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N TP U NM I. MC TIU : 1. Kin thc : - On li mt s kin thc c bn v ho hc . - On li cckin thc hc lp 10 * Cu hnh electron , s phn b electron vo cc obitan .

. * Phn ng oxh kh * Nhm halogen . * Nhm xi lu hunh 2. K nng : Rn Luyn mt s k nng * Cn bng phn ng oxi ho kh bng p[hng php thng bng electron * Gii bi ton da vo phng trnh phn ng , da vo C% , CM , D 4. Trng tm : - Cn bng phn ng oxi ho kh - Gii bi tp II. PHNG PHP : Quy np , m thoi gi m III. CHUN B : H thng cu hi v mt s bi tp vn dng IV. THIT K CC HOT NG : 1. Kim tra : kt hp trong qu trnh n tp 2. Bi mi : Hot ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Hoat ong 1 : vao bai e chuan b cho kiem tra chat lng au nam On lai mot so ly thuyet a hoc lp 10 I. LY THUYET : - Viet cau hnh electron da vao Hoat ong 2 : nguyen ly vng ben : 1s 2s2p 3s3p * Gv at he thong cau hoi : 4s3d4p 5s4d5p 6s4f5d6p - Viet cau hnh electron da vao nguyen tac va nguyen l nao ? -Trong BTH : - Quy luat bien oi tnh chat cua Chu ky : cac nguyen to trong BTH ? - Ban knh giam dan - o am ien , I1 , ai lc electro tang dan - Tnh axit cua oxit va hiroxit tng ng tang dan Phan nhom - Ban knh tang dan chnh - o am ien , I1 giam dan - Tnh baz cua oxit - Can bang phan ng oxi hoa kh va hiroxit gom may bc ? neu cac bc tng ng tang dan o ? - Neu quy tac xac nh so oxi hoa - Can bang phan ng oxi hoa kh cua cac nguyen to ? gom 4 bc . - Neu tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua cac nguyen to trong nhom halogen ? Hoc sinh da vao cac kien thc cu - Neu tnh chat c ban va ac e tra li cac cau hoi cua giao

iem cua cac nguyen to thuoc nhom oxi ? Hoat ong 3 : Cho hs lam cac bai tap van dung Bai 1 : Viet cau hnh electron , xac nh v tr cac nguyen to sau trong bth : Z = 15 , 24 , 35 , 29

vien .

II.

BAI TAP :

Bai 1 : 1s22s22p63s23p3 - o :15 - Z=15 : chu ky :3 - nhom : VA Z=24 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 Z=35 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3 Z=29 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 Bai 2 : Hoc sinh len bang lam theo trnh t 4 bc a. 8Al + 30HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O b.3FexOy + (12x-2y) HNO3 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + (6x-y) H2O c.2 KNO3 + S +3 C K2S + N2 +3 CO2 d. 6NaOH + 3Cl2 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O Bai 3 : 1. NaCl + H2O NaOH + Cl2 + H2 2. Cl2 + NaOH NaCl + NaClO 3. Cl2 + H2 HCl 4. Cl2 + KOH KCl + KClO3 + H2O 5. KClO3 KCl + O2 6. HCl + BaSO3 BaCl + SO2 + H2O 7. SO2 + H2S S + H2O 8. S + H2 H2S 9. SO2 + Cl2 + H2O H2SO4 + HCl Bai 4 : Hoc sinh len bang nhan biet cac chat I- : AgNO3 ket tua vang am Br- : AgNO3 ket tua vang nhat Cl- : AgNO3 ket tua trang SO42- : BaCl2 ket tua trang S2- : Pb(NO3)2 ket tua trang Lu y : nhan biet SO42- trc ClBai 5 : nAl = 0,03 mol nS = 0,025 mol 2Al + 3S Al2S3 Al d , phng trnh phan ng tnh

Bai 2 : Can bang phan ng oxh kh sau bang phng phap electron : a.Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + N2O + H2O b.FexOy + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O c.KNO3 + S + C K2S + N2 + CO2 d. NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O e. Zn + HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + N2+ H2O t le mol 2 : 3 Bai 3 : Hoan thanh chuoi phan ng : Nc javen NaClCl2HCl SO2SH2S H2SO4 KClO3 O2

Bai 4 : Bang phng phap hoa hoc nhan biet cac chat sau : a.NaI , NaBr , NaCl , Na2SO4 b.NaOH , AgNO3 , BaCl2 , H2SO4 , HBr c.Na2S , AgNO3 , BaCl2 , Pb(NO3)2

Bai 5 : un nong hon hp gom 0,81g Al va 0,8g S . San pham em hoa tan hoan toan trong dd HCl d a.Tnh V kh bay ra kc ? b. Dan kh vao 25ml dd NaOH 15% ( D = 1,28 g/ml ) . Tnh C% cua cac chat sau phan ng ?

theo S Sau phan ng gom : Al d va Al2S3 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2 Al2S3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2S nH2 = 0,0195 mol nH2S = 0,025 mol Vay Vkh = 0,9968 lit b. nNaOH = 0,12 mol nH2S = 0,025 mol nNaOH / nH2S = 4,8 tao ra muoi trung hoa 2NaOH + H2S Na2S + H2O Sau phan ng : mNaOH = 0,07 . 40 = 2,8g MNa2s = 1,95 g Mdd = 0,85 + 32 = 32,85 g C%NaOH = 8,52% C%Na2S = 5,9% 3. Bai tap ve nha : Bai 1 : Mot hon hp gom 8,8g Fe2O3 va 1 kim loai hoa tr II ng sau H trong day hoat ong hoa hoc tac dung va u vi 75ml dd HCl 2M . Cung hon hp o cho tac dung vi H2SO4 ac nong thu c 1,68l kh A ( kc ) a. Tm kim loa X ? b. Tnh % moi chat co trong hon hp au ? c. Cho kh A tac dung va u vi 16,8ml dd NaOH 20% D = 1,25 g/ml . Xac ng khoi lpng cac chat sau phan ng ? Bai 2 : Hoa tan 5,5g hon hp 2 muoi NaCl va NaBr vao nc tao thanh 100g dd A . Cho kh Cl2 qua dd A en d , san pham em co can thu c 4,3875g muoi khan . a. Tnh nong o % moi muoi trong dd A ? b. Tnh V dd AgNO320% ( D=1,12 g/ml) can dung e ket tua het dