gulf of Genoa. scourge, Ligus, uris, m. 3. an inhabitant of lUbens vel libens, tis, part, of Ivhet, Liguria, a Ligurian. willing. Ligustlcus, a, um, adj. pertaining lUbenlervellibenter, {ius, issime)adv. to Liguria; Sinus vel Mare, now willingly. the Gulf of Genoa. liiiet vel libet, tbat, uit vel itum est, Lihjbaeum, i. n. 2. a promontory of impers. 2, it pleases, it is agreeSicily, looking towards Africa, able, with a town of the same name in lubid^^el libido, inis, f. 3. {fr. libet)
desire, inclination, lust. limpidu.'i, a, um, adj. clear, limpid. liibricus, a, um, adj. {for labricus fr. limns, i, m. 2. mud, slime, clay. labor) slippery. lingua, ae, f. 1. (fr. lingo, to lick) luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. {fr. lux, lucis) the tongue; speech, language. to shine. linuvi, i, n. (Aivov) flax, linen, Lucius, i, m. a praenomen among liqutfdcio, fdcere, feci, facium, a. 3. the Romans. ( li.qutre fdcio) to melt, dissolve. Lucrttia, ae,f. 1. a celebrated Roliquidus, a, um. adj. {fr. liquor) liman lady, daughter of Lucretius, (|uid, pure, clear. and wife of Tarquinius CoUatiits

vicinity.

lis, litis, f. 3. strife, dispute, lUtcra, ae, /. 1. a letter, litteris

nus.

man- Lucretius,
lit-

dare, to

commit

to

writing;

i, m. 2. Sp. TricipitinuSj father of Lucretia.

160
luctus, US,

DICTIONARY.
m.
ij

4.

(/r. lugeo, luctum)

mourning.
L/ucuUus,

m. 2. general of Sparta. celebrated for his fondand for his mili- lAjsimachusA, m. 3. king of Thrace, luxury, ness of one of the captains of Alexander tary talents. the Great, lucus, i, m. 2. a grove. ludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. to play. M. liidus, i, m. 2. play, a game litterarius, a school gladiatorius, a school for gladiators ludimagis- Mdcedo, onis, m. 3. a Macedonian. Macedonia, ae,f. 1. now Roumelia, ter, a school-master. a country of Europe, lying to the liigeo^ gere, xi, ctum, n. 2. (fr. \v^o), west of Thrace, and north and to sob) to lament, bewail. north-east of Thessaly. lumen, Inis, n. 3. (for lucimen fr Mdcedonicus, a, um, adj. Macedoluceo) the light, a light, an eye. nian. liiTia, ae, f. 1. (for lucina fr. luceo) mdcies, iei, f. 5. {fr. maceo, to be the moon. lupa, ae,f. 1. a she- wolf. lean) leanness. Macrohii, orum, m. pi. 2. {fr. ixaKpds, lupus, i, m. 3. {fr. \vkos) a wolf. luscinia, ae,f. 1. a nightingale. long, and Pios, life) a people of Lnisitania, ae,f. 1. a part of ancient Aethiopia, celebrated for their Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, longevity. answering nearly to the modern mactdtus, a, um, part, of macto. kingdom of Portugal. macto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sacrilustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to expifice, immolate, slay. ate, purify, muster, review. macula,, ae,f. 1. a spot, stain. lustrum, i, n. 2. the lair or den of mdcuiosus, a, um, adj. spotted, stain-

Lydia, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia Minor, south of Mysia. Lucius Licinius, a Lysander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated

Roman,

wild beasts. lusus, us, m. 4. {fr. lUdo, lUsum) play, sport, a game. LAitatius, i, m. 2, C. Catulus, a Ro-

ed.

madeo,

ere, ui, n. 2.

(MaJow)
3.

to

be

wet or moist. Maenades, um,

man naval commander, famous priestesses of Bacchus. fDr his victory over the Carthagi- Maeotis, idis, 3. Palus, a large nian fleet, off the Aegaies insulake or part of the sea, at the lae. north of the Euxine, now called Lutetia, ae,f. 1. now Paris, a town the sea of Azoph or Zahack.

pi.

(MaivaJej)

of Belgic Gaul, on an island in mdgis, adv. more, rather. the Sequana or Seine, which re- mdgister, tri, m. 2. a master, teachceived its name, as some suppose, er magister equitum, a general from the quantity of {lutum) clay of horse, or the dictator's lieutein its neighbourhood. nant. latum, i, n. 2. clay, mire, dirt. magistra, ae, f. 1. a mistress, inlux, lucis, 3. {fr. Ukt], dawn, or structress. IcvKus, bright) light. magistrdtus, us, m. 3. {fr. magister) luxuria, ae,f. 1. luxury. a magistracy, magistrate. Jjycia, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia Magnesia, ae,f. 1. the name of two Minor, in the south. cities in Lydia, of which one was lAjcius, a, um, adj. pertaining to situate in the south near the Lycia, Lycian. Maeander, and the other in the Lycomedes, is,m. 3.akingof Scyros, northern part, near the junction an island in the Aegaean sea, a of the Hermus and Hyllus. son of Apollo and Parthenope. magmfice, adv. -centius, -centissime. Lycurgus, i, m. 2. a celebrated lawmagnificently, giver of Sparta, son of king Eu- magnificentia, ae, f. 1. magnifi nomus. cence.
;

DICTIONARY,
magntficus,

161

dia, in the Peloponnesus, near c, um, adj. -ceniior, the borders of Argolis. -centissimus, magnificent. viagnitiido, inis, f. 3. (fr. vmgnus) mdnHbiae, drum,f. pi. 1. spoils taken {viann) by the hand in war greatness, magnitude. mxignopere, adv. i. e. magno opere, or elsewhere, booty. with much toil, greatly, very mxinumissus, a, um, part, of manu^ much. mitto. magnus, a, um, adj. {comp. major, manumitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. sup. maxivms) great. 3. {manus et mitto) to set at libermajores, um, m. pi. 3. forefathers, ty, free. ancestors. manus, its, f. 4. a hand, the trunk male, adv. {comp. pejus, sup. pessiof an elephant. me) badly. mdpdle, is, n. 3. a hut (of a rustic
j

mdledico, cere, xi, ctum,

el

a. 3.

{male

Numidian).
i,

An
2.

African -word.

dico) to speak

ill of,

rail at, re- Marcellus,

I

m.

the

cognomen

of

an illustrious Roman family. mdledicus, a, um, adj. -centior, cen-' Marcius, i, m. 2. the name of a Rotissim.us, slanderous, reproachful, man family. abusive. Marcus, i, m. 2 a praenomen among mdleficus, a, um, adj. -centior, -cen-^ the Romans. tissbnus, {fr. malcfacio) hurtful, mare, is, n. 3. the sea. mischievous, wicked. margdrita, ae, f. 1. {fr. ftapyapiTrii) mdlo. molle,malui, irr. n. {fr. magis[ a pearl. and volo) to be more willing,wish, Mariandyni, drum, m. ph 2. a peorather, prefer. ple of Bithynia, to the east of the malum, i, n. 2. {fr. fii]\ov, Dor- iia'Xov) river Sangarius. an apple. mdrinus, a, uvi, adj. pertaining to mdluvi, i, n. 2. evil, misfortune, ca{mare) the sea, marine aquila lamity. marina, the saker. mdlus, a, um, adj. {pejor, pessimus) mdritimus, a, um, adj. {fr. mare) of bad, wicked viali, bad men. the sea^ maritime regio, a counMancimts, i, m. 2. a Roman general, try bordering on the sea; mariwho was defeated by the Numan- timae copiae, naval forces. 138. tines, B. mdritus, i, m. 2. {fr. mas) a husmandu, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to comband. mit to one's charge, enjoin, or- Marius, i, m. 2. C. a native of Arpinum, who, from a peasant, beder. vuindo, dire, di, sum, a. 3. to chew, came one of the most powerful eat. and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during her consular gomane, n. ind. the morning adv. in the morning. vernment. mdneo, trc, si, sum, n. 2. to remain. marmnr. oris, m. 3. {fr. ndpiiapov) mdncs, ium, m. pi the ghosts of marble. Also, the Mars, lis, m. 3. the god of war, son the dead, the shades. abode of the shades. of Jupiter and Juno. Manlius, r, m. 2. a name among the Marsi, drum, m. pi. 2. a people setRomans. tled near the lake Fucinus in mdno. dri, dvi, dlum, n. 1. to flow. Italy. m/insuefdcio, facer c, feci, faclum, a Marsyas, ae, m. 1. a celebrated mu3. {mansuetum facio) to make sician of Celaenae in Phrygia. tame. mascaius, a, um, adj. {fr. mas) male, mansuefactus, a, um, part, of manmanly. suejio. mas, maris, m. 3. the male of any mansuffio, fieri, factus sum, irr. to creature. be made tame. massa, ac,f. 1. a lump, ma.ss. Mantinea, ac, /. 1. a town of Arca- Massicus, a, um, adj. of Massicus,
vile,
I

162

DICTIONARY.

medios ignes, through the midst a mountain of Campania, near of the fire. Sinuessa, famous for its wine. Massilia, ae,f. 1. a maritime town Medusa, ae, f. 1. (MiSovcra) one of the three Gorgons. of Gallia Narbonesis, now MarMegdra, ae, f I. et Megara orum, seilles. pi. 2. the capital of Megaris. n. Dor. {jifirrip, ixarrip) 3. mater, tris, f. Megdrenses, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhaa mother.
materia, ae, f. 1. matter, terial', timber.
stuff,

ma-

bitants of

Megara.

Megaris, idis, f 3. a small country wMrimonium, i, . 2. (/r. mater, of Achaia. Megasthenes, is, m. 3. a Greek hismatris) marriage, matrimony. torian in the age of Seleucus Nimdtrona, ae,f. 1. (fr. mater) a marcanor. ried woman, matron. mehercule, adv. hy Hercules, in very river of Gaul, a 1. Matrona, ae,f.
truth. now the Marne. mdturesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (md- mel, mellis, n. 3. (fr. ^eXi) honey. Meledger, et -grus, gri, m. 2. a ceturusfio) to ripen, grow ripe. lebrated hero, son of Oeneus, mdturus, a, urn, adj. ripe, mature king of Aetolia. mdtutinus, a, urn., adj. belonging to the morning, early. Fr. Matuta, melior, us, adj. (comp. of bonus) better. the goddess of morning. Mauritania, ae, f. 1. a country in membrdna, ae, f. 1. a thin skin, parchment. the west of Africa, on the Medi terranean, now the empire of membrum, i, n. 2. a member, limb. memini, def. pret. I remember. Fez and Morocco. Mausolus, i, m. 2. a king of Caria. memor, oris, adj. mindful. maxilla, ae, f. 1. the jaw-bone, memordbilis, e, adj. memorable. memoria, ae, f. 1. memory. The jaw. maxime, adv. {comp. magis) most of power by which (memores sumus)
all,

especially.
a,

we remember.
adj.

maximus,

um,

nus) greatest. i, m. 2. several Romans. Memphis, is et idos, f. 3. a famous mecuvi, (i. e. cwm me) with me. city of Egypt, on the left side of medeor, eri, (with a dat.) d. 2. to the Nile, about 15 miles above cure. heal. the apex of the Delta. medicdlus, a, um, part, of medico. menddcium, i, n. 2- (fr. mendax,) a medicina, ae,f. 1. (fr.medicus) melie, falsehood.

Maximus,

of mag- memoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. memor) to mention,relate,rememthe cognomen of ber.
( sv/p.

dicine.

mendax,
1.

dcis, adj. (for

merdax

fr.

medico, are, dvi, dtum,a.

;

mentior) lying, false. deor) to heal, cure corpus, to Meneldus, i, m. 2. a king of Sparta, embalm. brother to Agamemnon, and husmedicus, i, m. 2. {fr. mtdlco) a phyband of Helen. sician. Menenius, i, m. 2. Agrippa, a celemediocris, e, adj. (fr. medius) midbrated Roman. , dling, moderate. mens, tis,f. 3. the mind. Mediomatrici, drum, m. pi. 2. a peo- mensis, is, m. 3. a month,* ple of Gallia Belgica, on the Mo- vie7itio, 6nis,f. 3. mention, a making
(fr.

me-

sella or Moselle. mention of. meditdtus, a, um, part, of meditor. mentior, Iri, itus sum, d. 4. to lie, mcditor, dri, dtus sum, a. \.io give speak falsely, attention to, meditate, practise. mercdtor, oris, m. 3. {fr. mercor) a medius, a, um, adj. middle medium, merchant. the middle; in medium agmen. mercdtiira, ae, f. 1. (fr. mercator} into the midst of the band per the trade of a merchant.
;

DICTIONARY.
mercdtus,
-us,

163
ae,

m.

4.

(/r, mercor') a

Midas,

m.

1.

a king of Phrygia,

buying and
profit.

selling,

merces. edis,f. 3.

market, fair hire, wages, price,

famous
avarice.

for his wealth

1.

and

his

migro, are, Svi, dlum,7i.

to

change

one's habitation, remove, wanmercor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to trade. der. Mercurius, i, m. 3. the son of Jupiter and Maia, daughter of Atlas miles. His, c. 3, a soldier. He was the messenger of the Milesius, a, um, adj. of Miletus, Milesian. gods, and of Jupiter in particular His name is derived /r. wcra;, be- Miletus, i, f. 2. a celebrated town cause he was the god of merof Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia. chandise among the Latins. militia, ae,f. 1. the service (militis) mereo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. ) j of a soldier, warfare. mereor, ere, itus sum, d. 2.) mllito, are, dvi, dium, n.\. to perserve, merit. form the duties {militis) of a solTnergo, gere. si, sum, a. 3. to put undier, serve in war. der water, dip, immerse. merididnus, a, iim, adj. {fr. meri- mille, card. num. n. 3. {ind.in sing.) millia, um, pi. a thousand; duo dies) of mid-day, taking place at millia, two thousand; mille, ad,j. noon, southern. ind. meridies, iei, m. 5. (for medidies, millidrium, medius dies) mid-day, noon. 2. a mile-stone, a mile. merito.adv. deservedly, wiih reason. meriiuvi, i, n. 2. (/?. mereo, meritum) milvius, i, m. 2. a kite. minae, drum,/, pi. 1. threats. desert, merit. minime, adv. {fr. pdruvi) least of merula, ae,f. 1. a blackbird. ill, at least, at all events. merx, cis, f. 3. merchandise. messis, is, f. 3. (/r. meto, messum) minivius, a, um, adj. {pos. parvus, comp. minor) the least. harvest. mtta, ae, /. 1. a goal, bound, limit. minister, tri, m. 2. a servant. Melagonium, i, n. 2. a promontory ministerium, i, n. 2. {fr. minister^ service. on the coast of Mauritania in minium, i, n. 2. red lead. Africa. vietallnm, i, n. 2. (jjeraWov) metal, minor, dri, dtus sum, d.\.\o threaten. a vein of metal, mine. Metellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of minor, oris, adj. comp. of parvus, less. a Roman family belonging to the Minos, gis, m. 3. a king of Crete. gens Caccilia. melhodus, i, f. 2. ijiiOocoC) a me minuo, ucre, ui, iitum, a. 3. to lessen, diminish. thod. mttior, tiri, nsus sum, d. 4. to mea minus, adv. comp. ofparum, less. mirdbilis, e, adj. {fr. miror) wonsure. derful. Melius, i, m. 2. Pv/[feiius, a dictator of Alba, in the reign of Tullus mirdcHlum, i, n. 2. {fr. mlror) a miracle. Hostilius. meto, ttre, ssui, ssum, a. 3. to mow mlrdtus, a, um, part. (Jf mlror. mire, adv. (/r. 7/iir'U.s) wonderfully. reap. meluo, u6re, ui, a. 3. (/r. mclus) to mlror, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to wonder, be astonished at, admire. fear, be afraid. mlrus, a, um, adj. wonderful. mctus, its, VI. 4. fear. misceo, scire, scui, stum et xtum, a. m^us, a, um, adj. my, mine. 2. to mix. Micipsa, ae, m. 1. a king of Numi miser, era, erum, adj. miserable, dia, son of Massinissa.
.

m'lco, are, ui, n. 1. to

move quickly
P

wretched.
miserdtus, a, um, part, of miseror.

sparkle.

PART

1.

164
;

DICTIONARY.
monumentum,
2. {fr. et monimentum, i, n. moneo) a monument, me-

misereo, ere, ui, Uum, n. 2 miser eor ereri, ertus sum, d. 2. to pity. miseret, emit, ertum est, impers. it
pitieth.

morial. mons, tis, m. 3. a mountain. are, dvi, dium, a. 1. to monstro, miserlcon-dia, ae, f. 1. compassion, point out, show. mlseror, an, dtus sum, a. 1. to pity- mora, ae,f. 1. delay, hinderance. That is, to be {miser) wretched morbus, i, m. 2. a disease contagiosus, an infectious disease on account of another. mo7-ho exstingui, to die a natural mistus et mixtus, a, um, part, of
;

death. misr.eo. Mithriddtes, is, m. 3. the name of mordax, dcis, adj. (fr. mordeo) biting, of whom given to bite, several kings of Pontus, the VII. surnamed Eupator, and mordeo, mordere, momordi, morsum, . 2, to bite. The Great, was most distinguish morigerus, a, um, adj. (morem geed. reus) obedient, compliant, obseMithridattcus, a, um, adj. pertainquious. ing to Mithridates. morior, mori et moriri, mortuus sum, mltis, e, adj. soft, gentle, meek
mitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 3. to
d. 3. et 4. to die,

moror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1, {fr. mo^ send, throw, produce. ra) to delay ; nihil moror, I care modcrdtio, onis, f. 3. moderation
discretion.
not,

modicus,

a,

um,

adj.

{fr.

modus) morosus,

a,

um,

adj.

difficult

to

morals. Mossyni, orum, m. pi. 2. a people city. of Asia. Moenus, i, m. 2. now Mayne, a river molus, us, m. 4. {fr. moveo, motum) of Germany, which falls into the a motion terrae, an earthquake. Rhine near Mentz. moveo, viovere, movi, motum, a. 2.
;

moderate. modius, i, m- 2. a bushel. modo, adv. even now, now, only; conj. (equivalent to dummodo) provided that. modus, i, m. 2. a measure, limit method way, manner nullo modo, by no means. moenia, um, oi. pi. 3. the walls of a
:
:

please, peevish, morose. mors, tis,f. 3. death.

morsiis, us,

m.

4.

{fr.

mordeo, mor-

sum) a

bile.

mortdlis, e, adj. {fr. mors) mortal. mos, moris, m. 3, a manner, custom mores, manners, character,
;

moereo,

et

maereo, ere, n.

2. to

mourn.
Moeris,
moldris,
is,
e,

grieve, *

to

move.

mox, adv. by and by, presently,

soon.

m.

3.

a lake in Egypt.

of
moles,

a
is,

adj. (fr. molo, to grind) mill; dens, a jaw-tooth,

Mucius,

i,

m.

2. C.

Scaevola, a Ro-

man, fimous

for his courage

and

grinder.

intrepidity. f. 3. a mass, heap, bur- muliebris, e, adj. {fr. mulier) femi-

den.
molestus, a, um, adj. {fr. moles, or
jx6\oi,

nine,

womanly.
eris,f. 3.

muHcr,

a woman,

troublesome, oppres- muUitudo, viiis, f. 3, {fr. multus) a sive. multitude. mollio, ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. to soften, multo et mulcto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. mitigate, 1. to fine, punish. mollis, e, adj. soft. multo, ) adv. much, by far, consimollltus, a, um, part, of mollio. multum, S derably. Molossi, drum, m. pi. 2. a people of multus,a.uvi, adj. much, many mwZEpirus. tum auri, much gold. moneo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to put in' Mummius, i, m. 2. L. a Roman conmind, advise, admonish, sul, who destroyed Corinth, and.
toil)
;
I

DICTIONARY.
was surnamed Achaicus from
victories,

165
which

his

visions of ancient Gaul, of

Narbo was
2.

the capital.

mundus,
munio,
nia)

i,

m.

mumendus,

a, urn, part,

the world. of munio.

a. 4.
;

ndres, ium, ibus, f. pi. 3. the nostrils.

ire, Ivi,

Hum,

{fr. moe- narro, are, dvi, dtum,

. 1. to

make

mention of, relate, say. defend viam mionire, to prepare a way. nascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. to be rnnnUus, a, um, part, of munio. born. munus, eris, n. 3. a gift; an office, Ndsica, ae, m. 1. the surname of P. duty. Cornelius Scipio, whomthesenate murdlis, e, adj. {fr. murus) pertaindelegated, as being the most reing to a wall; corona, a mural markable of their body for purity crown. of manners, to conduct the statue murus, i, m. 2. a wall. of Cybele to Rome. mtis, muris, m. 3. {jivs) a mouse. ndsus, i, m. 2. the nose. musa, ae,f.l. (jxoijcra) a muse hence, naidlis, e, adj. pertaining to one's a song. (natum) birth; dies Tiatalis, a musca, ae, /. 1 a fly. birth-day. musculus, i, m. 2. (Jr. mus) a little ndto, dre, dvi, dtum, {freq. fr. no, mouse. natum) to swim. musica, ae,} r ^ r natu, abl. sing. m. 4. (the other -\ mt^5^ce;c5;j/-l-0'^'^"^")music. n^tu cases wanting) by birth miisicus, a, um, adj. (novaiKSs) skillminor, the younger natu minied in music. mus, the youngest; natu major, muto, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. to chsinge; the elder; natu maximus, the exchange. oldest. mutus, a, um, adj. dumb. ndtura, ae,f. 1. nature. Mygdonia, ae,f. 1. a small province ndtiirdlis, e, adj. natural, of Macedonia near Thrace. natus, a, um, part, of iiascor ; sexaMyndus, i, f. 2. a maritime town ginta annos 'natus, sixty years old. of Caria, north-west of Halicar- ndtus, i, m. 2. a son.
to fortiiy,
;
.

nassus.

lufrd^^ium,
is,

i,

n. 2. (for Tiavifrdgi-

um, fr. navis and frango) a shipMiletus. wreck. Mysia, ae, f. 1. a country in the nauta, ae, m. 1. {vavrr^i) a sailor. north-western angle of Asia Mi- ndvdlis, e, adj. belonging to {naves) nor. ships, naval novate proelium, a
m.
3.

Myrmecides,

an

artist of

sea-fight.

N.

ndvigdbilis,
ble.

e,

{fr.

ndvigo) naviga-

Nobis, idis, m. 3. a celebrated ty- ndvigdtio, 6nis,f. 3. navigation. rant of Lacedaemon. nd.viginm, i, n. 2. a boat, ship, in Tiae, adv. certainly, verily. which one {ndvigat) sails. naclus, a, um, part, of nanciscor ndvigo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (navem occasionem, at a favourable opporago) to steer or row a ship, navitunity gate. nam, conj. for, but; (it is often em- ndvis, is, f. 3. {vavi) a ship. phatically subjoined to interroga- Tie, conj. not, that not, lest, that not lives as, quaejiam, quidnam). ne...quidem, not. ..even. nanciscor, nancisci, naclus sum, d. Tie, an enclitic, asks a question, and 3. to light on, get, obtain occasiois always subjoined to another nem, to find an opportunity. word, as Twsne, satisne, nonn^, Narboncnsis, e, adj. pertaining to scisne. Norhn, now Narbonne, a town of nee, conj. v. ncque. Gaul Gallia, one of the four di- nicdtus, a, um, part, of ncco.
;
:

; ;

166

DICTIONARY.

necessarius, a, um, adj. necessary \nimius, a, um, adj. {fr. nimis) too much, too great, excessive. m. 2. a friend. daughter of Tantanecessitas, atis, f. 3, (/r. necesse) Niobe, es,f. lus, king of Lydia, and wife of necessity, fate, Amphion, king of Thebes, neco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {vtKut, obs.) nisi, conj. if not, unless. to kill. nefas, n. ind. what is not lawful Nis2cs, i, m. 2. a king of Megaris, father of Scylla. injustice, crime. nitidus, a, tim, adj. {fr. nlteo) shinegdtus, a, um, part, of nego. ning, bright. neglectus, a, um, part, of negligo. negligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (for Nitocris, idis, f. 3. a famous queen of Babylon. necligo, Jr. nee and lego) to dis nitor, oris, m. 3. {fr. niteo) brightregard, neglect. ness, splendour. nego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {neetago) to refuse, say no, deny. nltor, nlti, nlsus et nixus sum, d. 3. negotium, i, n. 2. business, thing; to strive. facili negotio. with little trouble. nix, nivis,f. 3. snow. nemo, inis, c. 2. {ne et homo) no one no, ndre, ndvi, ndtum, n. 1. {vto), vw) nevio non, every one ; nemo morto swim. talium, no man. nobilis, e, adj. {fr. nosco) known, nemus, oris, n. 3. a forest, grove. famous, noble. nepos, Otis, m. 3. a grandson. nobilitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. nobilis) disNeptunus, i, m. 2. (in Greek Iloaei tinction distinction of birth, noddv) son of Saturn, and brother of bility, greatness of soul. Jupiter, was the god of the sea. nobilitdtus, a, um, part, of nobilito. nequdquam, adv. by no means. nobilito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make neque, conj. and not {nobilem) illustrious, ennoble, neither.. .nor. noceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to hurt, innequeo, Ire, Ivi, Itum, irr. n. {ne et jure. * queo) I cannot, not to be able, noctu, abl. by night, in. the night nequis, qua, quod et quid, pro. lest time. any one, that no one. nocturnus, a, um, adj. nightly. Nereis, idis, f. 3. a Nereid Nerei- nodus, i, m. 2. a knot, des, nymphs of the sea, daughters Nola, ae, /, 1. an ancient town of

La

of Nereus and Doris

Campania.
be un-

nescio, ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. (ne et scid) nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. to to be ignorant of willing,

Nestus vel Nessus, i, m. 2. now Nomddes, iim, m. pi. 3. a name given Nesto, a small river of Thrace. to those pastoral nations who neuter, tra, trum, adj. {ne uter) neihad no fixed habitation ; it was ther of the two, neither. particularly given by the Greeks Niconiedes, is, m. 3. the name of to the Numidians, a people of Afseveral kings of Bithynia. rica, styled by the Romans Nunldifico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {nidus midae. et facio) to build a nest. nomen, inis, n. 3. (for novimen, fr. nidus, i, m. 2. a nest. novi) a name. niger, gra, grum, adj. black non, adv. not non nihil, something. nihil, n. ind. nothing nihil habeo -nonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. quod, I have no reason nonnihil, the ninetieth. something. nonne, adv. (instead of num non) nihilominus, adv. nevertheless, not 7 (as a question.) Nilus, i, m. 2, a famous river of nonnihil, n. ind. something. .Egypt, nonnisi, adv. only. nimis, r nonnAillus, a, um, adj. some. r J adv. too much, nonus, a, um, ord. num, adj. ninth.
; ;

DICTIONARY.
nosco, noscere, novi, notum, a. 3. to

167

nunquam, adv. (ne unquam) never;

know,
;

nunquam

non, always.

noster, tra, trum, pro. (fr. nos) our. nuntio et nuncio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. nota, ae, f. I. a. mark corpus notis 1. to announce, declare, relate. distinguere, to tattoo one's self. nuptiae, drum, f. pi. 1. (/r. nitbo^

noto, are, dvi, dtum, a.

to

1.

(/r, nota)

nuptum) the marriage

tials.

rite,

nup-

nusquam, adv. (ne usquam) nonti?n. adj. nine. where. novus, a, um, adj. new. nutriendus, a, um,part. oinutrio. n^z, noctis, f. 3. {w^, wKToi) night nutrio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. to nourde node, by night. ish, nurture. nozius, a, um, adj. {fr. noza, hurt) nutritus, a, um, part, oinutrio. hurtful, injurious. nutriz, ids, f. 3. (fr. nutrio) a nubes, is,f. 3. (fr. nicbo) a cloud. nurse. niibo, niibere, nupsi ct nuptus sum, nympJia, ae,f. 1. a nymph. nuptum, a. et n. p. 3. to cover, marry, be married, (properly applied only to the woman, who covered her head with a veil O, int. CQ) O oh
novem, ind. card.
!

mark, remark. notus, a, um, part, of nosco.

pr. c. ace. for, on account of. at the marriage rite.) obdormisco, iscere, ivi, n. inc. 3. (6b nuddtus, a, um, part, of niido. et dormisco) to fall asleep, sleep. nudo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make obduco, cere, zi, ctum, a. 3. (ob et naked, uncover, expose. duco) to draw over. nudus, a, um, adj. naked, bare. obduclus. a, um, part, of obduco. nullus, a, um, gen. ins, dat. i, adj. obedio, ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. (ob et au(ne et nulltis) no one, not any,! dio) to give ear to, obey, none, lobeo, ire, ivi et ii, Uum, irr. n. (ob num, adv. whether or no? whe-j e^ c<?) to go to, go through, transther. act, perform; to meet death, die. Numa, ae, m. 1. Pompilius, a na.-'oberro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1, (ob et tive of Cures, a village of the! erro) to wander up and down, Sabines, and the successor of stray about,
to

when presented

her husband

ob,

Romulus. \obesus, a, um, adj. fat, plump, Numantia,ae,f. 1. a town of Spain oJ;dceo, ire, ui, n. 2. (oh etjdceo) to near the sources of the river Dulie in the way or before, rius. wbjcctiis, a, um, part, of objicio. NuT/iantini, arum, m. pi. 2. the in- objicio, icere, eci, ecttim, a. 3. (ob et habitants of Numantia. jdcio) to cast against, object numen, inis, n. 3. a deity, god. against, object, nUmero, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. (fr. obligo, dre, dvi, dtu7n, a. 1. (ob et nUmerus) to count, number, enuHgo) to bind about, bind, oblige,
merate.
oblique, adv. (fr. obliquuS) obliquely,
i,

numcrus,

m. 2. a number. indirectly, Numidac, drum, m. pi. 1, (No//aa$) obliquus, a, um,adj. oblique, crook|

the Numidians, ed, indirect, Nicmidia,ae,f. 1. a country of Afri-o6Ziiw5, a, um, part, of obliviscor. ca, which now forms ihe king-\obliviscor, ivisci, itus sum, d. 3. to dom of Algiers. forget. Numitor, oris, m. 3. a son of FToc2iS,\obn^zius, a, um, adj. liable, subject, king of Alba, and grandfather of obnoxious. Romulus and Remu.^. obruo, uerc, ui, utum, a. 3, (ob et nuTic. adv. now. ruo) to overwhelm, cover over, nwncupo, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. (nobury, men et capio) to name, call. ohrulus, a, um, part, of oibruo.

p2

168

DICTIONARY.

fr. occula, occultum) to hide, conceal ; occultari, to hide one's self ohscuro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to occUpa, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et darken, obscure. cdpio) to seize, occupy. obscitrus, a, um, adj. dark, obscure, obsecro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pray occurro, currere, curri et cucurri, cursum, n. 3. {ob et curro) to run earnestly, supplicate, conjure. up to, meet. obsequor, sequi, sequutus vel secutus sum, d. 3. {ob et sequor) to follow Ocednus, i, m. 2. ('Qxeai/os) the ocean or main sea; a powerful in the way of, comply with, serve, deity of the sea, son of Coelus obey. and Terra. observdtus, a, um, part, of observo. observe, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et Octavidnus, i, m. 2. or Octavius Caesar, the nephew of Caesar servo) to watch, observe, attend the dictator. After the battle of to.

obscurdturuSj a, um, part, of obscuro-

obses, idis, c. 3.

obsessus, a,

a hostage. um, part, of obsideo.

Actium,the senate bestowed upon

him

the

title

of Augustus.

obsldeo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. octdvus, a, um, ord. num. adj. {fr. ado) eighth, (pb et sedeo) to sit in front of, beoctingenti,ae,a, card. num. adj. eight set, besiege.
obsidio,

6ms, f.
e,
;

obsidiondlis,

siege

hundred. 3. a siege. adj. pertaining to a acta, card. eight. corona, a crown given to
raised a siege.
ty.

num.

adj.

ind.

(o/crw)

him who had

obtestor, dri,

actoginta, card.
oculus,
i,

num.

adj. ind. eigh-

ebstetrix, icis.f. 3. a midwife. obtestdtus, a, um, part, of obtestor.

m.

2.

an eye.
abhor.

dtus sum, d.

1.

{ob et odi, odisse, def. pret. to hate,

tester) to call

solemnly

to witness,

odium,
odor,

conjure, supplicate.
obtineo, inere, inui, entum. a. 2. {ob et teneo) to hold, procure, obtain

n. 2. (fr. odi) hatred. oris, m. 3. a, smell; adores,

i,

d. 1. {fr. odor, obtinet sententia, the opinion prebdoris) to smell. vails. Oeneus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a king obviam, adv. {ob viam) in the way of Calydon in Aetolia, and father

perfumes. odor or, dri, dtus sum,

fio, I meet; ire, to go to meet. occdsio, onis, f. 3. {fr. occido, occd

2. the name of one sum) an opportunity. of the gladiators, who excited the occdsus, us, m. 4. {fr. occido, occdwar of the slaves. sum) the setting of the heavenly Oeta, ae, m. 1. new Banina, a celebodies, sunset, evening. brated mountain betweenThessaoccidens. tis, {scil. sol) the w-est, ly and Phocis. evening. Where the sun {occidit) offero, offerre, obtxdi, obldtum, irr.

of Meieager. Oenomaus, i. m.

falls or sets. occidendus, a, um, part, of occido

a. {ob etfero) to fer.

bring before, of-

e, adj. pertaining to {oc- afficlna, ae,f. 1. a workshop. cidens) the west, western. officio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {ob el occido, cidere, cldi, cdsum, n. 3. {ob facia) to do against, hinder, inet cddo) to fall, set. jure. occido, cidere, cldi, clsum, a. 3. {ob officium, i, n. 2. a duty, kindness, et caedo) to slay, kill. service, act of courtesy. For offaocclsurus, a, um, part, of occido. cium. What we do {ob) in serocclsus, a, um, part, of occido. vice to another. occoecdius, a, um, part, of occoeco. olea, ae,f. 1. (tXaro) an olive-tree. occoeco et -caeca, dre, dvi, dtum, a. oleum, i, n. 2. (tXatov) oil, 1. {ob et coeco) to blind, dazzle. olim, adv. in time past, formerly, occulta, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. some time, at one time.

occidentdlis,

DICTIONARY.
olor, oris,

169
dtum,
a.
1.

m.

3.

a swan,

opto, are, dvi,

to

wish,

olus, Iris, n. 3. {fr. oleo, to

grow)

choose.

opidcntus, a, um, adj. (fr. opes) rich, herbs. opulent, Olympia, ae,f. 1. a town of Elis in opus, eris, n. 3. a work, labour. Peloponnesus. 6ra, ae,f. 1. a border, coast, shore. Olympicus, a, um, adj. Olympic. Olympus, i, m. 2. a famous moun- ordcxdum, i, n. 2. {fr. oro) the relam on the coast of Thessaly, sponse of an inspired priest or priestess of a temple, an oracle. north of the mouth of the Peordtio, 6nis,f 3. (fr. oro) a speech, neus. omen, inis, n. 3. an augury, omen. discourse. omnis, e, adj. all, every ; omnes, all orator, oris, m. 3. {fr. oro, ordtum) omnia, all things. a speaker, orator, ambassador. orbdins, a, um, part, of orbo. onus, iris, n. 3. a burden, load. onustus, a, um, adj. {^fr. onus) laden, orbis, is, m. 3. a circle, orb in orbem filled with. jactre, to tie round in a circle opera, ae, f. 1. {fr. opus) work, laorbis terrarum, the world. bour, pains dare operant alicui, orbo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. l.to deprive to attend to, give one's self up to or bereave of, a thing. Orcns, i, 'ni. 2. the god of the inferbperor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1 {fr. opus) nal regions, Pluto the infernal to work. regions, the abode of the dead. opes, um, f. pi. 3. means, resources, ordxno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. I. to place wealth in sing, {ops, nom. and {ordine) in order, arrange, opi, dat. not used, opi5,^f?i. opevi, ordo, inis, m. 3. order, method, arace. ope, abl.) aid, assistance. rangement. opimus, a, um, adj. fat, fruitful. Oriens, tis, m. 3. the east. The part opinio, onis, f. 3. opinion ; praeter where the sun {oritur) rises.
; ; . ; ;

opinionem, contrary to expecta- orientdlis,

tion.

e,

adj. pertaining to ( Ori^

ens) the east, eastern. oportet, tre, uit, impers. it is expe- origo, inis, 3. {fr. orior) beginning, origin originem ducere, to dient or fit, it behooves, it ought, it must needs be. derive one's origin. oppidum, i, n. 2. a walled town, orior, eris, itur, oriri, ortus sum, d. 3. to rise, spring, begin. town. oppono, onire, osui, ostium, a. 3. {ob orndmentum, i, n. 2. {Jr. orno) an ct pono) to place against, oppose. ornament. opporliinus, a, um, adj. seasonable, oriidtxLS, a, um, part, oi orno. orndlus, us, m. 3. {fr. orno, orndtum) convenient, favourable. ornament, dress. opposilus, a, um,, part, of oppono, orno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to adorn. placed against, opposite. opprimo, imcre, essi, essum, a. 3. {ob oro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to utter; to ct premo) to oppress, overpower, utter a request, beg, pray. overcome. Orodes, is, m. 3. a prince of Parthia. oppiigndtus, a, um, part, of oppugno. Orpheus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a great oppiigno, are, O.vi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et poet and musician, son of Oeager pugno) to fight against, attack, and the muse Calliope. SLssault. ortus, a, um, part, of orior. ops. V. apes. ortus, us, m. 4. {fr. orior) a rising, optimc, adv. {sup. of bene) very well, springing up, best. OS, oris, n. 3, the mouth, face, counoplimus. a, um, adj. {sup. of bonuS)^ tenance,

OS, ossis, n. 3, a bone. desirable. Ossa, ae, /". 1. a lofty mountain of optio, 6nis,f. 3. liberty (<>pton(ii) of Thessaly, separated from Olymchoosing, choice, option. pus by the vale of Tempe.

best.

Fr.

opto.

That

is,

most

j,


fro

DICTIONARY.

ostendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. pdnis, is, m. 3. bread, {pbs for 06, et tendo) to stretch or panthera, ae, f. 1. {ndvdrip) a panther.

pdpdver, iris, n. 3. the poppy. hold before another, show. Ostia,ae,f. a town built at the mouth Papirius, i, m. 2. the name of a man family. of the Tiber by Ancus Martius,

Ro-

pdpyrum, i, n. 2. et papyrus, i, m. the 4th king of Rome. ostium, i, n. 2. (/r. os) the entrance etf. 2. (Trd-vpof) an Egj^tian plant of which paper was made, papyor mouth of a river. rus. ostreum, i, n. 2. {d<xTpeov) an oyster. pdrdtus, a, um, part, of par o, ready. otium, i, n. 2. ease, leisure. 2. Ephialtes. drum, f. pi. 1. the fates, m-. v. Parcae, Otos et Otus, i, three in number, Clothe, Lacheovis, is, f. 3. (ois) a sheep, sis, and Atropos. ovum, i, n. 2, {Siov) an egg. par CO, par cere, peperci etparsi, parcUum et parsum, a. 3. to spare. P.
pardus,
i,

m.

2.

(JiapSoi)

a panther.
;

parens, entis, c. 3. {fr. pdrio) a paP. stands for Publius. creator, pabulum, i, n. 2. (/r. pasco) fodder, rent, father or mother
pdciscor, pdcisci, pactus sum, d.
to

author, inventor, founder; pdrenprogenitors, ancestors, to settle, ratify, a treaty. pdreo, ere, ui. Hum, n. 2. to obey. Paciolus, i, m. 2. a river of Lydia Properly, to be at hand, appear ; famous for its golden sands. also, to be at hand to attend to pactum, i, n. 2. an agreement, coanother's orders, to obey. Pr. napeco, (whence Tzdpeim). venant quo pacta, in what man ner. paries, ietis, m. 3. a wall. pactus, a, um, part, of paciscor. pdrio, pdrere, peperi, pdritum ei Pddus, i,' m. 2. now the Po, the partum, a. 3. 10 bear or bring largest river of Italy. It rises in forth to cause, produce, obtain ; ovum, to lay an e^^. the Alps, and empties into the Hadriatic or Chdf of Venice by Paris, idis, m. 3. a son of Priam, seven mouths. king of Troy, and Hecuba. paene, adv. almost, nearly. pariter, adv. (fr. par) in like manpdela, ae, f. 1. chaff. ner, alike, equally. palma, ae\f. 1. {traXaur]) the palm of Parnassus, i, m. 2. a mountain of the hand a palm-tree. Phocis, remarkable for its two palpebra, ae, f. 1. the eyelid; palsummits, of which one was sapebrae, the eyelashes. cred to Apollo and the muses, pdlus, udis,f. 3. a marsh, lake, pool the other to Bacchus. pdlustris, e, adj. {fr. pdlus) marshy, pdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to prepare, Paji, dnis et dnos, ace. Pana, m. 3 procure, acquire. (Hay) the god of shepherds. Paropamlsus, i, m. 2. a ridge of pando, pandere, pandi, pansum et mountains in India, a continuapassum, a. 3. to throw open, tion of the great Taaric range. spread out, extend. This ridge separated the Indian pango, pangere, panxi, panctum province Paropamisus from Bacitem pegi et ptpigi, pactum, a. 3 tria. to drive in, fix, make firm pan- pars, tis, f. 3. a part, division a gere foedus, to ratify, conclude a party, faction magnam partem^ treaty. for the most part. Panionium, i, n. 2. (/r. ttcLv, all, et parsxm6nia,ae,f. 1. {fr. parco, par'Iwj/toj) a place on mount Mycasum) frugality, parsimony. le, consecrated by religious festi- Parthia, ac, /. \. a celebrated counvals, so called as being common try of Asia. to all Ionia. Parthus, i, m. 2. a Parthian.
3.

make a bargain

or agreement;

tes,

DICTIONARY.
parttcula, ae,f.l. (/r. pars) a small pdtrius,
<z,

171
um,
adj.

belonging to

(patrem) a father or (pa^res)one's part, particle. partiendus, a, um, part, of pariior. fathers. pdtrocinium, i, n. 2. (/r, patris') partim, adv. (/r. pars) partly. pariior, iri, Uus sum, d. 1. (/r. pars protection, patronage. partis) to part, share, distribute, pdtronus, i. m. 2. (/r. pater) a propartus, a, um^part. of pdrio, acquir-j lector, patron ed. pdtrutlis, is, c. 3. the son or daughpartus, its, m. 4. (fr. pdrio, partum) ter (patrui) of an uncle on the a birth. father's side, a cousin by the fapdrum, adv. little, too little, ther's side. parvUlus, a, um, adj. {fr. parvus) pauci, ae, a, adj. few. very small, very little. \pauldtim, adv. by little and little, parvus, a, um, adj. small minor,\ by degrees. comp. less ; minimus, a, um, sup.\paulo et paullo, adv. by a little,
;

least.

somewhat

paulo

post,

little

a, um, part, of pasco. after. pasco, pascere, pdvi, pastum. a. 3. \o\paulv.lum, adv. a little. feed. Pauhis, et Paullus, i, m. 2. a surpasser, eris, m. 3. a sparrow. name in the gens Aemilia. passim, adv. here and there, every pauper, is, adj. poor.

pasccndus,

way.
;

pdveo, pdvtre, pdvi,

a.

&

n. 2. to

passus, a, um,part. of patior, having fear, dread, be afraid. suffered also, a part, of pando, pdvidus, a, um, adj. {fr. pdveo) fearspread out. Uva passa, a dried ful. grape, raisin. As having suffer pdvo, onis, m. 3. a peacock. ed the heat of the sun, when laid pax, pdcis,f. 3. peace. out to dry. Or as being stretched pecco, are, dvi, dtum, n. a. 1. to out in the sun. do wrong or amiss, err, sin. passus, us, m. 4. a pace mille pas- pecto, pectere, pezi, pexum, a. 3. to suum, a mile. comb, dress the hair card. pastor, oris, m. (fr. pasco, pastum) pectus, oris, n. 3. the breast. a herdsman, shepherd. peciniia, ae,f. 1. money. pdtefdcio, fdcere, feci, factum, a. 3. pecus, udis, c. 3. a sheep, beast, anito lay open, open, detect. mal. pdtefio, fieri, factus sum, irr. pass. pecus, oris, n. 3. cattle. to be thrown open, be detected. pedes, itis, m. 3. (/r. pes, pedis) a pdtco, ere, ui, n. 2. to lie open, be foot-soldier. manifest ; to stretch, extend. peldgus, i, n. 2. {rA^ayos) the sea. pater, tris, m. 3. {iraTfip) a father Peieus, i, m. 2. a king of Thessaly, sonofAeacus. He married Thepater-familias,palris-familias,the father or master of a family. tis, one of the Nereids, by whom pdternus, a, um, adj. {fr. pdter) pahe had Achilles. ternal. Pelias, ae, w. 1. a king of lolchos pdtiens,tis,part. and adj. (fr. patior) in Thessaly, son of Neptune by enduring, bearing able to bear, Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. patient. pdtienlia, ae,f. 1. {fr.pdliens,pdti- Peligni, drum, on. pi. 2. a people of entis) patience. Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines patio. pdti, passus sum, d. 3. to sufand Marsi. permit, al- Pelion, i, n. 2. a mountain of Thesfer, endure, support low. saly, on the coast of the Aegaean, pdtria, ae,f. 1. (i. e. terra) one's nasituate to the south of Os.sa. Fr. patrius. tive country. pellicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (per pdtrimoninm, i, n. 2. property left et Idcio) to draw, allure, entice. {apatre) by a father, patrimony. pellis, is,}. 3. the skin, hide.

&

172
pello, pellere, pepuli,

DICTIONARY.
pulsum,
a. 3.

amdre, to love violently, even to

desperation. pellucidus, a, um, adj. (per et lucl- perditus, a, um, part, of per do. 3. (rrepSi^) a partdus, Jr. liiceo) clear, transparent. perdix, ids, ridge. Peloponnesus, i, f. 2. now the Morea,2i celebrated peninsula,which perdo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (fr. comprehends the most southern per et do) to ruin, destroy, lose, parts of Greece. Fr. UEXoirowri- perdiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (per et
to drive, drive

away, banish.

diico) to bring through, lead to. per ductus, a, um, part, of perduco. peregrindtio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. peregrlPelusium, i, n. 2. now Tineh, nor) a travelling through foreign town of Egypt, situate at the en countries, travel. trance of one of the mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelusian. peregrlnor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. peregrinus) to go or live abroad. pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensum, n. peregrinus, a, um, adj. (fr. peregre, 2, to hang. abroad) coming from abroad, fopene, adv. v. paene.
cog (IliXotios
vfja-os),

the island of
<

Pelops,

who

settled there.

reign, strange. c. ace. in the power of, in perennis, e, adj. perpetual, durable, the possession of, with. perennial. For perannis. Durans peneirdle, is, n. 3. the recess or innermost part of any place, as of per annos. pereo, Ire, ii, raro Ivi, irr. n. (per et a temple, palace, &c. eo) to perish, die. penetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to within or into, pierce or pene- perfidia, ae, f. 1. (fr. perfidus) perfidy. trate. For penitro fr. penitus perfidus, a, um, adj. (per et fides) Eo penitus. perfidious. faithless, Salempria, a Peneus, i, m. 2. now river of Thessaly, rising on Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus
penes, pr.

&

mount Pindus, and falling into Pergdmos, i, f. 2. et Pcrgdma, drum, n.pl. 2. the citadel of Troy. the Thermaicus Sinus, after Often put for Troy itself. wandering course between mount Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus, i, Ossa and Olympus
peninsula, ae, f. 1. {fr. pene ijisula) a peninsula. Almost an
island.

&

f.

2. now Bergamo, a town of Mysia, on the banks of the Cai-

cus.
1.

penna, ae,f.

pergo, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. (per pensilis, e, adj. (fr. pendeo, pensum) et rego) to go right on, advance, hanging, pendent. go on.

a feather,

quill.

pennria, ae,f.
per, prep.
c.

Pericles, is, m. 3. an Athenian of want, need through, through a noble family, distinguished as the medium of, by. a commander, a statesman, and pera, ae,f. 1. (jrrijsa) a wallet. an orator. perdgro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wan- perlcxdosus, a, um, adj. (fr. perlcuder over, traverse. Per agros cirhim) dangerous. cumeo. pericicluvi et perlclum, z, n. 2. a tripercontor et percunctor, dri, dtus al, hazard, danger. sum, d. 1. (fr. per & contor) to ptriodus, i, f. 2. (TzepioSos) a period. ask strictly, inquire, mY&siigzXe.\periturus, a, um, part, of pereo pefcussor, oris, m. 3. (fr. percutio,\perUus. a, um, adj. experienced, percussum) a striker, one who expert. has inflicted a wound, a murder- permeo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (per et er. meo) to go through. percHiio, tcre, ssi, ssum, a. 3. (per et permisceo, isctre, iscui, ixtum et tsqudtio) to beat, strike, wound tum, a. 2. (per et misceo) to mix. sccuri, to behead, permistus et permixtus, a, um, part, perdite, adv. very, vehemently; of permisceo.
1.

ace.

"

DICTIONARY.

173

permitto, itiere, zsi, issum, a. 3. {'per adv. down, to the bottom, et mitto) to grant, allow, intrust. under foot pessum agi, to go to the bottom, sink. permutdtio, onis, f. 3. (/r, permulo, permutdturri) a change, ex- pesiilentia, ae,f 1. {fr. pestilens) a change, pestilence, permuto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {per et petUio, onis, f. 3. {fr. peto, petltum') muto) to change, exchange. a petition, pernicies, iti, f. 5. destruction. JF^r. petitus, a, um, part, of peto. per and neco or 7iecis. ptto, ere, Ivi, Itum, a. 3. to desire, perniciosus, a, um, adj. {fr. pernirequest, seek, make for, go tocies) destructi\'-e. wards, attack bello petere, to perpendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {per et wage war against caelum armis pendo) to weigh carefully, exapetere, to try to storm the heamine, deliberate upon. ven. perptram, adv. wrong, faisely,rash- Petra, ae, 1. the capital of Arabia Petraea. perpetior, peti, pessus sum, d. 3. {per petraeus, a, um, adj. growing upon et pdtior) to suffer, endure. a rock Arabia Petraea, a part perpetuus, a, um, adj. {fr. perpes, of Arabia which was very rocky, perpetis, continual) continual,unwhence its name, from the Qreek interrupted. -rzerpa, a rOCk. Persa, ae, m. 1. a Persian. petulantia, ae,f 1. petulance, freakpersequor, qui, quutus, vet cutussum, ishness, impudence, d. 3. {per et sequor) to pursue, Phaedcia, ae,f. 1. an island of the press upon, persecute. Ionian sea, near the coast ot Perseus, ei et eos, m. 2. &'3. a son Epirus, anciently called Scheria, of Jupiter and Danae, the daughand afterwards Corcyra. The ter of Acrisius; or Perses, ihe inhabitants were a luxurious and last king of Macedonia. dissolute people. Persia, ae, f. 1. a celebrated king- Phaeax, dcis, m. 3. an inhabitant of dom of Asia. the island of Phaeacia. Pcrsicus, a, um, adj. Persian. phdlerae, drum, f. pi. 1. {(pa\apa) perspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3.{per trappings for horses. et sptcio) to see through, discern, Pharndces, is, m. 3. a son of Mithri;
; ;

understand

fully.
et
|

persuddco, dcre, si, sum, a. 2. {per suddeo) to persuade. perterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {per
tcrreo) to terrify.

dates, king of Pontus, who favoured the Romans against his

father.

et

Pharos

et

Pharus,

i,

2.

a small

perterrilus, a, U7n, part, of perterreo.

pertindciter, adv. (fr. pertinax, pertindcis) obstinately, resolutely.

island in the bay of Alexandria, about seven furlongs distant from the continent. Upon it was built a tower, which passed for one the wonders of seven of the
i,

pertinax, dcis, adj. {fr. per and world. tenax, fr. teneo) very tenacious, Pharsdlus, obstinate, resolute. town of

m. 2. now Farsa, a Thessaly, in whose pertineo, tre, ui, n. 2. {per et teneo) neighbourhood is a large plain to reach, extend. called Pilarsalia. pervenio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. Phasis, is et idis, m. 3. a river of Colchis, rising in the mountains ( per et vcnio) to come to, arrive
at, reach. of Armenia, pervius, a, um, adj. {per et via) Phidias, ae, m. I. a celebrated staeasy to be passed, passable. tuary of Athens. pes, pedis, m. 3. a foot. Philaeni, orian, m. pi. 2. two bropessimus, a,um, adj. {sup. oimdlus) thers of Carthage, who chose raworst, very bad. ther to be buried in the sand, than

*74

DICTIONARY.

that the extent of their country

& 3. et Piraeum,

i,

n. 2. (Jleipaf

eiis, 0)?, wj) a celebrated and capashould be diminished. cious harbour of Athens. Philippi, orum, m. pi. 2. a town of Macedonia, east of Amphipolis, plrdta, ae, m. 1. (Treiparm) a pirate. Philippicus, a, um^ adj. of Philippi. piscdtor, oris, m. 3. a fisherman. Philippides, ae, ?-. 1. a comic poet piscis, is, m. 3. a fish. Pisistrdtus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, in Alexander's age. son of Hippocrates, who, by his Philippus, i, m. 2. the 2d, the address and eloquence, renderfourth son of Amyntas, and faed himself absolute in his native ther of Alexander; the son of city. Demetrius. Philomela, ae, /. 1. a daughter of pistrvnum,i,n. 2. (fr.pinso,pistum, to pound) a mill. Pandion, king of Athens, chang ed into a nightingale a nightin- pius, a, um, adj. pious, properly disposed towards one's parents, regale. lations, friends, country, &c. duphilosopMa, ae,f. 1. (^tXoo-o^fa) phi;

losophy. philosophus, i, m. 2. philosopher.

upright. itum, n. 2. to please sibi, to be vain of something. Phocaea, ae, f. 1. now FocMa, a placet, ebat, uit vel itum est, impers. it pleases, it is the opinion of, it maritime town of Ionia in Asia
tiful, aiffectionate,
(^fiXoa-o^og)

a pldceo,

ere, ui,

is determined. Minor. Phocaei, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhab- pldcidus, a, um, adj. mild, calm, placid. itants of Phocaea. Phocis, idis, f. 3. a country of pldga, ae,f. 1. a net or toil a blow plagis conficere, to beat severely. Greece. Plwenicia, ae, /. 1. a country of plane, adv. clearly, entirely, absolutely. Asia commonly named by the ptidnetes et planeta, ae, m. 1. (rrXaj/>5Jews Canaan. Twj) a planet. Phoenix, ids, m. 3. a Phoenician, Phrijgia, ae, /. 1. a large country znta, ae,f. 1. a plant. pldtdnus, i,f. 2. {TTXaravoi) the planeof Asia Minor, Phryx, ygis, m. 3. a Phrygian, tree. Picentes, ium, m. pi. 3, the inhabit- platea, ae,f. 1. the spoonbill or shoants of Picenum, veller, a kind of fowl. Picenum, i, w, 2, a district of Italy, Plato, onis, m. 3. a celebrated phiwhich lay along the Adriatic, to losopher at Athens, son of Aristhe east of Umbria and the ton, and one of the pupils of Socountry of the Sabines, crates. pictus, a, um, part, of pingo, paint- plaustrum, i, n. 2. a wagon. ed, embroidered pida tabula, zl^lehs,vUbis, |^_ 3^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ picture pittas, dtis, f. 3, (/r. pius) piety, pie or plebeians filial affection. pledo, ctere, xi, xum, a. 3. to strike, pignus, oris, n. 3. a pledge, pawn. punish twist, weave.
;
|

pila, ae,f. 1. a ball. pileus, i, m. 2. a hat. pllus, i, m. 2. a hair (on of the body).

\plenus, a, um., adj. full,

plerlque, pleraeque, plerdque, adj. most, the greater part. \plerumque, adv. for the most part. Pindarus, i, m._2. a celebiaXed Plinius, i, m. 2. C. Secundus,s\irLyiic poet of Thebes named the Elder, was born at Vepingo, ingere, inxi, idum, a. 3. to rona, of a noble family. He discolour, paint, embroider. tinguished himself by his thopinguis, e, adj. fat, fertile. rough acquaintance with natural

any

parti

pinna, ae,f. 1. a fin. Piraeeus et Piraeus,

i et eos,

m.

2.

philosophy, and every kind of Caecilius Securi-

DICTIONARY.
du&,

175

suraamed the younger,

ne-

bounded on the north by the

Euxine.

phew and adopted son

of the

popular, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to waste ipopulus) a people or country, plumbum, i, n. 2. lead. lay waste. pliio, uere, ui, n. 3. to rain pluit Id- populus, i, m. 2. a people, nation. pidihus, it rains stones. forrectus, a, um, part, of porrigo. plurimus, a, um, adj. {sup. of mul- porrigo, igere, ezi, ectum, a. 3. tus) very many or much, most. {porro et rego) to stretch out, explus, uris, adj. {n. in sing.) plures, tend, hold out, offer. a, pi. {comp. of muUus) more Porsena et Porsenna, ae, m. 1. a Pliito, onis, m. 3. a son of Saturni king of Etruria, who espoused and Ops, brother of Jupiter, and' the cause of Tarquin the Proud, god of the infernal regions. \porta, ae,f. 1. a gate, door, outlet. poculum, i, n. 2. a cup. portendo, dere, di, turn, a. 3. to forepotma, dtis, n. 3. (n-oi7//a) a poem show, betoken, presage. That poena, ae,f. 1. {noivfi) punishment^ is, (tcndo) I hold out or show dare poenam, to suffer punishwhat will happen {porro) here-

Elder. plumbeus, a, um, adj. of lead.

ment. after. poenitet, ehat, uit, ere, impers. 2. to porticus, us,f. 4. a portico, porch. repent, be sorry for poenitet me porta, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear,
;

facti,

repent of the deed.

carry.

Carthaginian partus, w5,wi. 4. a harbour. Fr.portn. svJ)st. m. 2. a Carthaginian That is, a place of import and pacta, ae, m. 1. (ttoi/jt/jj) a poet. export for goods, or for carrying pal, int. by Pollux in truth Per ships into. Pallucem. Perpal is also used. pasca, poscere, popasci, a. 3, to ask, pallex, ids, m. 3. the thumb, the demand. great toe. Ipositus, a, um, part, ofpono. palliceor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. to j)ro-\possessia, onis, f. 3. (/r. possideo
a,

Paenus,

um,

adj.

misc.
pollicitus, a,

possessum) possession.

part, of pollicear. \passessar, oris, m. 3. a possessor. Pollux, iccis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter possideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. and Leda, brother to Castor. to possess. J Polyxcna, ae, /. 1. a daughter of possum, posse, potui, n. irr. {potis,
I

um,

Priam and Hecuba. sum) to be able. able, laj {pomum &l post, {pr. c. ace.) after; adv. afterpomifer, era, erum, adj. /e'ro) bearing or producing fruits wards aliquot, annis post, some pomiferae arbores, fruit-trees. years afterwards paula post, a little while afterwards. pampa,ae,f. 1. (to^tt/j) a procession, pomp. postea, adv. afterwards. Pompeius, i, m. 2. Cneius, surnam- paster, et pasterus, era, erum, adj. ed Magnus, from the greatness of ( posterior, pastremus) coming afhis exploits, was son of Pompeius ter, succeeding in poslerum, for Strabo and Lucilla. the future postero die, on the Pom.peidnus, a,um, adj. relating to next day posteH, drum, descend;

&

Pompey. pomum, i, n.

ants, posterity.
2.

an apple.

pastis, is,

pandus, eris, n. 3. {fr. penda, weigh) weight. pono, p6nere, pdsui, positum, a. 3.

to pastqitam,

m. 3, a door-post, adv. after that.

posLrtmo
to

et

pastremum, adv.

lastly,

finally.

lay, set, place. pastrtmus, a, um, adj. {sup. of poste^ pons, tis, m. 3. a bridge. rus) last ad pastremum, at last. pontus, i, m. 2. the sea Pantus pastula, drc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ask, (Euxinus), the Euxine or Blackl demand. Sea a kingdom of Asia Minor yPoslumius or -thumius, i, m. 2. the
; ;
;

Part

i.

q,

176

mCTIONARY.

of a patrician family at praecludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (prae et claudo) to shut in the face of, Spurius, a consul sent shut against, impede. against the Samnites, and defeatpraeco, onis, m. 3. a public crier, ed by Pontius. herald. potens, lis, adj. powerful. poteniia, ae, f. 1. {potens, potentis) praeda, ae, f. 1. prey, booty. praedico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to power. proclaim, affirm, praise. Fr. dipotestas, dtis, f. 3, (/r. poiis, able) co, to tell prae-, before others. power, ability. potio, 67iis,f. 3. a draught, potion. praedico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (prae et dico) to foretel. potior, iri, itus sum, d. 4, {fr. potis, able) to be or become master of, praedictus, a, um, part, of praedico. praeditus, a, um, part, endued or obtain possession of gifted with. potissimum, adv. (sup. of potius) For praeddtus. praedor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to plunprincipally, chiefly. der, ravage. potitns, a, urn, part, of potior. potius, adv. (positive not used) ra- praefdris, (praefor, not used) dtur, ther. dri, dtus sum, dep. 1. to speak bepoto, are, dvi, alum et um, a. 1. to fore, premise, predict,

name Rome

drink. praefero, ferre, tali, Idtum, irr. a. potus, us, m. 4. a drink, draught, ( prae et fero) to carry before, prae, {pr. c. abl.)hefore, for, on acprefer. count of; in comparison of, with praefinio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. ( prae
respect to. etfinio) to determine beforehand, praealtus, a, um, adj.. very high, prescribe. praeldtus, a, um, part, of praefero. very deep. praebeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to show, praelior et proelior, dri, dtus sum, d. exhibit to offer, supply spe1. to fight, engage, join battle. ciem, to have the appearance of praelium et proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, For praehabeo, to hold out before battle. another. praemitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. praecedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (prae ( prae et mitto) to send before. et cedo) to go before, precede. praemium, i, n. 2. a reward. praeceptor, oris, m. 3. (fr. praecipio, Praeneste, is, n. 3. now Palaestrhm, praeceptum) a preceptor. a town of Latiam, about 21 miles
; ;

praeceptum,

i,

n. 2. {fr. praecipio')

from Rome.

precept, rule, instruction. praenuntio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. praecldo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (prae fore( prae et nuntio) to foretel, et caedo) to cut off. show, announce. praecipio, ipere, epi, epium, a. 3 praepdro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (prae (prae ct cdpio) to suggest, to preet pdro) to prepare, provide. scribe, command. praepono, pontre, posui, positum, a. praecipito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 3. ( prae et pono) to put or set bethrow (praecipUem) headlong fore, set over. throw down. praesens, tis, part, (prae, before, praecipue, adv. especially. ens, being) present, at hand. praecipvus, a, um, adj. particular praesepe, is, n. 3. a crib. special; distinguished, chief Fr. praesidium, i, n. 2. a guard, garripraecapio. That which is taken son, defence. Fr. praesideo. As in preference to others. sitting before a place. praecldre, adv. excellently, glori- p^-aestans, tis, part, of praesto ; also, ously. adj. excellent, surpassing. praecldrus, a, um, adj. ( prae et cld- praestaiitia, ae,f. 1. (fr. praestans, rus) very clear or bright; distis) excellence, pre-eminence, sutinguished, glorious quanta praeperiority. clarius, how much more glorious. praesto, stare, stUi, stUum, a. 1.

&

DICTIONARY.
\^prae

177

& sto)
;

to

se, to the night. fortem, to princeps, ipis, adj. chief, foremost, show one's self brave praestai, principal principes, chiefs, prinpraeslare alicui et ces. it is better aliquem aliqtui re, to excel one in principdtus, vs, m. 4. (/r. princeps, principis) the chief place, a goany thing. praesum, esse,fui, irr. n. to be {pi'ae) vernment, sovereignty. at the head of others, to preside prior, us, adj. {pos. not in use; sup. over, to rule over, primus) the former, praetendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. prius, adv. {pos. not in use ; sup. to stretch, hold, or put before, to primo vel primum) before, soonallege as an excuse. er. praeter, prep. c. ace. beyond, besides, priusquam, adv. sooner than, before except. that. praeterea, adv. ( praeter ea) besides, privdius, a, um, adj. private, one's moreover. own (Jiomo) a private person. praetereo, ire, Ivi et ii, Uum, a. irr. pro, prep. c. aJbl. for, instead of; {praeter et eo) to go or pass by or pro remedio esse, to serve as a over, go past or beyond. remedy. praeteriens, eurUis, part, of praeter- prdbdbilis, e, adj. {fr. probo) proba;

superior to discharge,

to execute,

stand before, be primus, a, um, num. or d.- adj. first; perform, primM node, in the beginning of
se

make good
self;
;

prove one's

eo.

ble.

praeteritus, a, past.

um, part, of praetereo, probitas,

dtis, f. 3. (/r. probus) probity, honesty.

praeterquam, adv. besides, save, ex- proboscis, Idis, f. 3. {-irpoSoaK'n) the cept. trunk of an elephant. praetorius, a, um, adj. of or belong- probus, a, um, adj. honest, upright, worthy. ing to a praetor {vir) one who has been a praetor. procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. prdtum, i, n. 2. a meadow. {pro et ccdo) to proceed, go or pravitas, dtis,f. 3. wickedness, decome forth, go on or forward. pravity. proceritas, dtis, f. 3. (/r, procerus) prdvus, a, um, adj. perverse, bad, length, height, tallness. depraved. procerus, a, um, adj. long, tall. precor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to pray procldmo, arc, dvi, dtum, n. a. 1. beseech. to cry out, exclaim, proclaim. premo, premere, pressi, pressum, a proconsul, ulis, m. 3. ( pro et consul) 3. to press, press upon, urge. a Proconsul, one invested with pretiosus, a, um, adj. {fr. pretium) the authority of a consul, costly, precious. procreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {pro et pretium, i, n. 2. the price, value. creo) to beget. prex, precis,/. 3. (rvom. Scgen. sing procuL, adv. far off; procul dubio, not used; plural cases most frewithout doubt, doubtless. quent) a prayer. procuro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {pro et Pridmus, i, vi. 2. the last king of ciiro) to take care of, manage. Troy, was son of Laomedon procurro, currtre, curri et ciicurri, pridle, adv. on the day before. cursun^, n. 3. {pro et curro) to Priene, es,f. 1. a maritime town of run before or forward, to ex;

&

Asia Minor at the foot of mount tend. Mycale, which gave birth to Bi- prodigium,
as,

i,

n. 2. a prodigy.

prodilio, onis, f. 3. {jr. prodo, proprimo etprimum, adv. at the first, at ditum) treachery, treason. first quuvi primum, as soon as. proditor, oris, m. 3. {fr. pr6do,proprimoris, e, adj. first; dentes, the ditum) a betrayer, traitor. front teeth, fore-teeth. proditus, a, um, part, of prodo.
;

178

DICTIONARY.

prodo, dere, dtdi, ditum, a. 3. {pro propero, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to hasten. t do) to declare, disclose, betray, proelior, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to fight. propinquus, a, um, adj. {fr. prope) near propinqui, relations. proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, battle. profdnus^ a. urn, adj. profane, not propior, us, adj. comp. {fr. prope) nearer. sacred. profectus, a, urn, part, oiproficiscor. propono, ponere, posui, posltum, a. 3. d. 3 {pro et pono) to put or set before, sum, ectus proficiscor, icisci, propose mihi propositum est, I to set out on a journey or voyage have made up my mind, I intend journey to depart. on purpose. profiteer, iteri, essus sum, d. 2, {pro etfdteor) to confess openly, a vow Propontis, Idis, f. 3. a sea which has a communication with the Euxsapientiam, to make a profess ine by the Thracian Bosphorus, profession of wisdom. and with the*Aegaean by the profugio, ugere, ugi, n. 3. {pro et Hellespont, now called the Sea fugio) to flee for succour, take of Marmora. refuge. profugus, a, um, adj. fleeing, fugi- propositus, a, um, part, of propono. proprie, oAv. particularly, properly. tive subst. a fugitive, exile. proprius, a, um, adj. peculiar, proprofundus, a, um, adj. deep. per, one's own, personal. progredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 3 {pro et grddior) to go on or for- propter, pr. c. ace. for, on account of, by reason of. ward, advance, proceed. prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to keep propulso, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. off", hinder, prohibit. F'r. habeo fr. propello) to drive away, repel, to hold, and pro, i. e. porro or propylaeum, i, n. 2. {rrpoTrvXaiov) the vestibule or porch of a temple or procul. palace propylaea, the row of prohibitus, a, um, part, of prohibeo. columns which led to the Acroprojicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {pro polis at Athens. et jdcio) to throw forth or away. proldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {pro et pr6"-a, ae, f. 1. (Trpw^a) the prow of a ship. labor) to glide forward, fall. prolapsus, a, um, part, of prolaJbor. prorsus, adv. entirely, wholly. proldto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to en- proscrlbo, bere, psi, ptum, a. 3. {pro et scribo) to proscribe. large, extend. proles, is,f. 3. an offspring, progeny prosecutus, a, um, part, of prose; ; ; ;

race.

quor.

Prometheus, i, m. 2. a son of Jape prosequor, qui, quutus et cUtus sum, tus, who surpassed all mankind d. 3. ( pro et sequor) to follow afin cunning and fraud. promitto, iitere, isi, issum, a. et mitto) to promise.
ter, attend.
3.

{pro Proserpina, ae, /. 1. a daughter of Ceres and Jupiter, carried away

by Pluto. prospectus, us, m. 4. {fr. prospicio, promoveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. {pro prospectum) a prospect. et moveo) to move forward, make prospere, adv. prosperously. advance, extend. to prospicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, .J.. to prolook forward, view. pagate. prosterno, sternere, strdvi, stratum, prope, pr. et adv. {propius, proxime) a. 3. ( pro et sterna) to overthrow, nigh, beside, near. prostrate. propensus, a, um, part. adj. {fr. prostrdius, a, um, part, of prosterpropendeo) hanging forward, "inno. clined towards ; favourable to, prosum,desse,fui, irr. n. (pro et sum) prone to. to do good, be profitable, avail.
promontorium,
ry.
i,

n. 2.

a promonto

&

DICTIONARY.
Protagoras, ae^m.

179

La Greek

phi-

losopher of Abdera in Thrace. protcnus, adv. immediately. protero, terere, trivi, tritum, a. 3, {pro et tero) to iread or trample upon, crush. protract us, a, um, part, oi protrako protrdho, hire, xi, ctum, a. S.{pro ci trdho) to defer, protract, prolong pr ovinia, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. i^pro et vinio) to proceed or come
forth.

pugna, ae, /. 1. a combat, battle. pugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fight, combat. pulc/ier, chra, chrum, et cer, era, crum. adj. fair, beauteous.
pulchritiido,
inis,

f.

3.

fairness,

beauty.
putlus,
i, m. 2. the young of creature. pulsus, a, um, part, ofpello.

any

Punicus,
ginian.

a,

um, adj. Punic, Cartha-

provincia, ae, /. 1. a province. puniendus, a, um, part, ofpunio. provocdtio, onis, f. 3. {fr.^rovoco^ punio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to punish. dtum) a challenge, defiance, ap- pupillus, i, m. 2. a pupil. peal. puppis, is,f. 3. the stern of a ship. provoco, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. {proet ptrgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr.purvocn) to call forth, challenge, prorus) to make clean, cleanse, voke; ad aliquem, to appeal to purge, purify. one. purpHra, ae,f. 1. the shell-fish from proxinie, adv. (jsup. fr. prope) nearwhich purple die was produced, est, next, very near. the purple muscle purple. proximus, a, um, adj. very near, purpurdtus, a, um, adj. {fr. purpuneighbouring, next. ra) clothed in purple ; purpurati, pricdens, lis, adj. {fr. providetis) courtiers. provident, prudent, wise. purpurcus, a, um, adj. purple. prudeyitia, ae,f. 1. providence, pru- purus, a, um, adj. pure, clear.
;

psittdcus,

dence, knowledge. pusillus, a, um, adj. very little or i, m. 2. a parrot. small. Psophidius, a, um, adj. of Psophis. puteus, i, m. 2. a well. Psophis, idis, f. 3. a city of Arca- puto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to think.
dia.

putresco, esccre, ui, inc. 3. to rot,

Ptolemacus, i, m. 2. the name of putrefy. several kings of Egypt. Pydna,ae,f. 1. a town of Macedopublice, adv. publicly, by public aunia, originally called Citron. thority, at the common charge or Pygmaei, drum, ni. 2. the Pygmies cost. "or dwarfs. Piiblicola et Poplicola, ae, m. 1. a pfjra, ae,f. 1. {ivoa) a funeral pile. name given to Publius Valerius, pyrdmis, idis,f. 3. a pyramid. on account of his great populari- Pi/reiuiei, drum, m. 2. {monies) a tyridge of high mountains, which publicus, a, um,adj. public ; ex pubseparate Gaul from Spain, and lico, from public means. extend from the Atlantic to the Publius, i, m. 2. a Roman praenoMediterranean.

men.
piidibundus, a, um, adj. ashamed.

pi/rites, ae,

m.

I.

{rrvpirni)

the fire

stone.

pudor, oris, m. 3. shame, modesty. Pyrrhus^ i, m. 2. a king of Epirus, pucr, eri, m. 2. a boy pueri, childwho supported the Tarentines in
;

ren. their war against the Romans. puerilis, c, adj. {fr. puer) boyish, Pythagoras, ae, m. 1. a celebrated childish, puerile. philosopher, born at Samos.

pueritia, ae,f.

1, {fr.puer) boyhood, PylhagorUvs, i, vi. 2. a Pythagorean, childhood. a disciple of Pythagoras. pugio, 6nis, m. 3. a dagger, po- Pythia, ae, f. 1. the priestess of niard. Apollo at Delphi.

q2

180

DICTIONARY.
quatuordecim^ card. num. adj. ind.
fourteen.

quadrdgesimus,

que, conj. and, also. qv^o, ire, ivi, Hum, irr. n. to be adj. the fortieth. able. quadrdginta, card. num. adj. ind. quercus, us,f. 4. an oak. forty. queror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. to comspace of the quadriennium, i, n. 2. plain, lament. four years. quadriga, ae,f. 1. a chariot drawn quesius, a, um, part, of queror.
a, urn, ord.

num.

by four horses. quadringentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the four hundredth. quadringenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. four hundred. quadrupeSf pedis, adj. {fr. pes) fourfooted.

qui, qune, quod, pro.

who, which,

what.
qui, adv.

how, in what manner.

qui, conj. because. quicunqi^e, quaecunque, quodcunqu,

pro. whosoever, whoever, whatever. quaero, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to quidam, quaedam, quoddam et quiddam, pro. a certain one, one quiseek, search, ask, inquire quae dam homines, certain men. ritur, it is asked. qaaestio, onis, f. 3. {fr. quaero) a quidem, adv. indeed, truly, certainquestion. ly, at least; ne... quidem, not... even. quaestor, oris, m. 3. (/r. quaero) a quies, etis, f. 3. repose, rest, quiet. quaestor. qu/iestus, us, m. 4. {fr. quaero, quae- quin, conj. but, however, but that. quindecim, card. num. adj. fifteen. situm) a trade; gain, profit.
; ;

quingenteslmus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the five hundredth. quam, adv. conj. how, how much, quingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. five hundred. as much, as than. quamdiu, adv. as long as. quinquageni, distr. num. adj. every quamquam, conj. how much soever, fifty. although, though. quinqvM,gesimus, a, um, ord. num. guamvis, conj. although, though. adj. the fiftieth. quando, adv. when, since, seeing quinquagintu, card. num. adj. ind.
qudlis,
as.
e,

adj. of

what kind or

sort,

&

that.

fifty.

quanto, adv. by how much. quantopere, adv. how greatly, much, as greatly. quantum, adv. as much as,

how

quinque, card. num. adj. ind. five. quinquies, num. adv. five times. quintus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the
fifth.

how

quod et quid, pro. interhow great rog. who, which, what 1 quantuslibet, qv/intalihet, quxintum- quisimm, qu^enam, quodnum et quidUbet, adj. as great as you please nam, pro. interrog. {quis et n/im) how great soever ; in quantdlibei for who, who, who then 1 multitudine, in the greatest mul- quisquam, quM,equam, quidquam et titude. quicqtoam, pro. any one ; nc quisquapropter, adv. for what reason. quAim, and no one. why, wherefore. quisque, quaeque, quodque et quidquare, adv. on which account que, vel quicque, pro. every man,
quis, quae,

much.

quantus, a, um, adj.

wherefore.
quartus, a, um, ord. fourth. quasi, adv. as if.

every one, each, every.

num.

adj. the quisquis, quaequae, quidquid et quicquid, pro. whoever, whosoever,

quatriduum,

whatever, whatsoever. space of qu ivis, quaevis, quodvis et quidvis, four days, pro. any one you please, whoever, qiuitv^r, card. num. adj. ind. four, every one.
i,

n, 2. the

DICTIONARY.
qTio,

181

adv. whither, why ; (as a conj.) recessus, iis, m. 4. (/r. recedo, recessum) a retreat, recess. the end that, in order that, recipio, cipere, ctpi, ceptum, a. 3. that. (re et cdpio) to take again, take quod, conj. because, since, that. back, receive, recover animam, quommus, or quo minus, adv. that to come to one's self again, to not. recover one's senses; se, to comb quomodo et qv^ modo, adv. in what back, return, manner, how. recoctus, a, um, part, of recoquo. quondam, adv. formerly. quoniam, conj. since. recognosco, noscere, novi, nitum, a quoqu, conj. also. 3. {re et cognosco) to recognise. recoUigo, ligere, legi, ledum, a. 3. quot, adj. ind. how many. {re et colligo) to gather up again, quotannis, adv. every year, annualcollect again, recollect. rcconditus, a, um, part, of recondo, quotidie, adv. daily. quoties, adv. how often, as often as. hidden. recondo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {re quum, conj since adv. when. et condo) to lay up, hide. recoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {re et R. coquo) to boil or seeth again. radius, i, m. 2. a rod or staff; a rtcorddtio, onis, f. 3. recollection,
to
;
.

ray.

remembrance.

rtcreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {re et radix, ids, f. 3. a root. rdmosus, a, urn, adj. full of boughs creo) to create again, renew, to bring to life again. or branches. ramus, i, m. 2. a branch, bough. recte, adv. right, rightly. rdna, ae,f. 1. a frog. rectus, a, um, adj. straight, right, rdpina, ae,f. 1. (/r. rapio) robbery upright. Fr. rego, rectum. recHpero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to get rapine, pillage. forto seize rdpio, ere, ui, turn, a. 3, back, recover. rcdditus, a, um, part, of reddo. cibly, rob raptor, oris, m. 3. (/r. rapio, raptum) reddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {re et do) to give back, restore, return ; a robber. verba, to repeat rationem, to raptiirus, a, um, part, oi rapio. give a reason gratiam, to repay raptus, a, um, part, of rapio. raritas, dtis, f. 3. rareness, rarity, a favour. redeo, Ire, ii, raro ivi, itum, n. irr. scarcity. {re et eo) to go or come again, That is, thinly. rdro, adv. seldom. return. rr. rarus. rdrus, a, um, adj. thin, scanty rediens, euntis, part, of redeo. redigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. {re scarce, rare. et ago) to bring back, reduce. ratio, 6nis, f. 3. (/r. reor, rdtus) redimo, imere, tmi, emptum et emreason, a reason. tum, a. 3. {re et emo) to buy back, rdtis, is, f. 3. a float, raft, boat,
; ;

ship. rdtus, a,

reco\^er, redeem. rediicendus, a, um, part, of rediico. um, part, of reor. cere, xi, ctum^a. 3. {re et dHharsh, reduco, raucus, a, um, adj. hoarse, in gratiam, to co) to lead back hoarse sounding, reconcile rebello, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. to wage
;

[re/ero, ferre, tali, Idtum, a. irr. {re {bellum) war against, rebel. recedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {re et etftro) to bring back groiiam bencficium, to evince gratitude ctdo) to retire, withdraw, retreat, to return a benefit victoriam, to recede. imaginem, to gain a victory r teens, tis, adj. new, recent ; adv. take a likeness refcrre ad alirecens nali, new-born children. quam rem, to refer to something. rcceptus, a, um, part, of recipio.
;

182
rejiuo, ere, xi,

DICTIONARY.
xum,
n. 3. (re etfluo) reparo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {re et pdro) to repair, renew.
3.

to flow back.
(re

refugio, ugere, ugi, ugiium, n.

etfugio)
1.

to fly

back.

regia, ae, f.

a palace.

That

is,

regia domus. regina, ae, f. 1. (fr. rex, regis) a queen. regio, onis, f. 3. a district, region,

repente, adv. suddenly. reperio, erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. (re etpdrio) to find out, discover. repertus, a, um, part, of reperio. repeto, ere, ivi et ii, Itum, a. 3. (re
et peto) to ask again, back.

demand
2.

(re et clime. pleo) to fill again, fill up, repleregius, a, urn, adj. {fr. rex, regis) nish. royal. regno, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. (fr. reg- repono, onere, osui, osltum, a. 3. (re num) to reign, rule, govern reg- et pono) to place again, replace. reporto, dr-e, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et ndtur, imp. it is ruled. regnum, i, n. 2. (fr. rex, regis) a porto) to bring or carry back,
repleo, ere, evi, etnrni, a.
;

kingdom, government.

bear

off".

rego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to govern, repraesento, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to represent. rule. regredior, gredi, gressiis sum, d. 3. repHdio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cast (re et grddior) to go back, return. off", disown, divorce. regressus, a, um, part, of regredior. requlro, rere, slvi, situm, a. 3. (re Regulus, i, m. 2. M. AUilius, a Roet quacro) to seek back, demand, man consul during the first Pu- require. nic war. res, rei,f. 5. a thing, affair, matter, reldtus, a, um, part, of refero. subject res gestae, exploits; res relicturus, a,, um, part, of relinquo. familiaris, property, substance. relictus, a, um, part, of relinquo. reservo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. \. to rereligio, 6nis,f. 3. religion. serve, retain, spare. relinquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, a. resideo, sldere, sedi, n. 2. (re et se2. (re et linquo) to leave behind, deo) to sit down. leave. reslmus, a, um, adj. crooked, bent reliquiae, drum, f. 1. the remains, back. relics, remainder. Fr. reliquus. resisto, sistere, stiti, stitum, n. 3. reliquus, a, um, adj. (fr. relinquo) (re et sisto) to resist, withstand. remaining, the rest. rtsolvo, vere, vi, iitum, a. 3. (re et remdneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2. (re et solvo) to unloose, dissolve. mdneo) to tarry behind, remain. respondeo, dere, di, sum, n. 2. (re et
;

remedium,

spondeo) to answer respondetur, imp. it is answered. remitto, mittere, mlsi, missum, a. 3 responsum, i, n. 2. an answer. (re et mitto) to send back, return respTiblica, reipublicae, 5. a f.\. remotus, a, um, part, of removeo. commonwealth, state, republic. removeo, overe, dvi, otum, a. 2. (re respuo, uere, ui, a. 3. (re et spuo) to
i,

n. 2. (fr.

medeor) a re-

medy.

&

et moved) to remove. spit out, reject. remus, i, m. 2. an oar. restituo, uere, ui, ictum, a. 3. (re et Remus, i, m. 2. the brother of Rosidtuo) to replace, restore. mulus. retineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. 2, renovo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et (re et teneo) to hold or keep back, novo) to renew. detain. renuntio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1, (re et revtra et re vera, adv. in very deed, nuntio) to report, inform, make in reality, truly. known. reverentia, ae,f. 1. reverence. reor, reri, rdpiis sum, d. 3. to think, reversus, a, um, part, of reverter^ believe. having returned.

DICTIONARY.
reverto, tere, ti, sum, n. 3. {re et verto) and revertor, ti, sus sum, d. 3 to return. reviresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be-

183
of the

capital situate

Roman
adj.

empire,

on the banks of the river

a,
i,

Tiber.

come

or

grow green

again.

revoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {re et i, Rome. voco) to call back, recall. revolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (re et ros, roris, m. 3. dew. volo) to fly back. rostrum, i, n. 2. a beak, snout. rex, regis, m. 3. a. king. rota, ae,f. 1. a wheel. RhadaTTunithus, i, m. a son of Jupi- rotundus, a, um, adj. round like a {rota) wheel. ter and Europa, so celebrated for justice, that the ancients have said ruber, bra, brum, adj. red. he became one of the judges of the rUdens, tis, m. 3. a cable, rope. infernal regions. rudis, e, adj. uncultivated, rude, Rhaeti, drum, m. 2. the inhabitants rough.

Romanus, Romanus, RomUlus,

um,

Roman.

m. 2. a Roman. m. 2. the founder of

ruvna, ae,f. 1. {fr. ruo) a downfall, of Rhaetia. Rhaetia, ae, /. 1. a country of Euruin, destruction. rope, north of Italy and east of rumpo, rumpere, riipi, ruptum, a. 3. Helvetia. to break, break off. Rhea, ae f. 1. Silvia, the mother of ruo, ere, i, itum et turn, n. 3. to fall, Romuius and Remus. fall down, rush headlong, go to Rhenns, i, m. 2. the Rhine, ruin. rhinoceros, otis, m. 3. a rhinoceros. rupes, is, f. 3. a rock. Rhoddnus, i, m. 2. the river Rhone. ruplus, a, um, part, of rumpo. Rhodius, i, m. 2. a Rhodian. rursus, adv. again. Rhodope, es, /. 1. a high mountain rus, ruris, n. 3. the country. rusticus, u, um, adj. pertaining to of Thrace. Rhodus, i, f. 2. now Rhodes, a cethe {rus) country, rustic. lebrated island of the Mediterra- rusticus, i, m. 2. a rustic countryman. nean sea, at the south of Caria. Rhynddcus, i, m. 2. a large river of Rutilius, i, m. 2. P. Rufus, a Roman consul in the age of Sulla. Mysia, in Asia Minor. rideo, dire, si, sum, n. et a. to laugh, rutilus, a, um, adj. of a red colour,
bright, glittering. deride, ridicule. rldlcidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rideo) S. ridiculous, laughable. ris[eo, ere, ui, n. 2. (^vcw) to be cold. rigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rigeo) se- Sabinus, i, m. 2. a Sabine, (a people of Italy.) vere. rigo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to water, sdcer, era, crum, adj. {sup. sacerri-

moisten, bedew.
ripa, ae,f.
risus,
its,

mus)
river.

.sacred.
otis,
c.

1.

the
4.

bank of a

sdcerdos,

3.

{fr.

sdcer) a

m.

{fr. rideo, risum)

priest, priestess.
i,

laughter. dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to dispute. Hence any robur, oris, n. 3. oak. thing hard and strong, strength; militum, the bravest, the flower of the troop. Tobustus, a, um, adj. hard and strong like {rohur) oak, strong, robust. rogo, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. to ask, beg.

Hxor,

a sacrifice. sacrificium, quarrel, sacrifico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1.

n. 2.

{sa-

crum fdcio)

to sacrifice.

sacrum, i, et sacra, drum, n. 2. any thing consecrated to the gods, a sacrifice, sanctuary. saepe, adv. {sacpius, saepissime) often.

saevio, ire,

ii.

Hum,

n. 4. to rage.

rogus,

i,

m.

2.

Roma,

ae,

f.

I.

a funeral pile. & city of Italy, the

saevitas,dtis,f. 3. cruelly, barbarity. saevus, a, um, adj. severe, cruel,

savage.

x84

DICTIONARY.

sagino^ are, avi, alum, 1, to fatten saucio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wound. sagitta, ae,f. 1. an arrow. Saguntini, orum, m. 2. the inhabit- saxeus, a, um, adj. stony, rocky. saxum, i, n. 2. a rock, stone. ants of Saguntum.

Saguntum,

i, n. 2. a town of Hispa- Scamander, dri, m. river of Troas. nia Tarraconensis.

2.

a celebrated

sdlio, ire, Ivi et ii, et ui, turn, n.

scateo, ere, n. 2. to flow forth like

to leap, salsus, a,

bound, dance.

water, to abound.
sal) salt
scelestus,

um,

adj.

{fr,
1.

a,

um,

adj.

(fr.

scelus)

sharp, keen.
salto, are, dvi,

wicked.

{freq. of scelus, eris, n. 3. crime, ness. saluber, bris, bre, etsalubris, bre, adj. scena, ae, f. 1. {aKnvfi) stage. {fr. salus) healthful, salubrious,

dtum, n. salio) to dance.

wicked-

a scene,

wholesome, sound.

Schoeneus,

i,

m.

2.

a king of Arca-

dia, father of Atalanta. salubritas, dtis, f. 3. (/r. salubris) Scheria, ae, f. 1. an ancient name healthfulness, salubrity. of Corcyra. salum, i, n. 2. the sea. scientia, ae,f. 1. knowledge. sdlus, utis, f. 3. safety, health. salutdris, e, adj. {salus, salutis) scio, Ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to know. Scipio, onis, m. 3. a celebrated fahealthful, salutary. mily at Rome, who obtained the sdliito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wish
{saluterri)

health

salvus, a,

um,

to, salute. adj. safe, sound, un-

greatest honours in the republic.

a scorpion. sanctus, a, um, adj. sacred, holy, Scotia, ae,f. 1. Scotland. scriba, ae, m. 1. a secretary, scribe. blameless. scribo, bere, psi, ptum, a. 3. to write j sanguis, inis, m. 3. blood. leges, to give laws. sapiens, tis, adj. {fr. sapio) wise scriptor, oris, m. 3. {fr. scribo, scripsvbst. a wise man, sage. tum) a writer, author. sapientia, ae,f. 1. wisdom. sapio, ere, Ivi et ii, et ui^ n. 3. to be scripturus, a, um, part, of scribo. scriptus, a, um, part, of scribo. wise. scrutor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to search sarcina, ae, /. 1. a bundle, pack. Sardinia, ae, f. 1. the greatest isldiligently, examine. and in the Mediterranean after scutum, i, n. 2. a shield. Sicily, south of Corsica. Scylla, ae, /. 1. a daughter of Nisus, Sarmdta, ae, c. 1. an inhabitant of king of Megara. Sarmatia, (an extensive coun- Scyros, i,f. 2. a rocky and barren try in the north of Europe and island of the Aegaean. Asia.) Scytha, ae, m. 1. a Scythian. Sarpedon, onis, m. 3. a son of Ju- Scythia, ae, /. 1. a very extensive piter and Europa. country in the north, including a satelles, Itis, m. 3. a guard, satellite. part both of Europe and Asia. satio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to satisfy, Scythicus, a, um, adj. Scythian.
Scorpio, onis,
3.
ssi, ssum, n. 3. (se et cedo) to go apart, withdraw, seenough. cede. satur, ura, urum, adj. full, satiated. seco, dre, ui, tum, a. 1. to cut. Saturnia, ae.f. 1. a name given to sector, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to follow, Italy,because Saturn had reigned attend or wait upon, to strive to there during the golden age. attain. Saturnus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus secum, (i. e. cum se) with himself, and Terra, father of Jupiter. wath herself, with itself.

punished. Samnites, um et turn, m. ple of Italy.

scopulus,
3.

i,

m.
m.

2. (o-Krfn-cXoj)

a high

a peo-

rock,

cliff.

satiate,

secedo, dire,

satis,

adv. in a sufficient degree,

DICTION-/* RT.

185

secundus, a, um, adj. second, pros-' Septimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. seventh. perous res secundae, prosperity. septingenteslmus, a, um, ord. num. securis, is, f. 3. an axe. sed, conj. but. adj. the seven hundredth. sexdtcim, card. num. adj. ind. six- sepLingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj.
;

seven hundred. teen. sedco, seder e, sedi, sessum, n. 2. to septuageslmus, a, um, ord.
sit.

num.

adj.

the seventieth. sedes, is, f. 3. a seat ; regni, the seat septuaginta, card. num. adj. ind. of government. seventy. seditio, 6nis,f. 3. sedition, sepulcruvi, i, n. 2. (fr. sepelio, sepulsedulus, a, um, adj. attentive, dilitum) a tomb, grave, sepulchre. scpuUiira, ae,f. 1. burial, interment. gent. seges, etis,f. 3. a crop. scpultus, a, um, part, of sepelio. segnis, e, adj. slow, slothful, cow- Sequdna, ae, m. 1. now the Seine, ardly. a river of Gaul, which separates sejungo, gere, xi, clum, a. 3. {se et the territories of the Cehae and jungo) to separate, disjoin, diBelgae. vide. siqiior, qui, quiilus vel cidus sum, d. Scleucia, ae,f. 1. a city of Syria on 3. to follow. the sea-coLst, south-west of An- serenus, a, um, adj. fair, serene. lioch. Sergius, i, m. 2. the name of a fasemel, adv. once. niily at Rome. Semile. es,f. 1. a daughter of Cad- sermo, onis, m. 3. discourse, speech,

mus and Hermione.

conversation.

Scmirdmis, idis, f. 3. a celebrated sera, adv. late, too late. queen of Assyria. scro, sercre, sevi, satum, a. 3. to sow, semper, adv. always. plant. sernpiLcrnus, a,um, adj. everlasting. serpens, lis, c. 3. a serpent. Fr. serpo, creeping Sc/ia, ae,f. 1. or Sena Gallica, now to creep. Senigaglia, a town of Umbria in thing. Italy. Serlorius, i, m. 2. Quintus, a Rosenator, oris, m. 3. a senator. man general, who established stndlus, lis el i, m. 2. & 4. a senate. himself in Spain, and was finalsCnccia, ae, 1. {Jr. senex) old age. ly assassinated by his own offi-

sfiiedus, ufis,J. 3. old age. scnesco, cscire, vi, n. inc. 3. to

;

grow
;

cers. servio, ire, Ivi et ii.

Hum,

n. 4. to

old to wane, (of the moon.) scncx, senis, c. 3. an old person adj
old, {comp. senior.)

be a slave, serve in the capacity of a servant or slave.

servilium, i, n. 2. slavery. Senones, um, m. 3. an uncivilized servitus, tiitis,/. 3. .slavery. Scrrius, i, m. 2. Tidlius, the sixth nation of Gallia Transalpina sensus, us, m. 4. (fr. scnlio, sensuin) king of Rome. servo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to save, sense, feeling. preserve, watch, guard. 1. a sentiment sentcnlia, ae, f. servus, i, m. 2. a slave. thought, opinion, proposition. senlio, tire, si, sum, a. 4. to feel, be sesl^rtium, i, n. 2. a sestertium (the name of a sum, not of a coin), sensible of, observe. equivalent to 1000 sestertii, or scpclio. Hire, ilivi, ultum., a. 4. to

bury. is,f 3. a hedge. scptcm, card. num. adj. ind. (Ijrru) seven. septentrio, 6nis, m. 3, the north. septies, num. adv. seven times.
sepes,

S37.50.
se'itertiu^,
i,

m.

2.

assex and a hal f

a sesterce, two Fox semistertiv^.

The first an as, the second an as, sesterce the third half an as.

was equal

to 3f cents.

186
Sestos vel Sestus,
i,

DICTIONARY.
f. 2.

of Troas, which rises in mount Ida, and flows into the Xanthus. lespont, exactly opposite Abydos Simonides, is, w. 3. a celebraied poet of Ceos. on the Asiatic side. simplex, ids, adj. single, simple. seta, ae,f. 1. a bristle. Setia, ae, f. 1. now Sezza, a city simul, adv. together, at once, at the same time, as soon as. of Campania, near the Pontine marshes, celebrated for its wines. slmiddcrum,-i, n. 2. an image. Fr. Simula. That is, a fictitious apSetinus, a, um, adj. of Setia, Sepearance. tine. severus, a, um, adj. grave, severe, simicla, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to feign, pretend. harsh. sin, conj. but if. sex, card. 7ium. adj. ind. (e'l) six. sexagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. sine, prep. c. ahl. without. singuldris, e, adj. singular, remarkthe sixtieth. able certamen singulare, a sinsexaginta, card. num. adj. ind. sixty. sexcentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. gle combat. singuli, ae, a, distr. num. adj. sinthe six hundredth. sexcenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. six gle, one by one, each, every; singulis mensibus, every month ; hundred. sextus, a, um, ord, num. adj. the shigxdis singulas partes, to each

a town of

Thrace, on the shores of the Hel-

si,

sixth. conj.

a share.
if;
si si

quando, if at any
if

sinister, tra,

trum, adj.

left.

time
sic,

quis,

any one

si sino, sinere, sivi,

situm, a.

3. to

per-

quid, if

any

thing.

adv. so, thus, in this way. Siccius, i, m. 2. V. Dentatus.

mit, allow, sinus, us, m. 4.

gulf.
siquis,
if
sitio,

a bosom

a bay,

siccus, a,

um,

adj. dry.
1.

Sicilia, ae, f.

the largest

and most

qua et quae, quod et quid, pro. any one or thing, if any.

Ire, Ivi,

celebrated island of the Mediter ranean, at the bottom of Italy.

SicHlus, a, um, adj. Sicilian. sicut et sicixti, adv. as, as it

itum, n.
;

et a. 4. to

thirst,

be thirsty

to thirst after,

desire earnestly, covet.

were,

sitis, is,f. 3. thirst.

as

if.

situs, a,
3.

um, part, of
or
if,

sino, situated,

Sidon, 6nis,f.

the oldest

and most

placed.
sive, conj.

powerful city of Phoenicia.

whether.

Sidonius, a, ur/i, adj. Sidonian. sobrius, a, um, adj. sober. sldus, eris, n. 3. a star. socer, eri, m. 2. a father-in-law. signilfico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sig- sacidlis, e, adj. of or pertaining to num et facia) to make a sign, sig- allies, or confederates, social, nify, declare, express, designate confederate.

signum,
flag.

i,

n. 2.

age, statue;

sign, token; im- societas, dtis,f. standard, ensign, confederacy.

socius,
i,

3. society, alliance,

sUentium,
Silenus,

i,

i, m. 2. a demi-god, the carelessness. preceptor and attendant of the Socrates, is, m. 3. the most celebragod Bacchus. ted philosopher of all antiquity, sileo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be silent. was a native of Athens. silva, ae,f. 1. a wood or forest. sol, solis, m. 3. the sun. slmia, ae,f. 1. an ape. soleo, ere, itus sum, n. p. 2. to use, similis, e, adj. {similior, simillimus) be accustomed or wont. like, resembling, similar. solidus, a, um, adj. whole, massive, ^ siTniliter, adv. in like manner,alike. solid. Simois, enti et entos, m. 3. a river solitudo, inis, f. 3. (/r. solus) a lone-

ally. n. 2. (fr. sileo) silence sacordia, ae, f. 1. indolence, sloth,

2.

m.

a partner, an

DICTIONARY.
\y place, desert
;

187

solitude, retire species, ei, f. 5. (fr. specio) a form,

ment.
solitus, a,

appearance,

um, part, of soleo.

specio, cere, xi, cium, a. 3. to see.

i, n. 2. (fr. specto) a spectacle, public sight or show.

sellers et solers, lis, adv. ingenious, spectdcHlum,

skilful, experi,sagacious,

shrewd

sollertia et solertia, ae, f. I. ingenui- specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. ty, sagacity, dexterity, fr. specio) to view frequently or much, contemplate, observe, reSolon, onis, m. 3. one of the seven

gard, relate to. men of Greece, born at Sa and educated at Athens. specus, its, rn. formerly/, sometimes framed a celebrated code of n. 4. a cave, den, sptlunca, ae,f. 1. a cave, den. laws for the Athenians.

wise

lamis,

He

i, n. 2, the solstice, the longest day, Fr. sol, soils ; and sto, statum. The standing still of the sun. solum, i, n. 2. the ground, soil, earth, land. solum, adv. only, alone. solus, a, um, gen. solius, dat. soli, adj. alone.

solstitium,

spero, dre, dvi, dtum, n.

1.

to hope,

entertain hope.
spes, ei, f. 5. contrary to

hope praeter spem, expectation.

;

Speusippus, i, m. 2. an Athenian philosopher, nephew and successor of Plato. Sphinx, ngis, f. 3. (Siiyf) a monster sent into the neighbourhood of

solulus, a, um, part, of solvo. Thebes by Juno. solvo, vere, vi, ittum, a. 3. to loose, spina, a,e,f. 1. a thorn,prickle, sting. unloose ; dissolve, melt solve, spiritus, us, m. 4. breath.
;

splro, dre, dvi, dtum, n.l.to breathe. explain. somnio, are, dvi,dtum, n. l.to dream. spissus, a, um, adj. thick, close, firm. splendeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to shine, glitsomnus, i, m. 2. sleep.
ter. m. 4. (Jr. sono, sonitum) splendidus, a, um, adj. (fr. splendeo) a sound, noise, din, clamour. bright, splendid. sono, are, ui, itnm, rare, dvi, dtum, 3. brightness, n. 1. (jsonumfacio) to sound, make splendor, oris, m.

sonitnis, us,

a noise, resound. sonus, i, m. 2. a sound.

sorbeo, here, bui,
(

splendour.
2. to

psi)

sup up, suck in, booty. sordidus, a, um, adj. {fr. sordes, pondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponfilth) filthy, foul, sordid. sum, a. 2. to promise or undersoror, oris, f. 3. a sister. take, pledge one's word. spa? go, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to scatter, sponsa, ae,f. 1. a bride. Fr. spanspread about, sprinkle. deo, sponsum. One engaged or sparsus, a, um, part. o{ spargo. betrothed. Sparta, ae,f. 1. a noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laco- spontis, genii, et in abl. sponte, f. 3. (from the obsolete noun spons ; nia, called also Lacedaemon. all tlie other cases wanting) of Spartdcus, i, m. 2. a gladiator. one's own free will, spontaneousSparldnus, i, m. 2. a Spartan. (Stootoi) Sparli, drum, m. 2. a race I, m. 2. a praenomen comsprung Spurius, armed men said to have of mon to many of the Romans. up from the dragon's teeth sown
spartum,

plum, a. drink up.

alum, a. 1, to strip, plunder, spoil. spdlium, i, n. 2. spoil, plunder,

spolio, dre, dvi,

squama, ae,f. 1. a scale. a kind oCstdbulum, i, 7t. 2. a stall, stable. place whefe cattle Spanish broom. Ft. sto stand. spdtidsus, a, um, adj. {fr. spdlium) stadium, i, n. 2. ((rraSiov) a place spacious. spdtium, i, n. 2. room, space. where they contended in wresti,

by Cadmus.

n. 3.

(<rTafl

Part

I.

188

DICTIONARY.
rates

ling and in the race; also, 125 paces.

and

falls into

Thrace from Macedonia, a part of the Ae-

stannum,

gaean, called Strymonicus sinus, i, n. 2, tin. or G. of Contessa. stdtim, adv. immediately. stdtio, 6nis,f. 3. (/r. statum) a sta- studeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to attend to, pursue, study; side with, favour. tion, post ; 7iavium,, an anchoring stUdiose, adv. attentively, studiousplace.
lystdtua, ae, f. 1. {fr. stdtuo) a stastadium, i, n. 2. study, attention, tue. diligence ; eagerness, zeal. stdtua) a 2. m. sidtudrius, i, (fr. statuary, maker of statues, sculp- stultitia, ae,f. 1. folly. stultus, a, um, adj. foolish. tor. sldtuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to set stitpeo, ere, ui, n.'2. to be stupified to be amazed, astonished, surup, hold, maintain, judge, reprised. Fr. sto, statum. solve, decree. stiipidus, a, um, adj. stupid, silly, stdtutus, a, um, part, of statuo.
Stella,

ae^f.

sterilis, e, adj.

steril.
sterto, ere,
stipes, itis,

simple. star. barren, unfruitful, sturnus, i, m. 2. a starling. suddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. to devise, exhort, persuade. ui, n. 3. to snore. m. 3. the trunk of a treej sudvis, e, adj. sweet, pleasant, agree1.

a stake, log.
stirps, is, f. 3.

able.

sudvltas, dtis,f. 3. sweetness, pleasantness, suavity, grace. a stock, race, lineage. 5^0, stare, stiti, statum, n. 1. to stand. sudviter, adv. sweetly, pleasantly,' Stoici, drum, m. 2. {J^toikoi) the Stoagreeably. ics, a celebrated sect of philoso- siib, prep. c. ace. et all. under, to;

root, stem, stock

phers founded by Zeno.

wards, near

to, at.

stoliditas, dtis, f. 3. folly, stupidity. suhduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {sub et stolid^is, a, tmi, adj. foolish, dull, duco) to take away, remove, withsilly.

draw.
is,

strdges,
tion.

f. 3. {fr. sterno, strdvi) suhductus, a,

um, part, of subduco.

an overthrow, havoc, devasta

strangulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. choke, strangle. subtgo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. {sub strenue, adv. strenuously. et ago) to bring under, reduce, strc7iuus, a, urn, adj. active, strenu subdue. ous, valiant, bold. subito, adv. suddenly.
strepitus, us,

subeo, ire, ivi et ii, ituvi, irr. n. {siib et eo) to go under, undergo, susto tain.

ni'. 4. (/?*. strepo, to subitus, a, um, adj. sudden, unlooka harsh noise) a harsh ed for, unexpected. Fr. subeo, noise, clashing, din, bustle, siibltum. Strophddes, um, f. 3. two small is- siMdtus, a, um, part, of toUo. lands in the Ionian sea, on the sublimis, e, adj. lofty, elevated, subwestern coast of the Peloponlime. nesus. They are now called submergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. {siib et

make

Strivali.
struo, ere, xi,

mcrgo)

to

dum,

a. 3. to pile

up

subviersus, a,

overwhelm. um, part, of submersi,

raise up, build, erect, construct go. insidias, to lay snares, lie in am- subridco, dere,

sum, n.

2.

{suh et

bush, waylay.
struthiocamelus,
/j/jXof)
i,

rldeo) to smile gently.

m.
3.

2. {(JTpovQioKa
1

subsllio, silire, sillvi, silii et silui,

an

ostrich.

Strymon, onis, m.
in

a river rising

sultum, n. 4. up.

{sid) et sdlio')

to leap

mount Haemus, which

sepa-lsw5siz^o, uere, ui,

Utum,

a. 3. {sub

DICTIONARY.
et stdtuo) to

189

place

of, substitute.
c.

siwter, prep.

put under, put in the super, prep. c. ace. et abl. (Jr. vnp) above, over, upon. superbe, adv. proudly, haughtily, ace. et abl. under.

1. pride, haughtiness, ranean. arrogance. subvtmo, venire, veni, ventum, a. 4. superbio. Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. 4. to be (sub et venio) to come to one's asproud. sistance, succour, relieve. supcrbus, a, urn, adj. proud, haughsubvblo, are., dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sub et ty.

subterrdneus, a, um, adj. (sub et terarrogantly. ra) that is, under ground, subter- superbia, ae,f.

voLo) to fly up. superjiuus, a, um, adj. superfluous. succedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. superior, us, adj. (comp. of superus) (sub et ctdo) to come or go under, higher, the upper. succeed. superjdcio, jdccre, jtci, jac^m, a. 3. successor, oris, m. 3. (fr. succedo, (super etjdcio) to cast, tnrow, or successum) a successor. shoot over. s7/,ccus, i, m. 2. juice. super 0, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to surThat pass, overcome, conquer. suffero, suffere, sustuli, subldtum, irr. a. (sub etfero) to bear, sustain. is, to be (super) above others. sufficio, ficire, feci, fectum, n. 3. super stltiosus, a, um, adj. supersti(sub et fdcio) to suffice, be suffitious. cient. supersum, esse, fui, irr. n. to sursuffodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. 3. vive, remain behind. (svh etfodio) to dig under, under- superus, a, um, adj. (comp. sUperior, mine. sup. suprcmus vcl summus) above, suffossus, a, um, part, of suffodio. upper, on high. Fr. super. i, n. 2. a vote, suffrage, siipervdcuus, a,um, adj. superfluous. suffrdgium, choice. supervenio, venire, vtni, ventum, n. sui, sibi, se, pro. reciprocal, (of all 4. (sUpcr et venio) to come upon genders, and of both numbers) suddenly, surprise ; to come, apof himself, herself, itself, or thempear. selves, to himself, &c. himself, super colo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (super &c. et volo) to fly over. Sulla ct Sylla, ae, m. 1. the cogno- suppeto, ere, ivi. Hum, n. 3. (sub et men of a family in the gens Cor- pcto) to serve, be sufficient, be at nelia; l/wcius Cornelius, ihe rihand. val of Marias, made himself per- supplcx, ids, adj. suppliant. petual dictator at Rome. supplicium, i, n. 2. punishment. Sidpicius et Sidpilius, i, m. 2. Gal- suppono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. lus, a celebrated astrologer in the (sub etpono) to put one thing or age of Paul us. person in place of another, subsum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be ; (\^ith a stitute. dative^ to serve for ; terrori esse, supra, prep, et adv. above, over, upto excite terror. on. summus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of superus) surdus, a, um, adj. deaf. the highest, greatest; in summa Surtna, ae, m. 1. a powerful officer aqua, on the surface of the water. in the armies of Orodes, king of sumo, sumcre, sumsi et sumpsi, sumParthia. tum et sumptum, a. 3. to take. surgo, surgere, surrezi, surrectum, sumlus et sumplus, a, um, part, of n. 3. to rise.

sumo.

sumlus

ct sumptus, us, m. expense.

supellcx, ectilis,/. 3. niture.

sus, uis, c. 3. (avi) a swine, hog. charge, susccptus, a, um, part, of suscipio. suscipio, cipcre, cUpi, ccptum, a. 3. (snb et cdpio) to take up, take in household furhand, undertake.
4.

190

DICTIONARY.
a mole.

suspectus, a, urn, part, et adj. sus- talpa, ae,f. 1.

pected, mistrusted, suspicious. ^ispendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {stib et pendo) to hang up, suspend, keep in suspense. suspensus, a, um, part, of suspendo. suspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (sub t specio) to suspect. suspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {svl) et specio) to suspect, mistrust ; suspect, surmise.
sustento, are, dvi,

tam, adv. so, so

much

tarn diu, as

long

as.

idmen,conj. notwithstanding, nevertheless,

Tanais,

is,

however, yet. m. 3. now the Don,

which in ancient times separated European and Asiatic Sarmatia.

ilis,f. 3. oalled also Caia CaeciliajWaiS the wife of Tarquin, the fifth king of Rome. Jr. sustineo) to sustain, uphold, tandem, adv. at length, at last, finalsupport sustentari, to maintain ^^ tango, tangere, tettgi, tactum, a. 3. one's elf, li\^e. to touch. sustineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 2. {suh et teneo) to sustain, support, tanquam et tamquam, adv. as, just bear. as, as it were. suus, a, um, pro. (fr. sui) one's own, Thntdlus, i, m. 2. a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter. its own, proper, peculiar. syllaba, ae, f. 1. (avX\a0}i) a sylla- tanio, adv. by so much. tantoptre, adv. so much, so greatly. ble. Syphax, dcis, m. 3. a king of the tantum, adv. only. Masaesyli in Libya, taken pri- tantus, a, um, adj. so great, so soner and carried to Rome by much tanti est, it is worth Scipio. while. Syracusae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated tarde, adv. slowly. city of Sicily, founded about tarditas, dtis, f. 3. slowness or dul732 B. C, by Archias, a Corinness of intellect, thian. tardo, are, dvi, dtum^ a. 1. to make Syria, ae, /. 1. a large country of slow, retard, impede. Asia. tardus, a, um, adj. slow, dull. Syridcus, a, um, adj. Syrian. Tarentlnus,a,um,adj. of Tarentum; Tarentini, the Tarentines.

Tandquil,

dtum,

a. 1. {freq.

i, n. 2. now Tarento, a town of Calabria in Italy. Tarpeia, ae, f. 1. the daughter of sume, languish, pine away. Tarpeius, the governor of the citaenia, ae, /. 1. a board, tablet, tatadel of Rome, opened the gates ble ; picta, a picture. to the Sabines. tdceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to be f>i- Tarpeius, a, um, adj. Tarpeian; lent. mons, a hill at Rome, the same ^ iactus, us, m. 4. (/r. tango, tactum) as the Capitolinej so called from the touch. Tarpeia. taedet, taedebat, taeduit, taesum est, Tarquinii, drum, m. 2. now Tarchitaedere, imp. it irks or wearies na, a town of Etruria. Tarquivitae me taedet, I am weary of nius Priscus was born or educatlife. ed there. Taendrus et os, i, m. etf. 2. et Tae Tarquinius, i, m. 2. Priscus, the ndrum et on, i, n. 2. a promonto- fifth king of Rome, successor to ry of Laconia, now Cape MataAncus Martins Superhv.s,grajD.dipan. son of the former, succeeded his tdlentum, i, n. 2. (rdAai/roi/) a talent. father-in-law Servius Tullius toMs, e, adj. such, of this or such and was the seventh and last kind. king of Rome.

T.

Tarentum,

idbesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to con-

DICTIONARY.

191

Tartarus el os, i, m. 2. et Tartdra^ tepidus, a, um, adj. warm, tepid, lukewarm. drum, n. 2. the lower world. Taurica, ae, f. 1. Chersojiesus, a ter, num. adj. thrice. large peninsula of Europe, at the tergum, i, n. 2. the back a tergo, from behind ad terga, behind. south-west of the Palus Maeotis, termino, dre, dvi, aium, a. 1. to now called the Crimea. bound, terminate. Taurus, i, m. 2. the largest range of mountains in Asia as to extent. terminus, i, m. 2. a bound, limit,
;
;

i, m. 2. a divinity of Rome who was supposed to prea mountain of Laconia, in side over bounds and limits. Peloponnesus, at the west of the terni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every river Eurotas. three, three. tectum, i, n. 2. (/r. lego, tectum) a terra, ae,f. 1. the earth, land. roof, house. terreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to frighttectus, a, um, part, of tego.

end. taurus, i, vi. 2.'(rarpos) a bull. Taygetiis, i, m. 2. ct Toygeta, drum, Terminus,

n. 2.

en, terrify, a mat or terrestris, e, adj. {Jr. terra) terresrug. trial. tego, gere, xi, ctuyn, a. 3. to cover
tcget, etis, f. 3. (/r. tcgo)

protect.

terribilis, e, adj. terrible.

i,

tegumentum,
vering. telum, i, n.

2.

n.2. {Jr. tcgo) a co- territo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {f'feq. of terreo) to terrify often or much. a -weapon, dart, arterritorium,
ritory.
territus, a,
terlio,
i,

row.
teiiiCre,

n. 2. (/r. terra)

ter-

adv. without reason, with out cause, by chance, at random inconsiderately. Tempe, n. pi. ind. a vale in Thessa ly, through which the river Pe neus flows into the Aegaean. temperies, iti,f. 5. a temperate climate, temperatcness.
tempestas, dlis,f. 3.

um, part, of terreo.

m.
3.

terror, oris,

great fear, terror.

num. adv. the third4ime. tertius, a, um, ord. num. adj. the
third.
testa, ae,

/.I. an earthen vessel, a

tile, shell.

templum,

bad weather; a testdmentum, i, n. 2. (/r. testor) a testament or will. testiido, inis, f. 3. a tortoise. a temple. tempus, oris, n. 3, time ad tempus. Teutones, um, m. 3. a name given ex temto several united tribes of Germaat the ap[)oinied time pore, without premeditation or texo, ere, ui, tum, a. 3. to weave, previous study, extempore. braid, plat. ttrm'ilentus, um, adj. drunk, a, thalamus, i, m. 2. (6aXa/ioj) a chamdrunken. 3 ber. tendo, tendire, titendi, tensum, a. Thales, is el itis, m. 3. one of the to stretch out, extend. .seven wise men of Greece, born tcncbrae, drum, f. 1. darkness. at Miletus in Ionia. ttnen, ere, ui, turn, a. 2. to hold, have, to understand Thasus ct OS, i, f. 2. a small island possess, occupy in the Aegaean, on the coast of know to occupy, beset portuvi Thrace. to reach the harbour. tento, dre, dvi, dtnm, a. 1. to try, at thedtrum, i, n. 2. (Gtarpoi/) a theatre. Theba.e, drum, /. 1. a celebrated tempt, prove. Tcnhjrit-ac, drum., m. 1. the inhabitcity, the capital of Boeotia. Thcbdnus, a, um, adj. of Thebes, ants of Tcntyra. Thebaji. tenuis, e, adj. thin, slender, fine. trpcsco, cscCrc, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow Themistoclcs, is, m. 3. a celebrated general, bom at Athens. warm or lepid.
storm, tempest.
i,

n. 2.

r2

192

DICTIONARY.

Theodorus, i, m. 2. a philosopher of ^meo, ere, ui, a. et n. 2. to fear, oe afraid of, dread. Cyrene, disciple to Aristippus. Thermodon, ontis, m. 3. now Ter-timidus, a, urn, adj. fearful, timid. mah, a famous river of Cappado-^ ^imor, oris, m. 3. fear, dread. cia, in the ancient comuXyj of Xhe tinnitus, us, m. 4. tingling. Vtintinnabuluni, i, n. 2. a bell. Amazons. Theseus, i, m. 2. king of Athens, kitio, onis, m. 3. a fire-brand. and son of Aegeus, was one of idler 0, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, sufier, tolerate. the most celebrated of th^ heroes tollo, tollere, sustuli, subldtum, a. 3. of antiquity. to raise, lift up, take away, do Thessdlia, ae, /. 1. a country of away with, Greece, situate to the south of tondeo, tondere, totondi, tonsum, a. Macedonia. 2. to clip, shear, shave. Thessdlus, a, urn, adj. Thessalian tonitrus, us, m. 4. in abl. sing, tonisubst. a Thessalian. tru, et in dat. plur. tonitribus Thestius, i, m. 2. the "father of Alitem tonitruum, i, n. 2. et in plur. thaea. tonitrua, {fr. tdno,tonitum,) thunThetis, idis, f. 3. one of the sea deider. ties, daughter of Nereus and Doris she married Peleus,by whom tono, arc, ui, itum, n.l. to thunder. she became mother of Achilles. torriientum, i, n. 2. (for torquimenturn, fr. torqueo) a machine for Thracia, ae, f. 1. a large country of hurling stones, darts, &c. Europe, lying to the east of Torgudtus, i, m. 2. a surname given cedonia. Thracius, a, um, adj. Thracian. to T. Manlius, from a collar (torques) taken by him in single comThrasybulus, i, m. 2. a famous genebat from a gigantic Gaul. ral of Athens, who expelled the thirty tyrants of his country. torquis et torqties, is, in. etf. 3. {fr. thus, thuris, n. 3. frankincense. torqueo, to twist) a chain for the Tiber et Tiberis, is, m. 3. a river of neck, a collar.
I

Ma

Italy,

on whose banks the

built.

city of

tot,

Rome was
tibiccn, cinis,
tibia,

adj. ind. so many. totidem, adj. ind. as many, just so

m.

2. (for tibiicen, fr.

many.
totus, a,

flute, pipe,
;

and cano) a
a piper.

um,

adj. whole, entire.

a. 1. {freq.

player on the flute

Ticinum, i, n. 2. now Pavia, a town near the mouth of the river Ticinus. Ticlnus, i, m. 2. now the Tesino, a river of Gallia Cisalpina, falling into the Po near Ticinum. At the mouth of this river the Ro mans under Cornelius Scipio were defeated by Hannibal. Tigrdnes, is, m. 3. a king of Arme-

trabs, is, f. 3. a beam. tracto, are, dvi, dtum,

fr. traho) to

handle
4.

undertake,

manage.
tractus, us,

m.

a track, region,

country.
tractus, a,

um, part, of irdho. trdditus, a, uvi, part, of trado. trddo, dcre, didi, ditum, a. 3. {trans et do) to give over, consign, deliver to relate, teach traditur^ nia. it is said, report says. T^granocerta, ae, f. I. now Sered, traglcus, a, urn, adj. {rpayiKos) trathe capital of Armenia, built by gic poeta, a tragic poet.
; ;
;

tigris, is et idis,

1. {rpaycoSia) a tram. etf. {riypis, 6 kul a tiger or tigress trdko, here, xi, dum, a. 3. to draw;' /;,) Tigris, is et idis, m. 3. a large river bcllum, to protract the war liof Asia, rising in the mountains quidas aquas trahere, to flow with of Armenia Major, and falling a clear stream.

Tigranes.

trdgoedia, ae,f. gedy.

into the Euphrates,

trdjirAo, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. trans

DICTIONARY.

193

etjdcio) to throw or cast over, trecentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. three hundredth, transport. trdmcs, His, m. 3. a cross-way any trcdccim, card. num. adj. ind. thirteen, way, road, or path. trdno, are, dvi, dhan, n. 1. {trans et tremUlus, a, um, adj. (fr. trcmo, to tremble) trembling, tremulous. no) to swim ov^er, tranquille, adv. calmly, tranquilly. tres, tria, ium, ibus, card. num. adj. three. traiiquiUitas, dtis, f. 3. calmness, Treviri, drum, m. 2. a nation of tranquillity. tranqiiilkcs, a, um, adj. calm, tranGallia Belgica, between the Moquil. sella or Moselle, and Silva Artrafis, pr. c. ace. on the farther side duenna, of, beyond, over. triangularis, e, adj. triangular. transacltis, a, um, part, oitransigo. tribUnus, i, m. 2. a tribune, transeo, ire, ivi ct ii. Hum, n. irr. tribuo, uere, ui,^ iitum, a. 3. to give, {tra,ns et eo) to go or pass over or assign, attribute, impart, bestow, trihidum, i, n. 2. (fr. tribuo) tribute. beyond, to go through. transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a tributus, a. um, part, of tribuo. {trans ct fero) to carry or bring tricesimus, a, %m, ord. num. adj. the over, transfer, transport se ad thirtieth. triduum, i, n. 2. {fr. tres et dies) the aUquem, to go over to one. space of three days per triduum, transfigo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. (trans for three days. ctfigo) to run through, transfix, triennium, i, n. 2. the space of three pierce. years, transfv.ga,ae, m. 1. a deserter, fugitrigemini, drum, m. 2. three born at tive. trans^redior, grcdi. gressus sum, d. a birth, three twin brothers. 3. {trans ct grddior) to go or pass triginta, card. nuvi. adj. thirt)\ Trinacria, ae.f. 1. one of the anover, cross. cient names of Sicily, from its transigo, igire, egi, actum, a. 3. to three promontories (rpcjj dKpai.) (trans et ago) to pass, spend T\-iptolcmus, i, m. 2. a son of Ceaccomplish, perform, transact, et ui, 4. ct ii n. leus, kingof Attica, born at EleuIransilio, ire, ivi sis. (trans et sdtio) to leap, bound, or triuviphdlis, e, adj. triumphal. jump over, transitiirus, a, um, part, of transeo. triumpho, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to triumph. transldtus, a, nm,part. of transfero. transmarinus, a, um, adj. beyond triJimphus, i, m. 2. a triumph. triumvir, viri, m. 2. a triumvir, one the sea. of three men joint^y employed to transno. V. trano. execute any public oflice. transvcho,hr:re, xi, ctum, a. 3. (trans ct vcho) to carry over, transport. Troas, ddis, f. 3. a district on the Aegean coast of Mysia in Asia transvolo, dre, dvi. dtum, n. 1 {trans Minor, et Tolo) to fly over.
;
, ; ; ;

Trasimtnusct Tkrasymcnus,i.rn.2. trochllus, i, m. 2, a wren, alakeof Etrurianear Perusia,ce-] Tro^Z^jt/ytee, drum, m. 1. a people lebrated for a battle fought therei of Aethiopia, on the coasi of the betweenAnnibal and the Romans.! Sinus Arabicus, who dwelt in caves. Trebia, ae,f. et m. a river of Gallia^ Cisalpina, which fell into the Po' Troja,ae,f. 1. the capital of Troas. near Placentia. At its mowihTrojdnus, a,um, adj. Trojan, Annibal obtained a victory over iriix, triccis, adj. cruel, savage,
the

Romans.
num.

fierce,

trecenti, ae, a, card.

hundred.

adj. three tu, tui, tibi, te,pro. thou, tuda, ac,/. 1. a trumpet.

you.

194
tuber, eris, n. 3.
^

DICTIONARY.
a bunch, protuber3.

ance.

tubicen^ inis,

m.

{tuba et cdno)

the Sidonians, on a small island at the south of Sidon, and now called Sur.

trumpeter.
tueor, tueri, tuitus et tutus sum, d. 2. to preserve, guard, protect.

U.

uber, eris, n. 3. a teat, dug, udder. i, n. 2. a hut. Tullia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of Ser- ubertas, dtis, f. 3. fertility, fruitfulness. vius Tullius, who married Tarul)i, adv. where, in what place quin the Proud. when, as soon as. ThilHus, i, m. 2. V. Cicero. TuUus, i, m. 2. HostUius, the third ubique, adv. every where, in every place. king of Rome. ^ turn, adv. then; turn demum, then ulciscor, cisci, tus sum, d. 3. to punish, revenge. at length. tumidus, a, um, adj. swollen, swell- ullus, a, um, adj. any, any one. ulterior, us, adj. camp. (pos. not used) ing, tumid. farther. tumultus, us, m. 4. a tumult, uproar. tiwiidus, i, m. 2. a little hill, mound, uUerius, adv. farther, beyond. ultimus, a, um, adj. sup. (comp. ultetomb. rior) the last, farthest. tu7ic, adv. then, at that time. tunica, ae, /. 1. a tunic (an under ultra, pr. c. ace. beyond, on the fargarment worn by the Romans.) ther side of; adv. beyond that, besides, moreover. t^crbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to confound, disturb, throw into confu- ultus, a, um, part, of ulciscor. Ulysses, is, m. 3. a king of Ithaca, sion. iurgidus, a, um, adj. swollen, inflason of Anticleaand Laertes, one of the leaders in the war against ted, turgid. Troy. turma, ae,f. 1. a troop or squadron umbra, o.e,f. 1. a shade, shadow. of horse. turpis, e, adj. base, disgraceful, dis- umbrosus, a, um, adj. shady. honourable. una, adv. together, all at once. t7irpitudo, i7iis,f. 3. deformity, ugli- uncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curved, ness disgrace, infamy. bent. turris, is,f. 3. a tower. unde, adv. out of what place,

tugurmm,

tus.

V. thus.
1.

whence.
the
n.

Tuscia, ae,f.

same

Tusculum,

i,

now

as Etruria. undecivi, card. ven. Frascati, a

num.

adj. ind. ele-

town of Latium in Italy, about undenonagcsimus, a, um, ord. num. 12 miles from Rome. adj. the eighty-ninth. Tuscus, a, um, adj. Tuscan, Etrus undequinquagesimus, a, um, adj. the
can, Etrurian.
tutor, oris,

forty-ninth.

m. 3. (/r. tueor, tutus) a undequinquaginta, card. num. adj. guardian, tutor. ind. forty-nine. tidtts, a, um, adj. safe. undetricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. tuus, a, um, adj. pro. thine, thine the twenty-ninth. own, yours, your own. undeviceslmus, a, um, ord. num. adj. tyrannis,idis,f. 3. (rvpoi'v(f)tyranny, the nineteenth. arbitrary or despotic power. undique, adv. from all parts, from tyrannus, i, m. 2. {rvpawos) a king, all sides. prince a tyrant, usurper, despot. unguis, is, m. 3. a nail, claw, talon. Tyrius, a, um,, adj. Tyrian. Imigiila, ae,f. 1. a hoof; a claw, taTyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Tuscan. lon. Tyrus et l^jros, i, f. 2. a very an- unicus, a, um, adj. only, single, cient city of Phoenicia, built by alone excellent, distinguished.
;
I

DICTIONARY.
unio, onis, m. 3. a pearl. universus, a, urn, adj. whole, universal. unquam, adv ever nee unquam^ and ever. unus, a, urn, card. num. adj. one, single, alone. unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumValerius,
i,

195
m.
2.

a proper

name

among

the

Romans.

quodque et umimquidqtie, ty, change. every, every one. urbs, is,/. 3. a city the city, Rome. vario, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to diveruro, urere, ussi, ustum, a. 3. to burn. sify, vary, change. ursus, i, m. 2. a bear. vdrius, a, um, adj. various, change;

vdlidus, a, um, adjm (/r. vdleo) strong, powerful. vallis, is,/ 3. a valley. vdpulo,dre, dvi, dtum, irr. p. (serves as dipass. to verbero) to be beaten, be whipped or scourged. adj. vdrietas, dtis,/ 3. variety, diversi-

usque, adv. till, until, as far as. able. usus, a, um, part, of utor. vas, vdsis, n. 3. et in plur. vasa, usus, its, m. 4. use, practice, custom. drum, n. 2.* a vessel. ut, conj. as, like as that, in order vasto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to lay that, to the end that. waste, desolate. utcunque, adv. howsoever, whenso vastus, a, um, adj. vast, wide, amever, to a certain degree, how ple, immense. vdtes, is, m. 3. a prophet ; a poet, ever much. uter^ tra, irum, adj. which of the bard. two. ve, conj. or ; ve a negative prefix, uterque, trdque, trumque, adj. both, as in vecors. each, vecordia, ae,/ 1. (/r. vecors, vecors Utica, ae, / 1< a celebrated city of dis) madness. Africa Propria, on the coast of vtcors, dis, adj. (/r. ve et cor) withthe Mediterranean. out mind, frantic. utilis, e, adj. {fr. utor) useful vectis, is, m. 3. (/r. veho, vectum) a raake utor, uti, usus sum, d. 3. to lever a bolt or bar. vectus, a, um, part, of veho. use of, enjoy. lUrinque, adv. on both sides. vegetus, a, um, adj. (/r. vegeo, to utrum, adv. whether. quicken) quick, active, vigorous. uva, ae,f. 1. a grape ; passa, a rai- vehemns, lis, adj. vehement, vio;

sin.

lent.

uxor, oris,/. 3. a wife.

V.
vdco, are, dvi, dtum, n.
1.

vthementer, adv. (ius, isslme) vehemently, exceedingly, very much vehementius, too much. veho, here, xl, ctum, a. 3. to carry, to be free convey, bear vehi curru, to drive;
;

from. equo, to ride. vacuus, a, um, adj. void, empty, Veiens, tis, m. 3. an inhabitant of free from, vacant. Veii. vddosus, a, um, adj. having frequent Veii, drum, m. 2. a powerful city fords, shallow, shelvy. of Etruria, at the distance of about 12 miles from Rome. vddum, i, n. 2. a ford, shallow. vagina, a.e,/. 1. a scabbard, sheath. vel, conj. or, even vel...vel, either... or. vdgitus, its, m. 4. a crying like a child, lamentation, weeping. vello, vellere, vclli et vulsi, vulsum, a. 3. to pluck or pull up. vdgor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go to vellus, cris, n. 3. a fleece. and fro, wander, rove. vdgus, a, um, adj. wandering, roam- vclox, ocis, adj. swift, quick, rapid; vclocissiTna venena, the quickest ing uncertain, wavering. vdleo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to be strong poisons. prevail, have force, avail; vale velum, i, n. 2. a sail. velut, vcliUi, adv. as, like as. farewell.
;
;

196
vendlis,

DICTIONARY.

e, adj. (fr. veneo) to be sold vertex, Ids, m. 3. the crown or top of the head ; the top or summit venal. of any thing. vendtlcus, a,um, adj. (fr. venor) of or pertaining to the chase canis verto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. to turn,
;

change, alter. venaticus, a hound. vendtor, oris, m. 3. a hunter, hunts- veru, u, n. 4. a spit. verus, a, um, adj. true. man.
vendito, are, dvi.dtum, a.
1. {freq. vescor, ci, d. 3. (with an dbl.) to live or feed upon, eat. of vendo) to sell. vendo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (ve- vesperi, adv. at evening ; tarn vesperi, so late. num do) to sell. venendtus, a, um, adj. poisoned Vesta, ae, /. 1. a goddess, whose poisonous, venomous. mysteries Aeneas first introduvenenum, i, n. 2. poison, ced into Italy, and in whose honour Numa erected a temple at ve'/ieo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum et um, irr. pass, (serves as a pass, of vendo) Rome. to be^ exposed to sale, be sold. Vestdlis, is, f. 3. a Vestal virgin, venio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. to one of those who took care that come, go. the sacred fire of Vesta was not venor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to hunt. extinguished. venter, iris, m. 3. the belly. vestibUlum, i, n. 2. a porch. ventus, i, m. 2. the wind. vestigium, i, n. 2. a footstep, track, Venus, eris, f. 3. the goddess- of vestige. beauty and love, one of the most vestio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to clothe. celebrated deities among the an vestis, is,f. 3. a garment. cients. Vesulus, i, m. 2. now Viso, a large venustus, a, um, adj. {fr. Venus) mountain of Liguria,in the range graceful, handsome, charming, of the Alfes Maritimae.
;

ver, veris, n. 3. the spring. verber, eris, n. 3. a scourge,

whip

stripe,

blow.
1.

veterdnus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus, veteris) old miles, a veteran. veto, dre, ui, itum, a. 1. to forbid,
;

verhero, dre, dvi, dtum, a.

strike.

to beat

verbum,

i,

n. 2.

a word.

vere, adv. truly. vereor, eri, Uus sum, d. 2. to reve rence, fear, care for. vergo, gere, sine pret. et sup. n. 3, vetus, eris, adj. old. to incline or decline, bend, lie, veiMstas, dtis, 3. {fr. vetus) antior look towards. quity. verislmilis, e, adj. (verus et similis) vttustus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus) old, like the truth, probable. ancient. Veritas, dtis, f. 3. (/r, verus) truth. via, ae, /. 1. a way; viam dare, to veritus, a, um, part, of vereor. make way. vero, conj. but ; adv. certainly, in viator, oris, m. 3. {fr. via) a travel-

prohibit. Veiuria, ae,f. 1. the mother of Coriolanus. Veturius, i, m. 2. a consul defeated by the Samnites, and made to pass under the yoke.

truth, indeed. ler. Verona, ae,f. 1, a town of Venetia viceni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every in Italy, on the Athesis, twenty, twenty. versor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to fre- vicesimus, a, um, adj. the twentieth. quent, remain, dwell to dwell vlcies, num. adj. twenty times. on a subject, be employed about viclnitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. vicinus) the a thing. neighbourhood, , versus et versum, pr. c. ace. towards vicinus, a, um,adj. near, neighbourF'>-. verto, versum. So as to be ing, contiguous. turned towards. ^<Z is sometimes vicis, (gen.) ci, cem, ce, et in plur. added versum ad. ces, cibus, f. 3. a change or turn
;
:

DICTIONARY.
;

197

vicissitude heu miseram vicem, Virginia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of the centurion Virginius. ah, sad reverse postium vicem praebere, to supply the place of. Virginius, i, m. 2. the father of victims, ae,f. 1. a victim, sacrifice. Virginia, made tribune Of the victor^ oris, m. 3. (/r. vinco, victum) people after the abolition of the
!

a conqueror.

decemviral power,

victoria, ae,f. 1. {fr. victor, victoris) virgo, inis, f. 3. a virgin or maid, a a victory. damsel. victurus, a, um, part, of vivo. virgula, ae, /. 1. (a dimi?i. of virga) victus, a, um, par. of vinco. a little rod. vicus, i, m. 2. a village, street. Viriaihus, i, m. 2. a shepherd of

video, vidtre, vldi, visum, a. 2, to

see, behold, look at. viduus, a, um, adj. deprived or bereft of,

who gradually rose to power, and enjoyed for 14 years

Lusitania,
the title of protector of public liberty in the provinces of Spam. Viridomdrus, i, m. 2. a king of the Gauls. virtus, idis,f. 3. {fr. vir) bravery;

widowed mulier
;

viduus,

a widow. vigil, ills, m.

vigtlia, ae, f.

worth, strength, force. vilis, e, adj. cheap, of little value, vis, vis, f. 3. force, might, power mean, vile. vis hominum, a multitude of men villa, ae,f. 1. a country-seat, villa. vim facere, to do violence to, villlcus, i, m. 2. the overseer (villae) viscus, iris, n. 3. an entrail viscera, of a farm, vSteward. the bowels. villus, i, m. 2. tufts of hair, shaggy Vistula, ae,f. 1. a river falling into liair, long hair. the Baltic, the eastern boundary vincio, cire, xi, ctum, a. 4. to bind. of ancient Germany. viiico, vinccre, vici, victum, a. 3. to Visurgis, is, m. 3. now the Weser, conquer viTici, to be conquered, a large river of Germany. visus, a, um, part, oi video. fail of one's object. vincLus, a, um, part, of vincio. visus, us, m. 4. {fr. video, visum) the sight. vinculum, i, n. 2. {fr. vincio) a chain in vincula conjicerc, to vita, ae,f. 1. life. cast into prison. vitifer, era, erum, adj. {vitis etfero) vindex, ids, c. 3. an avenger, debearing or producing vines.
; ; ;

a watchman. a watching; ae, drum, pi. a military guard,watch. viginli, card. num. adj. ind. twent3\
3.
1.

any excellent quality

virtue,

vitis, is,f. 3. a vine. fender, protector, assertor. vindico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to vito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beware of, shun. avenge, punish, lay claim to. rindicta, ae, f. 1. {fr. vindico) re- vltiipcro, dre, dvi,dtum, a. 1. {vitium et paro) to find fault, blame, cenvenge, vengeance, punishment. sure. vtnum, i, n. 2. {fr. olvn^) wine. violentus, a, um, adj. impetuous,vic>- vividus, a, um, adj. lively, active, vigorous. lent. riolo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to injure vivo, viverc, vixi, victum, n. 3. to live. violate, profane. vivus, a, um, adj. living, alive. vir, vlri, m. 2. a man. adv. scarcely. ui, vix, vlreo, ire, n. 2. to be green or voco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to call, verdant, bloom. virga, ae,f. 1. a small branch, rodj call upon, summon, invite. vblo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to fly. staff. V'lrgllius, i, m. 2. Publ. Ma.ro, volo, vellc, vdlui, irr. n. to be wil

called the prince of Ijitin poets. ling. was born at Andes, a village Volsci, 6rum, m.

2.

a people of La-

near Mantua, about 70 B. C.

tlum.

198
volucris,
e,
;

DICTIONARY.
adj.
suhst.

(fr.

volo) flying,

X.
es,

a bird. Volumnia, ae,f. 1. the wife of Co- Xantippe et -thippe, riolanus. of Socrates.
voluntas, dtis, f. 3. the will. voluptas, dtis, f. 3. pleasure. voluto, are, dvi, dtum, a. {fr. volvo,
voluturri) to roll to roll.
nlvo^ t

winged

f. 1. the wife

much

or often,

Xantippus et -thippus, i, m. 2. a Lacedaemonian general who assisted the Carthaginians in the first Punic war. Xenocrdtes, is, m. 3. a philosopher born at Chalcedon, and educated
in the school of Plato.

turn.
n. 2. vox, vocis, f. 3.
i,

a vow, prayer, wish. Xerxes, is, m. 3. \st, a king of Pera voice, sound, word. sia, succeeded his father Darius. Vulcdrms, i, m. 2. a god of the ancients, who presided over fire. vulgus, i, m. et n. 2. the common people, populace. Zama, ae,f. 1. a town of Numidia, vulnero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 300 miles south-west from Carwound. vulnus, eris, n. 3. a wound. Zeno, onis, m. 3. the founder of the vulpecUla, ae,f. 1. a little fox. sect of the Stoics, born at Citium vulpes, is, f. 3. a fox. in the island of Cyprus. vuUur, uris, m. 3. a vulture. Zethes et -thes, is, m. 3. et Zetus, i, vultus, us, m. 4. the countenance, m. 2. a son of Boreas, and brother
votum,
look, aspect.

of Calais.

THE END.

Deaths Stereotype Edition.

THE

LATIN EEADER,
BY

FREDERIC JACOBS
AND

FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING,

WITH

NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS,

PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN
AND

PARTLY DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES

BY JOHN
VBXHCVPJlL op

D.

OGILBY,

the grammar school op COLUMBIA COLLBOE, NBW-TORK.

PART SECOND
FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN
EDITION.

SEVENTH NEW YORK EDITION,

NEW Y ORK
W.
E.

DEAN, PRINTER & PUBLISHER

2

ANN STREET.
1849.

Entered,
According to the Act of Congress, in the year
1845,

by

WILLIAM
In the Clerk's
office

E.

DEAN,

of the Southern District of

New York.

BTEREOTTPED B7 FRANCIS KBWTOnX.

F. RIFJLET,

CONTENTS OF PART SECOND.

First Division.

A. Regnum Assyriorum,
B.

----Persarmn,
-

Pag
i

Regnum Medonim

et

C. Res Atheniensiam,

...
-

2
12

D.
E.

De Rebus Lacedaemonioruin Macedonum Imperium,

-.

26
31

F. Res Parthorum,

64
69
-

G. Res

Siciliae,

H. De Hispania Cluaedam,
I.

Second Third

do.

do.

Res Massiliensium, Breves e Ciceronis vita Narrationes, Narrationes breviores ex Ciceronis operibus excerptae,

------------92
74 76 79
-

Fourth do.
Fifth
do.

Narrationes quaedam varii generis,

Notes,

99
109

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,
ADAPTED TO THE

EXTRACTS FROM JUSTIN AND NEPOS.

This chronological Table is divided into three parts the first commences with the Creation and terminates at the conquest of Coroebus, the era from which the Olympiads are counted. The second extends to the capture of Corinth by Mummius and the reduction of Greece to a Roman province. The third comprises the rest of the principal events alluded to in the Extracts, and terminates with the restoration of the standards taken by the Parthians from Crassus. few important events, not mentioned in the text, have been inserted.
:

T,
I

of (he vorld.

3.C.

FIRST PART.
According to the version of the Septuagint, 5372. According to the Samaritan version, 4700. According to Usher, 4000. According to Josephua, 4163,
Scriptures.

4004TheCrcationof the world, according to the Hebrew

text of the

1655 '2350 The universal deluge. 1946 20r)9 Ninus, king of Assyria. 1998 20(J7 The deatli of Ninus, after a reign of 52 years.
2<X)9

2Q10
2434 2449

2508 2512

Scmirainis nucceeds him. 1965 The birth of Abraham. Ninyas kills his mother Semiramis, and a.srends the throne, 11571 Moses born in Egypt. 1556 Commencement of the kingdom of Athens. Cecrops, first king. i506 The death of Cecrops. Cranaus succeeds him. 1497|Amphictyon, king of Athens. The Amphictyonic council
19'.*6
I

A. A. A.

1 1

A. 2
C. C. c.
I

establii-hed. Cadmus introduces Letters into Greece. He builds Thebes, 1397|Erfchthcu.^, king of Athen.s. In this reign Triptolemus was taui(ht by Ceres the art of sowing corn, A.c. 2722 r2ft3 Argeiis, king of Athens. 2742 12i3|Tho Argonautic Expedition. 2771 (123-llThe.scus, king of Athens. He tmitcs the twelve boroughs of Attica.
I

1493

C. C.

c.

2821 2936

llBIJTroy taken and burnt by the Greeks. 1070:Codrus,*king of Alhons, devotes himself for his country. Atliens C. is governed by perpetual archons. Medon, first arrhon. 3105 900,The capture of Nineveh by Arbaccs the dcarh of S.irdana A. According to pahis, and the fall of the Assyrian Empire. Eusfbius, A. M. 3185, B. C. 820. B. 3121 884|The legislation of Lycurgus. D. 3191 814 The commencement of the kingdom of Macedonia In the per son of Caranus. Tliis kingdom lasted 6-16 years, until the battle of Pydna.
j

2 3
I

1,2

a2

iV
Year of the
Olympiads.
of

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
Rome.

SECOND PART.
first victor in the Olympic games. era from which the Olympiads are counted. The perpetual archons at Athens are succeeded by decennial archons. Charops, first decennial archon. The foundation of Rome by Romulus.

776

I.

Coroebus

The

754

VL
1

753 743
734

IX.

11

The

first war between theMesseniansandthe Lacedaemonians.

XIV.
XXIII.

30

70 72

676 671
644

XXVI.

xxvn.
XXXIV.
XLII.

78 83
110 145 154

XLV.

Perdiccas, king of Macedonia, Revolt of the Messenians against the Lacedaemonians. Second Messenian war begins. The creation of annual archons at Athens. Creon, first annual archon. The poet Tyrtaeus general of the Lacedaemonian army. Argaeus, king of Macedonia. The capture of Ira, which put an end to the second Messenian war. Philip 1st, king of Macedonia. AeropuSj king of Macedonia. Massilia, (Marseilles,) founded by a colony of Phocaeans, according to Livy and Eusebius,

According
597
157

to Justin,

it

was founded during

XLVI.
560 LV. 559
546

160 194 195

Lvin.

208

538 533 532

527

LX.
LXI.

216 221

LXp.

222 227 230 232

233

Lxm.
LXIV.

the reign of Tarquin the Proud. Astyages, the last king of the Medes, ascends the throne. Solon, archon of Athens, frames a code of laws for his country. Pisistratus usurps the sovereignty of Athens. Cyrus ascends the throne of Persia. The commencement of the Persian Empire. Croesus crosses the Halys to aid the Babyloni ans against Cyrus, by whom he is defeated. Cyrus carries the war into Lydia, subdues the country, and makes Croesus his prisoner. Cyrus takes Babylon. Tarquin the Proud murders Servius TuUius, and succeeds him. The death of Cyrus. Cambyses, his son, succeeds him. The death of Pisistratus.His sons Hippias and Hipparchus succeed him. Cambyses puts his brother Smerdis to death. Death of Cambyses.Usurpation of Pseudo

Smerdis.
521

The death of Smerdis.

Commencement

of

513

LXVI.

512

Lxvn.

the reign of Darius, son of Hystaspes. He marries Atossa, daughter of Cyrus. 241 Harmodius and Aristogiton slay Hipparchus. Babylon revolts from the Persians. 242 The stratagem of Zopyrus. Capture of BabyIon.

Darius wages war against the Scythians. conquers Macedonia.

245

He

490

Lxxn.
LXXIV.

264 273 274

480

LXXV.

Hippias expelled, and the tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished. Tarquin the Proud driven from Rome. Consular government begins. Darius invades Greece.Miltiades de/eats the Persians at Marathon. Xerxes commences his expedition against the Greeks. The battle of Thermopylae, 7th August. Arrival of Xerxes at Athens, towards the end of the same month. The battle of
Salamis, October 19th. The same day Gelon defeats the Carthaginian general,

Hamilcar, at Himera.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B.a
479
475 474 471 465
Tearofth*
Oljrmpiadi
f

of

Rome.
2!

SECOND PART.
B. 19

LXXV.
T.X \
\

2 3 2
4
1

T.xxvn.

LXXVIIL

464 461 450

431
1

LXXDL
Lxxxn.

iT.xxxvn. 2

425
424

Lxxxvm.
LXXXIX.

4
1

423

2 3

275 iThebattle of Plataeae, 22nd September.The battle of Mycale on the same daj. 279 lAnaxilaus, tyrant of Sicily. 280 iThe walls of Athens rebuilt, and its port improved. 283 iThemistocles banished. iThe death of Xerxes.Artaieries Longima289 nus succeeds him, and reigns 40 years. 290 jThe third Messenian war begins. 293 jCimon goes into exile. 304 Cimon conducts an army to the island of Cyprus, where he dies the year following. '323 Commencement of the Pelopoimesian \var, which lasts 28 years. 329 The deauh of Artaxerxes LongimanusXerxes II. succeeds him. 330 The death of Xerxes II.Sogdianus ascends the throne. 331 Death of Sogdianus after a reign of 7 months.
1 1

C. 11

G.

C. 11 C. 14
B. 20
C. 17 C. 17 C. 19 B. 21
B. 21

He
422

is

succeeded by Darius Nothus.

332

415
413

XCI.

2 339
4

341

412

XCII.

342

410 407 405

xcra.

3 2
4

^a
ai7 519

peace of 50 years agreed upon by the Spartans and Athenians, which is kept only during 6 years and 6 months. The expedition of the Athenians to Sicily. Alcibiades condemned. He retires to Sparta. The total defeat of the Athenian army in Sicily by Gylippus, the Lacedaemonian. Alcibiades deserts the Spartans, and goes over to the Persians. Alcibiades recalled by the army. Alcibiades goes again into exile. Conon succeeds him. Lysander gains tlie naval battle of Aegos-Potamos. Darius Nothus dies. His son Artaxer-

B. 21

C. 18
C. 19, 22
C. 21

C. C. C. C.

23 24 27 28

C.28
B.21
C. 30 C. 31
C. 32

404

xcrv.

350

succeeds him. Athens taken by Lysander. End of the Peloponnesian war. Appointment of the 30 tyrants.
Alcibiades
is killed.

xes

Mnemon

403
401

2
4

361

Thrasybuhis frees Athens from the 30 tyrants.

C. 33

A general amnesty.
353

C.34

The

395

xcvi.

3M
393

2 359 3 360

361

391

xcvn.
XCVIII.

2
4
1

389
388 371 370 369 368

363 365 366 383

e.Tpedition of Cyrus the Younger against his brother Artaxerxes. The battle ofCunaxa. B.22 The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. The expedition of Agesiiaus in Asia. D. 5 The naval battle near Cnidus, in which the Athenian*, commanded by Conon, come off victors. Commencement of Corinthian war. D. T Agesiiaus, on his return from Asia, conquers the Thfbans and their allies at Coronaea. D. 6 Conon rebuilrls the walls of Piraeus. D. 7 Amynta.s II. kin? of Macedonia. E. 3

Peace of Antalcidas between the Persians and

Greeks.

on.

The war of the Spartans with the Arcadians. The battloof Leuctra, in which Epaniinondas
defeats the Lacedaemonians. Ale.xaiid<,-r If. king of Macedonia. Philip, a

D. 8
D.
E.

3 381
4
3a->

3A
4

era.

386

hostage at Thebes. Epaminondafl attacks Sparta. Ptol<mv Alorites, king of Macedonia, (V. note
5, p.

D. 9

32) Death of Dionysius the Elder. I)i,mv.jMi^ iti'-'Younif'^r succeeds him.

r
'
'

Q. 2

0^ 3
E. 4

365 363

CIV.

389 391

P<

:ing of
'

Tli'

Macedonlamtinea; victory of Epaminon-

D. 9

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B.C.

Year of the Ol7inpiads.

r,^ Rome.

SECOND PART.
The death of Artsixerxes Mnemon. Ochus succeeds him.
Philip ascends the throne of Macedon.

Reference.

362
360 356

CIV.

3
1 1

392
394 398

B. 23 B. 24

cv.
CVI.

E.

The temple
nysius
is

of Diana at Ephesus burnt by

355 348

cvm.
crx.

399 406

347 343
341

2 2
4

407 411
413

was born. Diodriven from Sicily. the third Sacred War. Philip takes Olynthus. End of the third Sacred War. Dionysius returns to Syracuse from Italy. Dionysius retires to Corinth after his final

Erostratus. On the same day Alexander

6. 4
E. 7 E. 8 G. 5

Commencement of

338

ex.

banishment by Timoleon. G. 6 makes a fruitless attempt upon Byzantium.He is victorious in the Chersonese and makes an expedition to Scythia. E. 9 3 416 The battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip defeats the Athenians and Boeotians. The end
Philip

of Grecian Independence.

337

417

336

CXI.

418

Death of Artaxerxes Ochus. Philip convenes a council of the Greeks at Corinth. He prepares for the invasion of Persia. Philip is assassinated by Pausanias.
Persia.

E. 10 B. 24

E. 11 E. 12
14

Alexander succeeds him. E. Darius Codomannus ascends the throne of

335

B. 24

2 419

Alexander continues the preparation

333 332
331

421

CXIL

422

423

330

424

328
327

CXllI.

426
427
429 430

2
4

325 324

cxrv.

323

431

322

432

317 315
310

CXVI.

2
3

437 439

cxvn.
CXVIII.

444

for the Persian war. Revolt of the Thebans. Alexander defeats them, and destroys Thebes. Alexander passes into Asia. Victory of Alexander over the Persians in the plain of Adrastia, commonly called the battle of the Granicus. Dangerous illness ofAlexander at Tarsus. The battle of Issus. Alexander takes Tyre. Egypt submits to AlexanderHe fomids Alexandria. Victory of Alexander over Darius at Gaugamela, more commonly caUed the battle of Arbela. Alexander destroys Persepolis. Darius Codomannus assassinated by Bessus. End of the Persian Empire. Antipater suppresses the rebellion in Greece. Alexander subdues the Caucasian tribes. Bessus punished. Alexander passes into India.He conquers Porus. Alexander returns to Babylon. Alexander the Great dies at Babylon, at the age of 33. Aridaeus, a natural son of Philip, is nominally king. First division of the empire between the generals. The Athenians and Aetolians rise in rebellion against Macedon. Antipater escapes from Lamia. Antipater, Antigonus, Craterus and Ptolemy unite against Perdiccas. Perdiccas is assassinated in Egypt. Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. League of Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus, and Seleucus, against Antigonus. Agathocles carries the war against the Cartha-

E. 15 E. 16 E. 17

E. E. E. E. E.

18

20
21

22 23

E. 25 E. 25 E. 26

E. 27 E. 29
E. 31, 32 E. 36 E. 37
E. 41

E. 42

E. 43 G. 7,8 E. 43 G. 9

ginians into Africa.

307

447

Demetrius, son of Antigonus, gains a victory over the fleet of Ptolemy. Antigonus as-

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
SECOND PART.
Olympiadf

VU

sumes the
301

CXIX-

453
456

Battle of Ipsus

title of king ; the other generals of Alexander follow his example. death of Antigonus; flight of J

E
E

44
46 46

298

CXX.

297

4 457

Demetrius. Death of Cassander. His son Philip succeeds him. Death of Philip. Dispute between his sons Antipater and Alexemder respecting the crown of Macedoii.Antipater kills Thessalonice,
his motlicr.

E. 47

294

CXXI.

290

CXXIL

Demetrius Poliorcetes takes possession of Macedonia. E. 47 League of cseleucus, Lysimachus, Pyrrhus, and Ptolemy, against Demetrius. E. 48 Death -of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. ^Deme- G 11 trius is stripped of the kingdom of Macedon.

Pyrrhus
28S 2bG 284

obtains the vacant throne.

CXXIII.

CXXIV.

281

279

cxxv.

475

Demetrius surrenders himself to Seleucus. Lysimachuswreststhe crownof Macedon from the hands of Pyrrhus. Death of Demetrius. Death of Ptolemy, son of Lagus. His son, Ptolemy Philadelphus, succeeds him.-Death of Demetrius Phalereus. (V. note 1st, p. 15.) Lysimachus is defeated in Phrygia by Seleucus and dies. -Seleucus reigns in Macedonia. Seven months aftei-wards he is slain by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who succeeds him on the throne of Macedon. Antiochus Soter, son of Seleucus, succeeds to the throne of Syria. Commencement of the Achaean league. Irruption of the Gauls into Ulyria and Macedonia. They defeat and slay Ptolemy Ce-

E.48 E.48
E.49
E. 48

E.49

raunus.
278

E. 51

476

New

They attempt
277
275 274
272 260 262 255

irruption of the Gauls under Brennus. to plunder the temple at Delphi, but are totally defeated. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, passes into Sicily.

477

\ntigonu3 Gonatas, king of Macedonia.

He

E. 52,63 G. 12

CXXVI.

2 479
3
480

defeats the Gauls. Hiero, general of the Sicilians. Pyrrhus gets possession of Macedonia, and

E.54
G. 13

cxxvn.
CXXIX.

482
485 402 499
507
611

CXXXI.
CXXXIII

247
243

CXXXIV,

233
232
228

CXXXV.

3
1

516

cxxxvn.

522 520

E. 55 dethrones Antigonus. Pyrrhus besieges Lacedaemon, and is repulsE. 56 ed. He is slain in an attack upon Argos. O. 13 Hiero II. king of Syracuse. Antiochus II. surnamed TJicos, succeeds his father, Antiochus Soter. Arsaces rules over the Parthians the dynasty F. 4 of the Arsacidae commences. Death of Antiochus II. SeleucusII. Burnamed Callinicus, succeeds him. Dcatii of Antigonus Gonatas. Demetrius II. succeeds liiin. Ilaiiiilcar goes to Spain with his son, the young H. 4 Hagnibal. The death of Demetrius n. king of Macedonia.

Antigontjs

Doson succccd.s him.

E.69
H. 4

GXXXVnL
3

Death of Hamilcar.IIasdrubal succeeds him

in Spain.

226
224

528
630 532

CXXXIX.

222

Death of Seleucus H. Seleucus HI. (.Ceraunua) succeeds him. Death of Seleucus III His brother, Antiochus the Grout, succeeds 1^1^ Ch-omenc8, king of SparUi, is^Rfeated by Antigonus and Hies to Egypt.- Antigonusinakcs hirrisflf master of Sparta, and then proclaims
it

E. 61

frre.

E.flO

221

533

Death of Antigonus Do.son. Philip, son of .160 Demetrius, succeeds him.

Tin
B.C.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
Year
of the

Olympiads.

Rome.

SECOND PART.

Reference.

221

CXXXIX.
CXL.
CXTJ,

4
1

533 534

220 216
214 204

Death of Ptolemy Evergetes. Ptolemy Philopator succeeds him. E. 61 Death of Hasdrubal in Spain.Hannibal suc- H. 4
ceeds him. Lycurgus, king of Sparta. Philip sends deputies to Italy, for the purpose of making a treaty with Hannibal.
E. 61

538
540 550

CXLIV.

Laevinus passes into Greece. Philip makes peace with the Romans,
the 1st Macedonian war.
lopator,

E. 62 E. 63

End of
E.63

203

2 3

551

202 200 197

552
554 557

Ptolemy Epiphanes succeeds his father Phithough only in the 4th year of his age. E. 64 Antiochus the Great and Philip divide between themselves thekingdomof Ptolemy Epiphanes. E.64 The Romans undertake the guardianship of
Epiphanes.
E. 65
;

CXLV.

Second Macedonian war. E. 65 Battle of Cynoscephalae defeat of Philip by Flaminius end of the second Macedonian
;

war.
195 194 191

E. 65
E. 66 F. 5

CXLVI.

CXLVn.

2 559 3 560 2 563 3 564

4
565

190
189

Hannibal flies for refuge to Antiochus the Great. Phraates 1st, king of Parthia. Antiochus defeated on land by Acilius Glabrio. His fleet defeated by Aemilius. Antiochus defeated at Magnesia by Scipio
Asiaticus.

E.67
E. 69

The

183

CXLIX.

2 571

Aetolians conquered by the Romans. Hannibal flies to Prusias, king ofBithynia. Death of Philopoemen.Hannibal poisons himself. Death of Phihp. His son, Perseus, succeeds to the throne of Macedonia. Mithridates 1. succeeds Phraates 1. as

E.73
E.
70,

73

E.72
F.

king of Parthia.
171 163

CLn.
CLIII.

2
1

583 586

Third Macedonian war begins. Battle ofPydna. Perseus made captive by the

Romans.
147

E.74
E. 75, 76

CLVin.

2
3

607

The Achaeans drive out the Roman ambassadors, who were sent to dissolve the league. The Romans declare war against them.
Capture and destruction of Corinth by Mummius. Greece becomes a Roman province

146

608

E.76
H. 2
Reference.

under the name of Achaia. Commencement

of the war with Viriathus.
Ye ar
B.C.
of

Rome.

PART THIRD.
succeeds Mithridates I. Attalus dying, bequeaths the kingdom of Pergamus
11.

137 133

617 621

Phraates

F.
to the

Roman

people.

54 53 39 36
31

700 701 715 718 723 734

20

Artabanus succeeds Phraates H. Mithridates 11. succeeds his father Artabanus. Orodes, king of Parthia. The battle of Carrhae defeat and death of Crassus. Ventidius kills Pacorus and destroys his army. Phraates IV. succeeds his father Orodes. Antony is repulsed by the Parthians. Phraates is driven from his throne by Tlridatea. He is restored with the assistance of the Scythians. The Par thians deliver to Augustus the standards and captives taken fromt lie Romans.
;

E. 77 F. 7 F. 7 F. 8 F. 8 F. 9 F. 10
F. 11

F. 11
|

F.^2

FIRST DIVISION,

A.

REGNUM ASSYRIORUM.
1.

Ninus. (Justin.

I.

1.)

Antiquissimis temporibus primi in Asia Assyrii^ regnum condidisse feruntur. Horum rex Ninus, primum finitimis, turn aliis post alios populis perdomitis, totius Orientis populos subegit. Postremum ei bellum cum Zoroastre, rege Bactrianorum,'^ fuit, qui primus dicitur artes magicas^ invenisse, siderumque motus diligentissime spectasse. Hoc occiso et ipse decessit, relicto impubere adhuc filio Ninjra, et uxore

Semiramide.
2.

Semirdmis.

(Ibid.

I.

2.)

Semiramis nee filio immaturo imperium tradere, nee ipsa palam capessere ausa, sexum dissimulans, brachia et crura velamentis, caput tiar^ tegit et, ne novo habitu aliquid occultare videretur, eodera modo et populum vestiri jussit; quem
;

morem

Sic Semivcstis* exinde^ gens universa servavit. ramis primis regni initiis Ninyas esse credita est.^ Magnas deinde res gessit, ita ut mulier etiam viros virtute superare Babyloniam' condidit, murumque urbi cocto lavideretur. Nee contenta regni terminos tueri, Aetere^ circumdedit. Ad posthiopiam' imperio adjccit, et Indiae bellum intulit. tremum a filio interfecta est, duo et quadraginta annos post Ninum rerum potita.' Ninyas contentus imperio a parentibus sibi tradito, belli studia dcposuit, et, veluti sexum cum matre mutasset, in feminarum turba consenuit. Posteri ejus Imperium Assyrii mille trecenhoc exemplum sceuti sunt. tos annos tenuerunt.

3.

Sardanapalus.

(Ibid.

I.

3.)

moUior.

Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapalus, vir muliere Ad quem quum forte Arb&ces, Media" a rege prac-

REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM.

eum
inter

positus, venisset invenit

mulierum greges, muliebri

pensa virginibus dividentem. Quibus visis, indignatus Arbaces, tot viros huic feminae^ parere, omnem rem ad amicos retulit, negatque^ se ei obedire posse, qui se feminam esse malit quam virum. Fit igitur conBellum Sardanapalo infertur. duo ille audito, prijuratio. mum, ut mulieres solent, latebras circumspicit mox deinde cum paucis et incompositis in bellum progreditur. Victus proelio in regiam se recipit, ubi, exstructo incensoque rogo, hoc solo facinore virum et se et divitias in flammas conjicit
habitu,

lanam tractantem,

et

imitatus.

B.

REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM.

1.

Asiyages. (Justin.

I.

4.)

Sardanapalo sublato

quum Arbaces

rex esset constitutus,

imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum est. Post multos deinde reges ad Astyagem descendit.^ Hie aliquando per somnum vidit e sinu filiae Mandanes, quam unicam habebat, vitem enatam/ cujus palmite omnis Asia obumbraretur. Consulti harioli, qui somnia interpretabantur, responderunt, nepotem regi ex filia natum iri, qui regno potiretur omnemque

Asiam subigeret. Hoc responso perterritus, Astyages filiam Cambysi in matrimonium dedit, mediocris fortunae viro, ex
illustrabatur.^
est.

gente Persarum, quae tunc temporis nullis adhuc rebus gestis Sed ne sic quidem ab omni metu liberatus

2.

Cyrinatales. (Ibid.

I. 4.)

Gluum itaque Mandane puerum peperisset, Astyages cum Harp ago, arcanorum suorum participi, occidendum dedit. Is veritus, ne Mandane aliquando necati infantis ultionem a se exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit.
Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori filius natus erat. Ejus igitur uxor, audita regii infantis expositione, maritum precibus movit, ut sibi afferret ostenderetque puerum. Cujus precibus
fatigatus pastor reversus in silvam, juxta infantem invenit ca-

nem, ubera parvulo praebentem, et a feris alitibusque defendentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua canem motam viderat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie prose-

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

15
est, tre-

ipsum

gloriosi.

Idem populus postquam corruptus

centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo^ decrevit.

8.

Bellum Persicum alterum,

c. 2. 3.)

(Corn. Nep. Vita

Them.

Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciam aggressus

est.

Quo

adventante

quum

oraculuiii

Delphicum consuluis-

sent,2

responsum est, moenibus responsum quo valeret,'-* quum

significari

ligneis se tuerentur.
intelligeret

Quod
;

nemo, Themisto-

naves se suaque conferrent eum ligneum. Q,uo consilio probato navium augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, conjuges liberosque partim Salamina,"* partim Troezena^ asportant arcem^ sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sacra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidam' relinquunt. Communis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum lucentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium^ inter Euboeam'' continentemque terram cum classiariis regiis^ conflixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multituHinc etsi pari proelio^^ dine regiarum navium circumiretur. discesserant, tamen eodcm loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam Quo factum est, superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo.^^ ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Salamina classem suam constituerent.
cles persuasit civibus, ut in

enim

murum

9.

Xerxes Themistoclis consilio ad Salamina superaiur. (Com. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 4. Justin. II. 12.)

At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Urbem, eamque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit; cujus flamma perterriti classiarii, quum manere non auderent, et plurimi hortarentur,

ut

domes suas

discederent,
rostitit,

dercnt, Themistocles

unus

pares esse posse aiebat, vero'socios mifiu.s, (juam vcllet, movcret, noctu do servis suis, quern habuit fidelissimum,'^ o.d regemmisit, ut cinuntiaret suQui si disccsis verbis,'^ Graecos in eo esse, ut fugerent. sissent, majore cum labore et longinquiore tempore'^ bellum con fecturum,"^ quum singulos consectari cogerctur; quos si Hoc eo statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum." valebat,'' ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogercntuT. Hac
re audita, barbarus," nihil doli subesse ratus, postridie alienis-

mocnibusque se defenuniversos quidem hosti Quum disperses autem perituros.

et

PART

II.

16

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

simo^ sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non posset. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis Graeciae.

mari

10.

Xerxes in Asiam

revertitur.

(C.

N.

I. c.

5.)

Hie

etsi

male rem
ut etiam

gesserat,

copiarum,

cum
quem

his
ille

tamen tantas habebat reliquias Graeciam oppjimere posset.

Themistocles

Ne
fecit,

igitur bellare perseveraret,

id agi, ut pons,

eum

certiorem

in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol-

Idque ei Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, seque a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est.
veretur,
persuasit.
11.

quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur.

Reliquiae

Per sarum
Nep.

deleniur.

(Justin. II. 14.

c. 6.)

Corn.

Vit.

Them.

Q,uum tamen pars

exercitus sub duce Mardonio, regis ge-

nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae helium continuaret, hae

quoquecopiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae; eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Quumque Phalerico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur,^ Themistoclis consilio triplex Piraei^ portus corsstitutus est, isque moenibus circumdatus, ut ipsam uibem dignitate* aequipararet, utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, Lace* daemoniis yetantibils, non sine periculo suo.
12.

Pausanias, dux Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur. (Just. II. 15. Corn. N. Vita Pans. c. 2.)

Post haec Lacedaemomi, ut bis illatum Graeciae helium Persarum depopulantur. Cui bel lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majores res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio^ expugnato, cepisset complures Persaram nobiles, atque in his nonnullos regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex
ulciscerentur, ultro' fines

vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his Gongylum Eretriensem,' qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuissel tradunt: Pausanias,

quam propinquos
ajjinitate

tuos cognovit, tibi

dux Spartae, quos Byzantii ceperat, postmuneri misit,^ seque tecum\

Quare,
si tibi

conjungi cupif.

videtuVydes eijlliaml

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

17

tuam nwptum. Id si feceris, et Spariam et caeteram Graeciam sub tuam potestaiem se redacturnm pollicetur. His de rebus si quid geri volueris, cerium} hominem ad eum mittas face^ cum quo colloquatur.
13.

Pausanias

capitis

davmatur.
c. 2. 3. 5.)

(Corn. Nep. Vita Paus.

sibi necessariorum salute^ magnopere gaconfestim Artabazum cum epistola ad Pausaniam mittit, in qua eum collaudat,* ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea perficienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nuUius rei a se repulsam esse laturum.^ Hujus Pausanias voluntate cog-

Rex tot hominum

visus,

alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem ceciLacedaemoniorum, rlec multo post proditionis accusatus damnatur. Mortem ui fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae Chalcioecus^ vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, stanita,
dit

tim Ephori^ valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tectumque sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret.^ Dicunt iilo

tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc vixisse, eamque, postquam de scelere filii comperisset, in primis lapidem ad introitum aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de templo elatus esset, confestim

animam

efflavit.

14.

Themistocles iripAsiam confugit.

(Com. Nep.

Vit.

Them.

c. 8.

9.)

Paulo ante Themistocles testarum

tus,

suffragiis^ e civitate ejec-

Argos' habitatum concessit.

Hie quum propter mulLacedaemonii

le-

tas virtutes

magna cum

dignitate viveret,

gatos Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam fecisset." Hoc crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. Id ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam confugit. Q.UO quum venisset epistolam misit ad regem Artaxerxem his verbis; Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam^^ intuli, quum mihi
necesse csset

patriam meam defendcre. Idem multo plura bona feci, postquam Xerxes in periculo esse coepit. Nunc autein ad te confugi, cxagitatus a cuncta Graccia, tuam pctens amicitiam; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum

habebis,

quam fortem inimicum ille crpertus est}^ Rogo aude his rebus}* de quibus tecum colhqui volo, annum mihi iemporis^ des.eoque transacto me ad te venire paiiaris.
tem,
lit

18
15.

RES ATHENIENSIUM.
Themistocles a rege Persiae benigne exceplus, Magnestae (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) moritur.

Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem^ admiratus, cupiensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit, Themistocles autem omne illud tempus"^ litteris se&ionique Persarum dedit; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius'^ dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa esset r^gi pollicitus, magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam^ rediit, domic iliumque Magnesiae^ sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo
Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, praestare posse desperaret.^ Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab amicis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non concederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus.
obiisse dicitur.
se,

quum

16.

Cimon

insulas Atheniensibus subjicit.

(Corn. Nep.

Vita Cim.

c. 2.)

gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine aeHoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimonis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum reverteretur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatem' imperii ab Atheniensibus defec erant, bene animatas confirmavit,^ alienatas^ ad officium redire coegit. Scyrum,^ quod contumacius se gesserat, vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insulaque ejecit, agros civibus'^ divisit. Thasios,^^ opulentia fretos, suo adventu fregit. His manubiis^^ Athenarum arx, qua^'' ad
ilia

Dum

mulo exercebant.

'

meridiem
17.

vergit, est ornata.

Ostracismo patria pulsus, mox revocatur.

(Ibid. c. 3.)

Gluibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit eandem invidiam, quam^^ Themistocles; nam testarum suffragiis decem annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. quum ille
in

Nam

forti

animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bellumque Lacedaemonii j^theniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus virtutis desiderium^*^ consecutum est. Itaque post annum quintum,

quam

expidsus

erat,^'

in patriam revocatus

est.

Ille,

quod hospitio

Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius'** existimans, contendere^^ Lacedaemonem, sua sponte'^ profectus, pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post,

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

19

sus,

neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator misquum majorem partem ejus insulae devicisset, in morbum

implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus.

18.

Belluvi Pel^onnesiacum.

Pericles.

(Just. III. 2. et 7.)

Q,uum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia sociorumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fatialios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent tota Graecia, ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem elincrementa invidentibus," in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud fiorentes Graeciae res gravius afflixit, saepius susceptum et depositum est.^ Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio,

gati,

ultionis

tempus exspectantes,

intra

moenia

se continebant.

Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. Clara quidem haec Periclis expeditio est habita sed multo clarior privati patrimonii contemtus fuit. Nam in populatione caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditionis suspicionem adducerent. duod intelligens, Pericles agros reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis,
;

navali proelio^ dimicatum est. Victi Lacedaemonii fugerunt. Post plures annos,^ fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta indpcias, fecere, quam nonnisi sex annos servaverunt. ,quos proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona^ rumpebant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est.

Nam

19.

Atheniensium in Siciliam expeditio.

(Just.

IV.

3, 4.)

Gluum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses" et Syracusanos exorto, Athenienses CatiniensibHS opem tulissent, tempore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanisnon servarentur, illi dcnuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida veste, capillo barbaquc promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponncsiaco bello districtus, Igitur classis ingcns deauxilium illis mittenduiii censeret. cernitur; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus tantacque vires in Siciliam cflfusae sunt, ut iis ipsis tcrrori essent, quibus auxilio venerant.

20

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

20.

Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae.

(Just.

IV.

4.)

Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indicandas, revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria secundo Marte^ pugnant munitionibusque ifrbi Syracusarum circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus intercludunt. Gluibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis
:

petiverunt.
belli
cia,

Ab

his mittitur Gylippus, qui,

statu'^

quum

in itinere de

Graepartim in Sicilia contractis, opportuna bello loca occupat. Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, In eo proelio Lamachus fortisociosque obsidione liberavit.
inclinato
audivisset, auxiliis partim in
ter

jam

pugnans occisus

est.

21. Athenienses saepius vicii ijigentem

(Justin. IV.
c.

cladem accipiunt.

et 5.)

Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri bello superati, portum Syracusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone cum auxiliis arcessit. Q,uo cognito^ et ipsi Athenienses in locum amissi

Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copiarummittunt, et quasi Graeciae bellum* in Siciliam translatum' esset, ita ex utraque parte^ summis viribus dimicabatur. Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athenienses vincuntur castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia amittunt. Inter haec mala quum etiam terrestri proelio victi
ducis
;

essent,

Demosthenes censere coepit, ut ahirent SiciHa, dum res quamvis ajfflictae, nondum tamen perditae essent. Nicias autem seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato manere contendit. Reparatur igitur navale bellum sed insciti^ ducum, qui Syracusanos, inter angustias maris*^ facile se tuentes, temere aggressi fuerant, Atheniensium copiae iterum vincuntur. Eurymedon dux in prima acie fortissime dimicans, primus cadit triginta naves, quibus praefuerat, incenduntur Demosthenes et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. Ab his relictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit; ipsos
;
;

deinde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. Demosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria moi*e se vindicat Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dedecore captivitatis.
:

RE^ATHENIEXSIUM.
22. Alcihiades capitis

21
se confert.
c. 4.)

damnatus Spartam

(Just

V.

1.

Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib.

biennium geruntur, belli illius condux Alcibiades absens Athenis insiniulatur mysteria Cerens violasse. Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ralus impendentem evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem,' deinde ThePostquam autem se capitis damnatum, bobas^ se contulit. nis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas*
citor et

Dum haec in Sicilia per

tionis

sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ej usque devoexemplum, in pila lapidea incisum, esse positum in pubIbi reges impulit, ut Aihelico, Lacedaemonem demigravit.
niensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum inferrent. Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii turn Persarum rege amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam' in finibus Atticae

munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Atlienas

tenuerunt.

23.

Persarum

sibi

favor em conciliat. Nep. I. c. 5.)

(Justin.

V.

2.

Cora.

Non
cibiades
rias

contcntus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse,

AU

cum quinque

navibus

in

Asiam

contendil,

et iributa-

Atheniensium
compellit.

civitates auctoritate

onem
mi

nominis sui ad defectiSed apud Liicedacmonios Alcibiadis virgratiae contraxit.

tus plus inf'idiae

viri

quam

Nam quum

ucerri-

praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognoscerent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae carilate ductus ab ipsis Ilaque tempus* descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Qua recopiiia Alciejus interficiendi quaerere instituenmt. biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis Darii se coniuliu t, Cujus quum in iotimam amicitiam pervenissel, ei
*

ne nimis

h Lacedacmonios juvaret. Nam d; !>)(iraecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac Ix-lli lure" no rxterms mesticis itaquc bellis Graeciam atterendam v^^*\ vacet;' exaeqnandasquo vires partium et infr Ita.. ^ > Grata oratio Tissapherni fu it. vandos. cutipil. praebere niis commeatus navesquc malice'

cni.xe

24.

Cum

Atheniensibus in gratiam

redit.

(Just V. 3.)

Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum dace

ensium, qui apud

Samum'

excrcitus Athenimorabalur. per intcrauniios collo-

22

RES ATHENIENSyJM.

quitur, poUiceturque his amicitiam regis, si respublica a populo ad senatum translata foret sperans fore,^ ut aut concordante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia inter ordines facta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur.
;

tur.^

Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transferQ-ui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab e^ercitu Alcibiadcs exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur.

Hac

denuntiatione

territi
;

senatores,

primo urbem prodere

Lacedaemoniis tentavere dein, quum id nequissent, in exsilium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestine male liberata,^ summa cura classem instruit, atque, ita in bellum adversus Lacedaemonios perrexit.
25.

Lacedaemoniorum

vires frangit.
c. 5.)

(Corn. Nep. Vita

Alcib.

Hac expeditione tanta subito rerum commutatio facta est, ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant,^ pertervicti enim erant quinque terrestribus riti pacem peterent
;

quibus trecentas triremes amisequae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades simul cum collegis receperat loniam, Hellespontum, multas praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae quarum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque minus multas consilio^ ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in Inde praeda onusti, locuplecaptos benevolentia fueran't usi. tato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt.
proeliis, tribus navalibus,* in
rant,
:

26.

Athenas

redit.

(Corn. Nep.

I.

c.

6.)

Ad hunc

tudo obviam procedit,

redeuntis exercitus triumphum effusa omnis multiet universos quidem milites, praecipue

tamen Alcibiadem rairantur. Sic enim populo erat persuasum, omnes et adversas superiores^ et pra^esentes secundas res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et Lacedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium unum omnes prosequebantur, et id quod nunquam antea usu
nisi Ol3'mpiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque vulgo donabatur.7 Postquam in Urbem venerat, concione advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tam ferus esset, quin ejus
veierat,

casum lacrymaret, inimicumque

;

his se ostenderet,

quorum

opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publico bona et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus resacrare^ sunt coacti.

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

23

27. Lysaridro duce res

Lacedaemoniorum reparantur.
V.
5.)

(Justin.

Dum

classi belloque praeficitur; et in

haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander locum Tissaphernis Darius

rex Persarum, filium suum,

posuit, qui

Lacedaemonios

auxiliis

prions erexit. Aucti igitur navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur/ repentino adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius
venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperatio fuit, uf statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitterent, ducis se Alcibifraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. ades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo in voluntariura

Cyrum, loniae Lydiaeque praeopibusque ad spem fortunae viribus Alcibiadem cum centum

quum Athenas

exsilium proficiscitur.

28. Athenienses magna proelio

(Just.

apud Aegospotamos superaniur.

c.

V.

6, 7.

Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib.

8.)

Itaque Conon Alcibiadi suffectus classem maxima industria Nam ut numerus adornat sed navibus exercitus deerat. militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. Pluribus itaque proeliis adverse Marte pugnatis, tandem Lysander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, quf, navibus relictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos flumen*
;

Haec enim claoppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. de res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est.^ Tributariae civitates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradiderunt. nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium* relictum est praetcr urbem
ipsam.

29.

Atheniensium consternatio.

(Just.

V.

7.)

Athenis nuntiata essent, ingcns omnium conmulieresque relictis dajiiibus, j)r urbem currere pavidi alius alium sciscitari auctorem nuntii requirere.' In foro deindc coennt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, qiiesAlii fratrcs, aut filios. aut par^iotus, et lacrymas transigunt. tes deflcnt, et cum privatis casibus qucrelam publicam' miscent: Jam sc ipsos, jam ipsam patriam fcrituram, miserio' rcmqur. supersliium, quavi amissorum fortunam esse. Nuilam nunc classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum eztrc^
(iuae

quum

sternatio fuit; viri

;

turn,

cujus virtuie servari possint.

24

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

30.

Athenae

se

Lysandro tradunt. Nep. Vita Lys. c.

fiunt,

(Justin.
1.)

V.

8.

Corn.

Lysander Graeciae civitates in redigit, et undique iis, qui Atheniensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in miaquaque civitate delegit viros/ quibus summum imperium potestatemque omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, miseramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget, Sciebat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et ne noQuibus malis Athenienses vae advehi possent, providebat. fracti, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere quae an
haec Athenis

Dum

Lacedaemoniorum potestatem

dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est

Quum

nonnuUi nomen Atheniensium^ delendum, urbemque

incendio
suros,^ ut

consumendam

censerent, Spartani negarunt, se pas;

ex duobus Graeciae oculis^ alter erueretur pacemque Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia^ dejicerent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent denique .si respublica triginta rectores,^ ex civibus deligendos, acciperet.
;

31.

Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis exercent.

8,9.)

(Justin V.

His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari' coepit: Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis et Lysandro dediti, qui brevi* tyrannidem in cives exercere coeperunt. Q.uippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt et quasi hie numerus ad continendam ci\dtatem non sufficeret, septingentos milites a victoribus^ accipiunt. His copiis instructi exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fatigant :^ quumque hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni^ displicere didicissent, ipsum quoque ad terrorem omnium interficiunt. Q,uo factum est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum
;

terrorem^^ pati mallent.

32. Alcibiades inierficitur.

(Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib.

9, 10.)

Horum tyrannorum consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui quu.m casteilum in Phrygia^^ habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae
agitabat consilia, Critias'^ caeterique tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum

certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum rerum ratum^^ fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare si suas res gestas manere vellet, ilium persequeretux. Ly-

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

'ZO

ut

Sander, his verbis commotus, Pharaabazo, satrapae, persuasit, homines mitteret, qui, vicinitati,^ in qua Alcibiades erat, ne-

gotium

darent,^ ul

eum

interficerent.^

Illi,

quum eum

ferro

aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt circa casam Ille autem earn, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subducNamque erat tus, famiiiaris sui subaiare telum* arripuit. cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui nunquam discedere vo-

Hunc sequi se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vestiluerat mentorum^ fuit, arripuit. His in ignem ejectis flammae vim^ transiit, Q,uem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, telis eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnabazum reiulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat,
Sic Alcibiades anmuliebri sua veste contectum cremavit. nos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum,

33.

Thrasylulus exsul jpatriae liber andae capit consilium. (Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. c. 2.)

tyrannorum furorem efTugerant, Thrasybuad spem liberandae patriae eaectus,'' adunatis^ triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in finibus Atticae,^ occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum^" transiit, Munychiamque" munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus 'in urbem, armis impediUsus est Thrasybulus non mentisque amissis, refugerunt.
Inter cives, qui
lus erat, qui,

minus' prudentia quam fortitudine; nam cedentes violari vetuit; cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; neque quisquamest vuhieratus, nisi qui prior impugnase voluit

neminem

jacentem''^ veste spoliavit

nihil aftigit praeter arma,

cecidit

In secundo proelio quaeque ad victum pertinebant. Critias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus.

34.

Exsules in pairiani redemit.

(Corn. Nep. I.e.

3.)

Dum haec geruntur, Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum, tyrannis auxilio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thrasybuhmi et eos, qui urbem tenebant,'^ fecit pacem, his conditionibus, ne qui pracfer triginta ti/ra?inos, et decern, qui postca praetorcs creali, eadem crudelitatc in cives grassati erajit, afficcrentur cxsiiio,ncve bona fublicarcntur ; rclpublicae procuratio pnpulo redderetur}^ Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasybuli,

quod reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in

civitate pos-

26
set,

RES ATHENIENSIUM.
legem
tulit
;
:

ve midtareiur

eamque

ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur, neilli legem Ohlivionis vocant.

(Just.

35. Athenienses se desidiae tradunt.

VI.

9.)

multo post per victoriam/ a Conone de Lacedaeclasse reportatam, fractae res Atheniensium nonnee tamen pristinam inter Graecos aucnihil reparatae sunt Magis magisque in torporem toritatem potuerunt recipere. et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos ef-

Non ita

moniorum

fundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versabantur. Turn vectigal publicum quo milites et remiges alebantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. Q-uibus re-

bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum antea Macedonum nomen emergeret et Pbilippus, obses tri> ennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestan;

tissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus Graeciae servitutis

jugum

imponeret.

D.
1.

DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM.
legislator.
(Just. III. 2.)

Lycurgus Sjpartanorum

Lacedaemoniorum respublica
cos pollebat,
curgi.
et

auctoritatem,
et

qua

inter

incrementa debebat legibus

disciplinae

GraeLy-

Qmi yir quum fratri suo, Polydectae, regi Spartanorum,2 successisset, regnumque sibi vindieare potuisset, Charilao, iilio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem
adultam pervenisset, regnum, summa fide restituit; ut gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatiss jura,
intelli-

omnes opes
et

quam

valerent.

Jam

probitate ejus perspecta, populus

prmcipes, diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis precibus eum permoverunt, ut civitati leges scriberet.
ficillimo negotio suscepto,

rem

ita perfecit, ut,

Quo difdum Lycurgi

locum
inter

leges florebant, Spartanorum civitas principem

Graecos
2.

obtineret.

Quaedam Lycurgi

leges.

(Just. III. 2, 3.)

Ac primum quidem populum

imperiorum

in obsequia principum., prin-

cipes ad juslitiam

formavit.^

Parsimoniam om-

RES ATHENIENSIUM.
ipsum
gloriosi.

15
est, tre-

Idem populus postquam corruptus

centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo^ decrevit,

8.

Bellum Persicum alterum,

c. 2. 3.)

(Corn. Nep. Vita

Them.

Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciam aggressus Q,uo adventante quum oraculum Delphicum consuluissent,^ responsum est, moenibus ligneis se tuerentur. Quod responsum quo valeret,^ quum intelligeret nemo, Themistocles persuasit civibus, ut in naves se suaque conferrent eum enim significari murum lignemn. Quo consilio probato navium augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, conjuges liberosque partim Salamina,^ partim Troezena^ asportant arcem^ sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sacra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidmn' relinquunt. Communis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium^ inter Euboeam^ continentemque terram cum classiariis regiis^ conflixit. Angustias enim Tliemistocles quaerebat, ne multituHinc etsi pari proelio'^ dine regiarum navium circumiretur. discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo.^^ duo factum est, ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Salamina classem suam constituerent.
est.
; ;

9.

Xerxes Tkemistoclis consilio ad Salamina superaiur. Justin. II. 12.) (Corn. Nep. A^it. Them. c. 4.

At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Urbem, eamque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit; cujus flammaperterriti classiarii, quum manere non auderent, et plurimi hortarentur,

ut

derent, Themistocles

pares esse vero socios minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu de servis suis, quern habuit fidelissimum,'^ ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret suQui si discesis verbis,'* Graccos in eo esse, ut fugerent. sissent, majore cum labore et longinquiore tempore'^ bellum quos si confc'cturum,'^ quum singulos consectari cogeretur Hoc eo statim agGfrcderetur, brevi universos oppressurum.'^ valebat,''' ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentuT. Hac re audita, barbarus,'^ nihil doli subesse ratus, postridie alienis;

domos suas discederent, moenibusque se defenunus rcstitit, et universos quidem hosti Q,uum posse aiebat, dispersos autem perituros.

PART

II.

16

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

simo^ sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non posset. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis Graeciae.

mari

10.

Xerxes in Asiam

revertitur.

(C.

N.

I. c.

5.)

Hie

etsi

male rem
ut etiam

gesserat,

copiarum,

cum
quem

his
ille

tamen tantas habebat reliquias Graeciam opprimere posset.

Themistocles

Ne
fecit,

igitur bellare perseveraret,

id agi, ut pons,

eum

certiorem

in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol-

quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur. Idque ei Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, seque a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est.
veretur,
persuasit.
11.

Reliquiae

Per sarum
Nep.

delentur.

(Justin. II. 14.

c.

Corn.

Vit.

Them.

6.)

Q,uum tamen pars

exercitus sub duce Mardonio, regis ge-

nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae bellum continuaret, hae

quoque copiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae; eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Gluumque Phalerico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur,^ Themistoclis consilio triplex Piraei^ portus constitutus est, isque moenibus circumdatus, ut ipsam uibem dignitate* aequipararet,
utilitate superaret.

Idem muros Athenarum

restituit,

Lace-

daemoniis vetantibus, non sine periculo suo.

12. Pausajiias,

dux Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur.

Corn. N. Vita Paus.
c.

(Just. 11. 15.

2.)

Post haec Lacedaemonn, ut bis illatum Graeciae bellum Per sarum depopulantur. Cui bel lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majores res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio^ expugnato, cepisset complures Persaram nobiles, atque in his nonnuUos regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex
ulciscerentur, ultro^ fines

vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his Gongylum Eretriensem,'' qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuisse tradunt: Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Bi/zantii ceperat, post-

quam propinquos

tuos cognovit, tibi

muneri

misit,^ seque

tecum

affmitate conjungi cupit.

Quare,

si tibi

videtur, des eifiliam

RES ATHENIEXSIUM.

17

tiiam nujptum. Id si feceris, et Spartam et caeteram Graeciam sub tuam potestaiem se redacturum pollicetur. His de rebus si quid geri volueris, cerium} hominem ad eum mittas face^ cum quo colloquatur.

13.

Pausanias

capitis

damnatur.
c. 2. 3. 5.)

(Corn. Nep. Vita Paus.

necessariorum salute^ magTiopere gaepistola ad Pausaniam mittit, in qua eum collaudat,^ ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea perficienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nullius rei a se repulsam, esse laturum.^ Hujus Pausanias voluntate cognita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem cecidit Lacedaemoniorum, nee multo post proditionis accusatus damnatur. Mortem ut fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae Chalcioecus^ vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, statim Ephori' valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tectumque sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret.^ Dicunt iilo tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc vixisse, eamque, postquam de scelere filii comperisset, in primis lapidem ad introitum aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de templo elasibi

Rex tot hominum

confestim

visus,

Artabazum cum

tus esset, confestim

animam

efflavit.

14.

Themistocles in

Asiam Them.

confugit.
c. 8.

(Com. Nep.

Vit.

9.)

Paulo ante Themistocles testarum

tus,

sufTragiis^ e civitate ejec-

Hie quum propter multas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii legates Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam feArgos' habitatum concessit.
cisset.''

Id crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam confugit. Q.UO quum venisset epistolam misit ad regem Artaxerxem his verbis; Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam^'^ intuli, quum mihi necesse esset patriam meam defender e. Idem multo plura bout audi vit,

Hoc

quod non

na feci, postquam Xerxes in periculo esse coepit. Nunc autem ad te confugi, exagitaius a cuncta Graecia, tuam pctens amicitiam; quam si ero adeplus, 7ion minus me bonum amicum
habebis,

quam fortem inimicumille

expertus esi}^

Rogo

au-

tem, ut de his rebus}* de quibus tecum coJIoqui volo, annum mihi temporis^^ des, eoque transacto me ad te venire patiaris.

18
15.

RES ATHENIENSIUM.
Themistocks a rege Persiae benigne exceptus, Magnesiac (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) moritur.

Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem^ admiratus, cupiensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit. Themistocles autem omne illud tempus^ litteris sermonique Persarum dedit; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius^ dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in Hie quum multa esset regi pollicitus, Perside erant nati. magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam^ rediit, domiciliumque Magnesiae^ sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo
Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab praestare posse desperaret.^ amicis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non concederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus.
obiisse dicitur.

quum

se,

16.

Cimon

insulas Atheniensibus subjicit.

(Corn. Nep.

Vita Cim.

c. 2.)

gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine aeHoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimonis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum reverteretur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatem^ imperii ab Atheniensibus defecerant, bene animatas confirmavit,^ alienatas^ ad ofRcium redire coegit. Scyrum,^ quod contumacius se gesserat, vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insulaque ejecit, agros civibus^^ divisit. Thasios,^^ opulentia fretoSj suo adventu fregit. His manubiis^^ Athenarum arx, qua*'^ ad
ilia

Dum

mulo exercebant.

meridiem
17.

vergit, est ornata.

Ostracismo patQ-ia pulsus,

moz

revocatur..

(Ibid. c. 3.)

Cluibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit eandem invidiam, quam^^ Themistocles nam testarum suffragiis decem annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. quum ille
in
;

Nam

forti

animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bellumque Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus virtutis desiderium^^ consecutum est. Itaque post annum quintum,

quam

expnlsus erat," in patriam revocatus

est.

Ille,

quod hospitio

Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius'** existimans, contendere^^ Lacedaemonem, sua sponte^ profectus, pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post,

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

19

sus,

neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator misquum majorem partem ejus insulae devicisset, in morbum

implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus.

18.

Bellum Peloponnesiacum.

Pericles.

(Just. III. 2. et 7.)

Q.uum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia sociorumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fatialios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent tota Graecia, ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem et incrementa invidentibus,' in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud florentes Graeciae res gravius afflixit, saepius susceptum et depositum est.^ Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio,
gati,
;

ultionis

tempus exspectantes,

intra

maenia

se continebant.

Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. Clara quidem haec Periclis expeditio est habita sed multo clarior privati patrimonii contemtus fuit. Nam in populatione caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditionis suspicionem adducerent. Quod intelligens, Pericles agros reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis,
;

Victi Lacedaemonii fugerunt. navali proelio^ dimicatum est. Post plures annos,* fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta inducias, fecere, quam nonnisi sex annos servaverunt. quos proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona' rumpebant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est.

Nam

19.

Atheniensiuvi in Siciliam expeditio.

(Just.

IV.

3, 4.)

Gluum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses^ et Syracusanos exorto, Athenienses Catiniensibus opem tulissent, tempore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanis non servarentur, illi denuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida veste, capillo barbaque promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponncsiaco bello districtus, auxilium illis mittendurn censeret. Igitur classis ingens decernitur; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus tantaeque vires in Siciliam effusae sunt, ut iis ipsis terrori assent, quibus auxilio venerant.

20

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

20.

Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae,

(Just.

IV.

4.)

Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indicandas, revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria secundo Marte^ pugnant munitionibusque urbi Syracusarum circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus intercludunt, Gluibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis
:

petiverunt.
belli
cia,

Ab

his mittitur Gylippus, qui,

statu'^

quum

in itinere de

jam

inclinato

audivisset, auxiliis partim in

Grae-

partim in Sicilia contractis, opportuna bello loca occupat. Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, In eo proelio Lamachus fortisociosque obsidione liberayit.

ter

pugnans occisus

est.

21. Athenienses saepius victi irigentem

(Justin. IV.
c.

cladem accipiunt.

et 5.)

Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri bello superati, portum Syracusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone ciim auxiliis arcessit. Quo cognito^ et ipsi Athenienses in locum amissi ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copia-

rum mittunt, et
esset,
ita

quasi Graeciae bellum^ in Siciliam translatum ex utraque parte^ summis viribus dimicabatur. Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athenienses vincuntur castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia amittunt. Inter haec mala quum etiam terrestri proelio victi
;

Demosthenes censere coepit, ut ahirent Sicilia, dum res quamvis afflictae, nondum tamenperditae essent. Nicias autem seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato manere contendit. Reparatur igitur navale bellum sed insciti^ ducum, qui Syracusanos, inter angustias maris^ facile se tuentes, temere aggressi fuerant, Atheniensium copiae iterum vincuntur. Eurymedon dux in prima, acie fortissimo dimicans, primus cadit triginta naves, quibus praefuerat, incenduntur Demosthenes et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. Ab his relictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit ipsos
essent,
; ; ;

deinde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. Demosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria morte se vindicat Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dedecore captivitatis.
:

RES A-THENIENSIUM.
22. Alcibiades capitis

21
(Just

V.

1.

damnatus Spartavi se confert. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 4.)

biennium geruntur, belli illius condux Alcibiades absens Athenis insimulatur mysteria Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, Cereris violasse. multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem,^ deinde Thebas'^ se contulit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bonis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas'
citor et

Dum haec in Sicilia per

tionis

sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devoexemplum, in pila lapidea incisum, esse positum in publico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi reges impulit, ut Atheniensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum inferrent.

Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii cum Persarum rege amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam^ in finibus Atticae munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Athenas
tenuerunt.

23.

Persarum

sibi

favorem conciliat. Nep. I. c. 5.)

(Justin.

V.

2.

Com.

Non
cibiades
rias

contentus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse, Al-

cum quinque navibus in Asiam contendit, et tributaAtheniensium civitates auctoritate nominis sui ad defectiSed apud Lacedaemonios Alcibiadis vironem compellit.
tus plus invidiae

quam

gratiae contraxit.

Nam quum

acerri-

mi

praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognoscerent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae caritate ductus ab ipsis Itaque tempus^ descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Qua re cognita Alciejus interficiendi quaerere instituerunt. biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis Darii se contulit. Cujus quum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset, ei persuadet, ne nimis enixe Lacedaemonios juvaret. Nam dissidentibus DoGraecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac belli fore.^ mesticis itaque bellis Graeciam attercndam esse, ne externis vacet;' exaequandasque vires partium et inferiores auxilio levandos. Grata oratio Tissapherni fuit. Itaque Lacedaemoniis commeatus navesque maligne* praebere coepit.
viri

24.

Cum

Atheniensibus in gratiam redit.

(Just.

V.

3.)

Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum duce exercitus Atheniensium, qui apud

Samum^

morabatur, per internuntios collo-

22

RES ATKEMENSIUM.

quitur, polliceturque his amicitiam regis, si respublica a populo ad senatum translata foret sperans fore, ut aut concordante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia inter ordines facta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur.
;

tur.^

Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transferQui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab exer-

citu Alcibiades exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur. Hac denuntiatione territi senatores, prime urbem prodere

Lacedaemoniis tentavere dein, quum id nequissent, in exsilium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestine malo liberata,^ summa cura classem instruit, atque, ita in bellum adversus Lacedaemonies perrexit.
;

25.

Lacedaemoniorum

vires frangit.
c. 5.)

(Corn. Nep. Vita

Alcib.

Hac expeditiene tanta subite rerum commutatio facta est, ut Lacedaemenii, qui paule ante victores viguerant,^ pertervicti enim erant quinque terrestribus riti pacem peterent;
quibus trecentas triremes amisequae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades simul cum collegis receperat loniam, Hellespontum, multas praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae quarum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque minus multas consilio^ ad amicitiam adjunxerant, qued in Inde praeda enusti, locuplecaptos benevolentia fuerant usi. tate exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt.
proeliis, tribus navalibus,^ in
rant,
:

26.

Athenas

redit.

(Corn. Nep.

I. c.

6.)

Ad hunc redeuntis

exercitus

triumphum efRisa omnis

multi-

tude ebviam precedit, et universes quidem milites, praecipue tamen Alcibiadem mirantur. Sic enim pepule erat persuasum, emnes et adversas superieres^ et praesentes secundas res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et Lacedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium unum emnes prosequebantur, et id quod nunquam antea usu venerat, nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque vulgo denabatur.7 Pestquam in Urbem venerat, conciene advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tam ferus esset, quin ejus casum lacrymaret, inimicumque his se ostenderet, quorum opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publice bona et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus resacrare^ sunt coacti.
;

RES ATHENIENSIUM.

23

27.

Lysandro duce

res

Lacedaemoniorum reparantur.
V.
5.)

(Justin.

Dum

classi belloque praeficitur; et in

haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander locum Tissaphernis Darius

rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, loniae Lydiaeque praeLacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae prioris erexit. Aucti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur/ repentino adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius
posuit, qui

quum Athenas
ut statim

venisset, tanta

fraude belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. Alcibiades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo in voluntarium exsilium proficiscitur.

Cononem magis quam

in iMcibiadis

Atheniensium desperatio fuit, locum mitterent, ducis se

28. Athenienses magno proelio

(Just.

apud Aegospotamos superantur.

c.

V.

6, 7.

Corn. Nep, Vita Alcib.

8.)

Itaque-Conon Alcibiadi suffectus classem maxima industria Nam ut numerus sed navibus exercitus deerat. militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. Pluribus itaque proeliis adverso Marte pugnatis, tandem Lysander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, qui, navibus relictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos flumen'' oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. Haec enim clade res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est.^ Tributariae civitates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradiderunt, nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium^ relictum est praeter urbem
adornat
;

ipsam.

29.

Atheniensium consternatio.

(Just.

V.

7.)

Quae quum Athenis

;

nuntiata essent, ingens

omnium

con-

sternatio fuit; viri mulieresque relictis domibus, per

;

urbem

currere pavidi alius alimn sciscitari auctorem nuntii rcquirere. In foro deinde coeunt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, qiiestus, ct lacrymas transigunt. Alii fratres, aut filios, aut parentes deflent, et cum privatis casibus querelam publicam' miscent: Jam se ipsos, jam ipsam patriam pcrituram, miserioremque superstitum, quam amissorum fortunam esse. Nullam nunc classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum exerci" iuMj cujus viriute servari possint.
'

30.

Athenae

se

Lysandro tradunt. Nep. Vita Lys. c.

fiunt,

(Justin.
1.)

V.

8.

Corn.

Lysander Graeciae civitates in redigit, et undique iis, qui Atheniensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in unaquaque civitate delegit viros/ quibus summum imperium potestatemque omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, miseramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget. Sciebat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et ne nohaec Athenis

Dum

Lacedaemoniorum potestatem

vae advehi possent, providebat.

fracti,

Gluibus malis Athenienses

:

multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere quae an dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est. Quum nonnuili nomen Atheniensium^ delendum, urbemque incendio consumendam censerent, Spartani negarunt, se paspacemsuros,^ ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis"* alter erueretur que Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia^ dejicerent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent; denique si respublica triginta rectores,^ ex civibus deligendos, acciperet.
;

31.

Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis exercent.

8, 9.)

(Justin V.

His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari' coepit: Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis et Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyrannidem in cives exercere coeperunt. Q.uippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt et quasi hie numerus ad continendam civitatem non sufficeret, septingentos milites a victoribus^ accipiunt. His copiis instructi exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fatigant quumque hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni^ displicere didicissent, ipsum quoque ad terrorem omnium interficiunt. Q,uo factum est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum
;
-.^

terrorem^^ pati mallent.

32. Alcibiades interficitur.

(Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib.

9, 10.)

consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui castellum in Phrygia^^ habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae agitabat consilia, Critias^^ caeterique tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum rerum ratum^* fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare si suas res gestas manere vellet, ilium persequeretur. Ly-

Horum tyrannorum

quum

Phamabazo, satrapae, persuasit, homines mitteret, qui, vicinitati,^ in qua Alcibiades erat, negotium darent,^ ut eum interficerenf.^ Illi, quum eum ferro aggredi non auderent, noctu iigna contuierunt circa casam Ille autem earn, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subducSander, his verbis commotus,
ut
tus,

familiaris sui subalare telum^ arripuit.

Namque

erat

cum

eo

quidam ex Arcadia hospes, quinunquam discedere

vo-

quod in praesentia vestimentorum^ fuit, arripuit. His in ignem ejectis flammae vim^ Q,uem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, tetransiit. lis eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnabazum reiulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, Sic Alcibiades anmuliebri sua veste contectum cremavit. noB circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum.
luerat.

Hunc

sequi se jubet,

et id,

33.

Thrasyhulus exsul patriae liberandae capit consilium. * (Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. c. 2.)

tyrannorum furorem effugerant, Thrasybuad spem liberandae patriae erectus,"' adunatis^ triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in finibus Atticae,^ occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum'" transiit, MunychiHanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, amque'^ munivit. ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus in urbem, armis impedimentisque amissis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasyhulus non
Inter cives, qui
lus erat, qui,

minus prudentia quam fortitudine; nam cedentes violari vetuit: cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; neque quisquam est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare voluit;

ncminem

jacentem''^ veste spoliavit

nihil attigit praeter arma,

cecidit

In secundo proelio quaeque ad victum pertinebant. (Jritias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus.

34.

Exsulcs in patriam redeunt.

(Corn. Nep. I.e.

3.)

Dum haec geruntur, Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum, tyrannis auxilio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thrasybulum et eos, qui urbem tenebant,'^ fecit pacem, his conditionibus, ne qui praeter triginta tyrannos, et decern, qui postea praetores creati, eadem crudelitate in cives grassati erant, ajjiccrcntur exsilio,neve bona public arentur ; relpvblicae procuratio populo rcdderetur}^ Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasybuli,

quod reconciliata pace,

quum plurimum

in civitate pos-

set,

legem

tulit
;

ve multareiur

eamque

ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur, neilli legem Oblivionis vocant.

(Just.

35. Athenienses se desidiae tradunt.

VI.

9.)

Non ita multo post per victoriam,^ moniomm classe reportatam, fractae
;

a Conone de LacedaeAtheniensium nonnee tamen pristinam inter Graecos aucnihil reparatae sunt Magis magisque in torporem toritatem potuerunt recipere. et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos effundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versaTurn vectigal publicum quo milites et remiges alebantur. Gluibus rebantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum antea Macedonum nomen emergeret et Philippus, obses triennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestantissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus Graeciae servitutis jugum imponeret.
res
;

D.
1.

DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM.
legislator.
(Just. III. 2.)

Lycurgus Spartanorum

Lacedaemoniorum respublica
cos poUebat,
curgi.
et

auctoritatem,
et

qua

inter

incrementa debebat legibus

disciplinae

GraeLy-

Qui vir quum fratri suo, Polydectae, regi Spartanorum,^ successisset regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset, Charilao, filio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem
adultam pervenisset, regnum, summa fide restituit ut intelligerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatiss jura, quam omnes opes valerent. Jam probitate ejus perspecta, populus
;

diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis prepermoverunt,. ut civitati leges scnberet. Quo difficillimo negotio suscepto, rem ita perfecit, ut, dum Lycurgi leges florebant, Spartanorum civitas principem locum inter
et principes,

cibus

eum

Graecos
2.

obtineret.

Quaedam Lycurgi

leges.

(Just. III. 2, 3.)

Ac primum quidem populum

cipes ad justitiam

in obsequia principum^, prin-

imperiorum

formavit.''

Parsimoniam cm-

nibus STiasit. Emi singula non pecunia, sed compensatione mercium^ jussit. Auri argentique usum, velut omnium sceJerum materiam, sustulit, Fundos omnium aequaliter inter omnes divisit. Convivari omnes publice jussit, ne cujus divitiae vel luxuria in occulto essent. Pueros puberes in agrum deduci praecepit, ut primos annos non in luxuria,^ sed in opere et laboribus agerent. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit, ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. Maximum honorem senum esse voluit. Haec quoniam primo, solutis antea moribus, dura videbat esse, auctorem eorum ApoUinem Delphi-

cum fingit.2 Dein, ut aeternitatem legibus suis daret, jurejurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legibus mutaturos, priusquam reverteretur, et simulat, se ad oraculum Delphicum proficisci, consulturum, quid addendum mutandumque, Proficiscitur autem Cretam,* ibique legibus videretur Deo. perpetuum exsilium egit, abjicique in mare ossa sua moriens
jussit, ne, reliquiis suis

Lacedaemonem

relatis,

Spartani se re-

ligione jurisjurandi solutos arbitrarentur.

3.

Bella Messenica.

(Just. III. 4. 5.)

igitur moribus ita brevi civitas convaluit, ut quum Mesbellum intulissent, gravissima se exsecratione obstringerent, non, priusquam Messeniam^ expugnassent, reversuros. Sed decern annis in obsidione urbis frustra consumtis, Deinde, quum Messenii tandem per insidias expugnantur. per octoginta annos omnia servitutis mala perpessi essent, post longam poenarum*' patientiam bellum restaurant. Lacedaemonii autem tanto majore confidentia ad arma concurRes tamen runt, quod adversus servos dimicaturi videbantur.

His

seniis

tribus proeliis atque ipsi speraverant. CO usque desperationis axlducti sunt Spartani, ut ad supplementum exerciius servos suos manumitterent. Turn de belli eventu oraculo Delphis consulto, jubentur ducem belli Athenienses autem, quum hoc reab Atheniensibus petere. sponsum cognovissent, in contemtum Spartanorum Tyrtaeum poetam claudum pede miserunt. Qui quum venisset, carmina cxercitui rccitavit, in quibus virtutis hortamenta, damnorum Itaque tantum ardorem solatia, belli consilia, conscripserat."' militibus injecit, ut omnes alacri animo mortem oppcterent. Raro unquam cruentius proelium fuit. Ad postremum tamen
aliter cecidit,
fusi,

Nam

victoria

Laccdaemoniorum

fuit.

TART

II.

4.

Lacedaemonii principatum in Graecia exercent.

Insequenti aevo factum est, ut Lacedaemonii, ob insitam nobilitatem et eximiam virtutis famam, prinGluare in Persicis bellis omcipatum in Graecia obtinerent. nes Graeciae civitates, quae se adversus barbaros conjunxe-

quandam populo

rant,'

eorum imperio parebant. Sed post ilia tempora quum Athenienses maris sibi imperium vindicassent, ingens Lace-

mox

daemoniorum contra eos exarsit invidia. Hinc inimicitiae, bella exorta unumque^ gravissimum, quod, per viginti septem annos extractum, universae Graeciae vires vehemen;

ter afflixit.

Victoria penes Spartanos fuit

qui post
;

pugnam
est, ter-

apud Aegos flumen, ubi Atheniensium robur fractum ra marique dominari coeperunt.
5.

Lacedaemonii cum Persis in Asia bellum gerunt.

VI.
1.

(Just.

Corn. Vit. Con.

c.

2.)

affectare coeperunt.

Lacedaemonii totius Asiae imperium Circa illud tempus, Conon, Atheniensis, qui, amissa bello patria, in exsilio vivebat, contulit se ad Phsirnabazum, Satrapen loniae et Lydiae, eundemque generum regis et propinquum, apud quern ut gratia valeret, multo

Jam

auctis viribus,

labore perfecit. quum Lacedaemonii in societate nou manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, Agesilaumque bellatum miaissent in Asiam, maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, qui a regis amicitia defecerat, et cum Lacedaemoniis coierat societatem, hunc adversus*^ Pharnabazus habitus est imperator re vera autem exercitui praefuit Conon, ejusque arbitrio omnia gesta sunt. Hie summum ducem Agesilaum multum impedivit, saepeque ejus consiliis obstitit, neque non fuit apertum, si ille non faisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus^ regi fuisse erepturum.
;

Nam

6.

Agesilai res gestae.

(Corn. Nep. Vit. Ages.

c. 4.)

Hie quum jam animo meditaretur proiicisci in Persas el ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit Ephorum jussu,

bellum Athenienses et Boeotios^ indixisse Lacedaemoniis quare venire ne dubitaret. Qui quum victori praeesset exerdi,

maximamque haberet fiduciam regni Persarum potiungloriosius tamen duxit, si institutis patriae'^ paruisset, quam si bello superasset Asiam. jam baud ita longe abesset Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeocitui,

Quum

eorum socii apud Coroneam quos omnes gravi Huic victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod, quum plerique se ex fuga in templum Miner vae conjecissent,
Ill

caeterique
vicit.

proelio

quaerereturque ex eo/ quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vulnera acceperat eo proelio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus eum arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religionem, et eos vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia fecit, ut templa Deorum sancta haberet, sed etiam apud barbaros summa religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit.
7.

Graeciae civitates
Agesil.
c. 5.

se.se

Vit.

invicem dehilitant. (Corn. Vita Conon. c. 4. Just. VI. 4.)

Post hoc proelium collatum est omne bellum circa Corinthum, ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie quum una pugna decem millia hostium Agesilao duce cecidissent, eoque facro opes adversariorum debilitatae viderentur,^ tantum abfuit ab insolentia gloriae,^ ut commiseraretur fortunam Graeciae, quod tam multi vitio adversariorum cecidissent namque ilia multitudine, si sana mens esset, Graeciam a Persis supplicium sumere potuisse. Sed per idem tempus Conon, Persarum classi praefectus, Spartanorum vires in pugna navali apud Cnidum fregit. Victi Lacedaemonii fugam capessunt, multis navibus amissis, quas Conon partim ceperat, partimdepresserat. Hoc initium Atheniensibus resumendae potentiae fuit. Conon cum parte navium in patriam venit muros a Lysandro dirutos reficiendos curat pecuniaeque quinquaginta talenta, quae a
;

Pharnabazo acceperat, civibus

8.

suis donat.

Bellum, exoritur inter Thehanos

tin.

et

Lacedaemonios.

(Jus-

VI.

6.)

Ehim haec geruntur, Artaxerxes, rex Persarum, legates in Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab armis discedere
qui aliter

eum se pro hoste habiturum civitatibus omnia restituit. Fessi tot bellis Graeci cupide paruerunt. Sed Lacedaemonii securis* insidiantes,
fecisset,
:

libertatem suaque

castellum imponunt.

Arcadum

expugnant,

occupatoque

praesidium

instructoque exercitu Arcades, adhibitis in auxilium Thebanis, qui jam, Epaminondae virtute excitati, ad Graeciae imperium adspirabant, bellum repetunt. In co proelio Archidamus,' dux Laccdacmoniorum, vulneratur; qui quum caedi suos videret, per praeconem corpora interfectorum ad sepulturam poscit. Hoc est enim

Itaque armato

signum apud Graecos victoriae traclitae. Clua confessione contenti Thebani signum parcendi dederunt.
Spartanorum
virtus.

9.

neam

interficitur.

JEpaminondas in pugna ad MantiCorn. Nep. (Just. VI. 7.

Vita

Epam.

c.

9.)

Paulo post Thebani, Epaminonda duce, occupandae urbis hostium spem ceperunt. Igitur principio noctis^ taciti Lacedaemona proficiscuntur, non tamen aggredi incautos potuerunt.
Gluippe senes,
et

caetera imbellis aetas,

quum adventum

hos-

tium sensissent, in ipsis portarum angustiis armati occurrunt. Pauci igitur senes sustinuerunt aciem,*^ cui paulo ante universa Agesilai autem adventu nunjuventus par esse non potuit. Nee bellum diu dilatum siquidem tiato, Thebani recessere. Spartanorum juventus, senum virtute et gloria incensa, teneri non potuit, quin ex continenti^ acie decerneret. Quum victoria^ Thebanorum esset, Epaminondas, dum non ducis tantum,
;

verum etiam fortissimi militis officio fungitur, graviter vulneratur. Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii neque tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnantes profligarunt. At Epaminondas quum animadverteret, mortiferum se
:

vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpora remanserat, extraxisset, animam statim emissurum, usque eo retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id postquam audivit, satis, inquit, vixi invictus enim morior. Turn, ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est.
;

10.

Epaminondae

laus.

Just.

VI.

8.

Corn. Nep. Vita

Epam.

c. 3.)

runt;

Una cum Epaminonda Thebanorum quoque vires cecideut non tarn ilium amisisse, quam cum illo interiisse
viderentur.

omnes

Nam
;

neque hunc

ante^

ducem ullum

niemorabile bellum gessere; nee postea virtutibus, sed cladibus insignes fuere ut manifestum sit, patriae gloriam et natam et exstinctam cum eo fuisse. Fuit autem incertum
vir melior,^

an dux

esset.

Erat enim modestus, prudens,

gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus

nu, animo^

belli, fortis mamaximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco quidem mentiretur. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut de republica nihil nisi gloriam caperet honores autem ita gessit, ut ornamentum non accipere,' sed dare ipse honori;

ill j\.\j

rj

u ^J

i.-\

*j iu.

xiuf^x^ivx u

lu..

bus videretur.
trina tanta
fuit,

Jam

ut mirabile videretur,

litterarum studium et philosophiae docunde tarn insignis mib*-

tiae scientia

homini

inter litteras nato contigisset

E.

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
(Justin.

1.

Macedoniae origmes.

VII.

1.)

Macedonia ante, a nomine Emathionis regis, Emathia cognominata est. Hujus, sicut incrementa modica, ita termini perangusti fuere. Antiquissimis temporibus Caranus, ex
Herculis progenie, response oraculi sedes quaerere jussus,

cum magna multitudine Graecorum in Emathiam venit,

urbem Edessam, oppidanis
propter

ibique

imbrium

et

nebulae mag-

nitudinem non sentientibus, gregem caprarum, imbrem fugientium secutus, occupavit. Oraculum autem jusserat eum ducibus capris imperium quaerere. Ilinc etiam postea in bellis, quae cum finitimis gerebat, capras ante signa habere solebat. Urbem quoque Edessam, ob memoriam muneris^ %Aegas,2 populum Aegeadas vocavit. Pulso deinde Mida, qui partem Macedoniae tenebat, aliisque regibus, in locum omnium solus successit, primusque adunatis gentibus variorum populorum, veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit
2.

Primi Macedoniae

reges.

(Just.

VII.

2.)

tis

Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, cujus et vita illustris et morpostrema^ memorabilia fuere; siquidem senex moriens Argaeo filio monstAvit locum, quo condi vellet, ibique non sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi regum ossa poni jussit;

praefatus,^

quoad

ibi

conditae posterorum reliquiae

;

fo-

rent,

regnum

in familia

mansurum

creduntque exstinctam

Alexandre stirpem,^ quod locum sepulturae mutaverit. Argaeus, moderate et cum amore popularium administrate regno, successorem filium Philippum reliquit qui immatura mortc raptus Aerdpum, parvulum admodum, instituit heredem. Illis temporibus Macedonibus assidua certamina cum Thracibus et Illyriis'' fuere. Tum quoque lUyrii, infantiam regis pupilli contemnentes, bello Macedonas aggrediuntur. (iui quum primo proelio pulsi cssent, rege suo in 4*
in
:

32

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

cunis prolate et pone aciem posito, acrius certamen repetivere Conserto itaque proelio magna caede Illyrios fudere, ostenderuntque hostibus suis, priore bello regem ^ Macedonibus, non virtutem defuisse.
3.

Amynta

rex.

(Just.

VII.

4.)

Multis annis

interjectis,

per ordinem successionis

regnum ad

Amyntam pervenit. Hie quoque rex insigni

Magni
patrem,
filiam

industria et omni-

bus imperatoriis virtutibus instructus fuit. Ex Eurydice tres filios sustulit,^ Alexandrum, Perdiccam et Philippum, Alexandri
et

Euryonen.

Cum

Illyriis et

Insidiis autem Eurydices uxOlynthiis^ gravia bella gessit. oris, quae regnum adulter tradendum susceperat, occupatus Funcfuisset,* nisi filia matris consilia et scelus prodidisset.

tus itaque multis periculis senex decessit, regno

filiis

maximo ex

Alexandre

tradito.

4.

Philippus, Thebis eruditus, fratri Perdiccae

(Just.

siSccedit.

VIL

5.)

ta

Alexander inter prima initia regni bellum ab Illyriis pacmercede redemit; et interjecto tempore, Philippo fratre obside dato, cum Thebanis pacem conciliat quae res ad egregiam Philippi indolem formandam plurimum valuit. Siquidem per triennium Thebis obses habitus in domo Epaminondae, summi et philosophi et imperatoris, ad hujus viri exemplum se composuit. Nee multo post Alexander, insidiis Eurydices matris petitus, occubuit :^ cui Amyntas, quum
;

in scelere esset deprehensa, propter communes liberos pepercerat, ignarus, eam his ipsis aliquando exitiosam fore. Frater quoque ejus Perdicca pari insidiarum fraude decipitur,^

parvo

filio relicto.

Nuntio de

fratris

morte accepto, Philippus

bi diu pupilli regis

clam Thebis

aufugit,

domumque

rediit,

tutorem egit. At ubi graviora bella imminebant, serumque auxilium in exspectatione infantis' erat, compulsus a populo

regnum

suscepit.

5.

Initia regni.

(Justin.

VII.

6.)

Principium imperii non

hinc^

satis

prosperum videbatur, quum

insidiarum metus, inde inopia regni, continuis bellis exhausti, immaturam adolescentis aetatem urgeret.^ Simul
velut conspiratione facta ad
locis

finitimae gentes,

Macedoniam,

ex diversis

opprimendam uno tempore regnum bello

MACED0NU3I IMPERIUM.
petebant.
Llia

SS'

Gluibus bellis omnibus quum par esse non posset, interpositapactionecomposuit, alia redemit,4nvalidissimos
:

quosque aggressus vicit quo factum est, ut et militum trepidos animos firmaret, et se a contemtu hostium vindicaret. Priraum illi cum Atheniensibus certamen ad Amphipolin^ fuit;
quibus per insidias
victis,

quum

interficere

omnes

posset, in-

columes sine pretio dimisit. Post haec, bello in Illyrios translate, multa millia hostium caedit.^ Urbem nobilissimam Larissam capit in Thessalia, non praedae cupiditate, sed quod exercitui suo robur Thessalorum equitum* adjungere gestiebat. His ita gestis, jam non contentus submovere bella, ultro etiam

Q,uum Methonam^ urbem oppugnaret, jacta de muris sagitta^ dextrum oculum regis effodit. Quo vulnere nee segnior in bellum, nee iracundior adversus'hostes factus est; adeo ut, interjectis diebus,' pacem deprecantibus daret, nee moderatus tantum, verum etiam mitis adversus victos
quietos lacessit.
esset.

-6.

Philippus

se

Graecorum rebus immiscet.

I.)

(Justm. VIII.

Rebus Macedoniae

devietis aut territis, Philippus

compositis, finitimisque hostibus aut Graecorum libertati coepit insi-

diari. Cluare civitatum contentiones alit, et auxilium inferioribus^ ferendo victos pariter victoresque subire regiam servitutem coegit. Causa et origo hujus mali Thebani fuere qui quum
;

rerum
non

potirentur, incredibili odio adversus

Phocenses inflam-

mati, bellum
possent,

sacrum excitavere. Quod quum soli profligare Philippum ducem eligunt, qui sacrilegos puniret. Phocenses enim, templo ApoUinis occupato, magnam inde vim

auri in belli

usum

legii ultor esset,

omnes

converterant. Igitur Philippus, quasi sacrimilites coronas laureas^ sumere jubet,

atque ita, veluti deo duce, in proelium pergit. Phocenses, insignibus dei conspectis, conscientia delictorum territi, abjectis

armis fugam capessunt, poenasque violatae religionis sanguine pendunt.

7.

Fines imperii promovet.

(Just.

VIII.

1.)

Philippus, quum magnam inde gloriam apud omnes nationes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggreditur. Receperant enim per misericordiam, post caedem unius, duos fratres ejus,' quos Philippus ex novcrca genitos, velut aemulos regni, interficere
gestiebat.

Ob banc

igitur

causam urbem antiquam

et

nobi-

34

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

lem exscindit, et fratres olim destinato supplicio tradit, simulque praeda ingenti fruitur. Inde auraria in Thessalia, argenti raeHis ita gestis, forte evenit, ut eum talla in Thracia^ occupat.
fratres duo,^ reges Thraciae, disceptationum

eligerent,

structo

suarum judicem Sed Philippus ad judicium, velut ad bellum, inexercitu supervenit, et regno utrumque spoliavit.
8.

In Graeciam penetrat.

(Just.

VIII.

4.)

Paulo post Thebani iterum. legatos ad eum miserunt, qui rogarent, ut bellum contra Phocenses susceptum renovaret.
Contra Phocensium
legati,

adhibitis^Lacedaemoniis

et

Athe-

niensibus, bejlum deprecabantur,* cujus ab eo dilationem ter jam emerant. Secreto igitur auditis utriusque populi legationibus, his^

veniam

belli poUicetur f illis contra,

venturum se

auxiliumque laturum. Utrosque vetat parare bellum aut metuere. Sic factum est, ut, securis omnibus, Thermopylarum angustias occuparet. Tunc primum Phocenses captos' se fraude Philippi animadvertentes, trepidi ad arma confugiunt. Sed neque spatium erat instruendi belli, nee tempus ad contrahenda auxilia et Philippus excidium minabatur, ni deditio
;

fieret.

Victi igitur necessitate, pacta salute,^ se dediderunt.

At, deditione facta, caeduntur passim rapiunturque,

haud secus

ac

si

proelio superati essent.

9.

Bella secunda gerit in Chersoneso (Justin. VIII. 6. IX. 1.)

peractis,

et

in Scythia.

His

caeterosque finitimos expugnat, et maritimam, obsidione cingit.

posset, profectus

rebusque Macedoniae compositis, Dardanos^ et Byzantium, nobilem urbem Q,uam quum expugnare non

cum

fortissimis,

sead Chersonensium

urbes'"

convertit,

plurimasque earum sibi subjicit, filiumque Alexandrum, decern et octo annos natum, ad se arcessit, ut prima stipendia sub patris militia faceret. In Scythiam quoque praedandi causa profectus est Scythasque, et virtute et nu;

mero praestantes, dolo vicit. Viginti millia puerorum ac feminarum capta, pecoris magna vis, auri argentique nihil.^^ Aliquot millia nobilium equarum ad genus faciendum in Macedoniam missa.

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

35

10.

Graecos ad Chaeroneam

vincit.

(Just.

IX.

3.)

Ab hac expeditione reversus, diu dissimulatum^ bellum Atheniensibus^ infert,

ta igitur inter

quorum causae Thebani se junxerunt. Facduas antea infestissimas civitates societate, le;

Communem hostem putant gationibus Graeciam fatigant.^ communibus viribus summovendum neque enim cessaturum Philippum, nisi omnem Graeciam domuerit. Motae quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jungunt, quasdam autem ad Philippum belli metus traxit. Proelio ad Chaeroneam* commisso, quum Athenienses longe majore militum numero praestarent,
tis

virtute vincuntur.

ceciderunt

tamen assiduis bellis indurata Macedonum Non tamen immemores pristinae virtuquippe adversis vulneribus^ omnes loca, quae

tuenda a ducibus acceperant, morientes corporibus texerunt. Hie dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetustissimam libertatem finivit.
11.

Bellum contra Persas parat.

(Just.

IX.

4, 5.)

victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est. Non sosacra Philippus ilia die fecit non in convivio risit non et, quantum in illo fuit, ita coronas aut unguenta sumsit Atheniensibus, quos passus' vicit,^ ut victorem nemo sentiret. infestissimos fuerat, et captivos gratis remisit, et bello consumtorum corpora sepulturae reddidit. Compositis in Graecia rebus, omnium civitatum legatos ad formandum reium praeIbi pacis leges sentium statum evocari Corinthum^ jubet. universae Graeciae pro meritis singularum civitatum statuit, conciliumque omnium, veluti unum senatum, ex omnibus legit. Auxilia deinde singularum civitatum describuntur nee

Hujus

lita

dubium erat, eum Persarum imperium et suis bus impugnaturum esse.

12.

et

Graeciae

viri-

Philippus interjicitur.

(Just.

IX.

6,)

trae

auxilia a Graecia coeunt, nuptias CleopaAlexandri,^ quem regem Epiri fecerat, magno apparatu celebrat. Ubi quum Philippus ad ludos spectandos, medius inter duos Alexandros, et filium ct gencrum, contenderet,'" Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adolescens, occupatis augustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. Hie ab Attalo" indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe quero1am ad Philippum frustra detulisset, et honoratum insuper ad-

Interea

dum
et

filiae,

86

MACEDONUM

IMPERITJM.

versarium videfet, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit, xiltionemque quam ab adversario non poterat/ ab iniquo judice
exegit.

13.

Olympias mariti percussorem muneribus condecorat.

(Justin.

IX.

7, 8.)

Creditum est etiam, percussorem immissum ab Olympimatre Alexandri, fuisse nee ipsum Alexandrum ignarum paternae caedis exstitisse, quod Philippus, Olympiade repudiata, Cleopatram, Parmenionis sororem, in matrimoOlympias certe fugienti percussori equos nium duxisset. Ipsa deinde, quum regis nece audita praeparatos habuit. accurrisset, eadem nocte, qua venit, Pausaniae in cruce pendentis capiti coronam auream imposuit. Paucos deinde
ade,
;

post dies refixum corpus interfectoris super reliquias mariti crcmavit, et tumulum ei fecit eodem in loco, parentarique

eidem quotannis curavit. Post haec Cleopatram, a qua pulsa Philippi matrimonio fuerat, filia ejus in matris gremio inNovissime gladium terfecta, finire vitam suspendio coegit. quo rex percussus est, Apollini consecravit. Caeterum decessit Philippus anno aetatis quadragesimo septimo, quum annis viginti quinque regnasset.
14.

Philippus cum Alexandro filio comparaius. (Justin. IX. 8.)

Philippo Alexand.er filius successit, et virtute et vitiis patre major. Vincendi ratio utrique diversa. Hie aperte, ille artibus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudere^ hostibus, hie palam fusis. Prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magnificentior. Iram pater dissimulare, plerumque etiam vincere hie ubi exarsisset, nee dilatio ultionis, nee modus erat. Vini uterque nimis avidus sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pater de convivio in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, periculis se temere oiferre Alexander non in hostem, sed in sues saevire. Regnare ille cum amicis volebat hie in amicos regna exercebat. Amari pater malle, hie metui. Litterarum cultus utrique similis. Solertiae pater majoris, hie fidei. Verbis atque oratione Philippus, hie rebus moderatior. Parcendi victis filio animus promtior; ille nee sociis abstinebat. Frugalitati pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. Gluibus artibus orbis imperii fundamenta pater jecit, operis totius gloriam filius con; ; ; ;

summavit.

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
Initia regni Alexandri.
(Justin XI. 2.)

37

15.

Imperio suscepto, prima Alexandre cura paternarum exsefuit in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumulum patris occidi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes rebellantes compescuit orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. Inchoatum deinde a patre Persicum helium aggreditur. In cujus apparatu nuntiatur, Athenienses et Thebanos ab eo ad Persas defecisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis Demosthenem oratorem exstitisse qui omnes Macedonum copias una cum rege a Triballis deletas esse affirmaverit. Q,ua opinione'^ mutatos omnium ferme ci\dtatum animos esse praesidia

quiarum

Macedonum
16.

obsideri.

Alexander Graecos defectionem meditantes (Justin. XI. 3.)

celeritate in

coercet.

His motibus occursurus sunrnia

netravit.

Graeciam

pe-

Athenienses, sicuti primi defecerant, ita primes consilii poenitere coepit, missisque legatis helium deprecantur. Q,uibus auditis et graviter increpatis Alexander helium remisit.^ Inde Thehas exercitum convertit, eadem indulgentia usurus, si parem poenitentiam invenisset. Sed Thebani armis, non precihus, usi sunt. Itaque victi gravissima

quaeque supplicia miserrimae

captivitatis experti sunt.

Urbs
corona

diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur;

captivi sub

vendunlur. Miseranda res Atheniensihus visa. Itaque proQ.uam fugos contra interdictum regis apud se receperunt. rem ita graviter tulit Alexander, ut secunda legatione denuo helium deprecantibus ita demum remitteret, ut oratores et duces, quorum fiducia toties rebel larent, sibi dederentur. Res 60 deducta est, ut, retentis oratoribus, duces in exsilium agerentur: qui ex continenti' ad Darium profecti, non mediocre

momentum Persarum
17.

viribus accessere.
(Just.

Persicum bellum aggreditur.

XI.

5.)

Jam ad Persicum helium proficiscens, patrimonium omne suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa hahebat, amicis divisit:
sibi

Asiam

sufficere pracfatus."

Ncc

excrcitui alius

quam

regi

animus fuit. Q,uippe omnes obliti conjugum liberorumque, et longinquaeadomo militiae, nihil nisi Oricntisopes coq;itabant. Q-uum delati in Asiam essent, primus Alexander jaculum velut in hostilem terram jecit; armatusque de navi tripudianti si-

38

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

milis prosiluit, atqua ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem In Ilio quoque ad tumulos heillae terrae invitae accipiant. roura, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit.

18.

Prima, congressione Persas

vincit.

(Just.

XI.

6.)

farcendum

Inde hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae prohibuit, suis rebus^ praefatus, nee perdenda ea, quae possesIn exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo milsuri venerint. lia, equitum quatuor millia quingenti, naves centum octoginta duae. Hac tarn parva manu universum terrarum orbem vincere est aggressus. Gluum ad tam periculosum bellum exercitum legeret, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum

patre

quam

ut non tam milites, patruisque militaverant, elegit: magistros militiae electos putares. Prima cum hoste congressio in campis Adrastiae^ fuit. In acie Persarum sex-

centa-^millia

militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte

superata,

quam

vir-

Magna itaque terga verterunt. caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedites, centum viginti equites cecidere quos rex magnifice humatos statuis equestribus donavit cognatis eorum autem immunitates a publicis muneribus dedit. Post victoriam major pars Asiae^ ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura proelia cum praefectis Darii, quos jam non tam armis, quam terrore nomitute

Macedonum

nis sui vicit.

19.

Gordii nodum fatalem

solvit.

(Just.

XL

7.)

Post haec
plo Jovis,
si

Gordium urbem
et

giam majorem

petit, quae posita est inter Phryminorem, quod audierat, in ea urbe, in tem;

jugum

plaustri Gordii* esse positum

cujus

nexum

Asia regnaturum, antiqua oracula cecinisse. Capta igitur urbe quum in templum venisset, illud jugum requisivit; quo monstrato, quum capita loramentorum intra nodos abscondita reperire non posset, gladio loramenta caedit, dicens nihil interest, quo modo nodus solvatur ; atque
quis solvisset,
tota
ita resolutis

eum

nexibus, latentia in nodis capita invenit.

20,

In graven morhum

incidit.

(Just.

XI.

8.)

Haec

illi

adventare.

agenti nuntiatur, Darium cum ingenti exercitu Itaque timens angustias, magna celeritate Tau-

rum
tate

transcendit.

Quum

Tarsum*

venisset, captus

amoeni-

Cydni

fluminis, per

mediam urbem

influentis, projectis

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

S9

armis, plenus pulveris ac sudoris, in praefrigidam undam se projecit. Tuna repente tantus nervos ejus occupat rigor, ut jam de eo actum esse videretur. Unus erat ex medicis, nomine Philippus, qui remedium polliceretur sed hunc Parmenionis episiolae pridie e Cappadocia missae suspectum faHie enim, ignarus infirmitatis Alexandri, scripserat, ciebant. a Philippo medico caveret nam corruptum ilium a Dario ingenti pecunia esse. Alexander tamen tutius est ratus, du;
;

biae se fidei medico credere, quam indubitato^ morbo perire. Accepto igitur poculo, epistolas medico tradidit; atque ita inter bibendum oculos in vultum legentis intendit. Ut securum conspexit, laetior factus est, sanitatemque quarta die
recepit.

21.

Darium

vincit

ad Issum.

(Just.

XI.

9.)

Interea Darius

cum

quadringentis millibus peditum, ac

in

centum millibus equitum

aciem procedit.

Movebat haec

multitudo hostium respectu paucitatis suae Alexandrum; nee tamen bellum differre ratus, circumvectus suos, singulas gentes diversa oratione alloquitur. lUyrios et Thracas opum ac

Graecos veterum bellorum memoria, Macedones autem nunc Europae victac admonet, nunc Asiae expetitae; nee
divitiarum^ ostentatione
;

internecivique

cum Persis odii accendebat.

illis toto orbe pares vires gloriatur.^ Nee Darii segnis opera in ordinanda acie fuit. Q,uippe ipse omnia circumire, singulos hortari, veteris gloriae Persarum admonere. Post haec proelium ingentibus animis committitur. In eo utcrque Tam 4iu certamen anceps fuit, quoad fugeret rex vulneratur. Darius. Exinde caedes Persarum secuta est. In castris eorum multum auri caeterarumque' opum inventum. Inter captivos castrorum mater et uxor et filiae duae Darii fuere. Ad quas visendas quum Alexander venisset, conspectis armatis invicem se complexae, velut statim moriturae, complorationem edidere. Provolutae deinde genubus Alexandri mortis dilationem precantur, dum Darii corpus sepeliverint. Motus tanta mulierum pietate Alexander, et Darium vivere dixit, et timentibus mortis metum demsit, easque haberi ut reginas prae-

inventas

cepit.

22.

Plurimae Asiae gentes

XI.

victori se subjiciunt.
10.)

(Justin.

classem, aliosque

Post hoc proelium Parmenionem ad occupandam Persicam amicorum suorum ad recipiendas Asiae ciPART II. 5

40
vitates misit,

MACEDONUM
quae
statim, audita

IMPERItJM.

fama

victoriae, in potestatem

Tunc in Syriam proficiscitur, ubi obvios victorum venerunt. cum infulis multos Orientis reges habuit. Ex his, pro meritis singulorum, alios in societatem recepit, aliis regnum ademit,
suffectis in loca

ros fuit

eorumnovis regibus. Insignis praeter caeteAbdalonymus, rex ab Alexandro Sidoniae^ constitutus. Quern Alexander, quum operam locare ad puteos exhauriendos hortosque irrigandos solitus esset, regem fecerat, spretis^ nobiQ,uum libus, ne generis id, non dantis, beneficium putarent.^ Tyriorum legatis, qui ei coronam auream magni ponderis miserant, significasset, se Tyrum* ire velle ad vota Herculi reddenda, iique ejus introitum deprecarentur, ita exarsit, ut urbi excidium minaretur. Confestim admoto exercitu, post diuturnam obsidionem, Tyriis muros animose defendentibus, urbs

tandem per proditionem

capitur.

23.

Ab

oraculo Jovis

Ammonis Alexander

salutatur deus.

(Justin.

XL

11.)

Inde Rhodum Alexander, Aegyptum, Ciliciamque sine certamine cepit. Ad Jovem deinde Ammonem^ pergit, consulturus Nam mater ejus et de eventu futurorum et de origine sua. Olympias gloriata erat, Alexandrum non ex Philippo, sed ex serpente ingentis magnitudinis esse conceptum. Igitur Alexander, cupiens, originem divinam sibitribui, subornat antistites, quid sibi responderi velit per praemissos docens. Itaque ingredientem templum statim antistites ut Ammonis filium, salutant. Simul victoriam omnium bellorum, possessionemque terrarum dari respondetur. Comitibus quoque ejus imperatum, ut Alexandrum pro deo, non pro rege colerent. Reversus ab Ammone Alexandriam^ condidit, et coloniam Macedonum caput esse Aegypti jubet.
,

24.

Darius pacem precatur frustra.

(Just.

XI.

12.)

Darius

quum Babyloniam

profugisset,' per epistolam Alex-

andrum

redimendarum sibi captivarum potestatem faciat,^ inque eam rem magnam pecuniam pollicetur. Sed Alexander in pretium captivarum regnum omne, non pecuniprecatur,

am

petit.

Interjecto

tempore aliae epistolae Darii Alexanfiliae

dre redduntur, quibus

fertur.

matrimonium
sibi dari^

et

regni portio

of-

Sed Alexander sua

rescripsit,

jussitque

regni arbitria*" victori" permittere.

Turn, spe pacis amissa,

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

4l

bellum Darius reparat, et cum quadringentis millibus peditum, et centum millibus equitum obviam vadit Alexandre. In itinere nuntiatur, uxorem ejus decessisse, ejusque mortem illacrymatum Alexandrum, exsequiasque benigne prosecutum esse. Tunc Darius, quum se beneficiis quoque a rege supe-

ratum

videret, tertias epistolas scripsit, et gratias egit,

nihil hostile in suos fecerit.

Offert deinde

quod majorem partem

rem;

regni usque ad flumen Euphraten/ et alteram filiam uxopro reliquis captivis triginta millia talentorum. Ad
esse, res-

haec Alexander, gratiarum actionem supervacaneam

pondit;
se

non adversus calamitates hostium, sed vires eorum contendere. Caeterum neque mundura posse duobus solibus regi, neque orhem terrarum duo maxima regna salvo statu, terrarum habere posse; proinde aut deditionem eo die, aut in posterum aciem paret.
didicisse

25.

Magno proelio ad Gaugamelam^

(Justin.

vincitur.

XL

13, 14.)

Postero die aciem producunt.

Tum

repente ante proelium

Alexandrum somnus oppressit; quumque ad pugnam solus rex deesset, a Parmenione aegre excitatus est. Ante proelium utraque acies hostibus spectaculo fuit. Macedones multitudinem hominum, corporum magnitudinem, armorumque pulchritudinem mirabantur Persae a tam paucis victa suorum tot millia stupebant. Raro in uUo proelio tantum sanguinis fusum
;

est. Darius quum vinci suos videret, mori voluit et ipse, sed a proximis fugere compulsus est. Alexander autem periculosissima quaeque aggrediebatur, et ubi confertissimos hostes acerrime pugnare (5onspexisset, eo se semper ingerebat. Hoc proelio Asiae imperium ei obtigit, quinto post acceptum regnum anno. Post haec expugnat Persepolin,^ caput Persici regni, urbem antiquissimam plurimisque refertam opibus, quae interitu ejus primum apparuere.

26.

suis interficitur.

(Justin.

XI.

15.)

Interea Darius a cognatis suis in vico Parthorum Thara aureis compedibus vincitur. Alexander postero die citato cursu supervenit, ibique cognovit,^ Darium clauso vehiculo per noctem exportatum. Jusso caetero exercitu subsequi, cum sex

millibus equitum fugientem insequitur in itinere multa et penculosa proelia fecit. Emensus deinde multum itineris quum nullum Darii invenisset indicium, respirandi equis data potestate, unus ex militibus, dum ad fontem proximum pergit, in
;

42

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

vehiculo Darium, multis quidem vulneribus confossum, sed spirantem adhuc invenit, et unum e captivis ad eum adduxit. Q.uem quum rex ex voce civem esse cognovisset, Alexandre dicere jubet, se plurimam ei gratiam habere, quod in matrem liberosque suos regium, non hostilem animum exhibuissef. Quare se precari superum inferumque numina, et deos regni custodes et praesides, ut illi terrarum, omnium contingat imperium. Posthaec porrecta manu exspiravit. Quae ubi Alexan dro nuntiata sunt, viso corpore defuncti, tarn indignam mortem lacrymis prosecutus est; corpiisque regio more sepeliri jussit.
27.

Graecarum civitatum motus ad libertatem recuperandam.

(Justin.

XII.

1.)

Dum haec in Asia gerebantur, Graecia fere omnis, spe recuperandae libertatis, ad ^arma concurrerat, auctoritatem Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux iiujus belli Agis, rex Lacedaemoniorum, fuit. Gluem motum Antipater, dux ab AlexanMagna tadre in Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. men utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga dantes videret, dimissis satellitibus, ut Alexandre felicitate, non virtute inferior videretur, tantam stragem hostium edidit, ut agmina inter dum fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine
victus, gloria

tamen omnes

vicit.

28.

Alexander Persarum vitam

(Justin.

et

cultum imitatur.

XII.

3.)

Alexander autem, Hyrcanis^ Mardisque^

subactis,

habitum

regum Persarum

diadema, insolitum antea regibus Macedonicis, assumit, amicos quoque longam vestem auratam et
et

purpuream sumere jubet. Ut luxum quoque Persarum imitaretur, ingentes epularum apparatus fecit, et convivia juxta regiam magnificentiam instruxit.
29. .Alexander

suorum in
(Justin.

se

animos exacerbat,
5.)

XII.

Turn etiam primum hostili odio in suos saevire coepit. Maxime indignabatur,.carpi se sermonibus suorum, quod Philippi patris patriaeque mores subvertisset. Propter quae crimina' Parmenio senex, dignitate regi proximus, cum Philota filio interficitur. Fremere itaque omnes universis castris coepere, innoxii senis filiique casum miserantes interdum, se quoque non debere melius sperare dicentes. Gluae quum nuntiata
:

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
Alexandre
essent, simulat, se

43

ex amicis quosdam in patriam Hortatur milites, ut suis scriberent; datasque epistolas tacite ad se deferri jubet; ex quibus cognito de se singulorum judicio/ in unam cohortem eos, qui de rege durius opinati fuerant^ contribuit, aut consumturus eos,^ aut in ultimis terris in colonias distributurus. Inde Drancas, Euergetas, caeterosque populos, qui ad radicem Caucasi habitabant, subegit. Interea unus ex amicis Darii, Bessus, vinctus adducitur, qui regem non solum prodiderat, verum etiam interfecerat. Q,uem in ultionem perfidiae fratri
victoriae nuntios

missurum.

Darii excruciandum tradidit. Et ut his terris nomen relinurbem Alexandriam super amnem Tanain^ condidit. In Bactrianis quoque Sogdianisque^ duodecim urbes condidit, ibique eos, quos in exercitu seditiosos cognoverat, habitare
queret,
jussit.

30.

Clitum suamanu

interjicit.

(Justin.

XII.

6.)

solemni die amicos in con\avium vocat. Ubi rerum a Philippe gestarum mentione, ipse se patri praeferre coepit, assentante majore convi varum parte.
ita gestis

His

orta inter ebrios

e senibus, Clitus, fiducia amicitiae regiae, Philippi tueretur, laudaretque ejus res gestas, Alexander adeo ira exarsit, ut, telo a satellite rapto, Clitum in convi\'io trucidaret. Post, irae aestu subsidente, in poenitentiam versus, mori voluit. Mansit haec moriendi voluntas etiam insequentibus diebus, donee exercitus universi precibus exoratus est, precantis, ne ita unius mortem doleat, ut universes perdat neque milites in ultimam deductos barbariam, inter infestas gentes destituat. Revocate igitur ad bellum animo,

Itaque

quum unus

memoriam

Chorasmos
31.

et

Dahas in deditionem

accepit.

In Indiam peneirat.
petit,

(Justin.

XII.

7.)

Post haec Indiam

ut

Oceano

finiret

imperium.

Cui

gleriae ut etiam exercitus ornamenta convenirent, phaleras equorum et arma militum argento inducit; exercitumque

ad

Quum suum, ab argenteis clypeis, Argyraspidas' appellavit. Nysam"* urbem venisset, oppidanis non repugnantibus, fiducia Liberi^ patris, a que condita urbs erat, parci jussit Tunc ad sacrum mentem duxit exercitum, vite hederaque non aliter vestitum, quam si manu cultus exornatusque esset. Ubi ad mentem accessit, exercitus, repentino mentis impetu correptus, ululare coepit, et Bacchjmtium more discurrit.
^

5'

44

TtfACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

32.

Porum, regem Indiae,

regibus

superat.

(Just.

XII.

8.)

Unus ex

Indorum

fuit,

Porus nomine, viribus

;

cor-

poris et animi magnitudine patiter insignis qui ad famam Commisso proede Alexandri adventu bellum paraverat. singulare certamen provocat. Nee lio/ Alexandrum ad

moram facit; sed prima congressione vulnerato equo, quum praeceps in terram decidisset, concursu sateilitum servatur. Porus multis vulneribus obrutus capitur. Qui victum se adeo doluit, ut, quum veniam ab hoste invenisset, neque cibum capere vellet, neque vulnera curari pateretur; aegreque ab eo obtentum est, ut vellet vivere. Cluem Alexander ob honorem virtutis incolumem in regnum
Alexander pugnae
remisit. Duas ibi urbes condidit, unam Nicaeam,^ alteram ex nomine equi Bucephalen^ vocavit.

33.

Macedones in patriam redire cupiunt.

(Justin.

XII.

8.)

Gluum ad Cuphites venisset, ubi eum cum ducentis millibus equitum hostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis laboribus fessus, lacrymis eum precatur, finem tandem belli faceret; aliquando patriae reditusque meminisset, militumque annos
respiceret.

Ostendere^ alius canitiem, alius vulnera, alius

aetate

consumtum corpus

eorum

et cicatricibus obductum. Motus precibus, veluti finem victoriis facturus castra solito
fieri jussit,

magnificentiora

quorum

molitionibus

et hostis ter-

reretur, et posteris sui admiratio relinqueretur.

laetius milites fecerunt. Itaque caesis hostibus fione in haec castra reverterunt.

Nullum opus

cum

gratula-

34.

Alexander evitaepericuloaegre servatur.

(Justin.

XII.

9.)

Inde Alexander ad
in

amnem

Acesinen^ pergit
et

per

quem

Oceanum

devehitur, et in

Ambros

Sigambros navigat.

Cluae gentes eum armatis octoginta millibus peditum, et sexaginta millibus equitum excipiunt. Q,uum proelio victor es-

exercitum ad urbem eorum duxit. Q,uam quum de muro, ceperat, a defensoribus desertam animadvertisset, in urbis planitiem sine uUo satellite desiliit. Itaque quum eum hostes solum conspexissent, clamore edito undique in eum concurrunt. Ubi obrui multitudine se vidit, trunco se,
set,

quem primus

qui propter
sustinuisset,

murum

stabat, applicuit.

Quum

sic diu

agmen

tandem, regis periculo cognito, amici ad eum desiliunt, ex quibus multi caesi proeiiumque tamdiu anceps
;

MACTEDONUM IMPERITTM.
fuit,

ret.

exercitus, muris dejectis, in auxilium veniIn eo proclio sagitta sub mamma trajectus est, cujus vulneris curatio ipso vulnere gravior^ fuit.

quoad omnis

35.

Oceano lustrato nuptias

celehrat.

(Justin.

XII.

10.)

Tandem saluti redditus'^ Polyperchonta^ cum exercitu Babyloniam mittit. Ipse cum lectissima manu, navibus conscenIbi Oceano libamenta dedit,* prossis, Oceani litora peragrat.
perum
in patriam reditum precatus
;

ac, veluti positis imperii

terminis, ostio fluminis Indi invehitur.

Ibi in monumenta urbem Barcen condidit, arasque statuit. Ibi filiam Darii reInde terrestri itinere Babyloniam redit. gis Statiram in matrimonium recepit sed et optimatibus Macedonum lectas ex omnibus gentibus nobilissimas virgines tra-

rerum a

se gestarum

didit.

36.

Babyloniam

redit.

(Justin.

XII.

13.)

Ab ultimis oris Oceani Babyloniam revertenti nuntiatur, non solum legationes Carthaginiensium caeterarumque Africae civitatum, sed et Hispaniarum, Sicfliae, Galliae, Sardiniae, nonnullas quoque ex Italia ejus adventum Babyloniae opperiri. Hac igitur ex causa Babyloniam festinanti quidam ex

magis

praedixit,5

ne urbem

introiret, testatus,^

hunc locum

ei

fatalem fore. Sed ab Anaxarcho^ philosopho compulsus, ut magorum praedicta contemneret, Babyloniam reversus, convivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quum totus in laetitiam effusus esset, rccedentem jam e convivio Medius Thessalus, instaurata comissatione^ invitat. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum veluti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio semianimis, tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia posceret. Venenum accepisse creditur.
37.

Babyloniae moritur.

(Justin.

XII.

15.)

Gluarta die Alexander indubitatam

cere se fatum.

mortem
;

sentiens, agnos-

domu^ majorum suorum, ait namque plerosque Aeacidarwm}^ intra triceumum annum dcfunctos. Tumultuantes deinde milites, insidiis periisse
sedavit,

regem

suspicantes, ipse
admisit, osculanipse

eosque omnes ad conspectum

porrcxit.

suum

damque dextram

Q.uum lacrymarent omnes,

non sine lacrymis tantum, verum etiam sine uUo tristioris mentis argumento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in Hammonis templo condi jubet. Gluum deficere eum amici vide-

46
rent, quaenint,

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

quem imperii faciat heredem ; respondit, dig Hac voce omnes amicos suos ad aemulam regni nissimum. Sexta die, praeclusa voce, exemtum cupiditatem accendit digito annulum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscentem amicorum discordiam sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus
heres, judicio

tamen

electus esse videbatur.

virtuie et fortuna quaedam.

38.

De Alezandri

(Justin.

XII.

16.)

Decessit Alexander
natus, vir supra

mensem unum tres et triginta annos humanum modum vi animi praeditus. Omina
est,

quaedam magnitudinem ejus

bantur.

in ipso ortu portendisse existimapater ejus nuntium duarum victoriarum accepit; alterius belli Illyrici, alterius certaminis Olympiad, in quod quadrigas miserat. Puer acerrimus^ litterarum studiis*^ eruditus fuit, Exacta pueritia, per quinquennium

Quo

die natus

usus est magistro. Accepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis fiduciam fecit, ut, illo praesente, nullius hostis arma timerent. Itaque cum nullo hoste unquam congressus est, quem non vicerit nullam urAristotele, philosopho praestantissimo,
;

bem

obsedit,

quam noA

expugnaverit.

Victus denique est non

virtute hostili sed insidiis

suorum

et fraude.

39.

Lucius barbarorum. Macedonum (Justin. XIII. 1.)

laetitia.

et victoriarum flore^ Alexandro apud omnes tota Babylone silentium fuit, Ut vero nuntius de ejus morte disseminatus est, omnes barbarae gentes, pauUo ante ab eo devictae, non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt. Mater quoque Darii regis, audita morte victoris, in quo pietatem filii erat experta, mortem sibi ipsa conscivit. Contra Macedones, non ut civem, sed ut hostem defunctum gaudebant severitatem nimiam et assidua belli pericula exsecrantes. Hue accedebat, quod principes regnum et

Exstincto in ipso aetatis

triste

Magno,

imperia, vulgus militum thesauros, veluti praedam, spectabant. Erant enim in thesauris quinquaginta millia talentum,^

quae

sibi

divisum

iri

sperabant.

Nee

amici Alexandri frustra

regnum

spectabant.

Nam tantae virtutis et venerationis erant,

ut singulos reges putares. Neque unquam ante Macedonia vel uUa gens alia tanto clarorum virorum proventu floruit;

quos primo Philippus, mox Alexander tanta cura legerat, ut non tam ad societatem belli, quam in successionem- regni electi
viderentur.

MACEDONUM IMFERIUM.
40.

47
ineurii.

Duces de imperio constituendo consilia

(Justin.

XIII.

2.)

formandum rerum praesentium

Caeterum, defuncto Alexandro, armati in regiam coeunt, ad statum.^ Perdicca censet, Roxanes, regiae conjugis, quara gravidam relinquerat, partum esse exspectandum, et si puerum peperisset, hunc patri successorem fore. Me] eager negat, exspectandum,^ dum reges

nascerentur, quum jam genitis uti liceret. Esse Pergami puerum, filium Alexandri, natum ex Barsine, nomine Herculem seu mallent juvenem, esse in castris fratrem Alexandri, Aridaeum, comem et cunctis non suo tantum, verum et patris Philippi nomine acceptissimum. Ptolemaeus recusabat regem Aridaeum, tum, quod ex Larissaeo scorto natus esset, tum ob majorem, qua laborabat, valetudinem f nam veren;

dum

esse,

ne

ille

nomen

regis, alius

imperium

teneret

me-

ex liis legi, qui pro virtute regi suo proximi fuerint. Vicit Perdiccae sententia, consensu universorum. Placuit itaque Roxanes exspectari partum, et si puer natus fuisset, tutores Leonatum, Perdiccam, Crateron et Antipatrum constituunt, confestimque in tutorum obsequia jurant.*
lius esse

41. Aridaeus, Philippi films, rex creatur.

3, 4.)

(Justin.

XIII.

Q,uum

equites

idem

fecissent, pedites indignati, nullas sibi

consiliorum

partes

relictas,^

Aridaeum, Alexandri fratrem,

regem appellant, satellitesque illi ex turba sua legunt, et nomine Philippi patris vocari jubent. Magna hinc in castris seditione orta, tandem ab equitibus quoque Aridaeus rex agfilio, si natus Graeciae Antipater praeponitur regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero traditur castrorum et exercittis cura Meleagro et Perdiccae assignatur; jubeturque Aridaeus rex corpus Alexandri in HammoTunc Perdicca, lustratione castrorum nis templutn deducere. indicta, seditiosos supplicio occultetradi jubet, Reversus inde,

noscitur.
esset.

Servata est portio regni Alexandri

ita

His

compositis,

Macedoniae

et

provincias inter principes

42.

divisit.

Bellum in Graecia or tum per Antipatrum comprimitur.

(Justin.

XIII.

5.)

haec in Oriente geruntur, in Graecia Athenienscs et AetOli bellum, quod jam vivo Alexandro moveranl, summis viribus instruebant. Causa belli erat, quod reversus ab In-

Dum

48

MACEDONUM

IMlERlUM.

dia Alexander epistolas in Graeciam scripserat, quibus omniQ,uae litterae recitacivitatum exsules restituebantur. tae praesente universa Graecia, in mercatu Olympiaco,^ magnos motus excitaverunt, quod plurimi non legibus, sed per factionem pri^icipum pulsi fuerant principesque verebantur,

um

ne revocati potentiores in republica

iierent.

Palam

igitur

jam tum multae

bant.**

civitates libertatem bello

vindicandam freme-

mnt.
nerat,

Principes tamen omnium Athenienses et Aetoli fueBello igitur exorto, Antipater, cui Graecia sorte obve-

nire

Q,ui quum vein auxilium vocavit, exercitu nuntiatus esset, obvii ei Athenienses cum instructis copiis fuere, ibique equestri proelio, gravi vulnere Sed Antipater, exercitu exstincti recepto, ictus, exstinguitur. quum par hostibus etiam proelio videretur, solutus obsidione, qua cinctus fuerat Lamiae,^ in Macedoniam concessit Grae-

Leonatum ex Asia

cum

corum quoque

copiae, finibus Graeciae hoste depulso, in ur-

bes dilapsae sunt.

43.

Certamina inter duces Alexandri.

(Justin.

XIII.

6*

XV.

1.)

Post haec bellum inter Perdiccam et Antigonum oritur, quod, velut incendium, mox latius serpsit. Macedonia, in duas partes discurrentibus* ducibus, in sua viscera armatur, ferrumque a barbaris in civilem sanguinem^ vertit. In hoc bello Perdiccas occisus est pluresque ejusdem partis duces perierunt. Et jam finitum certamen inter successores Alexandri Magni videbatur, quum repente inter ipsos victores nata est discordia. Ptolemaeus^ et Cassander, Antipatri filius, inita cum Lysimacho et Seleuco societate, contra Antigonum bellum terra marique enixe instruunt. Tenebat Ptolemaeus Aegyptum cum Africae parte minore et Cypro et Phoenice. Cassandro parebat Macedonia cum Graecia. Asiam et partes Orientis occupaverat Antigonus, cujus filius Demetrius, prima belli congressione, a Ptolemaeo apud Gamalam^ vincitur. In quo proelio major Ptolemaei moderationis gloria, quam ipsius victoriae fuit. Siquidem et amicos Demetrii non solum cum suis rebus, verum etiam additis insuper muneribus, dimisit et ipsius Demetrii privatum omne instrumentum^ ac familiam^ reddidit, dicens non se propter praedam, sed propter dignitatem inisse bellum, indignatum, quod Antigonus, devictis diversae factionis ducibus, solus communis
; ;
;

victoriae

praemia

corripuisset.

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
44.

49

Ezstincta Alexandr^sobole, principes regium nomen munt. (Justin. XV. 2.)

sw

haec ajSfuntur, Cassander Herculem, Alexandri fiJiannos quatuordecim excesserat, ne favore paterni nominis in regnum Macedoniae vocaretur, occidi lacite cum matre Barsine jubet; turn alterum quoque filium cum matre Roxane pari fraude necavit. Interea Ptolemaeus cum Demetrio navali proelio^ iterate^ congreditur, et amissa classe in Aegyptiim refugit. Hac victoria elatus, Antigonus regem se cum Demetrio filio appellari jubet. Ptolemaeus quoque, ne minoris apud suos auctoritatis esset, rex ab exercitu cognominatur. Quibus auditis, Cassander et Lysimachus et ipsi regiam sibi majestatem vindicarunt. Sed Ptolemaeus et Cassander caeterique factionis alterius duces, quum se singulos ab Antigono carpi ac lacessi viderent, per epistolas se invicem exhortati suntadbellum communibus viribus suscipiendum. Cui quum Cassander interesse propter finitimum

Dum

um, qui

fere

bcllum^ non posset,

Lysimachum cum

ingentibus copiis in

auxilium

sociis mittit.

45.

Lysimachi fortitudo.

(Justin.

XV.

3.)

Erat hie Lysimachus illustri inter Macedones loco natus, Q,uum Alexsed magis etiam virtute quam genere clarus. ander Callisthenem* philosophum miserandum in modum omnibus membris truncasset, et insuper cum cane in cavea clausum circumferret, Lysimachus, eum audire et praecepta virtutis ab eo accipere solitus, misertus tanti viri, venenum ei
in

remedium calamitatum
tulit,

dedit.

Q.uod adeo aegre Alexan-

Sed quum amiculo involutam in os leonis immersit, arreptaque lingua feram exanimavit. duod quum nuntiatum regi esset, admiratio irae succcssit, carioremque eum propter constantiam tantae virtutis* Post mortem regis, quum inter successores ejusprohabuit.
der
ut

eum

objici ferocissimo leoni juberet.

leo

impetum

fecisset in

eum, Lysimachus

manum

vinciae dividerentur, ferocissimae gentes, quasi

tissimo, assignatae sunt.

omnium

for-

46.

Nova

inter

Alexandri successores bella oriuniur.

(Justin.

XV.

4.)

Priusquam bellum inter Ptoleraaeum sociosque ejus adverAntigonum committeretur, repente ex Asia majore SeHujus quoque viri leucus, novLis Antigono hostis, accessit.
sus

go
virtus clarissima
Orientis,
et

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
Post mortem Alexandri, occupato regno fuit. urbem condidit, patris noimne Antiochiam vocatam, campos urbi vicinos Apoilini dicavit, a quo generis originem
:

Multa in Oriente post divisionem inter socios regni Macedonici bella gessit. Principio Babyloniam cepit inde Compositis auctis ex victoria viribus Bactrianos expugnavit. deinde in Oriente rebus, in bellum cum Antigono descendit. Conjunctis igitur omnium sociorum copiis, proelium^ committitur; in eo Antigonus occiditur; Demetrius filius ejus in fugam Sed socii, profiigato hostili bello, denuo in semet vertitur. ipsos arma verterunt; et, quum de praeda non conveniret, Seleucus Demetrio, iterum in duas factiones diducuntur. Ptolemaeus Lysimacho junguntur. Cassandro defuncto PhiSic quasi ex integro nova Maeedoniae lippus filius succedit.
ducebat.
bella nascuntur.
47.

Regnum

Macedoniae, parricidiis inquinatae, Demetrius

occupat.
(Justin.

XVI.

1.)

Post Cassandri regis, filiique ejus Philippi continuas mortes,' Thessalonice, uxor Cassandri, non multo post tempore, ab
Antipairo filio occiditur. Causa parricidii fuit, quod, post mortem mariti, in divisione inter fratres regni, in alterum filium Alexandrum videbatur fuisse propensior. Gluod facinus eo gravius visum est, quod nullum maternae fraudis vestigium fuit. Ob haec igitur Alexander, in ultionem maternae necis gesturus cum fratre bellum, auxilium a Demetrio petit nee Demetrius, spe invadendi Macedonici regni, moram fecit. Cujus adventum verens Lysimachus persuadet genero Antipatro, ut malit cum fratre suo in gratiam rtdire, quam paternum hos:

tem

in

Macedoniam

admitti.

Inchoatam

igitur inter fratres

praesensisset Demetrius, per insidias Alexandrum interfecit, regnumque Macedoniae occupavit. Lysimachus quoque, quum bello Dromichaetis, regis Thracum, premeretur, tradita ei^ altera parte Macedoniae, quae Antipatro ejus genero obvenerat, pacem cum eo fecit.

reconciliationem

quum

48.

Demetrius a Pyrrho, Epiri rege, Macedonia

(Justin.

pelliiur.

XVI.

2.)^

Macedoniae viribus instructus, Sed Ptolemaeus, Seleucus et Lysimachus, pacta societate conjunctisque copiis, bellum adversus Demetrium transferunt in Europam. His comitem se
Igitur Demetrius,
totius

Asiam occupare

statuit.

jungit Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, sperans, Demetrium non lius amittere Macedoniam posse, quam acquisierat.

diffici-

Nee

MACEDOXUM IMPERIUM.
;

51

spes frustra fuit quippe, exercitu ejus corrupto, ipsoque in fiigam acto, regnum Macedoniae occupavit. Demetrius autem, a tot exercitibus circumventus, qaum posset honeste mori, turpiter se dedere Seleuco maliiit. Finite beilo, Ptolemaeus cum magna rerum gestarum gloria moritur, regno minimo naiu ex filiis^ relicto.

49.

Lysimachus

et

Seleucus, ultimi commilitonum Alexandria

(Just.

pereunt.

XVI.
et

3.

XVII.

1,'2.)

Sed

mox

inter

Lysimachum

Pyrrhum,

adversus Demetrium, bellum exarsit. pulso Pyrrho, Macedoniam occupavit.

socios paullo ante Victor Lysimachus, Inde Tliraciae bel-

lum

intulit. Mox post varia ostenta, quae Lysimacho dira portendebant, Agathoclem, filium, Arsinoe noverca veneno interfecit. Hoc parricidium principum secuta est caedes, luentium supplicia, quod occisum juvenem dolebant. Itaque et hi, qui caedibus superfuerant, et hi, qui exercitibus praeerant, certatim ad Seleucum deficiunt, eumque compellunt,

ut bellum Lysimacho inferret. Uitimum hoc certamen commilitonum Alexandri fuit. L3'simachus quatuor et septuaginta annos natus erat: Seleucus septem et septuaginta. Sed in hac quoque aetate utrique juvenilis erat animus,

imperiique cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant. Lysimachus in eo bello strenue^ moritur,^ amissis ante variis casibus quindecim liberis. Seleucus autem, solum se de cohorte Alexandri superesse gavisus, post septem menses a Ptolemaeo Cerauno,* cujus sororem Lysimachus in matrimonio habuerat, per insidias circumventus, occiditur, regnumque Macedoniae, quod

Lysimacho
50.

eripuerat,

cum

vita pariter amittit.

Motus in Graecia.

(Justin.

XXIV.

1.3.)

Paulo

post,

dissidentibus inter se Ptolemaeo

Cerauno

et

Antiocho^ et Antigono^ regibus, omnes ferme Graeciae civitates, ducibus Spartanis, ad spem libertatis erectac, in bellum prorumpunt et, ne cum Antigono, sub cujus regno erant, bellum cepisse viderentur, socios ejus Aetolos aggrediuntur, causam belli practendentes, quod sacratum Apollini campum Cirrhaeum' per vim occupasscnt. Conjuncto ex;

ercitu,

Aetolorumque

finibus devastatis,

magnam

claclem passi

Deinde, Spartanis bellum reparantibus, auxiliummultae gentes negaverunt, existimantes, dominationem eos, non iibertatem Graeciae quaererc. Interea inter reges bellum finitur. Nam Ptolemaeus, pulso Antigono, quum regnum tosunt.

PART

II.

52
tius

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

Macedoniae occupasset, pacem cum Antiocho facit, afficum Pyrrho, data ei in matrimonium filia sua, jungit. Sed brevi post, incredibilibus commissis sceleribus, a Gallis regno spoliatus captusque, vitam ferro, ut meruerat,
nitatemque
amisit.

51.

Gain

in

Graeciam

'penetrant.

(Just.

XXIV.

4, 5.)

Namque Galli, abundante multitudine, quum eos non caperent terrae, quae genuerant, trecenta millia hominum ad Ex his portio in Italia sedes novas quaerendas miserunt. consedit, quae et Romam incendit/ alia portio in Illyricos sinus penetravit, et in Pannonia ^ consedit, ubi per multos anHortante deinde succesnos bella cum finitimis gesserunt. su, divisis agminibus, alii Greciam, alii Macedoniam petivere. Tantusque terror Gallici nominis fuit, ut etiam reges non lacessiti ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mcrcarentur. Solus rex Macedoniae Ptolemaeus adventum Gallorum intrepidus audivit, bisque cum paucis et incompositis, quasi parricidiorum furiis agitatus, occurrit. Proelio commisso Macedones caeduntur. Ptolemaeus multis vulneribus saucius capitur; caput ejus amputatum et lancea fixum circumfertur. Paucos ex Macedonibus fuga servavit caeteri aut capti aut
:

occisi.

52.

Galli Bremio duce Delphos petunt.

(Justin.

XXIV.

6.)

Paullo post Brennus, quo duce portio Gallorum in Graecise effuderat, cum centum et quinquaginta millibus peditum et quindecim millibus equitum in Macedoniam irrumpit, Victo exercitu, totius regionis agros depraedatur. Tum Delphos iter vertit ad Apollinis templum spoliandum. Hoc templum positum est in monte Parnasso, in rupe undique impen-

am

dente, cujus

praecipitiis,

ut

natural i

praesidio,

defenditur.

Multa ibi et opulenta regum populorumque visuntur munera, quaeque magnificentia sua et gratam hominum voluntatem, et
Apollinis veracitatem manifestant.
53.

Cum

ingenti clade repelluntur.

(Just.

XXIV.

7.)

Brennus quum in conspectu haberet templum, ad acuendos suorum animos, praedae ubertatem militibus ostendebat, statuasque cupa quadrigis, quarjum ingens copia procul visebatur, solido auro fusas esse affirmabat. Qua asseveratione incitati Galli, simul et mero saucii,^ sine respectu periculorum

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

53

in bellum ruebant. Habebat Brennus lecta ex omni exercitu peditum sexaginta quinque millia Delphorum sociorumque nonnisi quatuor millia militum erant. Hi plus in Deo, quam in viribus spei ponentes, cum conlemtu hostium resistebant, GallosquG scandentes e summo montis verlice partim saxo, partim armis obruebant. Inter hacc templorum antistites, sparsis crinibus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pugnantium aciem procurrunt, eos hortantes, ne cunctarentur diis antesignanis^ hostem caedere. Glnibus vocibus incensi omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei sta;

tim sensere.

Nam
non

et terrae et

motu

lorum

stravit exercitum,

portio montis abrupta Galtempestas insecuta grandine et

frigore saucios absumsit.

vulnerum
ducibus
excedit.

ferre

cum

Brennus, quum dolorem pugione vitam finivit. Alter ex decern millibus sauciorum citato agmine Graecia

Dux ipse

posset,

Sed nee fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit nuUus sine labore et periculo dies assidui imbres et gelu, nix, fames, lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infelicis belli reliquias obterebant. duo pacto evenit, ut brevi^ ex tanto exercitu nemo su; ;

peresset.

54.

Clade in Macedonia accepta, Galli in Asiam trajiciunt.

(Justin.

XXV.

1,

2.)

Pace inter duos reges, Antigonum Gonatam, Demetrii filium, et Antiochum regem Syriae, statuta,^ quum in Macedoniam Antigonus reversus esset, Gallorum exercitus, qui a Brenno ad fines tuendos relictus erat, in Macedoniam irrupit.
classem in Hellesponti litoribus collocatam incauremigibus et ab exercitus parte, quae eo cum conjugibus et liberis confugerat, trucidantur tantaque caedes Gallorum fuit, ut opinio^ hujus victoriae Antigono pacem, non a Gallis tantum, verum etiam a finitimis praestaret. Postea Galli, a Bithyniae rege in auxilium vocati, parta victoria regnum cum co diviserunt eamque regionem Gallograeciam cognominaverunt.
Glui
tius diripiunt, a
; ;

quum

55.

Pyrrhus rex Epiri Macedoniam

invadit.

(Justin.

XXV.
Interea

3.)

Pyrrhus ex
in

Sicilia^ in

Epirum

doniac invadit; cui Antigonus

cum

reversus fines Maceexercitu occurrit, victus-

que proclio

fugam

vertitur.
;

niam

in

deditionem accipit

Atque ita Pyrrhus MacedoAntigonus autem ^um paucis

equitibus Thessalonicam se rccepit, ut inde cum conducta Gallorum manu bellum repararet. Rursus a Ptolemaeo, Pyr-

54
rhi

..

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

filio, funditus victus, cum septem comitibus fugiens salutis latebras in solitudine quaerit.

56.

Argos oppugnans

occiditur.

(Just,

XXV.

4, 5.)

Pyrrhus autem, in tanto fastigio regni collocatus, Graeciae Asiaeque imperium meditatur. Primum illi bellum adversus Spartanos fuit ubi majore mulierum quam virorum virtute exceptus, Ptolemaeum filium, et exercitus partem robustissimam amisit. Ptolemaeus in oppugnatione urbis usque in mediam urbem procurrerat, ubi concursu multitudinis interfectus est. Cujus corpus ut relatum est patri, dixisse Pyrrbum fe:

runt, aliquanto tardius eum,

quam

timuerit ipse, vel temeritas

ejus meruerit, occisum esse. Ipse Pyrrhus quum a Spartanis re-

pulsus Argos petiisset, ibi inter confertissimos violentissime dimicans saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Satis constans inter omnes auctores fama est, nullum nee ejus, nee superioris aetatis

regem comparandum Pyrrho

fuisse.

Nam et
;

vitae sanctitate

atque justitia optimos quosque aequabat scientia rei militaris plurimos superabat, patriamque suam angustam et ignobilem, fama rerum gestarum toto orbe illustrem reddidit.

57.

Antigonus Gallos magno proelio fundit. Bella inter Macedonas

et

Epirotas.

(Just.

XXVI.

1, 2,

3.)

Post mortem Pyrrhi non in Macedonia tantum, verum etiam in Asia Graeciaque magni bellorum motus fuere civitatesque mutuis inter se odiis in bellum ruebant. Inter bos motus Antigonus, qui in Macedoniae regnum redierat, quum multiplici bello et Ptolemaei^ regis et Spartanorum premeretur, novusque ei hostis, Gallograeciae exercitus, affluxisset,^ parva manu adversus caeteros relicta, adversus Gallos totis
;

viribus proficiscitur.

Galli, quum hostiae ante pugnam caesae infaustum pugnae exitum portenderent, in furorem versi conjuges et liberos suos trucidant, cruentique ex recenti suorum^ caede in proelium proficiscuntur. Omnes occidione caesi. Post hujus pugnae eventum, Ptolemaeus et Spartani victorem hostium exercitum declinantes, in tutiora se recipiunt. Antigonus ubi eorum discessum videt, bellum Atheniensibus infert. In quo quum occupatus esset, Alexander, rex Epiri, ulcisci mortem patris Pyrrhi cupiens, fines Macedoniae depopulatur. Adversus quern quum reversus a Grae-

Antigonus esset, transitione militum destitutus,^ regnum Macedoniae* cum exercitu amittit. Hujus filius Demetrius, puer admodum, absente patre, reparato exercitu, non solum
cia

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
andrum

B9

amissam Macedoniam recipit, verum etiam Epiri regno Alexspoliat. Tanta fortunae varietas erat Paullo post tamen Alexander, non minore Epirotarum desiderio, quam suorum auxilio, in regnum restituitur.
!

58. Seleuci et Antiochi, fratrum, fiagitia.

(Justin.

XXVII.

1,

2.)

Mortuo Syriae rege Antiocho, Seleucus, qui in ejus locum

successerat, parricidio novercae, Ptolemaei sororis, inquinatus,

Q,uum, quo se vertea Ptolemaeo terra marique victus est. ret, non haberet, Antiochi fratris auxilium implorat, oblata ei Asia inter fines Tauri montis, in praemium latae opis. Antiochus^ autem, quum esset arinos quatuordecim natus, supra aetatem regni avidus,*^ occasione arrepta fratrem regno spoiiare conatus est. Ea tempestate omnia bella in exitium Asiae Seleucus et Antiochus fratres bellum propter gerebantur. Asiam gerebant; Ptolemaeus, rex Aegypti, sub specie sorohinc Bithynus Eumenes, inde riae ultionis, Asiae inhiabat Galli Asiam depopulabantur. Victo Antiocho, quum Eumenes majorem Asiae partem occupasset, ne tunc quidem fratres a Antiochus victus, quum profugo nusquam bello abstinuerunt. tutus locus esset, ad Ptolemaeum hostem confugit. Sed Ptolemaeus eum servari arctissima ctistodia jubet. Hinc opera cujusdam mulieris,quam familiarius noverat,custodibus decepSeleucus quotis, elabitur, fiigiensque a latronibus interficitur. que iisdem ferme diebus, amisso regno,^ equo praecipitatus
:

obiit. Sic fratres, ambo exsules, ambo regno easily, scelerum suorum poenas luerunt.

privati, similibus

59.

Antigonus, Philippi
strat.

tutor,

regnum Macedoniae

aclmini-

(Justin.

XXVIII.

3.)

Circa ilia tempora Demetrius, rex Macedoniae, Antigoni Gonatae filius, relicto filio Philippo admodum parvulcf decesCui Antigonus Doson* tutor datus, accepta in matrimosit. nium matre pupilli, regem se constitui laborabat. Interjecto
deinde tempore, quum seditione minaci Macedonum clausus in regia teneretur, in publicum sine satellitibus procedit, projectoque in vulgus diadcmatc ac purpura, dare hacc eos alteri jubet, qui aut imperare illis nrsciat, aut cui parere ipsi sciant. Commemorat deinde beneficia sua, ut defectionem sociorum rindicavcrit : ut Dardanos,^ Thessalosque exsultantes morte Demetrii regis compescuerit ; ut denique dignitatem MacedoG*

56

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

num non

illos poeniteat,

Quorum si solum defenderit, verum etiam auxerit. deponere se imperium et reddere illis munus Q,uum populus suum ; ipsi regem quaerant, cui imperent. pudore motus recipere eum regnum juberet, lamdiu recusavit,
seditionis auctores supplicio traderentur.

quoad

60. Spartanos superat.

Horum

in malis virtus.
4.)

(Justin.

XXVIII.
Post haec bellum Spartanis

infert,

qui soli adliuc Macedo-

Inter duas nobilissimas gentes summis viribus pugnabatur; quum hi pro vetere Macedonum gloria, illi non solum pro illibata libertate, sed etiam pro salute

num arma contemnebant.

certarent.

Victi Lacedaemonii^ non ipsi tantum, sed etiam Nemo conjuges liberique magno animo fortunam tulere. quippe in acie saluti^ pepercit; nulla amissum conjugem flevit iiliorum mortem senes iaudabant patribus iA^acie caesis filii gratulabantur suam vicem omnes dolebant, quod non et Inter haec nullus in urbe ipsi pro patriae libertate cecidissent. strepitus, nulla trepidatio magis omnes publicam quam privatam fortunam lugebant. Inter haec Cleomenes rex, post multas hostium caedes, toto corpore suo pariter et hostium cruore madens, supervenit ingressusque urbem non humi consedit, non cibum aut potum^poposcit, non armorum onus deposuit, sed acclinis parieti, quum quatuor millia sola ex pugna superfuisse conspexisset, hortatur, ut se ad meliora tempora reipublicae reservarent, Tum cum conjuge et liberis Aegyp; ;
;
:

tum ad Ptolemaeum^
diu in

summa
filio

dignatione

mortem a

ejus*

quo honorifice susceptus, Postremo post Ptolemaei cum omni familia interficitur. Ant!fonus
proficiscitur, a
vixit.

autem fortunam tantae urbis miseratus a direptione milites prohibuit, veniamque his, qui superfuerunt, dedit. Nee multo post ipse decessit,

regnumque Philippo

pupillo,

annos qua-

tuordecim nato,
61.'

tradidit.

Multaimperia nova regum

(Justin.

successione mutantur.
1.)

XXIX.

lisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia nova successione mutata sunt. Nam et in Macedonia Philippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit et in Asia, interfecto Seleuco,^ impubes adhuc rex Antiochus^ constitutus est. Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Ptolemaeus, cui ex crimine facinoris cognomen Philopdtor' fuit. Etiam Spartani in locum Cleomenis suffecere Lycurgum; et

regum

MACEDONUM IMPERIDM.

57

apud Carthaginienses aetate iminatura dux Hannibal constituitur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Romanorum, quo eum a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibus pueris magna
indoles virtutis enituit. Solus Ptoleniaeus, sicut scelestus in occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit.

62.

Philippus cum Hannihale societatem contra Romanos

jiingit.

(Justin.

XXIX.

2. 4.)

Philippus quum, Dardanis aliisque finitimis superatis, Aetobellum inferre gestiret, a Demetrio, lUyriorum rege, impulsus est, ut Romanos aggrederetur. Gluerebatur ille Romanorum injuriam, qui non contenti Italiae t er minis imp erium totiusorbisspe complexi,^ helium cum omnibus regibus gertrent. Se cedere illi regno'- quod Ro7tiani occupaverint, profitetur gratius habiturus,^ siin possessione imperii sui socium potius quam hostes inderit. Hujusmodi orationeimpulitPhilippum,ut, omissis Aetolis, bellum Romanis inferret, minus negotii^ existimantem, quod jam victos ab Hannibale apud Trasimenum^ lacum audierat. Itaque ne eodem tempore multis bellis distineretur, pacem cum Aetolis facit, navesque fabricare coepit, quibus in Italiam trajiceret. Legatum deinde ad Hannibalem, jungendae societatis gratia, cum epistolis mittit; qui a Romanis comprehensus et ad senatum perductus, incolumis dimissus est, non in honorem regis, sed ne, dubius adhuc, indubitatus hostis
lis
;

redderetur.

63.

Pacem cum Romanis facer e

(Justin.

cogiiur.

XXIX.

4.)

PauUo

post

pum

in Italiam copias trajecturum,

instructis

autem quum Romanis nuntiatum esset, PhilipLaevinumpraetorem cum navibus ad prohibendum transitum mittunt. Q,ui

quum
ut

in Graeciamtrajecisset, multis promissis impulit Aetolos,

bellum adversus Philippum susciperent. Philippui^quoque Achaeos in Romanorum bellum soUicitat. Interea et Dardani Macedoniae fines vastare coeperunt, et Laevinus praeter, junc-

ta

cum Attalo rege societate, Graeciam populatur. His aliisque rebus distractus rex Macedoniae cum Romanis pacem facit, contentis interim bellum Macedonicum distulisse Philopoemeni autem, Achacorum praetori, quern didicerat animos sociorum ad Romanos trahere, insidias praetendit. Q,uibus cognitis ille Achaeos auctoritate sua a rege Macedoniae pror;

sus abstraxit.

58

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
Ptolemaei quaedam gesta.

64.

(Just.

XXX.

1,

2.)

Dum haec in Graecia geruntur, Ptolemaeus, qui ad necem utriusque parentis fratris quoque caedem adjunxerat, luxuriae se tradiderat, nee amici tantum, verum etiam omnis exercitus Gluibus cognitis, Antiochus, regis exemplum secuti erant. icX Syriae, repentino bello multas urbes ejus oppressit, ipsamque Aegyptum aggreditur. Ptolemaeus autem exercitu in Graecia conducto, secundum proelium facit, spoliassetque regno Antiochum, si fortunam virtute juvisset. Sed contentus recuperatione urbium, quas amiserat, facta pace, in pristinam luxuriam revolutus, regnum perditissimis hominibus tanquam praedam permisit. Eo mortuo Alexandrini, supplicio de praedonibus illis sumto, legates miserunt ad populum

Romanum, rogantes, ut tutelam pupilli susciperent, tuerenturque regnum Aegypti, quod jam Philippum et Antiochum, facta inter se pactione, inter se divisisse dicebant.

65.

Romani

bellum conti i Philippum suscipiunt.

(Justin.

XXX.

3, 4.)

fuit, causam belli adversus Philipquaerentibus, qui ipsis, belli Punici temporibus, insidiatus fuerat. Mittuntur itaque legati, qui Antiocho et Philippo denuntient, regno Aegypti abstineant. Mittitur et M. Lepidus in Aegyptum, qui tutorio nomine regnum pupilli administraret. haec aguntur, legationes Attali et Rhodiorum, injurias Philippi^ querentes, Romam venerunt. Gluae res omnem cunctationem Macedonici belli senatui exemit. Sta-. tim igitur titulo^ ferendi sociis auxilii, bellum adversus Philippum decernitur, legionesque cum consule in Macedonian! mittuntur. Nee multo post tempore tota Graecia, fiducia

Grata legatio Romanis

pum

Dum

Romanorum
;

ad spem pnstinae

libertatis erecta,

bellum Phi-

lippo intulit atque ita quum rex undique urgeretur, pacem petere compellitur. Repudiata a Senatu pace, proelium

commissum
lippum
et

est apud Cynoscephalas in Thessalia inter Phik Flaminium, Romanorum ducem. Macedonas Rovicit.

mana

Fractus itaque bello Philippus, pace acretinuit sed omnibus Graeciae urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessionis amissis, solam
fortuna
cepta,

nomen quidem regium

retinuit.

Macedoniam

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

59

66.

Antiochum, Hannibalis
diuniur.

consiliis

adjutum,
1, 2.

Romani aggre4.)

(Justin.

XXXI.

Interea Antiochus, rex Syriae, Aegyptum occupare statuit. Itaque Phoenicen, caeterasque Syriae quidem, sed juris Aegypti civitates, quum invasisset, legates ad eum Senatus misit, qui denuntiarent ei, abstineret^ regTi(f^upilli populi Romani, postremis patris precibus iidei suae traditi. Quibus spretis, bcllum ei denuntiatum est. Eodem tempore Nabis, Lacedaemoniorum tyrannus, multas Graeciae civitates occupaverat. Igitur Senatus, ne uno tempore duplici bello Ro-

manae
sicuti
raret.
fecit,

vires distinerentur, scripsit^ Flaminino,

si ei

videretur,
libe-

Macedoniam a

Philippo, ita

Graeciam a Nabide

Terribile quippe Antiochi bellum

nomen Hannibalis

quem aemuli ejus cum Antiocho inisse societatem apud Romanos criminabantur. Q,ui quum sibi a Romanis insidias
clam nave conscensa, cursum ad Antiochum hunc quurii pervenisset, negabat opprimi RomaCujus consilia quum regi placerent, nos nisi in Italia posse. Romani ad Antiochum legatos misere, qui et regis apparatum specularentTir, et Hannibalem assiduo colloquio^ suspectum invisumque redderent. Hie dolus bene illis successit. Gluipstrui intellexisset,
direxit.

Ad

timans,

pe Antiochus reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam^ exiseum veluti hostem proditoremque sui odisse coepit.
67.

Eum pugna navali

superant.

(Just.

XXXI.

6.)

Dum
belli

igitur Antiochus, falsa suspicione deceptus,

omnem

apparatum temere et negligenter agit, Acilius, Romanus consul, omnia bello necessaria summa industria parat. Itaque prima belli congressione' rex victus et fugatus castra diDeinde quum in Asiam fugiendo pertia victoribus reliquit.
venisset, poenitere neglecti consilii coepit, revocatoque in amicitiam Hannibale, omnia ex sententia ejus agere. Interim nuntiatur, Aemilium, Romanum ducem, cum octoginta rostratis navibus adventare. Itaque, priusquam sociae civitates ad hostes deficerent, decernere navali proelio statuit, sperans cladem in Graecia acceptam nova posse victoria Tradita igitur Hannibali classe, proelium commiitiaboleri. tur.^ Sed ncc Asiani milites Romanis, neque naves eorum pares rostratis navibus fuerunt; minor tamen clades ducis

solertia fuit.

60

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
pads
leges,

68. Antiochus

a Romanis

dictatas, repudiat.

(Justin.

XXXI.

7.)

Novae hujus victoriae fama nondum Romam venerat, quum jam Lucius Scipio consul creatus esset, qui bellum in Asia geHuic datur legatus frater Africanus, cui Poeni et Hanreret. nibal superati nomow fecerant. Trajicientibus autem in Asiara exercitum Scipionibus, jam utrobique profligatum bellum nuntialum est, victumque Antioctium terrestri, Hannibalem navali Primo igitur adventu eorum legatos pacem bello invenerunt. petentes ad eos Antiochus mittit, peculiare donum Africano ferentes ipsius filium, quem rex parvo navigio trajicientem ceLeges pacis dicuntur Ut rex Asia Romanis cederet, perat.
:

contentus regno Syriae

esset,

naves universastraderet, sumtumrestitueret.

se

que

omnem

belli

Romanis

Quae quum
esse respondit,

Antiocho essent, nondum ita ari se regno pateretur.

69.

victum

nuntiata ut spoli-

Magno proelio
quum

vinciiur.

(Justin.

XXXI.

8.)

Igitur

ab utrisque bellum
Ilion^ venissent,
fuit,

pararetur, ingressique
gratulatio Iliensium

Asiam Romani
ac

mutua

caeterosque duces cum eo a se profectos ; Romanis, se ab his procreatos, referentibus Tantaque laetitia omnium fuit, quanta esse post longum tempus inter parentes et liberos solet. Profectis ab Ilio Romanis, Eumenes rex cum auxiliis occurrit nee multo post proeiium cum Antiocho commissum.^ duum in dexteriore cornu pulsa legio Romana ad castra fugeret, M. Aemilius, tribunus militum, ad tutelam castrorum relictus, armare se milites suos et extra vallum progredi jubet, strictisque gladiis fugientibus minari, morituros,nisiin proeiium revertantur; infestioraque sua, quam hostium castra, inventuros. Attonita tam ambiguo^ periculo legio in proeiium revertitur, magnaque caede edita, initium victoriae fuit. Caesa hostium quinquaginta millia, capta undecim. Antiocho pacem petenti nihil ad superiores conditiones additum. Captas civitates inter socios divisere Romani.
Iliensibus,
;

Romanorum

Aeneam

70. Aetoli

a Romanis victi. Achaeorum

(Justin.

et

Messeniorum
1.)

Bella.

XXX.

4.

XXXIL

Aetoli,^ qui

Romanis

ofFensi,

quod non

omnem

Macedoni-

am

Philippo ademtam ipsis dedissent, Antiochum in bellum

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.
impulerant,
victi,

61

soli remanserunt. Nee multo post adversus dominationem Atheniensium et Spartanorum inter tot Graeciae civitates soli retinuerant, amiserunt. Sub idem tempus bello inter Messenios et Achaeos exorto, Achaeorum imperator Philopoemen, in transitu fossae cquo praecipitatus, a multitudine hostium oppressus
illo

victo

libertatem,

quam

est.

Hunc,

velut in illo

omne bellum

confecissent/ in

mo-

triumphi per universam civitatem circumduxerunt. Deinde in carcerem ducto venenum dederunt quod ille laetus,
;

dum

ac

an Ly cartas, praefectuh Achaeorum, qyem secundum a se esse sciebat, incolumu effugisset ? Q,uem ut accepifefTugisse, non in iotum, dicens,
si vicisset,

accepit, quaesito^ prius,

consultum^ male Achaeis, exspiravit. Nee multo post reparato Messenii vincuntur, poenasque interfecti Philopoemenia pependerunt.
bello,

71

Regia Philippi Macedonis parricidio inquinatur.

(Just.

XXXII.
Interim regis

2.)

malis agitabaa patre Romam missus, ob insignem pudorem* multa favoris documenta a senatu accepisset, patri invisus esse coepit, indignanti, plus momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem Igitur Perseus, major filiorum regis, perpatris habuisse.
intestipis
filius,

Macedonum domus

tur.

Nam quum

Demetrius, Philippi

specta patris aegritudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud eum criminari, et primo invisum, mox etiam suspectum reddere nunc amicitiam Romanorum, nunc proditionem ei patris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo paratas con;

fingit, ad cujus criminis probationem immittit indices, testesque subornat. Q.uibus rebus patrem impulit, ut supplicium

de innocente sumeret.
72. Philippus morilur.
(Justin.

XXXIL

3.)

Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aenmlo non negligentior tan-

tum Perseus in patrem, verum etiam contumacior erat nee heredcm regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus offensus Philippus impatientius in dies mortem Demetrii dolebat, et, denique fraude eognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam in;

noxii Demetrii morte cruciabatur. Brevi post tempore, morbo ex aegritudine animi contracto decessit, relicto magno
belli,
est.

apparatu adversus Romanes, quo postea Perseus usus

62
73.

MACEDO^"UM IMPKRIUM.
Ultima Hannihalis fata. (Justin. XXXII. Nep. Vita Hannib. c. 12.)
4.

Corn.

ab Antiocho Romani, inter caeteras condeditionem ejus deposcerent, admonitus a Ibi quum se propter nimias opes inrege, Cretam confugit. vidiosum^ videret, contendit ad Prusiam, regem Bithyniae. Qui quum terrestri proeiio ab Eumene victus esset, et bellum in mare transtulisset, Hannibal novo commento auctor Gluippe omne serpentium genus^ in fictiles victoriae fuit. lagenas conjici jussit, medioque proeiio in naves hostium Sed ubi serpentiId primum illis ridiculum visum. mitti. bus repleri naves coepere, ancipiti periculo circumventi, Quae ubi Romam nuntiata sunt, hosti victoriam cessere. senatus legatos misit, qui utrumque regem in pacem cogeHannibal,
ditiones
pacis,
rent,

quum

bant,

Hannibalemque deposcerent. His Prusias, quod petenegare non ausus, rogavit, ne id a se fieri postularent,

quod adversus jus hospitii esset; ipsi, si possent, compreHannibal henderent; locum, ubi esset, facile inventuros. enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod ei a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus aedificii exitum sibi haberet; semper verens, ne usu eveniret,

quod

accidit.

Hue quum

legati

Romanorum

venissent,

ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent, puer a janua prospiciens Hannibali dixit, plures praeter consuetudinem armatos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii circumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo undique obsideretur. Puer quum omnes exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sese peti, neque sibi diutius vitam esse retinendam. Gluam ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum, quod semper secum habere consueverat, sumsit.
74.

Perseus a Romanis victus; Macedonia in provinciae

Rom. formam

redacta.

(Just.

XXXIII.

1,

2.)

Jam Macedonicum bellum summa omnium virium

tione a

conten-

coeptum est. Prima equitum congressio^fuit, qua Perseus victor suspensam^ omnium exspectationem in sui favorem traxit misit tamen legatos ad consugeri
;

Romanis

lem, qui
dedissent,

pacem

peterent,

quam

patri suo

Romani

impensas

belli lege victi^ suscepturus.

etiam victo Sed consul

Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo,^ leges dixit. haec aguntur, Romani Aemilinm Paitlum consulem creant, eique extra ordinem Macedonicum 4)ellum decernunt qui
;

Dum

MACEDONUM IMPERIUM.

63

exercitum venisset, non magnam moram pugnae fequam proelium^ consereretur, luna nocte defecit quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici regni portendere vaticinabantur. Gluod vaticinium non fefellit. Perseus rex fuga cum decern millibus talentCim Samothraciam' defertur quern Cnaeus Octavius ad persequendum missus a consule, cum duobus filiis, Alexandre et Philippo, cepit, captumque ad consuj^m duxit. Macedonia Romanorum ditioni addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in Graecia excitantium principes Romam missi, ibique, ne quid in patria novarent, diu detenti sunt. Tandem per multos annos legationibus civitatium senatu fatigata, in suam quisque patriam remissus est.

quum ad
;

cit.

Pridie,

75.

Romani

in Achaeos causas belli quaerunt.

(Justin.

XXXIV.

1.)

Macedonibus subactis, Aetolorumque ^viribus debilitatis, adhuc ex universa Graecia Achaei nimis potentes tunc temporis Romanis videbantur, non propter singular um civisoli

tatium nimias opes, sed propter conspirationem^ universarum. Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divisi, unum tamen imperium habent, singularumque urbium pericula mutuis viribus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Romanis causas belli, tempestive fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Spartanis a senatu responsum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam mandatum est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi itaque omnium civitatium principibus Corinthum evocatis, decretum senatus recitant, dicentes, expedire omnibus, ut singulae civitates sua jura et suas leges habeant. Q,uod ubi omnibus innotuit, volutin furoremversi universumperegrinumpopulum trucidant; legatos quoque ipsos Romanorum violassent, nisi hi, audito tumultu, trepidi fu^issent.
76. Achaeis victis Corinthus diripitur.

(Justin.

XXXIV.

2.)

Haec ubi Romae nuntiata sunt, statim senatus Mummio consuli bellum Achaicum decernit, qui, omnibus strenue proSed apud Achaeos visis, pugnandi copiam hostibus fecit. omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non proelium agitantes,^ vehicula ad spolia hostium reportanda, secum duxerunt, et conjuges liberosque suos ad spcctaculum
certaminis in montibus posuerunt.

Sed proelio commisso'

Part II.

64
ante oculos
lus

V-^^

PARTHORUM.

suorum caesi sunt, Conjugeg quoque et liben eorum praeda hostium fuere. UrBs Corinthus diruitur popu:

omnis sub corona venditur ut hoc exemplo tibus nietus novarum rerum^ imponeretur,
;

ceteris civita-

77. Attalo defuncto,

(Justin.

Asia fit Romanorum.

4.)

XXXVI.

multo post etiam Asia Romanorfftn. facta est. Attaab Eumene patruo acceptum regnum Post caedibus amicorum et cognatorum suppliciis foedabat. multa scelera squalidam vestem sumit, barbam capillumque in modum reorumsummittit:^ non in publicum prodire, non popuita

Non

lus^ ibi florentissimum

lo se ostendere,

non domi

laetiora conviviainire,prorsusutpoe-

nas scelerum pendere videretur. Omissa deinde regni administratione, hortos fodiebat, gramina seminabat, et noxia innoxiis permiscebat, eaque omnia veneni succo infecta, velut peculiare munus, amicig mittebat. Postea aerariae artis fabricae se tradidit, cerisque fingendis et acre fundendo et procudendo oblectabatur. Matri deinde sepulcrum facere instituit: cui operi intentus, morbum ex solis fervore contraxit, et septima die decessit. Hujus testamento populus Romanus heres
regni est institutus.

F.
1.

RES PARTHORUM.
origines.
(Justin.

Parthorum

XL

I.

1.)

Parthi,* penes quos nunc Orientis imperium est, Scytharum exsules fuere. Hoc etiam ipsorum nomine manifestatur nam Scythico sermone Parthi exsules dicuntur. Hi et Assyriorum et Medarum temporibus inter Orientis populos obscurissimi fuerunt. Postea quoque quum imperium Orientis a Medis ad Persas translatum est, veluti vulgus sine nomine, praeda vic;

torum

fuere. Postremo Macedonibus servierunt. Romanis autem, binis bellis,^ per maximos duces, florentissimis temporibus, lacessiti, soli ex omnibus gentibus non pares solum,^

verum etiam
2.

victores fuere.

Parthorum

mores.

(Justin.

XLI.

2.)

Administratio gentis post defectionem Macedonici imperii sub regibus fuit Proximus regibus populi ordo est ex hoc
:

RES PARTHORUM.
ducds in
bello,
et

65

ex hoc rectores in pace habent. Sermo inter et ex utrisque mixtus. Vestis olim 8ui moris ;^ posteaquam accessere opes, ut Medis, pellu-

Sc)^hicum

Medicum medius

fluida.-^ Exercitum non, ut aliae gentes, liberorum, sed majorem partem servorum habent. Hos pari ac liberos suos cura habent, et equitare ac sagittare magna industria docent. Locupletissimus ut quisque est, ita plures in bello equites regi suo praebet. Cominus in acie proeliari, aut obsessas expugnare urbes nesciunt. Pugnant autem procurrentibus equis, aut terga dantibus; saepe etiam fugam simulant, ut incautiores adversus vulnera insequentes habeant.^ Diu pugnare nequeunt et sane intolerandi forent, si, quantus est impetus, vis tanta et perseverantia esset. Plerumque in ipso ardore certaminis proelia deserunt, et paullo post pugnam ex fuga repetunt ut, quum maxime 'te -vicisse putes, tum tibi discrimen subeundum sit maximum. Munimentum ipsis equisque loricae plumatae sunt, quae utrumque toto corpore tegunt. Auri argentique nullus in armis usus.

cida ac

3.

Continuatio.

(Justin.

XLI.

3.)

Uxores singuli plures habent, iisque non convivia tantum virorum, verum etiam conspectum interdicunt. Came nonnisi venatibus quaesita vescuntur.* Equis omni tempore vectantur illis^ bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata ofRcia obeunt; super illos ire, consistere, mercari, colloqui. Hoc denique discriraen inter servos liberosque est, quod servi pedibus, libcri nonnisi equis incedunt. Sepultura vulgo aut avium aut canum laniatus est. Nuda demum ossa terra obruunt. In superstitionibus praecipua amnibus veneratio est. Caeterum ingenia genti tumida, seditiosa, fraudulenta, procacia natura taciti ;' ad faciendum, quam ad dicendum, promtiores. Principibus metu, non pudore^ parent. Fi^es dictis promissisque nulla, nisi quatenus expedit.
;

4.

Arsaces Parthos in libertatem vindicat.

Post mortem Alexandri

(Justin.

XLI.

4.)

Orientis regna dividerentur,

traditi,

quum nullus naretur accipere. Postea didactis Macedonibus in bcllum Tandem Arsaces civile, alios post alios habuere dominos. vir incertae originis sed magnae virtutis, Seleuco,'' ad quern Parthorum populus per aliquod tempus pertinuerat, a Grallis

Magni qnum inter successores ejus primum Stasanori cuidam sunt Macedonum Parthorum imperium dig-

66

RES PARTHORUM.

in Asia victo, cum praedonum manu Parthos ingressus, imperium gentis invasit. Non magno deinde post tempore Hyrcanorum quoque regnum occupavit, et Seleucum ad defectores persequendos venientem, proelio vicit. Gluem diem Parthi exinde solemnem, velut initium libertatis, observant.
5.

Regnum firmat.

(Justin.

XLI.

5.)

Revocato deinde Seleuco novis motibus in Asiam, Arsaces dato laxamento, regnum Parthicum format, militem legit, castella munit, civitates firmat. Urbem quoque nomine Daram, in monte Zapaortenon condit, cujus loci ea conditio est, ut neque praemunitius quidquam esse, neque amoenius possit. ruptis montibus ita cingitur, ut tutela loci nullis defensoribus egeat et soli circumjacentis tanta ubertas est, ut propriis opi-

Nam

bus expleatur. Sic Arsaces, quaesito simul constitutoque regno non minus memorabilis Parthis, quam Persis Cyrus, matura senectute decedit. Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt, ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncupent. Hujus nepos, Arsaces et ipse nomine dictus, quindecim annis in regno actis decessit, relictis duobus filiis, Mithridate et Phrahate quorum major Phrahates more gentis, heres regni, Mardos, validam gentem, bello domuit, nee multo post decessit, multis filiis relictis quibus praeteritis,^ fratri potissimum Mithridati, insignis virtutis viro, reliquit imperium, pa; ;

triae potius

quam

liberis

consulendum

ratus.

6.

Mithridates regni fines profert.

vir
et

(Justin.

XLI.

6.)

Hie

Parthos

spem de se conceptam non fefellit. Bello inter Medos orto, post varies utriusque populi casus, ad

postremum

victoria penes Parthos fiiit His viribus auctus Mithridates Mediae Bacasin praeponit, ipse in Hyrcaniam proficiscitur. Unde revifsus bellum cum Elymaeorum^ rege

quo victo banc quoque gentem regno adjecit, imperiumque Parthorum a monte Caucaso, multis populis in ditionem red actis, usque ad flumen Euphratem protulit. His actis adversa valetudine correptus, non minor Arsace proavo,
gessit,

gloriosa senectute decessit.

7.

Regum Parthicorum

successio.

(Just.

XLII.

1, 2,

3.)

Huic Phrahates filius successit. Qui cum Scythis bellum gerens a Graecis militibus, quibus in bello captis et crudeliter tractatis, imprudentius, ut suis, utebatur, in pugna relictus at-

RES PARTHORUM.
que occisus
substituitur
est.

0f

In hujus locum Artabanus, patruus ejus, rex qui bello Thogariis^ illato, in brachio vulneratus, statim decedit. Huic Mithridates filiussuccedit, cui res gestae Magni cognomen dedere quippe claritatem parentum animi magnitudine supergreditur. Multa bella cum finitimis magna virtute gessit, multosque populos Parthico regno addidit. Etiam cum Scythis prospere aliquoties dimicavit. Ad postremum
;
:

Ortoadisti, Armeniorum regi, bellum intulit; quo debellato propter crudelitatem a Senatu Parthico regno pellitur.

8.

Romanorum

legiones a Parthis trucidaniur.

(Justin.

XLII.

4.)

Vacans regnum occupavit Orodes, Mithridatis

frater.

Q,ui

Mithridates confugerat, diu obsideret, oppidanos fame coactos in deditionem compulit. Mithridates quoque, fiducia cognationis, ultro se in protestatem Orodis tradit. Sed Orodes plus hostem, quam fratrem, cogitans, in conspectu suo eum trucidari jussit. Post haec bellum cum

quum Babyloniam, quo

Crassumque imperatorem cum filio et omni delevit. Hujus filius Pacorus, missus ad persequendas Romani belli reliquias, magnis rebus in Syria gestis, patri suspectus in Parthiam revocatur quo absente, exercitus Parthorum relictus in Syria a Cassio, quaestore Crassi, cum omnibus ducibus trucidatur.

Romanis

gessit,

exercilu

Romano

9.

Romani Parthos magno proelio

(Justin.

vincunt.

XLII.

4.)

His ita gestis non multo post tempore, apud Romanes inter Caesarem et Pompejum civile bellum exarsit, in quo Parthi Pompejanarum partium fuerc. Victis partibus Pompejanis, et Cassio et Bruto auxilia adversus Augustum et Antonium misere, et post belli finem rursum, Pacoro duce, Syriam et
vastavere, castraque Ventidii, qui absente Pacoro exercitum Parthicum fuderat, magna mole aggrediuntur. Sed ille simulate timore, diu continuit se, ct insultare'' Parthos aliAd postremum in secures laetosque quantisper passus est. partem legionum cmisit, quarum impetu fusi Parthi in divcrsa abiere. Pacorus quum fugientes sues abduxisse secum legiones Romanas putaret, castra Ventidii, velut defensoribus privata, aggreditur.

Asiam

Ventidius, reliqua parte legionum emissa, universam Parthoru\n manum cum rege ipso Pacoro interfecit. Nullo bello Parthi unquam majus vulnus acce* 7 perunt.

Tum

6S
10.

RES PARTHORUM.
Orodis, regis Parthorum, de mortefilii luctus.
(Justin,
1. c.)

Haec quum
cori,

in Partliia nnntiata essent, Orodes, pater Paqui paullo ante vastatam Syriam, Asiam a Parthis occuaudiverat, victoremque
filii

patam esse

Pacorum Romanorum

gloriabatur, repente

morte etexercitus clade audita, ex

Multis diebus non alloqui quemvocem mittere, ita ut etiam non sumere, cibum non quam, mutus factus videretur. Post multos deinde dies, ubi dolor vocem laxaverat,*^ nihil aliud quam Pacorum vocabat, ilium Post longum deinde luctum videre, ilium audire se putabat. alia sollicitudo miserandum senem invadit, quern ex numero Multae triginta filiorum in locum Pacori regem destinet.
dolore in furorem vertitur.^

ex quibus generata tanta juventus erat, pro suis quaeque sollicitae, animum senis obsidebant. Sed fatum Parthiae fecit, ut sceleratissimus omnium, et ipse Phrahates nopellices,

mine, rex statueretur.

11.

Phrahatis saevitia

et

exilium.

(Just.

XLII.
patrem

6.)

Hie
fecit
;

itaque, beneficium parricidio rependens,

fratres

inter-

quoque ad

unum omnes

trucidat.

Jam quum
ne
esset,

infestos sibi optimates propter assidua scelera videret,

qui in
jubet.

suum locum nominari rex posset, adultum filium interfici Huic Antonius bellum cum sedecim validissimis legiointulit,

nibus

refugit.

sed graviter multis proeliis vexatus, a Parthia Q,ua victoria insolentior Phrahates redditus, quum in dies magis saeviret, in exilium a populo pellitur. Exilii impatiens, quum diu finitimas civitates, ad postremum Scythas pre-

cibus fatigasset, Scytharum maxime auxilio in regnum restiEo absente regem Parthi Tiridaten quemdam constituerant qui, audito adventu Scytharum, cum magna amicorum manu ad Caesarem,^ in Hispania bellum* tunc temporis gerentem, profugit,' obsidem Caesari minimum filium Phrahatis ferens, quem negligentius custoditum rapuerat.
tuitur.
;

12.

Augustus Phrahatem

terret.

(Justm,

1. c.)

Quo

servum suum Tiridaten

this, dixit,

cognito, Phrahates statim ad Caesarem legatos mittit, et filium remitti sibi postulat. Qua

legatione audita, Caesar, neque Tiridaten dediturum se Parneque adversus Parthos Tiridati auxilia daturum. Simul Phrahati filium sine pretio remisit, et Tiridati, quoad

manere apud Romanes

vellet,

opulentum sumtum praeberi

RES SICILIAE.
jussit.

69

Post haec finito Hispaniensi bello, quum in Syriam ad componendum Orientis statum venisset, metum Phrahati incussit. Gluare hie ut bellum a Parthiae finibus averteret, omnes captivos ex Crassi et Antonii legionibus colligi jussit, eosque simul cum signis militaribus^ Augusto remisit. Sed et filii nepotesque Phrahatis obsides Augusto dati, plusque Caesar magnitudine sui nominis fecit, quam armis alius im-

perator facere potuisset.

G.

RES SICILIAE.
(Justin.

1.

Siciliae origines.

IV.

2.)

Siciliae primo Trinacriae'^ nomen fuit: postea Sicania' cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit, quibus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insulae occupavit; post quem singulae civitates in tyrannorum imperium concesserunt, quorum nulla terra feracior fuit. Horum ex numero Anaxilaus justitia cum caeterorum crudelitatecertabat cujus moderationis baud mediocrem fructum tulit. duippe decedens quum filios parvulos reliquisset, tutelamqueeorum Micytho,spectatae fidei servo, commisisset, tantus amor memoriae ejus apud
;

fuit, ut parere servo, quam carere regis filiis mallent, principesque civitatis, obliti dignitatis suae, regni majestatem administrari per servum paterentur.

omnes

2.

(Justin. IV. Carthaginienses in Sicilia. major. (Ibid. XX. 1. 5.)

2.)

Dionysius

Imperium
varia

Siciliae etiam Cartiiaginienses tentaverc;

diuque

tyrannis dimicatum. Ad postremum amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exercitu, aliquantisper Insequenti tempore Dionysius, Carthaginiquievere victi. Turn, deensibus victis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. sidiam exercitus sui timens, copias in Italiam trajecit. Prima illi militia adversus Graecos fuit, qui proxima Italici maris quibus devictjs, finitimos quosque aggredilitora tenebant tur, omnesque Graeci nominis,^ Italiam possidentes, hostes
fortuna

cum

sibi destinat
;

Italiam

ea

quae gentes non partem, sed universam ferme Expugnatis Locris, tempestate occupaverant.

70'

B^ES SIC!ltIA.

Crotonienses aggreditur, qui

runt.

cum

parvis copiis fortiter restite-

occupatum Dionysium legati Gallorum, qui paucos ante menses Romam incenderant/ societatem amici tiamque petentes adeunt. Grata legatio Dionysio fuit. Ita pacta societate, et auxiliis Gallorum auctus, bellum velut ex Sed eum in Siciliam adventus Carthagiintegro restaurat. niensium revocavit, qui, reparato exercitu, bellum auctis viribus repetebant. Nee multo post Dionysius, assiduis bellis victus fractusque, ad postremum suorum insidiis interficitur.

Hoc

bello

3.

Dionysius minor
exstmcto milites

'patri succedit.

(Just.

XXI.

1.)

Eo
mos

maximum

natu ex

filiis ejus,

nomine

Dionysium, in ejus locum sufFecere.

;

Q,ui, ut

inter initia regni sibi conciliaret, carcere dimittit tributa populo intra triennium remittit, et, quibuscunque delinimentis potest, animos omnium sollicitat.^ Tunc fratrum suorum avunculos, veluti aemulos imperii sui, hortatoresque puerorum ad divisionem regni, sustulit, ipsosque paullo post fratres interficit.

popularium aninexorum^ tria millia e

4.

Regno

pelliiur. (Just.

XXI.

2.)

Sublatis aemulis in segnitiem lapsus, saginam corporis ex nimia luxuria, oculorumque valetudinem contraxit, adeo ut non solem, non pulverem, non denique splendorem ferre lucis posset. Propter quae dum contemni se putat, saevitia grassatur, civitatemque caedibus implet. Q,uae saevitia quum eum omnibus invisum reddidisset, et bellum denique Syracusani adversus eum decrevissent, diu dubitavit,^ imperium deponeret an bello resisteret. Sed a militibus, praedam ex urbis direptione sperantibus, descendere in proelium cogitur. Plus semel victus, legates ad Syracusanos mittit, spondens, se depositurum tyrannidem, si mitterent ad eum, quibusQum'sibi de pace conveniret. In quam rem missos primores in carcere retinet,^ atque ita, incautis omnibus nee quidquam hostile metuentibus, exercitum ad delendam civitatem mittit. Fit igitur in ipsa urbe anceps proelium in quo, oppidanis multitudine superantibus, Dionysius pellitur, qui quum obsidionem arcis timeret, cum omni regie apparatu in Italiam profugit tacitus.
;

RES SICILIAE.

5.

Post tyrannidem in Locrenses exercitam Syracusas

(Justin.

redit.

XXI.

2, 3.)

Exul a Locrensibus

sociis exceptus, velut jure regnaret, ar-

cem

occupat, solitamque sibi saevitiam exercet.

Opulentiores

matronas etiam nonnuUas ad prodendas virorum pecunias torquet. Q,uum his artibus per annos sex regnasset, conspiratione Locrorum^ civitate pulsus, in Siciliam redit. Ibi Syracusas, securis omnibus, post longam intercapedinem pacis, per proditionem recipit.
interfecit,

6.

A
Ibi

Timoleone pulsus Corinthum concessit. 5. Conf. Corn. Nep. Vita Timol.

(Justin.
2.)

XXL

quum

conspiratione

gravior crudeliorque in dies, civitati esset, iterata Petiverant autem ejus adversarii obsidetur.
illis

ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, postulaTimoleon missus, incredibili felicitate Dionysium tota Sicilia depulit. Tunc, deposito imperio, Corinthum in exilium proficiscitur. Ibi, humillima quaeque tutissima existimans, in sordidissimum vitae genus descendit; in
Corinthiis,
verant.

opem a

Ab

publico vagabatur et potabat; totis diebus in popinis desidebat, cum perditissimo quoque de minimis rebus disceptabat, pannosus et squalidus incedebat quae omnia facere videbatur
;

contemnendus magis quam metuendus videretur. ludimagistrum professus, pueros in trivio docebat.
ut

Denique,

7.

Agathoclis tyranni genus

et vita.

(Just.

XXII.

1.)

Paucis annis

interjectis

Agathdcles ex humili genere ad

regnum Syracusarum

totiusque Siciliae pervenit. Quippe in Sicilia patre figulo natus, juveniles annos omni infamiae genere inquinavit, latrocinia quoque exercuit. Interjecto tempore

quum
manu

Syracusas concessisset, diu sine

sortitus,

gariam militiam
tea turpi vita, in

non minus tunc

fide fuit f deinde greseditiosa, quam an-

omne
et

facinus promtissimus erat.

Nam

et

perfacundus habebatur. Brevi itaque centurio, ac deinceps tribunus militum factus est.
strenuus,
in concionibus
in diversis proeliis
est habitus,
tisset,

Jam quum

dignus

insignem fortitudinem praestiqui in locum defuncti ducis Damas-

conis sufficeretur.
voluit, bis in

Tum

bis occupare
est.

imperium Syracusarum

exilium actus

72
8.

RES SICILIAE.

Tyrannidem Agathocles
apud Murgantinos^

occwpat.

(Just.

XXII.

2.)

duum

exularet, ab his odio Syracusa-

norum primo praetor, mox dux belli creatur. In eo bello et urbem Leontinorum^ capit, et patriam suam Syracusas .obsiSed quum videret, fortius defendi urbem, quam dere coepit. oppugnari, precibus per internuntios Hamilcarem exorat, ut

Quo interSyracusanos pacis arbitrium suscipiat. cedente non pax tantum Agathocli conciliatur, verum etiam Quo facto, acceptis ab Hapraetor Syracusis constituitur. milcare quinque millibus Afrorum, potentissimos quosque ex principibus interficit, senatum trucidat, et ex plebe quoque locupletissimos et promtissimos tollit.
inter se et
9.

Agathoclis bella cum Poenis.

ita gestis

(Just.

XXII. 3

6.)

His

militem legit exercitumque conscribit

quo

instructus finititnas ci^itates, nihil hostile metuentes, ex im-

proviso aggreditur. Deinde quum adversus Poenos arma movisset, Poenique victores Syracusas obsidione cinxissent, mira prorsus audacia bellum in Africam transferre statuit. Itaque oppidanis ad obsidionis necessitatem frumento instructis,

comitibus duobus adultis

filiis,

Archagatho

et

Hera-

in Africam direxit. Q,uo quum venisset, universas naves, consentiente exercitu, incendi jubet, ut omnes
clida,

cursum

scirent, auxilio
esse.

fugae ademto,^ aut vincendum aut moriendum Deinde quum omnia, quacunque ingrederentur, pros;

ternerent, villas castellaque incenderent, obvius ei fuit cum triginta millibus Poenorum Hanno sed, proelio commisso,

de Poenis cum ipso duce cecidere. Hac victoria et Siculorum animi eriguntur et Poenorum franguntur. Castra deinde in guinto lapide a Carthagine statuit, ut vastitatem agrorum et incendia villarum de muris ipsius ur-

duo*de

Siculis, tria millia

bis specularentur.^

10.

Agathocles Poenos

e Sicilia pellit.

(Justin.

XXII.

7, 8.)

His Poenorum malis etiam

tore exercitus accessit.

deletus in Sicilia
redditi,

cum

imperafra-

Nam

post profectionem Agathoclis

Poeni in obsidione urbis segniores

ab Antandro,
Itaque
esset,

tre Agathoclis, occidione caesi nuntiabantur.^

quum
non

domi forisque eadem fortuna Carthaginiensium

tributariae
bant.

tantum ab his urbes, sed etiam

socii reges deficie-

Quorum

copiis auctus,' Carthaginienses gravi proe-

RES SICILIAK.

73

lio superat. duo ikcto, tradito exercitu filio Archagatho, in Siciliam rediit, nihil actum existimans, si amplius Syracusae obsiderentur. post occisum Hamilcarem, Gisgonis filium, novus eo a Poenis missus exercitus fuerat. Statim igitur primo adventu ejus Siciliae urbes, auditis rebus, quas in AfriA gesserat, certatim se ei tradunt, atque ita pulsis e Sicilia Poenis, totius insulae impehum occupavit. Ifl Africam deinde reversus, seditione militum excipitur. stipendiorum solutio in adventu patris dilata a filio fuerat. Igitur ad concionem vocatos blandis verbis permulsit stipendia illis dicens ab hoste quaerenda esse communem victoriam communem praedam futuram. Sedato itaque militari tumultu, ad castra hostium exercitum ducit; ibi inconsultius proelium committendo, majorem partem exercitus perdidit. Q,uum itaque in castra fugisset, militesque ob stipendium non solutum metueret, concubia nocte solus cum Archagatho filio profugit. Archagathus tamen, qui a patre noctis errore^ pacdiscesserat, a militibus comprehensus reducitur. tione cum hostibus facta, milites, interfectis Archagathi libeCarthaginiensibus se tradidere; Archagathus ipse ab ris, Post haec Poeni Arcesilao, amico antea patris, occisus est. ad persequendas belli reliquias duces in Siciliam miserunt,

Nam

Nam
:

Tum

cum

quibus Agathocles pacem acquis conditionibus

11.

fecit.

Agathocles moritur.

(Justin.

XXIII.

2.)

Brevi post tempore, Agathocles,

ni in Italiam trajecisset,

quum spe ampliandi'^ regQuum gravi morbo correptus est.

jam nulla spes

inter filium ejus

esset,

eum hoc malo liberari posse, bellum nepotemque oritur, regnum jam quasi mortui

Inter filio, regnum nepos occupavit. Carthaginienses autem, haec domestica mala rex moritur. cognitis quae in Sicilia agebantur^ occasionem totius insulae occupandae datam sibi exi^timantes, magnis viribus' eo trajiciunt, multasque *ivitates subigunt.

vindicantes, occisoque

12.

Pyrrhus Siciliam occupat (Justin. XXIII. 3.)

et amittit.

Eo tempore Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, adversus Romanos bellum gerebat:^ qui imploratus a Siculis in auxilium, quum Syracusas venisset, multasque civitates subegisset, rex Siciliae
appellatur.

niensibus

facit.

Post haec multa secunda proelia cum CarthagiInterjecto deinde tempore, quum legati ab

Italicis sociis venissent, nuntiantes,

Romanis

resist!

non posse,

74

DE HISPANIA.

deditionemque futuram, nisi subveniat victorem exercitum in Italiam trajecit. Gluo facto socii in Sicilia ab eo defecerunt,

imperium Siciliae tarn cito amisit, quam facile quaesierat. Sed nee in Italia meliore felicitate usus in Epirum revertitur.
et

13.

Hiero, Hieroclis Jllius, imperium Siciliae adipiscuur.

(Justin.

XXIII.

4.)

Post profectionem a Sicilia Pyrrhi, magistratus Hiero^ creacujus tanta moderatio fuit, ut, consentiente omnium civitalum favore, dux adversus Carthaginienses primum, mox rex, crearetur. Hujus futurae magnitudinis multa fuerunt omina. Q,uippe genitus patre Hierocle, nobili viro, a patre, quod ex ancilla natus esset, expositus erat. Bed parvulum apes multis diebus aluerunt. Ob quam rem response aruspicum admonitur,

tus pater, qui

pit,

regnum

infanti portendi canebant,

puerum

rece-

omnique studio ad spem majestatis, quae promittebatur,'^ instituit. Eidem, in ludo inter aequales discenti, lupus, in turba puerorum repente conspectus, tabulum eripuit. Adolescenti quoque, prima bella ineunti, aquila in clypeo, noctua in hasta consedit. Denique adversus provocatores saepe pugnavit, semperque victoriam reportavit. A Pyrrho rege
multis militaribus donis donatus est. Pulcritudo ei corporis insignis, vires quoque in homine admirabiles iuere; in alloquio blandus, in negotio Justus, in imperio moderatus, prorsus ut nihil ei regium deesse, praeter regnum, videretur.

H.
1.

DE HISPANIA QUAEDAM.
descripto,
(Justin.

Hispaniae

JXLIV.

1.)

Hispaniam veteres ab Ibero amne primum Iberiam, post^ ab Hispano^ Hispaniam cognominaverunt. Haec, inter Africam et Galliam posita, Oceani freto et montibus Pyrenaeis clauditur. Sicut minor utraque terra, ita utraque fertilior.
neque, ut Africa, violento sole torretur, neque, ut Gallia, assiduis ventis fatigatur, sed media inter utramque in omnia

Nam

frugum genera fecunda est, adeo ut non ipsis tantum incolis, verum etiam Italiae urbique Romanae cunctarum rerum abundantiam suppeditet. Hinc enim magna copia est frumenti,

DE HISPANIA.
vini, mellis et olei
et
;

175

nee ferri solum materia praecipua est, sed equorum pernices greges iiec summae tantum terras laudanda bona/ verum et abstrusorum metallorum felices divitiae.
;

Jam

lini

In hac cursus
lenes, et

spartique vis ingens minii certe nulla feracior terra. amnium non torrentes rapidique, ut noceant, sed vineis campisque irrigui,^ plerique etiamdivites auro.
;

Uno tantum Pyrenaei montis dorso adhaeret Galliae, reliquis partibus undique mari cingitur. Salubritas coeli per omnem Hispaniam aequalis, quia aeris spiritus nulla paludum gravi
nebula
accedunt et marinae aurae undiquequibus onmem pro vine iampenetrantibus, eventilato terrestri spiritu, praecipua hominibus sanitas reddiinficitur.

Hue

versus assidui
tur.

flatus,

^
2.

Hispanorum mores.

Viriathus dux.

(Ibid. 2.)

Corpora hominum ad inediam^ laboremque, animi ad mortem parati. Bellum quam otium malunt si extraneus* deest, domi hostem quaerunt. Veloeitas genti pernix, inquies animus; plurimis militares equi, et arma sanguine ipso eariora.^ Nullus in festos dies epularum apparatus. In magna tamen saeeulorum serie nullus illis dux magnus, praeter Viriathum, fuit, qui annis decem Romanos varia vietoria fatigavit. Cujus
;

ea virtus et contirrentia fuit, ut, quum eonsulares exereitus frequenter vieerit, tantis rebus gestis non armorum, non vestis cultum, non denique vietum mutaret, sed in eo habitu, quo primum bellare eoepit, perseveraret; ut quivis gregarius miles ipso imperatore opulentior videretur.
3.

Gallaecorum divitiae

ct

mores.

(Just.

XLIV.

3.)

Pars Hispaniae, quae Gallaeeia voeatur, aeris ac plumbi uberrima tum et minio, quod etiam vieinoilumini nomen dedit, et auro quoque ditissima adeo, ut etiam aratro frequenter glebas aureas exseindant. In hujus gentis finibus saeer mons est, quem ferro violari nefas habetur sed si quando fulgure ierra proseissa est, detcctum aurum, veluti dei munus, coUigere* permittitur. Feminae res domesticas agrorumque eulturam administrant; ipsi*' armis et rapinis serviunt.' Praecipua his quidem ferri materia, nee tamen ullum apud cos telumprobatur, quod non aut Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tinctum sit.
; :

PART

II.

76

RES MASSILIENSIUM.

4.

Carthaginiensium in Hispania impenum.

(Justin.

XLIV.

5.)

Mature Carthaginienses imperium Hispaniae occupavere. Gaditani^a Tyro, unde et Carthaginiensibus origo est, sacra Herculis in Hispaniam transtulissent, urbemque ibi condidissent, finitimi incremeniis novae urbis invidentes, Ga-

Nam quum

Consanguineis Carthaginienses ab injuria vindicaverunt, et major em partem^Hispaniae imperio sue adjecerunt. Postea quoque, hortante primae expeditionis successu, Hamilcarem imperatorem cum magna manu ad occupandam provinciam misere, qui, magnis rebus gestis, dum fortunam inconsultius sequitur, in insidias deductus occiditur. Ln hujus locum gener ipsius Hasdrubal raittitur qui et ipse a servo Hispani cujusdam, ulciscente domini injustam necem, interfectus est. Major utroque Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, successit. Hie universam Hispaniam domuit inde bello Romanis illato, Italiam per annos sexdecim variis cladibus fatigavit
ditanos bello lacessiverunt.

auxilium miserunt.

Ibi felici expeditione et Gaditanos

missis in Hispaniam Scipionibus, pritno Poenos provincia expulerunt, postea cum ipsis Hispanis gravia bella gesserunt. N ec prius Hispani jugum potuerunt accipere.

quum interea Eomani,

quam Caesar Augustus, perdomito

eos

orbe terrarum, victricia ad

arma transtulit, populumque barbarum et ferum, legibus av cultioris vitae usum traductum, in formam provinciae redegit

1.

RES MASSILIENSIUM.
(Just XLIII. 3.)

1.

Phocaeenses Massiliam condunt.

Temporibus Tarquinii Superbly Romanorum regis, ex Asia Phocaeensium juventus, patria profuga, Massiliam inter Ligures- et feras gentes Gallorum condidit, et, dum se armis adversus Gallicam feritatem tuentur, magnas res gesserunt. Duces classis Simos et Protis fuerunt. Hi regem Segobrinomine, in cujus finibus urbem condere Forte eo die rex occupatus in apparatu nuptiarum Gyptis filiae erat; quam more gentis, elecgiorum,
gestiebant, conveniunt.
to inter

Nannum

epulas genero,

nuptum

tradere

illic^

parabat.

Itaque

RES MASSILIENSIUM.

77

ad nuptias invitati omnes proci essent, rogantur etiam Graeci hospites ad convivium. Introducta deinde virgo quum juberetur a patre aquam porrigere ei, quern virum eligeret, tunc, omissis omnibus, ad Graecos conversa, aquam Proti porrigit qui factus ex hospite gener, locum condendae urbis Condita igitur est Massilia prope ostia a socero accepit. Rhodani amnis, in remoto sinu, velut in angulo maris. Sed Ligures, incrementis urbis invidentes, Graecos assiduis bellis fatigabant.^ Qui pericula propulsando in tantum^ enituerunt, ut, victis hostibus, in captivis agris multas colonias constitu;

quum

erent.

2.

Massiliensibus afinitimis struuntur %nsidiae,

(Justin.

XLIIL

4.)

Ab
tus, et

his igitur Galli et

usum

vitae cultioris et

agrorum cul-

urbes moenibus cingere didicerunt. Tunc et legibus, non armis vivere, tunc et vitem putare, tunc olivam serere consueverunt. Mortuo rege Nanno Segobrigiorum, a quo locus condendae urbis acceptus fuerat, quum regno filius ejus Comanus successisset,affirmat Ligur quidam, Massiliam, quandoqus^ finitimis populis exitio futuram, in ipso ortu opprimeri' dam esse. Subnectit et fabulam: canem gravidam aliquandc a pastore locum petisse precario, in quo pareret; quern quum obiinuisset, iterato petisse, ut sibi educare eodem in loco catulos hceret; ad postremujn, adultis catulis, pastorem illam,domestico praesidio foriem,* depellere non potuisse. His incitatus rex insidias Massiliensibus struit. Itaque solemni Floraliorujn^ die multos fortes et strenuos viros hospitii jure inurbem misit; pluIpse cum exres etiam frondibus tectos vehiculis induci jussit. ercitu in proximis montibus delitescit, ut, quum nocte portae apertae forent.^tempestiveadesset, urbemque somno ac vino seSed has insidias mulier quaedam, pultam' armis invaderet. regis cognata, 'prodidit, quae Graecum adolescentem, cujus amore tenebatur, miscrata formacct fortunae ejus, periculum lUe rem statim ad magistratus defert atque declinare jussit. ita patefactis insidiis, cuncti Ligures comprehenduntur. Gluibus Caesa sunt cum interfectis, insidianti regi insidiae tenduntur. ipso rege hostium septem millia. Exinde Massilienses festis diebus portas claudere, vigilias agere, peregrinos recognoscere,^ ac veluti bellum habeant, urbem custodire.
;

78
3.

RES MASSILIENSIUM.
Massiliensium
bella.

(Justin.

XLIII.

5.)

Post haec
fuere bella
;

magna

illis

cum

Liguribus,

magna cum

Gallis

quae res urbis gloriam auxit Graecorumque virtutem celebrem inter finitimos reddidit. Carthaginiensium quoque exercitus, quum bellum, captis piscatorum navibus, ortum
;

esset, saepe fuderunt, pacemque victis dederunt cum Hispanis amicitiam junxerunt; cum Romanis prope ab initio conditae urbis foedussummafidecustodierunt,auxiliisquein omni-

bus bellis industrie socios juverunt. fiduciam auxit, et pacem ab hostibus

4.

Quae

res

illis et

virium

praestitit.

Finitimis impetum in eos facientibus, deorum cura servantuT.

(Ibid.)

igitur Massilia fama rerum gestarum, et abundantia virium gloria floreret, repente finitimi populi ad nomen Massiliensium^ delendum, veluti ad commune exstinguendum incendium, concur runt. Dux consensu omnium Catumandus regulus eligitur, qui, quum magno exercitu lectissimorum virorum urbern hostium obsideret, per quietem specie torvae mulieris, quae se deam dicebat, exterritus, ultro pacem

Gluum
et

opum,

cui;!

Massiliensibus fecit petitoque,^ ut intrare illi in urbem et deos eorum adorare liceret, quum in arcem Minervae venisset, conspecto simulacro deae, quam per quietem viderat, repente exclamat, illam esse, quae se nocte exterruisset illam, quae recedere ab obsidione jussisset, gratulatusque Massiliensibus, quod animadverteret, eos ad curam deorum immortalium pertinere,^ torque aureo donata dea, in perpetuum amicitiam cum Massiliensibus junxit. Parta pace et securitate fundata legati Massiliensium, revertentes a Delphis, quo missi munera Apollini tulerant, audierunt urbem Romanam a Gallis captam incensamque.'* Quam rem domi nuntiatam publico funere^ Massilienses prosecuti sunt aurumque et argentum publicum privatumque contulerunt, ad explendum pondus Gallis, a quibus redemtam pacem cognoverant. Ob quod meritum et immunitas illis decreta et locus spectaculorum in senatu datus et foedus aequo jure percussum est.
; ; ;

BREY^S E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

1.

Cicero puer.

Cicero natus est Arpini, U. C. ann. matre Helvia, ex honesta et nobili gente prognata, patre, Equite Romano, qui in amoenissima ad Arpinum Ibi adoregione habebat praedium, a majoribus acceptum. Pater ejus, quum bene perspilevit et educatus est Cicero. vim in omnem vitam haberet recte instituta ceret, quanta liberorum educatio, mature filios optimis praeceptoribus eruJam quum Tullius, in quo alacre ingenium diendos tradidit. cum eximia assiduitate conjunctum mature elucescebat, bona in litterarum studiis incrementa cepisset, a patre Romam missus est, ubi celeberrimorum Graecorum scholis interesset. Quod quidem tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum, turn caeterorum discipulorum, admiratione factum est, ut, quum fama de insigni Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad alios quoque

Marcus Tullius

DCXLVIL,

et audiendi gratia scholas Idem, quum forte eodem tempore Romae commoraretur Graecus quidam, Archias, poetica facultate excellens, familiaritatem cum eo junxit, ej usque praeceptis et exemplo ita profecit, ut ipse tum carmen, Pontius Glaucus inscriptum, multa arte componeret.

manasset, non pauci, qui ejus videndi

adirent, reperti fuis^e dicantur.

2.

Cicero adolescens.

Sic educatus et omni litterarum genere egregie instructus decimum sextum aetatis annum agebat Cicero. Mos fuit apud Romanos, ut ii, qui hunc aetatis annum consecuti assent,

toga

virili induta,

iii

forum prodirent, ibique populi con-

cionibus, judiciis et orationibus, quibus publicae causae defenderentur, adessent. Praeterea juvenes Romani, ut atten-

&*

80
tius

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIO:, E3.

ad
ea,

quae e re sua essent, animos adverterent, senator! nutu et auctoritate regereiitur eorum Cicero igitur, tog-a virili sumstudia, commendari solebant. ta, a patre deductus est ad Q,. Mucium Scaevolam augurem, tarn rerum publicarum et civilium scientia, quam ingenio et

cuidam

nobiliori, cujus

doctrina, longe praestantissimum.

cero,

duem quidem qum Ciquod adolescentes honoris causa solebant facere, deduunquam ab
ejus latere dis;

ceret in forum, reduceretque, nee

non solum consilia, quae rogatus ille dabat, cupide cederet arripiebat et animo recondebat, sed etiam vel commode, vel acute, vel prudenter ab eo dicta et disputata diligenter memoriae mandabat. Hinc factum est, ut brevi tempore et legum, et omnium,- quae a bono causarum patrono exiguntur, cognitionem sibi pararet accuratissimam. Sed quum nulla re magis ad summos in republica honores viam muniri posse
intelligeret,

quam

arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto

;

animo

in

versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in foro et judiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque, tarn graecas orationes in latinam linguam vertendo, quam, quae ipse commentatus esset, declamando, diligentissime se exerceret. At ne in hoc quiejus studium incubuit in

quo quidem

ita

dem

exercitationis genere acquievit.

Nam
et

non solum carmina, quibus Scaevolam

eodem tempore Atticum mirifice

delectatos esse legimus, conscripsit, sed etiam philosophiae,

Phaedro Epicureo inprimis duce, operam

dedit.

3.

Cicero miles.

Postquam juvenes Romani assidua in rebus forensibus

ercitatione, et vario officiorum genere,

exfa-

senatus populique

vorem atque gratiam sibi collegerant, tuin^ ut foris pariter ac domi de republica bene merere discerent, togam cum sago
mutare, sive castra sequi, et virtutis bellicae documenta edere, debebant. Itaque Cicero, ut faceret et tentaret omnia, quibus in republica ad summos honores enitendum erat, militaris quoque artis scientiam sibi parare constituit. Nee deerat ei ad banc rem occasio. Saeviente enim turn bello Sociali sive Marsico, quum consul Pompejus Strabo, Pompeji Magni pater, exercitum duceret contra hostiles copias, facile ab eo, ut in ejus comitatu sibi esse liceret, impetravit. In quo quidem bello, quamvis ad pacis magis, quam ad belli artes, natus esse videbatur Cicero, tamen nulli strenui militis

defuit officio,

et

omnino
referret.

ita

se gessit, ut bellicae quoque

virtutis

laudem inde

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

81

4.

Cicero post militiam in urbem reversus.

Gluuni rerum publicarum status graviter turn concuteretur Sullae et Marii certaminibus, Cicero, ab omni partium studio alienus, oratoribus, qui turn excellebant, vacabat, vel ipse cogitata mentis litteris mandabat. Sed multum ille in hac re discrepabat a nostrae aetatis horninum ingenio. Non enim protrusit et evulgavit statim, quae juvenis litteris consignaverat, sed ad maturiorern aetatem reposuit, et, quae minus turn probarentur ejus judicio, aut emendavit, aut plane delevit. Ad oratores autem, quorum exemplo et disciplina adjuta turn imprimis sunt Ciceronis studia, pertinent Philo Academicus et Molo Rhodius, Mithridatis furore atque violentia cum multis aliis e Graecia exacti. His quidem et Uiodoto Stoico (quem recepit adeo in domum suam) eo impensius dedit operam, quo major ei inter Romanos oratores .eminendi fuit cupiditas. Accenderat inprimis Ciceronis studia exemplura Hortensii, omnium oratorum, qui tum Romae florebant, eloqueutissimi. Hunc igitur tanto animi ardore aemulatus est, ut brevi tempore non aequaret tantum ejus laudem, sed etiam
super^ret.

5.

Cicero in causa publica

primum

orator prodit.

Cicero, viginti et sex annos natus, postquam in privatrs jam pluribus operam suam commodaverat, nunc in publica causa eloqueniiae suae copias expromendi occasiocausis

nem
fuit,

nactus

est.

Nam quum
eum

parricidii accusatum, db

Roscium quendam ex Ameria, Chrysogoni, qui in ejus adversariis

auderet
;

potentiam

nemo defendere
ei

tanta eloquentiae

vi

et

animi

libertate

defendit Cicero, ut

jam tum

in arte

par esse videretur. Ipse Cicero saepius magna cum animi voluptate hujus orationis et partae sibi per cam laudis meminit, quamvis idem, se nimium passim in hac
dicendi
oratione juvenili fervori indulsisse et fines, intra quos contineri debuisset, transiluisse, in maturiore aetate constitutus baud
dissimulat.
6.

nuUus

Cicero peregrinatur.

Anno post ad corporis male aflfecti valetudinem reficiendam Cicero in Asiara profectus est. Quum primum Athenas
venisset, adeo

tus est, ut per sex

hujus urbis commodis et opportunitatibus capmenses ibi commoraretur. Nihil autem

82

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

opportunius et jucundius in hac celebratissima Musarum sede obtingere potuit Ciceroni nostro, quam quod ei cum Antiocho, philosopho Academico, non versari tantum, sed etiam apud eum habitare liceret. Sic enim nactus fuerat non solum amicum, quocum familiariter viveret, sed etiam magistrum, ad Ad vicujus praecepta philosophiae studia moderari posset. tae jucunditatem, qua Cicero Athenis fruebatur, multum conferebat Pomponii Attici, veteris amici et aequalis, quem ibi convenerat, consuetudo quae quidem ita tum aucta et confirmata est, ut per totam reliquam vitam alter alteri exsisteret amicis;

simus.

Eodem tempore apud Demetrium Syrum,

*

veterem

et

baud ignobilem

dicendi magistrum, studiose Noster in arte

rhetorica se exercuit.

7.

Cicero

Asiam peragrat.

Athenis relictis Cicero iter flexit in, Asiam, ibique cum principibus oratoribus, ad quos se applicaverat, Menippo Stratonicensi, Dionysio Magnete, Aeschylo Cnidio, Xenocle Adramytteo et alifs versatus est et nobilissimas Asiae urbes peragravit,

Delatus deniqueestRhodum, ubi,

quem jam Romae

audiverat,

Moloni denuo operam

dedit.

Insignes, quos Cicero

in arte dicendi inter ea fecerat, progressus mirabatur quidem Molo, sed idem vitia, quae vitanda essent oratori bono et gravi,
libere ei indicavit. Nam quum res, qaas Noster in orationibus describendas sibi sumserat, nimia verborum copia exaggeraret, et sententiarum lumina ingenii ostentandi causa nimis coacervaret humaniter eum monuit Molo, ut hunc juvenilem impetum reprimere, et, quae redundarent, quasi extra ripas diffluentia, coercere studeret. Cujus quidem praecepti veritatem se bene jam tum percepisse, ipse grato animo profitetur. Posidonium quoque, philosophum, qui Rhodi erat, diligenter audivit, eumque in philosophiae studio ducem adhibuit.
;

8.

Cicero ex peregrinatione redux in urbem factus.

Biennio post quum Cicero Romam se recepisset, ibi, sicut ante peregrinationem, in foro versari atque causas perorare coepit. Ad eos, quorum causas tum Ciceronem defendisse
constat, pertinet

quam

Roscius Comoedus, vir tam arte histrionicEi, aliarum virtutum laude florentissimns. Quo crebrior autem causarum dicendarum oblatafuit Ciceroni ocingenio
et

casio, eo luculentius exsplendescere coepit

ejus

fama atque

BREVES E CICEROMS VITA NARRATIONES.

gloria, et eo magis ad suminos honores consequendos via aperta atque munita est.

83
ei

9.

Cicero Quaestor in Siciha.

Q,uum Cicero trigesimum primum aetatis annum ageret, quo anno secundum leges Romanas magistratum ei capessere licebat, ab omnibus tribubus sine ulla suffragiorum varietate Qimestor creatus est. Jam vero quum creati Q,uaestores de
provincia,

quam quisque

administraret, sortiri solerent, sorti-

Profectus igitur in provinomnes ac singulas demandati sibi muneris partes explevit, ut non solum senatus populique Romani favorem et gratiam, sed etiam Siculorum amorem atque benevolentiam sibi conciliaret. Romanis quidem, frumenti penuria et caritate hoc anno laborantibus, commeatu ex Sicilia subvecto egregie prospexit Siculis vero tarn mitem, comem, humanum et officiosum se praebuit, ut decedentem ex provincia inauditis, ut ipse testatur, honoribus orna-

tione facta evenit Nostro Sicilia.

ciam tanta

diligentia tantaque prudentia

rent,
rent.

temporis, a publicis negotiis vacui, ei datum fuit in Sicilia, id exercitationibus, ad artem dicendi spectantibus, sacravit.

Caeterum quicquid
10.

et,

quocunque modo

possent,

gratum animum

ei declara-

*#
Cicero sepulchrum Archimedis invesHgat.

agrare,

Priusquam Cicero ex Sicilia decederet, totam insulam peret, quicquid rerum memorabilium ibi reperiretur, cog-

Syracusis esset, celeberrima ilia urbe lustranda utebatur, ut sibi Archimedis sepulchrum monstrarent, rogavit. Illi quidem, se nihil plane unquam de Archimedis sepulchro inaudivisseajebant, imo, ilium Syracusis sepultum esse, omnino negabant. At Cicero, quum ei succurrerent versus quidam, Archimedis sepulchro inscripti, qui sphaeram cum cylindro in summo sepulchro positam esse declarabant, ab mvestigandi studio baud abstitit. Delatus igitur in locum, ubi

noscere

et oculis usurpare constiluit. principes quosdam, quibus ducibus

Quum

frequentia fuit, quum omnia animadvertit columellam, non multum e dumis et vepribus eminentem, in qua sphaerae etcylinStatim locum circa columellam dri figura conspiciebatur. falcibus purgari et aperiri jubet; accedit ad columellam, et ipsos illos versus, quos memoria tenebat, adversae basi inscrip-

magna veterum sepulchrorum

oculis coUustrasset, ecce
!

tos invenit.

84

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES,

1 1.

Cicero

Sicilia

Romam

reversus.

cilia rediit

Cicero, Cluaestoris munere insigni laude perfunctus, e SiRomam, gravissimis turn bellis pressam et disten-

tam. Ibi per quinque annos in causis dicendis ita excelluit, ut inter omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur princeps. Jam vero quum ad earn aetatem pervenisset, (triginta et septem annos turn natus erat,) quae praestituta fuit aediUtatem vel praeturam petituris, nomen suum inter candidatos aedilitatis professus est eo successu, ut, praelatus caeteris candidatus omnibus, uno ore omnium Aedilis Curulis crearetur.

12.

Cicero Verrem accusat.

Priusquam aedilitatem adibat Cicero, opportuna, qua summi

ei est occasio Verris accuqui primum Gluaestor, tum Praetor per tres deinceps annos in Sicilia fuerat, tanta avaritia et impudentia non privata tantum, sed etiam publica bona, diripuerat, ut Siculi, inaudita impudentia ab isto spoliati et expilati, diem ei Romae dicere constituerent. Q,uo magis autem illi jam olimnon solum summum Ciceronis in causis dicendis ingenium et eloquentiam, sed etiam fasignem ejus animi integritatem, humanitatem et benevolentiam perspexerant, eo vehementius nunc eum rogabant, ut accusationem contra Verrem susciperet. Nee defuit ille eorum precibus. Imo nefandam, qua in Siculorum bona grassatus fuerat Verres, avaritiam tanta

oratoris
satione.

artem ostenderet, oblata

Homo

iste,

orationis gravitate et

animi

libertate in judicio perstrinxit et

oculos posuit, ut iste, argumentorum vi convictus, sponte in exilium, ubi reliquam vitae partem transegit,
ante
abiret.

omnium

13.

Cicero Aedilis Praetor.

Cicero, aedilitatem ingressus, solemnem ilium morem, quo munera, sive ludos populo edere solebant novi Aediles, baud neglexit quidem, sed in eorum sumtibus faciendis sapienter modum tenuit, honestiorem rationem, qua populi gratiam et amorem sibi conciliaret, secutus. Nam, quum populus tum premeretur annonae caritate, splendidissima a Siciilis sibi oblata munera impendebat eo, ut viliore annona veniret pretio.

nem

Gluo quidem honesto liberalique studio populi in Cicero favor adeo auctus est, ut, quum post aedilitatem Prae

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NAKRATIONES.

85

tons munus peteret, inter octo Praetores, qui crcabantur, prae multis aliis competitoribus totius populisuffragiis primus crearetur. Nee vana fuit populi de Ciceronis praetura exspectatio. Nam sicut summam diligentiam, humanitatem, prudentiam et honestatem in quaesturae aedilitatisque obeundis officiis probaverat, ita in Praetoris munere gerendo summae justitiae, aequitatis, sanctitatis et temperantiae laude excelluit. Dum Praetor erat Cicero, cum alias orationes habuit, tum inprimis orationem pro Lege Manilia. Nam
Manilius, tribunus plebis, legem rogasset, qua Pompejo belli Mithridatici imperium decerneretur Cicero in oratione ilia Pompeji virtutes, summo duci proprias, tanta ubertate, gravitate atque elegantia deseripsit et exposuit, ut, faciendum omnino esse, quod in lege Manilia suaderetur, omnes ac singuli judicarent.

quum

summum

14.

Cicero post Praeturam.

quam Propraetores admmisdecerni solebat. Sed Cicero, neque divitiarum in provincia parandarum, neque rerum foris gerendarum admodum cupidus, detrectata provincia, Romae manere, et ibi rerum civilium scientiae et earum artium, quibus viam ad consulatum sibi aperiret, operam navare maluit. Itaque per duos post praeturam annos, (tantum enim temporis a prietura usque ad consulatus petitionem intercedere debebat,) quolibet ofRciorum genere populi favorem coUigere, et hujus collecti favoris aura vela quasi sua ita implere studuit, ut fieri non posset, quin metam, h. e. consulatum, secundo cursu attingeret.
Praetura perfunctis provincia,
trarent,
15.

Cicero Consul.

Cicero igitur, tanto studio tantaque virtutum laude ad sum-

mos honores grassatus, aetatis anno quadragesimo tertio, quo secundum leges consulatum peti licebat, non tabellis, quibus
Consularibus dari solebant, sed voce universi populi Romani honorificentissime Consul crutus, et sex aliis competitoribus, in quibus L. Sergius Catilina fuit, praelatus est. Consulatum gerere incipienti negotium facessebat P. Rullus, tribunus plebis, homo seditiosus, qui, dumlegis agrariae rogationem, veterem istam gravissimarum discordiarum causam, agitabat, non parum reipublicae infestus fieri
alias suffragia in comitiis
coepit.

Sed Cicero perniciosos RuUi conatus tribus orationibus agrariis tanta sententiarum vi et gravitate repressit at-

86
que

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

retudit, ut ipse

populus legi tarn populari, pauperiorum

magis,

quam uraversae reipublicae commodis respondenti forti-

ter resisteret.

16.

Cicero deiecta

et

compressa Caiilinae conjuratione servat rempublicam.

fuisse

quern inter consulatus competitores spe consulatus consequendi se dejectum videret, obnixe faciebat omnia, ut proxiL. Sergius Catilina,

modo commemoravimus, quum

obtineret,

mis certe comitiis

Cicero,

quod

frustra

adhuc

petierat.

Sed

praeciperet animo, quantum malorum ab immensa Catilinae libidine dominandique cupiditate reipublicae immineret, nefandas artes atque callida consilia, quibus ille consulatum adfectabat, eludere atque irrita reddere studuit. Hinc tanta in Ciceronem accensus est ira Catilina, ut fere palam illi mortem minaretur. Et vere ipso die comitiali, quem caedi destinaverat, perpetraturus fuisset illud facinus, nisi Cicero re comperta sibi providisset et firmissimo se contra vim sibi paratam munivisset praesidio. Itaque quum loricatus et fortissimorum virorum cohorte stipatus in Campum Marti um prodiisset, Catilina non solum a vi facienda prohibitus, sed etiam a consulatu, quem appetebat, repulsus est. Sed ne sic quidem a proposito deterritus est. Vi enim et armis consecuturus, quod arte et consilio consequi non potuerat, sociis, in doinum Leccae cujusdam convocatis, rationem, qua ferro ignique rerum potirentur, descripsit atque proposuit. Ante omnia autem consilio Ciceronem e medio tollendi intentus fuit. Sed frustra fuerunt, quas Ciceronis vitae ?truxerat, insidiae frustra bellici ab uno conjuratorum, Manlio, in Etruria
!

quum

contra patriam

facti

apparatus

frustra omnia,
!

quae Catilina

unius Ciceronis prudentia et vigilantia gravissima calamitas a bonorum capitibus et ab universa civitate depulsa est.
conjuratis inierat, consilia
!

cum

Ne

multa

17.

Cicero vir Consularis

et

^cero, postquam consulatu, tanta laude

eos,

gloria gesto
h. e. inter

abierat, vir consularis inter principes senatores,

tinere,

obin urbe publicae saluti invigilare maluit, quam Proconsul in provinciam sibi decretam discedere. Primum
et

qui

primum

in senatu rogarentur sententiam,

locum

testatem,
cisset,

quidem misere vexabatur ab adversariis, nimiam inprimis poqua ille Consul indicta causa cives supplicio affein

crimen vocantibus.

Contra hos

igitur,

inprimis

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

87

contra Metellum, egregie se defendit, et tela in se conjecta Nee de populi, quo fruebatur, favore quicquam detractum estadversariorum criminatione et invidia. Bello enim cum nonnullis gentibus Grallicis exorto, (V. C. DCXCIII.) quum inter legatos, qui quietos adhuc populos a bello dehortatum mitterentur, primus sorte electus esset Cicero nuUo modo vigilantissimum hunc publicae salutis custodem ex urbe
retudit.
;

mittendum

esse,

universus populus judicavit.

18.

Cicero scriptor

et foeta.

Eo

fere

tempore de gravioris momenti rebus in consulatu a

se gestis, scripsit commentarios, et

quidem orations graeca,

ad Isocratis scribendi genus conformata et composita. Hos commentarios non solum per Atticum suum, ad quem eos miserat, in Graecia vulgari cupiebat, sed eosdem communicavit cum Posidonio Rhodio, rogans eum, ut de iisdem rebus pulchrius quid et uberius scriberet. At Posidonius, se perlectis illis commentariis magis deterritum esse respondebat, quam ut simile quid de illis rebus moliri auderet. Unde facile, quanta Ciceroni in graece scribendi arte fuerit facultas atque peritia, intelligi potest. Post aliquod tempus latino quoque carmine rerum a se gestarum historiam complexus est quod opus interjecto demum aliquo tempore evulgavit, Paulo post, ut specimen ederet de ea, quam in rebus publi;

cis

et

civilibus sibi parasset, peritia atque prudentia, potiores,

quas Consul habuit, orationes, sub titulo Consulares, exire atque in vulgus emanare jussit. Sub eadem tempora edidit Arati, poetae Graeci, carmen de Sideribus, quod juvenis in latinum sermonem converterat.
19.

Cicero sponte in exsilium

ahit.

P. Clodius, nobili loco natus, sed ferox et procax adoles-

per Ciceronem inprimis in lucem protracta eseum concepit iram animo, ut ea non nisi illius ruina atque pernicie expiari posse videretur. Fraude igitur et malis artibus tribunus plebis factus, (quum enim patricius esset, in gentem plebejam, ut sic jus
cens,

quum

sent occulta ejus flagitia, tantam in

tribunatu.s petendi adipisceretur, se

adoptandum

curaverat,)

rogavit legem, qua ei, qui civem Romanuvh non populi judicio dam/iaium, supplicio affecisset, aqua et igyii inierdicereiur.

Aperte hac lege petebatur Cicero, qui de quibusdam Catilinae conjuratis, baud populi judicio damnatis, supplicium sumserat. Itaque Cicero, ut, populi miseratione mota,

PART

II.

88

BREVIS E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

in lege ista constitutam a se amoliretur, sordidatus, ut reus, per vias incedebat, adolescentibus eum ex omni noQ.uin ipse senabilitate plus viginti millibus comitantibus,

poenam

Sed quum neque senatus, neque nobilium, neque populi studiis quicquam effici posset apud consul es, Pisonem et Gabinium, in Clodii partem in* sponte ille solum vertere constituit. Verum enim clin antes Nam quum in ipvero ne sic quidem Clodii ira deferbuit. sum Ciceronem saevire non posset, in absentis domum et viltus pro Cicerone deprecabatur.
;

las incendio saeviit.

20.

Cicero exsul.

Q,uum Cicero in exsilium abiret, primum iter dirigebat in tum Brundusium et inde in Graeciam, ubi navem ad Dyrrhachium appulit. Inde se contulit Thessalonicam
Siciliam,

Macedonia, ubi a Cn. Plancio admodum benigne exceptus quovis humanitatis et liberalitatis genere per septem menses ornatus et cumulatus est. Interea Romae totus fere po pulus ingenti desiderio flagitare coepit Ciceronis reditum Post acerrima igitur, quibus senatus populusque Romanus contra Clodium exsurrexerant, certamina, Cicero tandem secundum peculiarem legem, a Lentulo rogatam, et insigni populi favore jussam, revocatus est in patriam. Nihil autem per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit jucundius. Quocunque enim veniebat, voces ei acclamabantur laetissimae, et, quum ipsi urbi propior factus esset, omnes fere incolae obviam ei ruebant, et suam de ejus reditu laetitiam faustissimis declarabant significationibus.
in
et

21.

Cicero

'post

reditum ex

exsilio.

Cicero, quum in urbem rediisset, sicuti statim domos vil lasque suas, nefario scelere a Clodio direptas atque dirutas reficiendas atque restituendas curavit, ita pristinum de republica et aliis bene merendi studium retractare et de integro exercere coepit. Q-uicunque eum consuleret, vel ejus in causa aliqua patrocinium peteret, hunc tam consilio suo, quam eloquentia sustentavit, et tutum ab injuria praestitit. Quinquaginta et quatuor annos natus in Collegium Augurum adoptatus est. Paulo post P. Clodius, Ciceroni infestissimus, in fortuito concursu a Milone interfectus est. Defendebat quidem Cicero accusatum de hac caede Milonem, sed ejus eloquentiam adeo peryincebat et obtundebat ferox et incondita Clodii sociorum vociferatio, ut, quo minus in exsi-

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRA.TIONES.

89

Hum
is

adhuc

exigeretur Milo, baud impedire posset. Ciceronis, quae exstat, pro Milone oratio, scripta demum est turn, quum jam exsul viveret Massiliae,
22.

Cicero Proconsul

m provinciam proficiscitur.

Cicero, ut supra commemoravimus, repudiavit, quam post consulatum statim administraret, provinciam. Sed duodecim ferme annis post ex senatusconsulto provinciae Ciliciae et finitimis locis Proconsul praeesse jussus est. Uuum in provinciam proficisceretur, et ad Ephesum in terram escenderet, ingens Graecorum, tantum virum videre gestientium, undique confiuxit copia. Inde properavit in provinciam, ubi, quum variis rebus melius rectiusque constituendis egregiam dedisset operam, tanto successu contra Parthos dimicavit, ut non solum Imperatoris ^ommQ ornaretur, sed in ejus honorem etiam supplicatio Romae decerneretur. Exacto anno ex provincia, Q,uaestori

Coelio tradita,
23.

Romam

decessit.

Ciceronis post reditum ex provincia studia.

Cicero, in urbem ex provincia redux, suavissime quidem afRciebatur insigni illo, quo totus populus Romanus eum accipiebat, favore et observantia, sed ejusdem simul animus rerum, quae tum Romae movebantur, consideratione graviter perturbabatur. Tantae enim inter Julium Caesarem et Pompejum ortae erant inimicitiae, ut res non nisi bello dirimi posse videretur. Cicero quidem studiose et obnixe faciebat omnia, ut utrumque inter se reconciliaret, et a belli civilis calamitatibus deterreret sed quum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere posset, Pompeji partes amplexus cum optimatum exercitu in Graeciam profectus est. Mox in campis Pharsalicis commissum est memorabile illud proelium, non exercitui tantum Pompeji, sed ipsi quoque, paulo post occiso, funestissimum. Cicero igitur prudenter reditum acceleravit in Italiam, ubi, omni rerum publicarum cura ex animo dimis;

Tum primum rhetoricam vivere constituit. philosophiam latinae orationis luce illustrare coepit, scripsitque cum alia, tum Parlitiones Oratorias ; Brutum sive de Claris oratoribus ; tres libros de Orator e ; Catonem sive Laudem M. Catonis Uticensis. Sexaginta et duos annos natus de filiae dilectissimae, Tulliae, morte dolorem suscepit longe acerbissimum. Primum quidem dolor ille omnia sapientiae praecepta ex ejus pectore excussisse videbatur, sed deinde; quum sensim sensimque eum ferre didicisset, conscripsit lisa, sibi et litteris

et

90

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

brum de Consolatione, qui tamen, quod valde dolendum, temliber ilie, qui sub hoc poris injuria nobis ereptus est. nomine in quibusdam Ciceronis editionibus exhibetur, satis Eodem fere tempore plura, aperte alienam manum prodit.

Nam

quae ad philosophiam spectant, commentatus est, e quibus quinque libri de Finibus bonorum et malorum et totidem Tusculanarujni Quaestionum ad nostra tempora propagati sunt.
24.

Cicero post caedem Caesaris.

Caesare

ir^terfecto,

Cicero

cum

ejus interfectoribus, a quo-

rum

tulit in

se conPost tres dies, quum inde descendisset, Capitolium. venit in senatum, et, quicquid ad pacem quietemque servandam conferre videretur, gravi oratione suasit et proposuit. Sperans igitur, fore, ut eorum, quae suasisset, a senatu populoque haberetur ratio, secessit ex urbe in Tusculanum suum, ibique fessus pertaesusque publicarum curarum omne tempus in litterarum studiis contrivit. Ad ea, quae litteris consignavit in otio illo rusticano, referendi sunt libri: de Natura Deorum ; de Divinatione ; de Senectute ; de Amicitia; de Officiis.
societate et consiliis prudenter adiiuc refugerat,

25.

Cicero Antonii lacessitur insolentia.

Quum novi motus Romaeconcitarentur, Cicero imminentem tempestatem itinere, quod in Graeciam facturus erat, effugere tentavit. Sed idem deinde, praesentia sua fortasse motus istos componi posse ratus, ex itinere jam incepto Romam regressus
est.

taretur a consule Antonio.

ro, ut in
et

Vix autem eo venerat, quum insolenter et contumeliosetracQ,uod quidem tam aegre tulit Cice-

prima Oratione Philippica graviter in consulis insoleninhumanitatem invectus de moderatione erga se adhibenda ageret. Sed tantum abfuit, ut haec oratio mitigaret mutiam
taretque Antonii

animum,

ut public e

nunc

se Ciceronis inimi-

cum profiteretur. Tum Cicero ex urbe in villam suam ad Neapolin se recepit, ibique secundam orationem Philippicam, in qua omne virus acerbitatis in Antonium efTudisse videtur, composuit. Sed brevi tempore post quum Antonius, ut Dec. Brutum e Gallia Cisalpina pelleret, ex urbe profectus esset, Cicero^ ut, hac liberius agendi occasione usus, labefactato liberae reipublicae statui, quae posset, fulcra sul5deret, celeri pede Roreversus est. Et vere paulo post, Antonio ad Mutinam victo, nova spes liberae reipublicae affulgere coepit sed in breve tantum. tempus. Octaviano enim et .0,. Pedio consuli-

mam

BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES.

bus notissimus
et iste

91

Lepidum

in quinque annos

triumviratus inter Antonium, Octavianum juncms atque constitutus est,

eo consilio, ut pari potestate conjunctim imperium exercerent, et liberae reipublicae defensores, inprimis Ciceronem, e medio
tollerent.

26.

Cicero occiditur.

Cicero jam expers publicarum curarum et toto anmio in litterarum studiis defixus in Tusculano suo delitescebat, quum, se inter proscriptos relatum esse, audiret. Quo mmtio primum quidem ejus animus adeo perculsus est, ut inops consiliimodo

hue modo

illuc fugere tentaret

dein,

cepisset ejus animus, capto consilio

quum paululum se recum vetere amico Bruto

veheretur, con-

se conjungendi, navem,
scendit.
stitit

qua

in

Macedoniam

Verum enim vero ne in hoc quidem exsequendo perconsilio. Nam quum subiret eum cogitat jo, se honestius
suam Formianam se
contulit.

in patria vitam depositurum esse,

villam

nave ad Cajetam appulsa in Ibi placide aliquamdiu dormientem servi,qui procul manum militum.dominum exqui-

rentium, conspexerant, e somno excitabant, eumque partim vi, partim precibus, in lectica colfocatum, ut vitae periculo eriperent, littus versus portabant. Sed in media via opprimebantur Cicero, quum intejligeret, se periculum ab Antonii militibus. Mox, conspecto effugere non posse, lecticam deponi jussit. horummilitum duce, Popilio Laenate, novam salutis spem conHunc enim, quem aliquahdo in causa capitali a cepit animo.
supplicio liberaverat, vix
ei

taminhumanum

fore existimabat, ut

Sed ille veteris vitam sustineret eripere, cui suam debebat. beneficii immemor caput et manum dextram Ciceroni vel ipse detruncavit, vel milites suos detruncare jussit, et utrumque, ut
perpctratae caedis
deportavit.

mercedem

acciperet,

Romam ad Antonium

Antonii uxor, Fulvia, ira et furore abrepta, summi oratoris linguam acu perfodit Antonius autem Ciceronis caput atque manum, tanquam tropaeum aliquod, publics in Rostris conspectui hominum exponi jussit.
;

Tum

9*

92

CAPUT PRIMUM.

CAPUT PRIMUM.
narrationes breviores ex ciceronis oferibvs excerptab;
1.

Verae divitiae.

1. Nunquam ego bona perdidisse dicam, si qui pecus aut supellectilem amiserit neque non laudabo sapientem ilium, Biantem, qui numeratur in septem cujus quum patriam Prienen cepisset hostis, caeterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis
; ;

rebus secum asportarent,

idem

ipse faceret

quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut Ego vero, inquit, facio ; nam omnia mea

porto mecum. f lie haec ludibria fortunae, ne sua quidem puta(Paradoxa c. 1.) vit, quae nos appellamus etiam bona. 2. Socrates in pompa quum magna vis auri argentique ferretur, quam muUa non desidero, inquit. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 3. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, maxima, abduxit legatos ad coenam in Academiam: iis apposuit ""tantum, quod satis esset, nullo- apparatu. Gluum postridie rogarent eum, cuinumerarijuberet, quid? vos hesterna, inquit, coenulanon intellezistis, me pecunia none gere? Gluosquumtristiores vidisset, triginta minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. (Tusc. Glu. V. 32.) 4. At vero Diogenes liberius, ut Cynicus, Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset, nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole ! OfFecerat videlicet apricanti. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 5. Et hie quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum vita fortunaque superaret sibi nihil deesse illi nihil satis unquam fore se ejus voluptates non desiderare, quibus nunquam satiari ille posset suaseum consequi nullo modo posse. (Tusc. au. V. 32.) 6. Themistocles quum consuleretur, utrum bono viro pauperi, an minus probato diviti filiam collocaret, ego, inquit, malo virum qui pecunia egeat, quam pecuniam quae viro. ( De Offic.
; ;
; ;

II. 20.)

II.

Sapientiae praestantia.
ferunt,

1.

Xenocratem

nobilem imprimis philosophum,

quum

quaereretur ex eo, quid adsequerentur ejus discipuli.

NARRATIONES BREVIORES.
respondisse, ut id sua sponte facerent,
legibus.

99

quod cogerentur facere

(De Republ.

I.

2.)

2. Eleus Hippias quum Olympiam venisset, maxima ilia quinquennali celebritate ludorum, gloriatus est, cuncta paene audiente Graecia, nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium, quod ipse nesciret, nee solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, litterarum cognitionem et poetarum, atque ilia, quae de naturis rerum, quae de hominimi moribus, quae de republica dicerentur, sed annulum, quern haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, sesua manu confecisse, (De Ora-

tor. III. 32.)

3.

Scipioni interroganti Laelium, quid ?

Laeli, turn quum.

tu es iratus, permitiis illi iracundio.e dominatum animi tui ? Non mehercule, respondit ille, sed imitor Archytam ilium Ta-

rentinum, qui

quum ad
te

vill

am venisset,

et

omnia

aliter offen-

disset as jusserat,

jam
4.

infelicem, inquit yillico, quem necassem verberibus, nisi iratus essem. (De Republ. I. 38.)

Publium Scipionem, eum, qui primus Africanus appel-

latus est, dicere solitum scripsit Cato, qui fuit/ere ejus aequa-

nunquam se minus otiosum esse, quam quum otiosus esset. Magnifica vero vox et sapiente digna, quae declarat, ilium et in otio de negotiis cogitare, et in solitudine secum loqui solitum ut neque cessaret unquam, et interdum colloquio alterius non egeret. Itaque duae res, quae lan'guorem afferunt caeteris, ilium acuebant, otium et solitudo. (De Offic. III.
lis,
;

1)
5.

Diogenes Cynicus
:

projici

se jussit

inhumatum.

Turn
;

amici volucribusne et feris? Mi?iime vero, inquit] sed bacillum propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi Quid mihi igitur ferarum laniatus oberit, non enim senties. (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) nihil sentienti? qui quum Lampsaci moreretur, 6. Praeclare Anaxagoras quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid accidisset, auferri ? nihil necesse est, inquit undique enim ad (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) inferos tantundem viae est.
;

III.

Exempla

Foriitudinis.

Lacedaemonius quidam mortem tantopere contemsit, ad eam duceretur, damnatus ab ephoris, et esset vultu hilari atque laeto, dixissetque ei quidam inimicus, contcmnisne leges Lycurgi ? responderet, ego vero illi maximam gratiam habeo, qui me ea poena multaverit, quam sine mutuatione et sine versura possem dissolvere. O virum Sparta dig1.

ut

quum

94

CAPUT PRIMrM.
!

num
2.

ut mihi quidem, qui tarn magno animo damnatus esse videatur. (du. Tusc. I. 42.)

fiierit,

innocens

Tales innumerabiles nostra civitas

tulit.

Sed quid duces

legiones scribat Cato saepe alacres in eum locum profectas, unde redituras se non arbitra(Tusc. Qu. I.e.) rentur? 3. Pari animo Lacedaemonii in Thermopylis occiderunt,
et

principes nominem,

quum

in quos Simonides
Die, hospes, Spartae, nos te hie vidisse jacentes, Sanctis patriae legibus obseqmmur.

Dum

quibus unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset gloSolem prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non (Tusc. videbitis. In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimus.
rians
:

Qu.
4.

1.

c.)

Viros

quum

commemoro: qualis tandem Lacaena? Quae filium in proelijim misisset, et interfectum audisset, idgenueram, ut

esset, qui pro patria mortem non (Tusc. Qu. 1. c.) 5. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia quae conarentur prohibiturum, quaesiverunt num se sset etiam mori prohibiturus ? (Glu. Tusc. V. 15.) magnam habet vim reipubli6. Fortes et duri vSpartiatae cae disciplina. Quid ? Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosophum non ignobilem, nonne miramur 1 Cui quum Lysimachus rex crucem minaretur, istis, quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis ! Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine an sublime putrescat. (Tusc. Glu. I. 43.) 7. Illustris mors Epaminondae, illustris Leonidae. Quo-

circo, inquit,

dubitaret occumbere.

rum

alter

quum

vicisset

Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam

clypeus
?

si-

mulque

ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, ut

primum
salvum

dispexit, quaesivit, salvusne esset

Quum

esse flentes sui rdspondissent, rogavit, essentne fusi hostes ? Quumque id quoque, ut cupiebat, audivisset, evelli jussit

eam, qua erat transfixus, hastam.

in laetitia et in victoria est mortuus.

multo sanguine profuso Leonidas autem, rex Lacedaemoniorum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos, quos
Ita

eduxerat Sparta, quum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. Praeclarae mortes sunt impe
ratoriae.'
8.

(De

Finib. II. 30.)

Clarae mortes pro patria oppetitae, non solum gloriosae rhetoribus, sed etiam beatae videri solent. Repetunt ab Erechtheo, cujus etiam filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita civium Codrum, qui se in medios immisit hostes veste femulari, ne posset agnosci, si esset ornatu regio quod ora:

NARRATIONES BREVIORm

95

culum erat datum, si rex interfectus esset, victrices Athenas Menoeceus non praetermittitur, qui oraculo edito largitus est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia Aulide duci se immolandam jubet, ut hosiium sanguis eliciatur suo. Veniunt inde ad propiora. Harmodius in ore et Aristogiton, LacedaemoNostros non nius Leonidas, Thebanus Epaminondas vigent.
fore.

norunt
ei 49.)

quos enuraerare

magnum

est

ita

videmus optabiles mortes

9.

fuisse pro patria.

sunt multi, quibus (Tusc. Q,u. I. 48

Gluam me delectat Theramenes quam elato animo est! enim flemus quum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir clarus emoritur. Q,ui quum conjectus in carcerem triginta jussu tyrannorum, venenum ut sitiens obduxisset, reliquum sic e poculo ejecit, ut id resonaret quo sonitu reddito, arri!

etsi

dens, propino, inquit, hoc pulchro Critiae ; qui in eum fuerat teterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis solent nominare, cui

poculum tradituri sint. Lusit vir egregius extremo spiritu, quum jam praecordiis conceptam mortefli contineret vereque ei, cui venenum praebiberat, mortem est earn auguratus, quae
:

brevi consecuta

est.

(Tusc. Q,u.

I.

40.)

IV. Opiniones de Diis impietatisque exempla.

esse, sed non quid deus esset. Itaque quum tyrannus Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, non poeta solum suavi, verum etiam docto sapienteque, quid deus esset, deliberandi causa sibi unum diem postulavit. Gluum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, biduum petivit. Gluum saepius duplicaret numerum dierum, admiransque Hiero requireret, cur itafaceret, quia quanta, innuit, diutius considero, ianto mihi res videtur obscurior: (De Nat. Door. I. ^2.) 2. Protagoras Abderites, sophistes temporibus belli Peloponnesiaci vel maximus, quum in principio libri sui sic posuisset: deDiisnequeutsint,nequeutnon sint, habeodir ere, Atheniensium jussu urbe atque agro est exterminatus, librique ejus in concione combusti. (De Nat. Deor. I. 23.)
1.

Natura duce intelligebant veteres deum

illos,

conveniebat inter

3.

Diagoras

quum Samothraciam

venisset,

Atheos

(u^ws)

qui dicitur, atque ei quidam amicus, tu qui deos putas humana negligere, nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulrs pictis, quam multi votis vim tempestatis efTugerint, in portumque salvi pervenerint ? Itasit,\ni\vni: illi enim nusqvampicti sunt, qui naufragia fecerunt, in 7narique perierunt. Idemqucquum ei naviganti vectores, adversa tempestate timidi et perterriti, diceille

rent,

non injuria

sibi illud accidere, qui

ilium in eandera

navem

96

jH

caput

PRIMUIkt,

quaesivitque,
rent.
4.

recepis^ent: ostendit eis in eodemcursu multas alias laboi antes; num etiam in his navibus Diagoram vehi crede-

(De Nat. Deor.

III. 37.)

Diogenes Cynicus dicere solebat, Harpalum, qui temporibus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium (De Nat. Deor. dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tam diu viveret.
III. 34.)
5. Dionysius quum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas isque quum secundissimo vento cur:

sum

quam bona a diis immortalihus navigatio sacrilegis detur ? Idem quum ad Peloponnesum classem appulisset, et in fanum venisset Jovis Olympii, aureum ei detraxit amiculum grandi pondere, quo Jovem ornarat ex manubiis Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo. Atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum pallium injecit, quum Idemque Aesculapio id esse ad omne anni tempus diceret. Epidauri barbam aitream demi jussit neque enim convenire, barbatum esse filium, quum in omnibus fanis pater imberbis (De Nat. Deor. 1. c.) esset. 6. Mensas argenteas idem de omnibus delubris jussit auin quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inscriptum esferri
teneret, ridens, videtisne, inquit, amici,
:

set,

Bonorum Deorum, uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. Idem Victoriolas aureas, et pateras coronasque, quae simulacrorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione tollebat, eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat. Esse enim stultitiam, a quibus

bona precaremur, ab

iis

porrigentibus et danti-

bus
7.

nolle-

sumere.
ferunt haec, quae dixi, sublata de fanis in

Eundemque

forum

per praeconem vendidisse, exactaque pecunia edixisse, ut, quod qu isque a sacris haberet, id ante diem certam in suum quodque fanum referret. Ita ad improtulisse, et

pietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam. Deor. 1. c.)

(De Nat

V. Exempla praesagiorum de rebus futuris.

1. Apud Agathoclem scriptum inhistoria est, Hamilcarem Carthaginiensem, quum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse audire vocem, se postridie coenaturum Syracusis quum autem is dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in castris ejus inter Poenos et Siculos milites esse factam quod quum sensissent Syracusani, improviso eos in castra irrupisse, Hamilcaremque ab iis vivum esse sublatum. Ita res somnium comprobavit.
;
:

(De

Divinat.

I.

24.)

NARRATIONES BREVIORES.
2.

97

Tidisset,

quum ignotum quendam projectum mortuum eumque humavisset, haberetque in animo navem conscendere, moneri visus e^t, ne id faceret, ab eo, quem seSimonides
:

pultura affecerat si navigasset, eum naufragio esse periturum. Itaque Simonidem rediisse dicunt, periisse caeteros, qui turn navigassent. (De Divinat. I. 27.) 3. Midae Phrygio, quum puer esset, dormienti formicae in OS tritici grana congesserunt. Divitissimum fore praedictum est: quod evenit. At Platoni quum in cunis parvulo dormienti apes in labellis consedissent, responsum est, singulari lUum suavitate orationis fore ita futura eloquentia provisa in
:

infante
4.

est.
?

(De

Divinat.

1.

36.)

Roscius, num aut ipse, aut pro eo totum Lanuvium mentiebatur? Qui quum esset in cunabulis, educareturque in Solonio, qui est campus agri Lanuvini, noctu, lumine apposito, experrecta nutrix animadQ,uid

amores

et deliciae tuae,

vertit puerum dormientemcircumplicatumserpentisamplexu: quo adspectu exterrita clamorem sustulit. Pater autem Roscii ad haruspices retulit: qui responderunt, nihil illo puero

clarius, nihil nobilius for^

5.

(De

Divin.
ei

I.

36.)

bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum rediit, fiiiolam suam Tertiam, quae tum erat admodum parva,
L. Paullus consul iterum,

quum

osculans animadvertit tristiculam. Quid est, inquit, tia ? quid tristis es ? Mi pater, inquit, Persaperiit.
arctius puellam complexus,
accipio,
inquit,

mea Ter-

Tum ille

Erat autem mortuus catelius eo nomine. 6. Bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses

mea filia, omen. (De Divin. I. 46.)

et

Lacedaemonii

summa

inter se contentione gesserunt, Pericles ille et auctori-

princeps civitatis suae, quum obscurato Sole tenebrae factae essent repente, Atheniensiumque animos summus timor occupavisset, docuisse cives suos dicitur, id quod ipse ab Anaxagora, cujus auditor fuerat, acceperat, certo illud tempore fieri ct necessario, quum tota se Luna
tate et eloquentia et consilio

sub orbem Solis subjecisset idque fieri non posse nisi certo intermenstruo tempore. Quod quum disputando rationibusque docuisset, populum liberavit metu: erat enim tunc haec nova et ignota ratio, Solem Lunae oppositum solere deficere quo Thaletem IVIilesium primum vidisse dicunt. (De Republ.
;

I.

-16.)

98

CAPUT PRIMUM.
VI. Graecorum studia.

1. Honos alit artes, omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria, jacentque ea semper, quae apud quosque improbantur. Summam eruditionem Graecia sitam censebant in nervorum vocumque cantibus. Igitur et Epaminondas, princeps meo juThemistodicio Graeciae, fidibus praeclare cecinisse dicitur. clesque aliquot ante annis quum in epulis recusasset lyram, habitus est indoctior. Ergo in Graecia musici floruerunt, discebantque id omnes, nee qui nesciebat satis excultus doctrina (Tusc. Gluaest. I. 2.) putabatur. 2. Secundis suis rebus unusquisque volet mori: non enim tam cumulus bonorum jucundus esse potest, quam molesta decessio. Hanc sententiam significare videtur Laconis ilia vox, qui, quum Rhodius Diagoras, Olympionices nobilis, uno die duo suos filios victores Olympiae vidisset, accessit ad senem, et gratulatus, morere, Diagora, inquit, non enim in caelum adscensurus es. Magna haec, et nimium fortasse Graeci putant, vel turn potius putabant isque qui hoc Diagorae dixit, permagnum existimans, tres Olym^ionicas una e domo prodire, cunctari ilium diutius in vita, fortunae objectum, inutile putabat ipsi. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 46.)

VII. Acute dicta nonnulla.

1.

Nasica

ostio quaerenti

quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab Ennium ancilla dixisset, domi non esse: Nasiet

ca

sensit,

illam domini jussu dixisse,

ilium intus esse.

Fau-

cis post diebus

quum ad Nasicam
:

janua quaereret

venisset Ennius, et exclamat Nasica se domi non esse.

:

eum

Ennius
Nasica

Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, inquit, tuam 1 Hie homo es impudens : ego quum te quaererem, ancillae tuae credidi, te domi non esse : tu mihi non credis ipsi ? (De
: :

Tum

Orator. II. 68.) 2. Scipioni majori

coronam

commodanti,

quum ea

noli mirari, inquit, si (De Orator. II. 61.)

3.

sibi in convivio ad caput acsaepius rumperetur, P. Licinius Varus, non convenit : caput enim magnum est.

Orator quidam malus

quum

in epilogo misericordiam
:

se movisse putaret,

postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum videreturne misericordiam movisse? Ac magnam quidem, inquit neminem enim puto esse tam durum, cui non oraiio iua miseranda visa sit. (De Orator. II. 69.)
:

4.

Qlu.

Catulus

quum

a Philippo interrogaretur, quid

latra-

ret?

furem

se videre, respohdit.

(De

Orator. II. 54.)

NARRATIONES BREVIORES.
5.

99
dicitur,

Theophrastus moriens accusasse naturam

quod

cervis et cornicibus vitam diuturnam,

quorum

id nihil interes-

set, hominibus, quorum maxime interfuisset, tarn exiguam vitam dedisset quorum si aetas potuisset esse longinquior, futurum fuisse, ut omnibus perfectis artibus, omni doctrina hominum vita erudiretur. Q.uerebatur igitur, se tum, quum ilia videre coepisset, exstingui. (Q,u. Tusc. III. 28.) 6. Siculus quidam, cui praetor patronum causae dabat hospitem suum, hominem nobilem, sed admodum stultum quaeso, inquit, praetor, adversario 7neo da istum patronum, deinde'mihi neminem dederis. (De Orator. II. 69.) 7. -Granius patrono malo, quum vocem in dicendo obtudisset, suadebat, ut muisum frigidum biberet, simulac domum rediisset Perdam, inquit ille, vocem, si id fecero. Melius est, inquit, quam reum. (De Orator. II. 70.)
:

CAPUT SECUNDUM.
NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS.
I.

Generosus Fabricii animus.

Cluum rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset, quumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac
potente
;

perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii, eique

si

est pol-

clam venisset, sic clam in Pyrrhi castra rediturum, et eum veneno necaturum. Hunc Fabricius reducendumcuravit ad Pyrrhum idque factum ejus a senatu laudatum est. (De Offic. III. 22.)
licitus,

praemium

sibi

proposuisset,

se,

ut

II.

Athenienses auctore Aristide honestatem utilitati praeferunt.

Themistocles post victoriam ejus belli, quod cum Persis dixit in concione: se habere consilium reipublicae saPostulavit, ut aliquem polutare, sed id sciri opus non esse. Datus est Aristides. pulus daret, quocum communicaret. Iluic ille: classem Lacedaemoniorum, quae subducta esset ad Gythium, clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemoniorum opes neces.se esset. Qiiod Aristides quum audisset,
fuit,

P\RT IT 10

100

CAPUT SECUNDUM.
:

in concionem magna cum exspectatione venit, dixitque per utile esse consilium, quod Themistocles afferret, sed minima Itaque Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, honestum. id ne utile quidem putaverunt, totamque cam rem, quam ne audierant quidem, auctore Aristide repudiaverunt. (Offic.

111.11.)
III.

Titi Torquati pietas.

Lucio Manlio, quum Dictator fuisset, Marcus Pomponms tribunus plebis, diem dixit, quod is paucos sibi dies ad Dictaturam gerendam addidisset. Criminabatur etiam, quod Titum filium, qui postea est Torquatus nominatus, ab hominibus relegasset, et rure habitare jussisset. Q,uod quum audivisset adolescens filius negotium exhiberi patri, accunisse Romam, et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. Cui quum esset nuntiatum, quod ilium iratum allaturum ad se aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexite lectulo,remotisque arbitris, ad se adolescentem jussit venire. At ille, ut ingressus est, confestim gladium destrinxit, juravitque, se ilium statim interfecturum, nisi jusjurandum sibi dedisset, se patrem missum esse facturum. Juravit, hoc coactus terrore, Pomponius. Rem ad populum detulit docuit, cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset Manlium missum fe:
:

cit.

Tantum temporibus

illis

jusjurandum

valebat.

(Offic.

III. 31.)

lY. Reguli in jurejurando conservando religio.

ratus missus est ad

primo Punico bello captus a Poenis, jusenatum Romanum, ut, nisi redditi essent Poenis captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Is, quum Romam venisset, in senatu mandata exposuit, sed reddi captives, negavit esse utile illos enim adolescentes esse, et bonos duces, se jam cDnfectum senectute. Cujus quum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt: ipse Carthaginem rediit neque eum caritas patriae retinuit, nee suorum. Neque vero turn ignorabat, se ac^ crudelissimum hostem, et ad exquisita supplicia proficisci: sed jusjurandum conservandum
Attilius Regulus,
: ;

putabat.

(Offic. III. 26.)

V".

Studio

et

disciplina vinci possunt innata vitia.

Stilponem,

nem

et

Megareum philosophum, acutum sane homiprobatum temporibus illis accepimus. Hunc scri-

ARRATIOXES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS.

:

101

bunt ipsius familiares, et ebriosum et mulierosum fuisse neque hoc scribunt vituperantes, sed potius ad laudem. Vitiosam enim naturam ab eo sic edomitam et compressam esse doctrina, ut nemo unquam vinolentum ilium, nemo in eo libidinis vestigium viderit. duid? Socratem, nonne legimus, quemadmodum notarit Zopyrus, physiognomon, qui se profitebatur hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vultu, fronte pernoscere ? , Stupidum esse Socratem dixit et bardum, quod jugula concava non haberet addidit etiam, mulie;

rosum: inquo Alcibiades cachinnum

ex naturalibus causis
vitia nasci

dicitursustulisse.

Haec

possunt: exstirpari autem et funditus toUi, ut is ipse, qui ad ea propensus fuerit, a tantis vitiis avocetur, non est id positum in naturalibus causis, sed in
voluntate, studio, disciplina.
(Fat. 5.)

VI. Lahore

et

studio superantur impedimenta naturae.

Orator futurug imitetur ilium, cui sine dubio summa vis dicendi conceditur, Atheniensem Demosthenem, in quo tantum studium fuisse tantusque labor dicitur, ut primum impedimenta naturae diligentia industriaque superarit quumque ita balbus esset, ut ejus ipsius artis, cui studeret, primam litteram non posset dicere, perfecit meditando, ut nemo planius eo locutus putaretur: deinde quum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum continenda anima in dicendo est assecutus, ut una continuatione verborum (id quod ejus scripta declarant) binae ei conqui etiam, ut tentiones vocis et remissiones continerentur
;
:

memoriae proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat, neque id
consistens in loco, sed inambulans, atque adscensu ingrediens arduo. (DeOrat. I. 61.)

VII.

Exemplum

spectatae amicitiae.

Pythiam, Pythagofeos, ferunt hoc animo inter alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem necis destinavisset, et is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus
et

Damonem
ut,

se fuisse,

quum eorum

sit alter

ejus sistendi

ut,

si

ille

non

revertisset,

moriendum

esset ipsi.

Qui quum ad diem

fidem tyrannus
rent.

se recepisset admiratus eorum petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium ascribe-

(Offic. III. 10.)

102

CAPUT SECUNDUM.

VIII. Timothei de coena a/pud Platonem judicium.

tis,

Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis, et principem civitaferunt, quum coenavisset apud Platonem, eoque convivio
delectatus esset, vidlssetque eum postridie, dixisse, non solum in praesentia, sed etiam pos-

admodum

vestrae quidem coenae tero die jucundae sunt.

(Tusc. Q.u. V. 35.)

IX. Philippus filio suo Alexandro largitionem exprobrat

Praeclare epistolaquadam Alexandrum filium Philippus acquod largitione benevolentiam Macedonum consectetur. Quae te, malum, inquit, ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos tibi fideles putares fore, quos pecunia corrupisses % An tu id
cusat,
.

agis, ut

Macedones non

te

praebitorem sperent fore?

.

regem suum, sed ministrum (De Offic. II. 15.)

sententia.

et

X. Socratis de beatitudine

ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdicfortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret ? baud scio, inquit nunquam enim cum eo collocuNullo tus sum. Ain' tu ? an tu aliter id scire non potes ? modo. Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes dicere, beatusne sit ? An ego possim, quum ignorem, quam sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam putas ? Ita prorsus existimo, bonos, beatos improbos, miseros, Miser ergo Archelaus? Certe, si injustus. (du.
Socrates,
esset

quum

cae filium, qui

tum

Tusc. V. 12.)

XI. Phormio coram Hannibale de imperatoris

officio

disputat.

Gluum Hannibal Carthagine expulsus Ephesum ad Antioexsul, proqufe eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna apud omnes gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phormionem, peripateticum, si vellet, audiret; quumque se non

chum venisset

nolle dixisset locutus esse dicitur homo copiosus, aliquot boras de imperatoris officio, et de omni re militari. Tum, quum
;

ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, quaerebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judicaret. Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respondisse fertur, multos se deliros senes saepe vidisse sed qui magis, quam Phormio, deliraret, vidisse neminem. Neque
caeteri, qui
:

mehercule

injuria.

Gluid

enim aut arrogantius, aut loquacius

NARRATIONES QUAEDAM rARII GENERIS.

fieri potuit,

103

quam Hannibali, qui tot annos. de imperio cum poRomano omnium gentium victore certasset, Graecum hominem, qui numquam hostem, numquam castra vidisset, numquam denique minimam partem ullkis publici muneris
pulo
attigisset,

praecepta de re militari dare?

ci

(De

Orat. II. 18.)

et sitis.

XII. Cibi
Q,uis

potionis condimenta fames

epulas? Darius in fuga, cadaveribus inquinatam, bibisset, Numquam videlicet jucundius. sitiens biberat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat cui quum peragranti Aegyptum, comitibus non consecutis, cibarius in casa panis datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius.
videt, desideriis condiri

non

quum aquam turbidam, et negavit umquam se bibisse

Socratem ferunt, quum usque ad veaperum contentius ambularet, quaesitumque esset ex eo, quare id faceret respondisse, se, quo melius coenaret, opsonare ambulando famem. Quid ? victum Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus?
;

ubi quumtyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit se jure ii]o nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Tum is, qui ilia coxerat: minime mirum: condimenta enim defuere. Quae tandem ? inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotam, fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae. condiuntur. (Q,u. Tusc. V. 34.)

XIII. Splendida tyrannorum miseria.

Dionysius major, Siciliae tyrannus, ipse indicavit, quam Nam quum quidam ex ejus assentatoribus, Damocles, commemoraret, in sermone copias ejus, opes, majestatem dominatus, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam aedium regiarum, negaretque, unquam beatiorem quemquam fuisse visne igitur, inquit, Damocle, quoniam haec te vita delectat, ipse eandem degustare, et fortunam. experiri meam? Quum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hominem in aureo lecto, strato pulcherrime textili stragulo, magnificis operibus picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque caelato. Tum ad mensam eximia forma pueros deloctos jussit consistere, eosquc nutum illius intuentes diligenter minisAderant unguenta, coronae: incendebantur odores, trare. Fortunatus mensae conquisitissimis epulis exstruebantur. sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio apparatu fulgentem gladium, e lacunari seta equina aptum, demitti jussit, ut imItaque nee pulchros illos pendcret illius beati cervicibus. ministratores adspiciebat, nee plenum artis argentura: nee 10
esset beatus.
:

104

CAPUT SECUNDUM.

manum
nae.

Jam ipsae defluebant coroporrigebat in mensam. Denique exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret, quod jam

Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius, beatus nollet esse, nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliquis terror impendeat?

(Tusc. au. V. 21.)

XIV. Dionysii tyranni ingenium.

Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fun quum quinque et viginti annos natus dominatum occupavisset. Q,ua pulchritudine urbem, quibus opibus praeditam servitute oppressam tenuit civitatem! Atqui de hoc
Dionysius,

homine a bonis auctoribus

acrem
et

sic

scriptum accepimus,

summam
virum
et in-

fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam, in rebusque gerendis

industrium,

eundem tamen maleficum natura

justum. Ex quo omnibus, bene veritatem intuentibus, videri necesse est miserrimam. Ea enim ipsa, quae concupierat, ne tum quidem, quum omnia se posse censebat, consequebatur. Qui quum esset bonis parentibus atque honesto loco natus (etsi id quidem alius alio modo tradidit,) abundaretque aequalium familiaritatibus et consuetudine propinquorum credebat eorum nemini sed iis, quos ex familiis locupletum servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse detraxerat, et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris, corporis custodiam committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem in carcerem quodammodo se ipse incluserat. Q,uin etiam, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas docuit. Ita sordido ancillarique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae, tondebant barbam et capiilum patris. Et tamen ab iis ipsis,
;

quum jam

essent adultae,

ferrum removit,

instituitque, ut

candentibus juglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capiilum adurerent. Gluumque duas uxores haberet, sic noctu ad eas ventitabat, ut omnia specularetur, et perscrutaretur ante. Et, quum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque fossae transitum ponticulo ligneo conjunxisset eum ipsum,
:

cubiculi clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque quum in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, concionari

quum forem
ex

Atque is, quum pila ludere vellet (stuenim id factitabat) tunicamque poneret adolescentulo tradidisse gladium dicitur. Hie, quum quidam familiaris jocans dixisset Huic quidem certe vitam tuam commiitis, aralta turri solebat.

diose

risissetque adolescens

utrumquejussitinterfici: alterum, quia

viam demonstravisset interimendi sui, alterum, quia id dictum risu approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, ut nihil gravius tulerit in vita. Gluem enim vehementer amarat, occiderat.

NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS.

105

Sic distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentium cupiditates.

(Tusc. au. V. 20.)

XV. Mors ad
Argiae
fabula
est.

divina pracmia rejertur.

filii

sacerdotis, Cleobis et Biton,

Q,uum enim illam ad solemne

:

et

praedicantur. Nota statum sacrificium

curru vehi jus esset, satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, morarenturque jumenta tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, vesie posita, corpora oleo perunxerunt, ad jugum accesserunt. Ita sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum currus esset ductus a filiis, precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium daret pro pietate, quod maximum dari posset homini a deo. Pjst, epulatos cum matre adolescentes,

tuos.

tur

somno se dediese, mane inventos esse morSimili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi dicunqui quum Apollini Delphis templum aedificavissent, ve-

nerantes deum, petierunt

ris et laboris sui, nihil cerii,

mercedem non parvam quidem opesed quod esset optimum homini.

Quibus Apollo se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei diem tertium: qui ut illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. (T. Glu. I.
47.)

XVI. Pythii foeneratoris

G. Canius, eques

calliditas.

Romanus, nee

infacetus et satis litteratus,

quum

se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat,) non negotiandi causa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos aliquos

velle emere,

quo invitare amicos,

argentariam
faceret

et

ubi so oblectare sine inpercrebuisset, Pythius ei

dixit,

terpellatoribus posset.

Quod quum

quidam, qui

Syracusis,

venales

quidem
ut suis:

se hortos
et

non habere, sed licere uti Canio, si vellct, simul ad coenam hominem in hortos invitavit in

posterum diem.
set,

Quum

ille

promisisset,

tum Pythius,

qui es-

ut argentarius,

apud omnes ordines grati^sus, piscatores

ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur; dixitque, quid cos facere vellet. Ad coenam tempore venit Canius: opipare a Pythioapparatumconvivium: cymbarum ante oculos multitudo pro se quisque, quod ceperat, adferebat ante pedes Pythii pisces abjiciebantur. Tum Canius: Quacso, inquit, quid est hoc, Pythi? tanlumne j)i!fcium,tantumne r.ymharum? Et ille: quid mirum? inquit, hoc loco est, Syracusis quidquid est piscium : haex aqaaIncensus Canius cutio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Gravate ille primo. piditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet. Quid multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuplcs tanti
:

106
quanti Pythius voluit,
conficit.

CAPUT SECUNDUM,
et
;

emit instructos nomina facit, negoCanius postridie familiares suos venit Gluaerit ex proximo ipse mature: scalmum nullum videt. vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nulNullae, quod sciam, inquit ille sed hie piscari los videret ? nulli Solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomachari Canius. Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protu(Off. III. 14.) lerat de dolo malo formulas.

tium

Invitat

XVII. De insigni Themistoclis memoria.

Fertur incredibili quadarn magnitudine consilii atque ingeThemistocles ad quem quidam doctus homo, atque imprimis eruditus accessisse dicitur, eique artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, pollicitus
nii Atheniensis ille fuisse
:

esse se traditurum.

Q-uum

ille

quaesisset,

quidnam

illaars

efRcere posset? dixisse ilium doctorem, ut omnia meminisset; et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratius sibi ilium esse facturum, si se oblivisci, quae vellet, quam si meminisse, docuisset. Videsne, quae vis in homine acerrimi ingenii, quam potens et quanta mens fuerit ? qui ita respondent, ut intelligere possemus, nihil ex illius animo, quod semel^esset infusum, unquam effluere potuisse quum quidem ei fuerit optabilius, oblivisci posse potius, quod meminisse nollet, quam, quod semel audisset vidissetve meminisse, (De Orat. II.
:

74.)

XV III.

Inventor artis memoriae Simonides.

Gratiam habeo Simonidi illi Ceio, quem primum ferunt artem memoriae protulisse. Dicunt enim, quum coenaret Crannone in Thessalia Simonides apud Scopam, fortunatum hominem et nobilem, cecinissetque id carmen, quod in earn scripsisset, in quo multa ornandi causa, poetarum more, in Castorem scripta et Pollucem fuissent, nimis ilium sordide Simonidi dixisse, se dimidium ejus ei, quod pactus esset pro illo carmine, daturum reliquum a suis Tyndaridis, quos aequo laudasset, peteret, si ei videretur. Paulo post esse fe:

runt nuntiatum

Simonidi,

ut

prodiret:

juvenes

stare
:

ad

januam duos quosdam, qui eum magnopere evocarent surrexisse ilium ipsum, prodiisse, vidisse neminem. Hoc interim spatio conclave illud, ubi epularetur Scopas, concidisse: ea ruina ipsum oppressum cum suis interiisse. Quos quum humare vellent sui, nee possent obtritos internoscere ullo modo Simonides dicitur ex eo, quod meminisset, quo
:

NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS.

107

eorum loco quisque cubuisset, demonstrator uniuscuj usque sepeliendi fuisse. Hac turn re admonitus invenisse fertur, ordinem esse maxime, qui memoriae lumen afferret. (De Orat.
IL
86.)

XIX. Delus
(Memoriae ae
Uteris

insula.

proditum est,) Latonam ex longo errojam ad pariendum vicinam, temporibus exactis, confugisse Delum, atque ibi Apollinem Dianamque peperisse. Qua ex opinione hominum ilia insula eorum
re, et

fuga, gravidam, et

deorum sacra
est,

et

semper

putatur: tantaque ejus auctoritas religionis et fuit, ut ne Persae quidem, quum bellum toti
indixissent,

Graeciae, diis hominibusque,

navium classem ad Delum

dut violare, aut attingere.

appulissent,

et mille numero quidquam conarentur, II. I.

(In Verr. Act.

18.)

XX. Lautumiae Syracusanae.

Opus
est

Lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis: plerique nostis. est ingens, magnificum, regum, ac tyrannorum. Totum

ex saxq^ in mirandam altitudinem depresso, et multorum operis penitus exciso. Nihil tam clausum ad exitus, nihil tam
nihil tam tutum ad custodias, nee fieri, nee In has lautumias, si qui publice cusiodiendi sunt, etiam ex caeteris oppidis Siciliae ^^duci imperantur. (In Verr. Act. II. V. 27.)

septum undique,
cogitari potest.

XXI.

Mithridates, ex Ponio profugieiis,

'paratus.

cum Medea com-

sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto quondam profugisse dicitur quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequerctur, dissipavisse, ut eorum collectio dispcrsa, moerorque pa-

Ex

suo regno
ilia

Medea

trius,

celcritatcm persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti, pulcherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus acceperat, et ipso bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus cffugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio moeror, hos laetitia, retardavit. (Pro Leg. Manil. 9.)

108

CAPUT SECUNDUM.

XXII. Caedes etfurtum miro

Strato

indicio deteguniur.

medicus domi furtum fecit et caedem ejusmodi: armarium, in quo sciret esse nummorum aliquantum et auri: noctu duos conserves dormientes ipse armarii fundum exsecuit, occidit, in piscinamque dejecit et sestertium CL et auri quinque pondo abstulit, uno ex servis Furto postridie cognito, omnis puero, non grandi, conscio. suspicio in eos servos, qui non comparebant, commovebatur. Gluum exsectio ilia fundi in armario animadverteretur, quaerebant homines, quonam modo fieri potuisset ? Q-uidam ex amicis Sassiae recordatus est, se nuper in auctione quandam vidisse in rebus minutis aduncam, ex omni parte dentatam, et tortuosam, venire serrulam, qua illud potuisse ita circumsecari videretur. Ne multa perquiritur a coactoribus. Invenitur ea serrula ad Stratonem pervenisse. Hoc initio suspicionis orto, et aperte insimulato Stratone, puer ille conscius pertimuit rem omnem dominae indicavit homines in piscina in-

Gluum

esset in aedibus

venti sunt

Strato in vincula conjectus

est,

atque etiam in

berna ejus nummi, nequaquam omnes, reperiuntur. Hoc uno modo saepe multorum improbitate depressa Veritas emergit, et innocentiae defensio interclusa respirat quod aut ii, qui ad fraudem callidi sunt, non tantum audent, quantum excogitant; aut illi, quorum eminet audacia atque projecta est, a consiliis
:

ta-

malitiae deseruntur. Quod si aut confidens astutia, aut callida esset audacia, vix ullo obsisti modo posset. (Pro Cluentio 64. et 65.)

NOTES
Page
1.

Assyrii,

2.

a people of "Western Asia. Assyria is now Kurdistan. Bactriana, an extensive country of Northern India, on the

river Oxus.
3.

sians, lo
4. 5.

Magicas artes. The iVfao^i were abody of priests amongthePerwhom the care of worshipping the gods was consigned.

Morem

Testis,

i.

e.

vestitum.

6.
7.

Exinde, ab eo inde tempore. Semiramis {pb virilem vestitum) pro filio Ninya est hahita. Babylonia, the capital of the province Babylonia, on the Eu-

phrates.

Codo latere (later), "of bricks." Aethiopia, a general name for the southern parts of Africa, as India for the eastern countries of Asia. 10. Rerum potita, not rebus. Potiri governs a genitive as well as an ablative, especially in the phrase rerum potiri, " to obtain su8.
9.

preme dominion."
11. Media, an extensive country between Assyria, Armenia, the Caspian sea, and Persis,then a province of the Assyrian monarchy. 1. Feminae, i. e. regi,fcminae simillimo. 2.-Negat, &c. i. e. dixit, se non posse obedire ejusmodi regi.
3.

fl

4.

Enatam,

Descendit, Scil. pervenit imperium. (the participle instead of the infinitive,) depends upon

vidit.
5.

The

original race of the Persians

was a pastoral people

in the

mountainous parts of Persis, a country of moderate extent between Media, the Persicus Sinus, and Carraania.
Altero servato, i. e. alterumque {filium Mandanae) servaret. Pro, " instead of" 3. Ingenui. Slaves only were allowed to be beaten, at least according to the custom of the Greeks and Romans. 4. Tempora, quibus ipse puerum exponi jusserat. 5. Siu), Harpagi. 6. Pronam, i. e.facilem patentem, nullis dijlcultatibus impeditam. 7. Nihil, instead of non.
1.

2.

8. Fecissent, soil. ii. 9.

1.

qui convocati erant.

i.

Si conditio

esset proposita,

e. si

optio data esset.

Summam belli, " the direction of the whole war, the chief comOblitus,
I/ijdia,
i.

mand."
2. 3. 4.
5. e.

immemor.

6.

Hyrcania, a province on the eastern coast of the Caspian sea. a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegean. Nullo negotio, i. t. facile, levi opera. Cauponias artes exercere, Gr. KaTr/jXrftii/, " to exercise a petty

retail trade."

110
Page
4r

NOTES.
7. Artes ludicras, i. e. ad luxuriam magis, quum ad vitae necesstiatem periinentes. 8. Araxes, a river of Armenia, which empties itself into the Caspian sea. 9.

Omissis,

i.

e.

neglectiS, hostibus.

non adsuetos vino. exprohratione, i. e. hac exprobratione adjecta. 2. Quern sitisti, i. e. cujusfuisti sitiens. Sitire sanguinem, as sUire honores^ instead of, vehementer cupere, avidum esse sanguinis. 3. Offensus super stitionibus. The Persians abhorred the Egyptian custom of worshipping beasts, as indeed all idolatry, since they offered their adoration only to the Sun, the Moon, and the Elements. 4. Apis, a god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an ox. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis. 5. Templum. sacred place in an Oasis of the Libyeui desert, a resting-place for the caravans, and a famous oracle. 6. Per quietem, i. e. dormiens, somnians. 7. Parricidium, " the murder of any near relation." 8. Cunctantesque,ne. Understood hefore ne,praemeki,. The idea of apprehension is conveyed by the word cunctanies. 1. Fortuna ita regente, i. e.fortunapercussoris ictum ita moderante^ ut Gobryae corpus non tangeret^ sed magum Interficeret. 2. Haec res, i.e. equi hinnitus ad solis orium. 3. Nihil negotii superesse existima, i. e. jam totum illud negotium sic uti optas, actum et transactum puta. 4. Pridie const, diem, i. e. pridie ante const, diem. 5. Ad eundum locum, where the experiment was to be made.
10. Insuetos, scil. vini,
1.

Cum hac

6. Firmaturus. Eo consilio, utjirmaret regnum, matrimoniojuncto cumfilia regis, regni Persarum auctoris seu conditoris. 7. Pegi se inopin. offert, i. e. in conspeclum regis venit, qui nihil

tale suspicatus fuerat.

titulo, i, e. se transfugam esse simulans. de veritate eorum, quae narraibat. 1. Scythis. The north of Asia was known to the Greeks and Romans by the generic name of Scythia, and divided into Scythia intra and extra Imaum, that is, on either side of Mount Imaus. 2. Ister, the Greek name for the river which the Romans called Danicbius. The former name was used especially to denote the ' eastern part of the river. 3. Trepidus, magna cum festinatione, nee timoris expers. 4. lonibus. The lonians were a Grecian colony in Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegaean. 5. Narrabitur. See within, C. cap. 5, 6. 6. Campus Marathonius, a plain in Attica. 7. Et in regno et ante regnum, " both during his reign and previous to its commencement."
8.

Transfugae
i.

9.

Dejide,

e.

i. e. natis et educatis. i. e. privatim, not before the usual tribunal. Contentio. Haec contentio tam fraterna (i. e. tarn fratemis animis decertata) fuit. 11. Eique apparatur, i.e. eique parando. 12. Dux, emphatically, a leader, such as he ought to be. 13. Tho-mopylae, a smiall pass Jeading from Thessaly into Locris, Phocis, and the southern parts of Greece. It has a part of the chain of MountOeta on the west,and the sea on the east,with deep and dangerous marshes, being the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth.

8.
9.

Susceptis,

Domi,

10.

NOTES.
1.

Ill

Hortatur,recedanL
ATite congressionem,

After A^r^ri and similar verbs w< is often

i.

omitted.
2.
e.

antequam cum Graecis navali praelio

congrederetur. 3. Delphi, in Phocis, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, one of the most celebrated oracles in Greece. 4. Qjuim nullae, &c. ut hamines intelligerent, quam vanae tvuUivsque momenti hominum vires essent adversus deos. 5. Tkespiae and Pl^aeae, towns in Boeotia. 6. Athenae, the capital of Attica. 7. Noil poterat, scil, grassari. 8. Salamis, an island in the Saronicus Sinus (now the Gulf of Engia), near the coast of Attica. 9. Statuta, i. e. in statioTie collocata. 10. Halicarnassus, a town of Caria, in the south-west of Asia Minor; it was governed by kings,and was tributary to the Persians.
11. Cumrege, i. e. cumregiis copiis canjuncti. 12. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a strait between Asia and Thrace, connecting the Propontis with the Aegaean. Xerxes had

built across this a bridge of boats.

1.

Abydos, a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont

opposite.

Sestos

was
2.
3.

4.

Mycale, a promontory of Ionia. Ciman, son of Miltiades. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, tributary to the Per-

sians.

5. Phoenicia, a country on the coast of the Mediterranean. great part of the Persian fleet consisted of Phoenician ships. 6. Pausanias, the conqueror of Mardonius at Plataeae. 1. Darius, an older son of Xerxes. 2. Qui, i. e. hie autem. 3. Recogniturus, i. e. simulans, se recogniturum esse. 4. Vindicare caedem is equivalent to ulcisci : vindicare se abinsidiis, is equivalent to servare se, et insidias vitare. 5. Inclinari, i. e. ad ruinavi vergere. 6. "Pair is judicium : haecpatris suprema voluntas, testamenio prodita, qvM, Artaxerxes, patre adhuc private genitus, ipsepraeferebatur. 7. In praelio, near Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from

lO

Babylon.
8.

Quid^m autem, like the Gr. iiiv SL Eqiiifuga, i.e. velocitas. Revertuntur. This is the famous retreat of the ten thousand 1 1. Greeks, (described by Xenophon), from the interior of Asia to the Aegaean, which they made through unknown and hostile nations, although constantly hara-ssed by a Persian army. 2. Parricidii, scil. quod molilus fuerat. It was customary among the Persians to put to 3. Conjuges. death the families of traitors, together Avith the criminal himself. 4. Cadusii, a people of the most northerly region of Media, on the
9.

Caspian
5.

sea.

'

Decora, the consequence instead of the cause, as often laus for laudabilc factum ; properly ob eg regium hoc facinus, quod ei laudem et decora paraverat. Iiicrcmentis, i. e. magnitudine sua, qnafiorentUms jam rebus suis 1 utebantur.
.

12

PART

II.

112
Page

NOTES.
Justin may be considered as alluding here to the 2. Sordibus. origin of the Roman state. They styled themselves avroxOovE?, indigenae. 3. InTiata solo. 4. Lanificii et old. The olive was first produced here by Minerva, the tutelar goddess of the Athenians to her they were also indebted for the art of weaving. Bacchus taugh-t the mode of cultivating the vine to the 5. Vini.
;

13

Athenian Icarius. 6. Sererefrmmnta. Triptolemus, son of Celeus, king of Eleusis, agriculture by Ceres, and made it known throughout the world. Previously mankind had subsisted on acorns and olhei wild fruits. 7. Glandem vesci, instead of glande vesci. These they considered also as the 8. Leges et civilis disciplina.

was taught

of Ceres, whence they styled her eEaixo<p6pog. 9. Superfuerunt, etc. i, e. ii tantum servati sunt, qui in monies se receperunt ; or, omnesperierunt,praetereos, qui in monies confugerunt. 10. Aut. After aut understand qui. 11. Thessalia, an extensive country in the north of Greece, having on its northern boundary the Cambunii Mantes, on the western the chain of Pindus, on its southern that of Oeta, and in the northgift

west Olympus.
12. Initia, ijeXri) " the sacred rites, or mysteries, of Ceres." 13. Nodes initiorum sacratae, i. e. mysteria, npctuhabenda, insti-

tuta sunt.
14. Theseus was distinguished by many glorious actions, but especially by the destruction of the Minotaur. 15. Adversus Trojanos. Homer makes Menestheus, not Demophoon, leader of the Athenians in the Trojan war. 16. Dorienses, a branch of the Hellenes, who originally dwelt in the north of Hellas near Mt. Oeta. 17. Superiores, etc. instead of victoriam reporiaturos esse {ni instead of nisi) si regem non occidisseni. 18. Cusiodia regis, i. e. ut caverent, ne regem Atheniensium occi-

derent.
19.
bitni)

Permutato, instead of deposito, alioque {pauperis hominis hasumto.

13

1.

Regnavit,

i.

e.

rexfuit.

After the death of Codrus, the state

there were thirteen in succession. After the death of Alcmaeon, they were appointed for ten years; and finally nine archons, instead of one, were appointed annually, {annul magistratus). 2. Nullae leges. The institutions of Draco were not observed on account of their excessive severity, so that the state seemed destitute of laws. 3. Deformis, instead of deformatus ; sumto habitu, quo deformis videretur. 4. Vicissitudines. Pisistratus was more than once banished. 14: 1. Religione. The Lacedaemonians had agreed to send aid to the Athenians, but would not march before full moon. They believed that this planet had a particular influence on thfeir affairs, and could aid them only when in the height of its splendour. 2. Campi Marathonii, the plains about the village of Marathon, a village situated on the eastern coast of Attica. 3. Locus non aequus, i. e. iniquus ; as tempus aequum instead of

was governed by perpetual Archons, of whom

aptum.

NOTES.
4.
5.

113
res bene successit
;

Nee audaciae eventus

coTiatui respondit.
i.

defuit,

i.

e.

Paga eventus 1

audaci
6.

Suppressae,

e.

demersae.

Praemium.

Combine thus, gw^iZg praemium hujus victoriae, i.e.

propter hanc victoriam Miltiadi sit tributum. 7. Poccile, JJoDciXr], the most remarkable of the Sroat, or porticoes, so called from the variety it contained of curious pictureSj drawn by the greatest masters in Greece. 8. Decern praetores. Ten commanders, Srparrjydt, were annually appointed, one from each tribe. They were employed not merely as leaders in war, but also for many other purposes in the state. 9. Hortantis. In this picture Miltiades was placed in the front, milites hortans, i. e. eo habitu, ut milites hortari videretur, quum in eo esset, ut proelium committer et. 10. Tenucs, i. c. exigui. 1. Demetrius P/uilereus{^a\Ttpcvs), a celebrated philosopher and orator, who flourished B. C. 318, and became so popular in consequence of his munificence, that he was elected decennial archon. Notwithstanding this, his enemies raised a sedition against him, and he was sentenced to death. He escaped to the court of Ptolemy Soter, by whom he was kindly received; but Philadelphus, whom he had displeased, aftex his father's death, detained him in strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B. C. 2. Consuluissent, scil. Athenienses. 3. Quo valeret, i. e. quid signijicaret. 4. Salamiiui and Troezena.Greek accusatives. Salamis, see above B. cap. 17. 5. Troezen, a town in Argolis in the Peloponnesus. ai/wn-dXtj, " the upper city"), 6. Arx, the Acropolis (d/fpd7roX<s, or or the citadel of Athens, was built on a hill by Cecrops, from whom On it the Parthenon, Uapdevdiv, or temple of it was called Cecropia. Minerva, and temples of the other gods, were built. 7. Reliquum oppidum, that part of the city which was not fortified. 8. Artmisium, a promontory of Euboea, on the north-western side of the island. The coast was called Artemisium littus. 9. Eiiboea, a large island on the eastern coast of Greece. 10. Classiariis regiis, instead ofmilitibus classis regiae. Aequo Marte pug' 11. Pariproelio, " with equal advantage." nare, is similar in meaning. navibus cirutraque paHe hosiium 12. Ancipiti periculo, i. e. ab cumventi. 13. De servis stds, quern Jiabuitfidelissimum, i. e. servorum suoruvi fidelissimum. 14. Suis verbis, " in his name."
)

15

15. Longinquiore (more usually applied to space than time) tempore instead of majore temporis impendio. With this, and also oppresswum, understand 16. Confecturum. esse, and also eum as the accusative of the subject. 17.
tocle

Hoc CO valebat, etc. i. e. hoc eo spectabat {eo consilio a Themisfactum est) ut Graeci ingraliis, i. e. vel inviti^ adpugnam cogeBarbarus,
i.

rentur.
18.
1.

e.

rex Persarum.

Alienissimo, i.e. iniquissimo. 2. Quum PhaL. ulerentur, instead of quum Phalercus porlus, quo tum temporis utebantur, neque magnus, nequc bonus esset. 3. Piraei. Both Piraeus and Piraeeus were used. The former

16

114
Page

NOTES.
is

16

more usual
4.
5.

in the ancient authors.

rd Ueipaiov.
i.

The Greeks wrote

Ueipaisvs,

sometimes also
Dignitate,
JJltro.

e.

splendore et magnificentia.

The Greeks, who had hitherto acted on the defensive,

now commenced an offensive war. 6. Byzantium,now Constantinople. situate on the Bosphorus Thracius, which connects the Propontis with the Euxine. The Persians
had taken possession of this
7.

city.

IT

Eretriensem, " of Eretria," a town of the island Euboea. 8. Misit. The perfect is used in letters to express an action which is present to the writer, but considered as past in relation to the reader. Combine thus Pausanias misit tibi eos, quos Byz. oeperat, postquam cognovit eos propinquos tuos esse. 1. Certum, i. e. cui confiderc possit. 2. JTace (an old form instead of fac, which here renders the sentence more harmonious than/c woiiid), mittas instead of curaut
:

mittas, and this for mitte. 3. Salute, i. e. libertate recnperata,

4.
5.

Collaudat, i. e. valde laudat. Sifecerit, etc. i. e. si remperfecerit, nihil esse^

quod a

se

non sit
'

6. Chalcioecus, " the brazen temple," or, " that has a brazen house or temple." Quae refers either to aedes or Minerva, and the epithet ;!^aXKtot/cof applies as well to the goddess as lo the temple. 7. Epliori, the most powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by Lycurgus, They were five in number, and held their office for a year. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, appointed to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and rights of the populace. Hence their name t<popoi, "overseers," from i(popav "to oversee, inspect." 8. Inprimis, etc. i.e. inter primos fuisse, qui lapides afferrent. 9. Testarum suffragiis, " by the Ostracism" ('Oo-rpa/cto-jwdj, " the act of voting with the shells," from barpaKov, testa, "a tile, a shell,") so called from the shells, or earthen tiles, on which the citizens wrote their votes. He, whose name was written on a majority of the tiles or shells given in, was banished from his country for ten years. 10. Argos, (to "Apyos, in the singular a neuter, in the plural amaseuline), the principal city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 11. Hoc crimine, i. e. hac criminatione. 12. In dom/um tuam^ scil. in Xerxem, patrem, tuum, et omnino in Persas. 13. Ille expertus est, scil. Xerxes.

14.

De his

15.

Annum

rebus, i. e, quod attinet ad has res. temporis, instead of tempus unius anni.

18

Animi magnitudi?iem, the courage and resolution which he dis1 played in throwing himself upon the protection of an enemy. 2. Omn illud tempus, the whole year allowed him. 3. Commodius, i. e. disertius, major e facilitate et elegantia. 4. Asia, Asia Minor. 5. Magnesia, a town in Lydia. According to others, because ^is returning love 6. Desperaret. for his native land prevented him from performing his promise.
,

Acerbitatem, i. e. severitatem. Confirmavit, " he confirmed in their good will those who were well disposed towards the Athenians." 9. Alienatas, " those who had separated from the Athenians."
7.

8.

NOTES.
10. Scyros,
11.

115
Pago

an island in the Aegean, lying east of Euboea.

i.e.

18

Athenicnsibus eo missis. 12. Thasos, an island near the southern coast of Macedonia, opposite the mouth of the Nest us. 13. His maniibiis, a concise form of expression for praeda, in his expeditionibus facta. 14. QvM,, i. e. ea parte^ qua. 15. Q,uam, instead of irt quam. The preposition is often omitted with the relative, when it has been a little before expressed with the demonstrative. 16. Desiderium, scil. apud Athenienses. 17. Post annum qulntum, quam expulsus crat, i. e. quinto annopostquam expulsus fuerat.
Civibus,
Satius, i. e. melius, utilius. Contendere, i. e, se conferrc. 20. Sua sponte, ojyjosed to publice, " sion, of his own authority."
18.

19.

without a public commis-

1". Increme?ita invidentibiLS. Spartan vied the greatness and pro- 1 gressive increase (incrementa) of Athens, her rival {aemula urbs), for precedence. 2. Saepius susceptum et dcp. est. The Peloponnesian war lasted, with various interruptions, from Olymp. 87. 1. to 01. 93. 3. a period of 27 years. 3. Navali proelio, oflf Naupactus, in the Sinus Corinthiacus {G. of Lepanio), under the command of Phormio. 4. Post plures annos. In the ninth year of the war. 5. Socinrum persona, instead oiper socios. 6. Catina or Catdna at the foot of Aetna. The inhabitants of this town were called Cafnnenses, Catinienses, and Catinenses.

i. e.fclici successu. inclinato statu, " concerning the unfavourable turn of Inclinatus is used in opposition to rectus, firmus. 3. Quo cognito, i. e. quod quum cognovissent. 4. Graeciae bellum, i. e. bellum quod civitates Graeciae inter se gerebant. 5. iitraque parte, scil. Lacedaemoniorum et Atheniensium. 6. Inter angustias maris, where the Athenian fleet could not ex-

1.

Secundo Marte,
belli

20

2.

De

the war."

Ex

tend itself sufficiently. 1. Elis, a town in a district of the same name in the Peloponnesus. 2. Thcbae, the capital of Boeotia. 3. Eumolpidae, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of herfestivalsofEleu.sis, The Eumolpidae were descended fromEumolpus, a king of Thrace,who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. The priesthood continued in the family for 1200 years. 4. Decelia, AcKiXeia, on the boundaries of Boeotia and Attica. 5. Tempus, scil. opportunum, opportunitatem. 6. Regemfore. Theaccusative with the infinitive depends upon dixit, the idea of which is contained in pcrsuadct. 7. Ne extwrnis vacet, i.c.ne otium Graecis suppctat ad externa bella gerenda.

21

Malign,i.e.parce. Samos, one of the Sporades, off the coast of Ionia. At that time almost all the Athenian fleet was stationed here. 1. Jmperiumtransfertur. This is the revolution of Pi.sandcr,which occurred, 01. 92. 1. By this revolution the government was taken from the people and committed to 400 tyrants, thereby changing the
8.
9.

32

11*

116

NOTES.

SS2 previously existing democracy into an oligarchy. After a few months the oligarchy was in turn abolished, in the accomplishment of which the friends of Alcibiades were particularly active. 2. Patria liberata, since he had abolished the oligarchy and restored the democracy. 3. Viguerant, more expressive than fuerant. 4. Tribus navalibus, especially in that of Cyzicus, which made the Athenians masters of the Hellespont, and compelled the Lacedaemonians to abandon the whole sea. 5. Consilio, i. e. prudentid, "by his prudent conduct." 6. Adversas superiores, i. e. calamitates, quibus superioribus temporibus affiicti essent. 7. Coronis donabatur. Crowns were given, as marks of distinction,to citizens who had deserved well of their country. This seems to have been practised towards Olympic victors at their home,since a state thought itself peculiarly fortunate when one of its citizens obtained a prize in the higher games. It was usual in such cases, upon the entry of the victor, ito heap upon him flowers and wreaths. S.Resacrare or resecrare^liberare ab imprecationibus,revocatis dirts. 23 \. Duvipopulatur. According to others, Alcibiades had left the fleet in order to procure subsidies, and the generals, whom he left in command, risked an engagement contrary to orders. 3. Aegos fiumen (Atyos Trora/ids), i. e. " the goat's river," a stream in the ThracianChersonese, with a town called Aegos at its mouth. 3, Indinata est, i. e. prostrata est. 4. Nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium, instead of ti^c quidquam^ qtbod in ditione Atheniensiumfuit. 5, Requirere. The infinitives currere, sciscitari, requirere, are used in place of the finite verb. This is called the historical infinitive, and is much employed in animated narration. 6. Cum privatis casibus quer. pub. misc. instead of dum de suis quisque casibus queritur, etiam reipublicae calamiiatem defiet. 24 1. Decem viros, " decemvirates," SeKaSapx^ai, by which the democratical constitution was abolished, and an oppressive aristocracy introduced. 2. Nomen Athen. a circumlocution for the Athenians, like nomen Romanum for the Romans. 3. Negarunt, se passuros, i. e. dixerunt, se non passuros. 4. Ex duobus oculis. Sparta and Athens were the two eyes of Greece. 5. Longi muri brachia, to. cKiXri tov fxaKpov rsixovs. So they called the double walls, which connected the Piraeus with -Athens, and enclosed the way v/hich led to it.
6. Triginta rectores, as if a triple decem virate. 7. Mutari. Since the people had lost all their rights, the laws were given by an oligarchy, and the execution of their decrees was

entrusted to mercenaries. 8. A victoribus, i. e. Lacedaemoniis.

9.

Exhaustam,

etc.

urbem

bello

exhaustam caedibus et rapinis

con-

ficiunt.
10. Tlieramenes had been very active in the trtinsactions with Sparta, and above all, had co-operated in effecting the adoption oi the hard conditions proposed by the Lacedaemonians, but at a later period resisted the violent measures of his colleagues. 11. Domesticum terrorem, scil. imminentia a t/yrannis pericula. 13. Phrygia, a country of Asia Minor, of great extent.

NOTBS.
13.
14.

U7
Pace
thirty tyrants.

Critias, the

most active and oppressive of the

firmum,firmatum, "
ratified,

Batum,

i.

e.

confirmed," opposed

to irritum.
1. Vicinitati, instead of vicinis ; qui homines illius regionis, ubi Alcibiades habitabat, excitarent. 2. Negotium dare, i. e. demandare,jubere. 3. Interficerent. The plural is used in relation to the idea of plurality contained in the collective noun vicinitati. 4. Siibalare telum, "a dagger," a weapon which may be carried under the arm, (svJ) ala). 5. Id quod vestimentarum, instead of omnia vestimenta, quae turn, aderant. 6. Mammae vim. The violence of the flames was checked for a moment by the clothes which were thrown upon them. 7. Erect us ad spem, i.e. spem capiens, spe capta ; erigi and se erigere

US

(opposed
8.

to dejici, dejectus)
i.

are used to denote reanimated courage.

AduTuitis,

e.

contractis.

9. Infinibus Atticae. On the northern boundary, which separates Attica from Boeotia. 10. Piraeus, the town connected with the harbour. The Piraeus is now called Porto Leone. 11. Munychia, a port of Athens. 12. Jacentem, i. e. interfecium et prostratum. 13. Eos, qui urbeni tenebant, i. e. the army of the oligarchy. 14. Redderetur depends upon ut, which is contained in the pre-

ceding
1.

ne.
;

This victory was gained near Cnidas by it the Lacedaemonians lost their naval superiority. 2. Regi Spartanorum. The Peloponnesus was recovered by the Heraclidae about 80 years after the fall of Troy, and 1104 B. C. From this period two kings of the race of the Heraclidae reigned
Victoriam.
jointly.

26

Pietas has reference especially to those duties which one to the gods, his country, and his friends. 4. Principes adjust, imp. form. i. e. principes ita informavit, ui justa imperia exercercnt. 1. Compcnsatione mercium, " by an interchange of commodities." 2. In luxuria, i. e. in molli ignavia. 3. Haec quon. -fingit. Quoniam intelligebat, kaec initio dura visum iri, ob mores praeserlim hominum, luxuria solutos et corruptos, Solutimores is opposed finxit, sibi has leges ab Apolline datus esse. to adstricli arid severi. Lycurgus had his laws confirmed by the oracle at Delphi. 4. Crela,n large island of the Mediterranean, between the Peloponnesus and Africa from it Lycurgus had derived a part of his laws, 5. Mcssenia, a province of the Peloponnesus, lying west of Laconia. Its capital was Mcssene. 6. Poeiiarum, i. c malorum et calamitaium. Carviina, in quibus Spar7. Carmina, in quibus conscrips. ianosad virtutcm hortabatur, propter damna, quae perpessi erant, solabatur, consifta denique dabat, quomodo bellum gercndum esset. Some of these poems are still extant. 1. ZInumque, scil. the Peloponnesian war. 2. Hunc adversuSy instead of adversus hunc. Versus and teims are placed after their cases.
3.

owes

21

28

118
Page

NOTES.

28

29

3. Boeotios. The inhabitants of J?oeoiia were called J5oeo^u and So in Greek Boiwrioi and Botwrot, ^ Boeoti. 4. Institutis patriae, i. e. the iaws which required that he should obey the command of the Ephori, eo, soil. Agesilao. 1. 2. Dehilitatae viderentur, instead of dehilitatae essent. 3. Insolentia gloriae, instead of insolenti gloriatione. 4. Securis, i. e. Us Graecorurti, qui, quod se pacem existimabant habere, sine metu securi erant.

Ex

30

ArcMdamus, son of Agesilaus. Principio noctis, i. e. node appetente, primis noctis tenebris. Aciem, hostium exercitum impetumque eorum, quibus antea robur copiarum Lace daemonio rum resistere non potuerat.
5.
1.

2.

continenii, i. e. confestim, e vestigio. Victoria, in the battle fought near Mantinea in Arcadia. Olymp. 104. 2. 5. Hunc ante, instead of ante hunc. 6. Vir melior, instead of utrum vir melior. The omission of the
3.

Ex

4.

first 7.

31

1.

interrogative is not unusual Accipere, soil, ex honoribus. Muneris, i. e. benejicii a capris accepti.
;

Aegae, from ai^, aiyos, a goat. Mortis postrema, instead of mors, rerum omnium postrema in the language of Homer, TtXog Qavarov.
2.
3.

as

'"

Praefatus, i. e. diccns. Stirpem, scil. stirpem regum illiusfamiliae. After the death of Alexander, the government of Macedonia devolved upon his gene4. 5.

rals.
6. Thracibus et lllyriis. The Thracians and Illyrians were the nearest neighbours of the Macedonians, the former on the east, the latter on the west. They were both rude and warlike nations. 1. Regem, emphatically; a king, such as he should be.
i. e. suscepit et educavit. Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, the district of Chalcidice, north of the peninsula of Pallene, and at the head of the Toronaicus Sinus, or (hdf of Cassandria. 4. Occupatus fuisset, i. e. oppressus fuisset. 5. Alexander occubnit. Diodorus (XV, 71) and others relate that he was murdered by PtolemyAlorites,hisyounger brother, who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. 6. Pari decipitur. According to Diodorus (XVI, 2) and others he was slain by the Illyrians. 7. Serumque erat, i. e. neqv exspectari poterat, donee puer adultus auxilium ferre posset. 8. Hinc, i. e. ab una parte, scil. a matre Eurydice. 9. Immaturam urgeret, i. e. adolescent-em immaturae adhuc aetatis premeret. 1. Redemit, i. e.pecunia data terminavit. 2. AmpMpolis, an Athenian colony on the Strymon, between

S2

2. Stistulit,
3.

33

Macedonia and Thrace.

3. Bello caedit. Philip with an army of 10,000 foot soldiers and 600 horsemen, slew 7,000 of 10,000 foot soldiers and 500 horsemen, whom Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, had brought against him. Upon this a treaty of peace was made, by which Philip recovered from the Illyrians all the cities that had been previously taken from the kingdom of Macedon, Diodor. XVI. 4.
. . .

NOTES.
4.

119
Page

Thessalorum equitum.

The

Thessalian horses were univer-

33

sally esteemed.

Methona, a town of Macedonia, on the Thermaicus Sinus, in the province of Pieria, above Pydna. Diodorus makes this to have been the third time that Philip had besieged this town. 6. Jaxta sagitta, by Aster, whose offer of his services had been slighted by Philip,
5.
i. e. post aliquot dies. Infcrioribus, i. e. imbecilliorihus. Coronas laureas, as to1:ens that they were devoted to the service of Apollo, to the laurel was sacred.

7.

Inlerjectis diebus,

8. 9.

whom

10.

tas

Aridaeus and Menelaus, sons of Amynby his second wife, 1. In Thracia. Especially in the vicinity of Crenides, after-

Duos fratres ejus.

34

Philippi. 2. Fratres duo, scil. Berisades and Amadocus, sons of Cotys, Thracian king, 3. Adhibiiis, i, e, ad causam suam defendendam assumtis. 4. Bellum deprecabantur, i, e. helium a se averterc conabantur. 5. His, scil. Pkocensibus.
6. Vcniam belli pollicetur, i. e. se bellum remissurum neque quidquam in eos suscepturum promittit.
7.

wards called

hostile

Captos,

i,

e,

deceptos.

Pacta salute, i, e. facta pactione, ut eorum vitae parceret. 9. Dardani, the northern neighbours of the Macedonians. 10. Ckersonensium urbes, the towns of the Thracian Chersonese, which formed the western coast of the Hellespont, and consequently commanded the navigation to the Propontis and Euxine. 11. Auri argentique nihil. The Scythians led for the most part a pastoral life, and possessed no other wealth than their herds,8.
1. Dissimulaturn properly refers to the hostile intentions, which Philip had long entertained, but knew how to conceal until he found a convenient opportunity to declare open war against them. 2. Athenicnsibus. The Athenians had opposed him in many of his undertakings, and had baffled his designs in several instances. 3. Legationibus Graeciamfat. i. e. plurimas legationes per iotam

35

Graeciam mittunt.
phissus.

Chaeronaea, a town in Boeotia, on a small branch of the CeIt was the birth-place of Plutarch, 5. Adversis vulneribus, i. e. pectore, adverso corpore acceptis. 6. Ita vicit, 1. e, victoria ita usus est. 7. Passus^i. e, ezpertus. 8. Corinthus, one of the most celebrated cities of Greece, situate upon the isthmus which connects the Peloponnesus with Greece Proper. 9. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, king of Epinis.
4.

10.
1
1

Contcndcret,
Attalus,

i.

e.

incedcret.

one of the generals of Philip, and uncle of his wife

ea:i'er<?,

Cleopatra.
1.

Po/cra^, scil,

which must be taken from the following

36
91

exegit.
2.
1.

2. 3.

Gaudere, the historical infinitive, Triballi, a people of Iljyria. Q7UI opinione, i. e. hoc nunlio, falsa illo ct inani. Bellum remisit. As above, cap. 6. belli veniam dedit
ulterius prosccutus
est.

i.

e, bel-

lum haud

120
Page

NOTES.
4. Ita,
5.
6.
i.

31

e.

hac conditione proposita.

i.
i.

Ex conti?ienti,
Praefatus, Suis rebus,
e.

e. vestigio, statim. dicens, addens.

38

i. e. regioni quampro sua jam nunc haberet. In campis Adrastiae,a. plain near the Granicus,a river of Mysia. 3. Asiae, i. e. of Asia Minor. 4. Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to the throne. He consecrated in the temple of Jupiter the wagon in which he was riding when sajuted king. 5. Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, the most southern province of Asia

1.

2.

Minor.

39

1.

Indubitato,

i.

e. certo.

2.
3.

Divitiarum, scil. quae illis expraeda hostium ohventurae essent. Nee inven. &c. instead of nullas vires inventas esse fares illoviribus.

rum

*0

Sidoniae, scil. urbis. Sidon, the oldest and most powerful city of Ph oenicia,fi ve geographical miles north of Tyrus,on the sea-coast.
1.

Spretis, i. e. posthabitis. Ne...putarent, i. e. ne cives hujus urbis existimarent, regem, datum, hoc beneficium nobilitati generis sui potius, quam Alexandri voluntati debere. 4. Tyrus, the great trading town of the Phoenicians. This commercial city consisted of two parts or towns ; one of them was built on the main land, and called Palaetyros; the other, on a small island
2.
3.

ipsis

opposite to it. Its ancient Phoenician name, Tzur, is retained in the modern Sur. Hercules was the chief deity of the place 5. Amman. See abote, B. cap. 9. note 5.
6. 7.

8.
9.

See Part First, p. 56, n. 8. Babyloniam profugisset. After the battle of Issus. Facial. Understand ut after precatur.
Alexandria.

Sua

sibi dari,

i.

e.

his oblaiis conditionibus nihil sibi offerri,

quod non jam.

ieneret.

10. Begni arbitria, i. e. arbitrium de regno, quam ejus partem, ipse sibi servaturus, quamque Dario relicturus esset. 11. Victori, emphatically, instead oi sibi.

41

1. Euphrates, one of the most considerable rivers in Asia, which rises in a part of the most northern branch of Taurus, and, flowing about 1400 British miles, finally empties itself into the Persian Gulf. In its course it washes the skirts of Syria, and divides Arabia, and also Chaldaea and Babylonia, from Mesopotamia. 2. Gaugamela, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, whereAlexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Gaugamela being an obscure place, the battle was named after Arbela. 3. Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire.

42

43

The ruins of Persepolis, now Estdker, or Shehel-MiTiar, still astonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magnificence. 4. Cognovit, i. e. audivit. 1. Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, situate to the south of the eastern part of the Caspian sea. 2. Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. 3. Propter quae crimina, instead of ob hanc causam, quod talibus in eum sermonibus esset usus. 1 Ex quibus cognitojudicio, i.e. quum ex his cognovissei judicium. 2. Opinati fuerant, i. e. judicaverant.
.

Consumturus eos, i. e. eo consili periculis objiceret, in quibus periret.

3.

NOTES.

121
Paire

The proper Tanais, now the Don, formed the divi4. Tanais. sion line between European and Asiatic Sarmatia, and emptied itThe laxarles, a large river of Asia, self into the Pal us Maeotis. rising in the chain of Mons Imaus, and flowing into the Sea of Aral, after a course of 1682 English miles,, was confounded with the Tanais in the time of Alexander. The laxartes is here meant. 5. Sogdiana, a country of Asia, north of Bactria, between the Oxus and laxartes. Its capital was cdl\e& Maracandu, the famous Samarcand of Tartan history. 6. ChorasTni el Dahae, nations of Scythia, on the laxartes.
7.

43

Argyraspidas,
Liber, a

dpyvpacnTiSas.

8.
1.

name

of Bacchus.

Commisso

praelio, at the river

Hydaspes.

44

Nicaea, from vUn, victory. Bucephdlen. This city was built by Alexander in honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus, killed in the battle against Porus.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Ostendere, the historical infinitive. a large and rapid river of India, falling into the Indus. 1. GravioT, i. e. majore cum pericvZo conjuncta. 2. SaliUi redditus, i. e. vuLnere sanato in pristinam sanitatem resAccsiTies,

45

tit uius.

%ibi

Polijperchon, otherwise written Polysperchon. Oceano libamenta dedit ; Oceanum, ut deum, solemni libaiione propitium reddere studuit. 5. Praedixit, i. e. monuit.
3. 4. C.
7.

Teslalus,

i.

e.

dicens, affirmaTis.

8.

Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, the friend of Alexander. Commissatione, instead of compotatione.

9.

Domus,

i.

e.

gentis.

Aeacidarum. 01ympias,the mother of Alexander, was daughter of Ncoptolemus, a king of the Molossi, who was descended from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles Achilles was grandson of Aeacus, 1. Acerrimus, i. e. vividissimi ingenii. 2. Litterarum studiis, a periphrasis for litteris. 3. Vidorianimjiore, i. e. in media cursu vidoriarum. 4. Talentum, instead oi talentorum. 1. Ad forvuindum rerum praesentium statum, i. e. ad capiendum consilium de forviando rerum statu. 2. Negat expectandum. i. e. dicebat, minime expectandum. 3. Valctudinem, oh animi imbecilliti/tem.
10.
;

46

4T

4.
5.

I/i

txttorum obsequia jurani,

esse.

i.

e.

jurant, se iutoribus

illis obse-

quium praestituros
Nidlas
sild

consiliorum partes relictas, instead ofse non in con-

silioru'm societatem esse vocatos.

1. Jiimercatu Olijmpiaco, at the Olympic games, which were attended with much traffic, (mercatu). 2. Libertatcm fremebant, i. e. voces jaciebant, dicebant, libertatem, recuperatam, bello contra Macf.donas suscepto tuendam esse. 3. Lamia, a town of Thessaly, at the bottom of the Sinus Maiiacnsor Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius. 4. Discurrentibus, instead of disccd/:ntibus. 5. Incivilcm sanguitiem, instead o( in cives. 6. Plokmaais, Lagi/Uius, also styled Sotcr.
. .

48

7.

Dcvidrius, surnamcd Poliorcetes, " destroyer of cities."

8. 9. 10.

Gamala, a town in Palestine. Jnstrumentum, i. e. omnem supellectilem, opes privatas.

Familiam,

i.

e. servos.

122
Page

NOTES.
1.

49

Navali praelio, near Salamis, Olymp, 118.3.

50

adverbially instead of iterum. Bellumfinitimum, instead of cum Jinitimis. 4. Callisikenes, a philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander he was tortured in the shocking manner here described for refusing to pay honours to the king. 5. Propter constantiam tantae virtutis, i. e. propter tardam tamque constantem virtuiem. 1. Proelium, the battle of Ipsus, a town of Phrygia, fought
2. Iterato,
3.
;

Olymp.
2.

119. 4.
i.

Continitae mortes, ports secutae fuerant.

3.

e. qiuie se

exiguo

admodum

intervallo tem-

51

52

Demetrio. ex filiis. To Ptolemy Philadelphus. i. e.forti animo. 3. Moritur. Lysimachus fell in a bloody battle, fought in Phrygia, near the Hellespont. 4. Ptolemaeus Ceraunus, son of Ptolemy Soter, was prevented succeeding to the throne of Egypt by his father's partiality for his younger brother Philadelphus. He fled to the court of Seleucus in Macedonia, and, notwithstanding the kindness of his reception, perfidiously murdered his protector, and ascendfed his throne, B. C. 280. 5. Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. 6. Antigonus Gonatas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 7. Campus Cirrhaeus, so called from Cirrha, a maritime town of Phocis, at the top of the Sinus Crissaeus, serving as a port to Delphi, and being 60 stadia distant from it. Romam incendit, after the battle fought at the Allia, in which 1 the Romans were totally defeated, B. C. 387. See Part I. V. Lib.
scil.
1.

Ei,

Minima natu
Strenue,

2.

I.

Cap.
2.

32.

Pan7ionia, a large country of Europe, bounded on the north by the Danube, east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, and west by Noricum. In the time of Antonine it was divided into Superior and Inferior, the former answering to part of Hungary, the latteii to Sclavonia. 3. Saudi, i. e. ebrii. Saucius is used of every kind of hurt or damage; thus it is applied to a drunken man, qui mente non est
Integra.

53

1.

2.
3.

Diis antesignanis, i. Brevi, scil. tempore.

Statuta,
i.

e. diis ipsis

ducentibus.

54:

Constituta, composita. offama et existimatio. See Part I. V. Lib. II. Cap. 5. et seqq. 1. Ptolemaei. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus is here meoJoX. 2. AJluxisset, instead of insuper accepisset, supervenisset.
e.

4.
5.

Opinio, instead
Sicilia.

Ex

3.

untium defectione

55

1.

2.

Transitione militum destitutus, i. e. Militum ad hostes transecopiis destitutus, instead of solus relictus. Antiochus, surnamed Hierax. Supra aetatem avidus, i. e. avidior quam pueri hac aetate esse

sclent.
3.

Amisso regno.

He had been for some

time a prisoner in Par-

thia.

Doson, Awo-wr, Daturus, from his promising much, and giving nothing. 5. Dardani, a northern tribe of Upper Moesia, inhabiting the
4.

territory

now

called Servia.

NOTES.
Vidi Lacedaeinonii. This battle was fought in the vicinity of Sellasia, a town in Laconia, north-ea&t of Sparta.
1. 2. Saluti. Instead of viiae. 3. Ad Ptolemaeum, to Ptolemy Evergetes, who had aided hirn against the leaders of the Achaean league. 4. AfUio ejus. The 4th Ptolemy, son of Evergetes, was surnamed PkilopdtoT. 5. Seleucus, the 3d, sumamed Ceraunus, by autiphrasis, as he was a very weak and irresolute monarch. He was son of Seleu-

123
P80

56

cus the 2d, surnamed Callinicus. 0. Antiochus,\>vol\ic.v of Seleucus Ceraunus, though only 15 } ears old when he ascended the throne, rendered himself so celebrated that he acquired the name of Great. 7. Philopator, by autiphrasis ^^iXoTrarojp, parenlum amans.
;

1.

Imperium

ioiius orbis spe complexly

i.

e.

sperantes, fieri posse, ut 5'\

imperio orbis ierraruni potirentur ; or, imperio totius terrarum orbis

inhiantcs.
2. ILli, (scil.

regi Philippo)

i.

e.

the ablative) a

Romanis

occupato.

in Philippo gratiam; regno (iu So below, C. 68. Ut Rex Asia

Romanis
3.

cederet.

kostes

Gratius habilurus^&c. i. e. se malle socium (Philippum) quam (Romanos) in imperii su^possessione videre. 4. Minus ncgotii, i. e. id bellum facilius profiigari posse. 5. Trasimenics, or Trasymenus, or Tkrasymenus, now the lake of Perugia,a. lake of Italy near Perusia,celebi ated for abattle fought there between Annibal and the Romans under Flaminius, B.C. 217. 1. Injuries Pkilippi, instead of de injur iis a Philippo acceptis.
2.
1.

58 59

l^itulo,

i.

e. siib

praetextu.
ii^.

Abstin^ret.

Understand

Scripsit, i. e.per literas jmperavit, ut. Assiduo colloquio, i. e. Crehris sermonibus cum Hannibale mixtis ; frequente cum eo colloquendi occasione quaesita. 4. Reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam, instead of reconcilialum ejus cum Romanis animum ; vel, cum cum Romanis hi gra tiam rediis.se. 5. Congressione, near Thermopylae in Greece. 6. Praelium co7rt7?a7/i7wr,nearPhocaea,on the coast of AsiaMinor. 1. llion. AVhere formerly Troja (Ilium) stood. 2. Post praelium commissum, near Magnesia, in Lydia. 3. Ambiguo, i. e. lUrimque ivimincnte. 4. Aeloli. The Aetolians rendered themselves conspicuous, as the allies of Rome, in the war against Philip of Macedon; but when they did not receive the whole of his kingdom as their reward, they went over to their former enemies. 1. Velut in illo omne bellum confccissent, i. e. quasi illo caplo, omiu bellum confecLum essel. Philopoemen was one cf the greatest generals of liis age. He has been styled the last of the Greeks. 2. Quaesito. Ablative absolute i. e. quum prius quacsivisset. 3. Consultum, i. e. provisum afortuna.
2.
3.
;

60

4.
1.

Pudorem,

i.

e.

mudcstiam

{(Toxppoaivnv).

2.
3.

Jnvidiosum, i. e. kominum invidiac obnoxium. Omne serpentium genus. Instead of serpcntes omnis generts.

63

In pacem cogerent, i. e. abello desisLcrc jid)erent. 4. Ne usu eveniret, quod accidit, i. e. ne idfierct, quod turn factum tst, ut scil. Romani ipsum comprehensum veniraU. Usu and usus
venit,

equivalent
II.

lo fit,

auidit.

PART

12

124

NOTES.
5.
6.

32

SensiL

scil.

Hannibal.

Dimitteret, instead of amiiteret, deponeret. 7. Sus'pensa, i. e. /7aiae adhuc dubia ei avihigua fuerat. 8. Z^^e yft^i, i. e. Aait^i izZi^er ac si victus essel. 9. Quam victo, quam si victus esset. 1. Pro elium. This battle was fought near Pydna, in Macedonia. 2. ^amothracia, now Sama'oaraki or Mandraki, an island in the Aegaean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of

Thrace.
3.

4.

Conspirationem. In a good sense, " unanimity.^' Praedam, non proelium agitantes, i. e. non de proelio, sed de

p?-aeda cogitantes. 5. Proelio commisso.

SjI
1.

Near Leucopetra,on

Novarum rerum.
AttaliLs,

A railder expression for seditionum.

the Isthmus of Corinth.

the third. He reigned only five years. Summiltit. Instead of promiUit. 4. Parihia, the country of the Parthi, was a small province south-east of the Caspian sea. In this restricted sense, Parthia must not be confounded with what the ancients called the Parthian empire. This last was of vast extent, being bounded on the east by the Indus, on the west by the Tigris, on ^e south by the Mare
2.

3.

Erythraeum, and on the north by Caucasus.

5.

Binisbellis.

the

Roman

made war
to retire
6.
1.
C5i5

triumvir. against M.

Orodes, a prince of Parthia, defeated Crassus, His son and successor, Phraates the 4th, Antony with great success, and obliged him

with much loss. scil. Romanis. SuimoriSji. e. ipsis propria etpeculiaris. 2. Pluida, "flowing, loose, very wide." 3. Ut incautiores adversus vulnera insequentes habeant, i. e. earn The oh causam, ut insequentes hostes minus a vulneribus caveant. art which the Parthians possessed of discharging their arrows while retiring at full speed, gained them many victories. 4. Came nonn. ven. quaes, vesc. i. e. nulla came vescuntur nisi feraruvi, fuas venantes ceperunt.
Ncni pares solum,
5. 6.
Illis, scil. vcctati.
I7i

supers, praec. amn. ven. est. i. e. quod ad eorum supersHtiones attinet, amnes praecipue venerantur. Taciti, scil. homines, the idea of which is contained in gerUi. 7. 8. Pudore, i. e. reverentia.
9.

/SeZewcws,

king of Syria.
i.

Ci6

1.

Praeteritis,

e.

postpositis.

Elymaei, the inhabitants of Elymais, a province of Persia, lying to the south of Media, and forming the northern part of the large district of Susiana. fi 1. T/io^ru, a people of Scythia.
2.

2.

Insultare, scil. sibi

i.

e.

Confidentia viriitm

suarum

ipsuvi

contemnere.
^?8.
1. Ex dolore infurorem vertitur, properly, ejus dolor infurorem versus est ; or, tantum animo dolorem concepit, ut nihil a furore

abesset.
2. JJpi dolor vocem laxaverat, i. e. ubi d'-l-ris vehementia nonnihil imminuta vocis cdendae potestatem fecit. So Virgil (Aen. XI. 151.) says of Evander, who was overwhelmed with grief at the loss oi his son Ei via viz tandem voci laxatu dolore est. 3. Ad Cacmrem. To Octavianus.
;

NOTES.

125
Page

These were the ensigns and stand- 69 1. Cum signis rnilitaribus. ards which the Parthians had taken from Crassus. So called from its three promontories {jpcii dKpat). 2. Trijiacria. This name was derived from the Sicani. a people 3. Sicania. of Iberian origin, who came from Upper Asia. They settled first in Italy, whence they passed to Sicily, and took possession of the western parts of the island. periphrasis for Graecos, as Rnrtumum 4. Graeci nominis. The lower part of Italy was settled chiefly by nnincn for Romani. Grecian colonies, whence the name oi Magna Graeda. 1. RoTnam incendera.'nt. See above, E. cap. 51. 7 Nezi is sometimes used in a more 2. Ncxorum, i. e. captivorum.. limited sense for qui ob as alienum next, i. e iu serviluUm detrusi

sunt.
3.

4.

Solliciiat, Dithitavit.

5. Iti qv/im, i. e. quod quum Syracusani fecissent, principes que cives pads conciliandae causa ad cum misi^scni, Dionysius hos retinuit. 1. Locri, called Epizephyrii, inhabited Magna Graecia, near Tl the promontory of Zephyrium, at the southern extremity of the Bruttiorum ager. 2. Sine fide fuit, i. e. nemo ei fcdem hnbnit ; omnibus suspectusfuit. 1. Murgantium, a town of Sicily, in the eastern part of the island. 7 2 2. Leontium vel Leontini, a town on the coast, north of Syracuse. 3. Auxilio fugae ademto, i. e. ademia spe fugac, qua se periculis svMraherent.

e. siM conciliare studet. Understand uirum. rem miss. prim, in care. ret.
i.

4.
5.

Dun,

scil. millia.

Specularentnr, scil. Carthaginienses, the idea of which is contained in the word Carthagine. 6. Poeni ocddionc caesi nuntiabaniur, instead of nuntiahtm est Poenos occidione caesos esse. 7. Aitctus, scil. Agathocles. 1. Err ore noctis, i. e. nocie et ienebris in err or em induclus. 2. AmpUandi, i. e. augendi.
. .
.

T3

viribus, i. e. muUis cum copiis. gerebat. See Part First, V. Lib. II. cap. 59. 1. //ier<7, the 2d. The first of that name lived two centuries earlier. 2. Ad spem majestaiis, quae promitlebatur, i. e. ad dignitatis fastigium, quod aruspices euvi sperare jubebant.
3.

Magnis
Beilum

4.

74

3.
1.

Hispanus, a son of Hercules.

Nee summae tantum terrae bona, i. e. ea bona (those produc- 7.5 lions) quae e superficie terrae nascuntur. 2. Vineis campisque irrigui, instead ofcampos et tineas irrigantes.
inediam, i. e. ad famem preferendam. Extromeus, scil. hostis. Arma sanguine ipso cariora, i. e. sanguincm arma, perdcre malunt.
3.

Ad

4.
5.

et

vitam,

quam

G. 7.

Ipsi, scil. viri.

i. e. operam dant. Gades. a flourishing commercial city of Spain, at the moutli of one of the arms of the Baetis, now Cadiz. It was foimded by a Phoenician colony. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus, had here a celebrated temple. 2. I.isTvrcs. Thi<; nn'ion was ?p*flo'l nn \]\f^ snnthern coast of

ServiunJ,,

1.

70

126
Page

NOTES.

TO

Gaul.

They gradually extended themselves into Italjr, and ob lained exclusive possession of that part of Gallia Cisalpina which lay between the Padus or Po on the north, the Ligusticus Sinus or G. of Genoa on the south, the river Macra on the east, and the Varus on the west.
8.
Illic,
i.

e.

inteT epulas.

IT

T8

Fatigabant, i. e. vexabant. 2. In tantum, i. e. tantopere. 3. Quandoque, instead of aliquando, inpostervm. 4. Domestico praesidio fortem, i. e. adjutam ccUulorum, qiws ad domus praesidium educaverat, auxilio. 5. Floralia, games celebrated in honour of Flora. 6. Apertae forent, scil. ab Us quos clam in urbem miserat. 7. SepuUam, soil, oppressam. 8. Becognoscere, i.e. diligenter inspicere, num arma celarenl aliave de causa suspecii essent. 1. Nomen Massiliensium, instedid of Massilienses. 2. Petitoque, the ablative absolute, instead ofei quum petivissei. 3. Eos ad cur. deor. imm. pert. i. e. eos deorum cura haberi dig"
1.

nos,

4.

e. deos eorum curam habere. Urb. Rom,, incens. See Part First, 5. Fhinere, i. e. luctu.
i.

V. Lib.

I.

cap. 32.

THE END.

63 7

^ ^ r^e

:$^^

'^^

<<0

.Vv^

"^.,

:^\ -^
<*^

^K\

^^^a:

A-^' .^

^J

Deacidified using the

Neutralizing agent:

Bookkeeper process.

Magnesium Oxide

Treatment Date: July 2006

PreservationTechnologies
A

WORLD LEADER
1 1 1

IN

PAPER PRESERVATION
Drive

%"."
:^._.^^>~

Thomson Park

Cranberry Township, (724)779-2111

PA 16066

.N

'^,.

S"

^.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

003 040 717 9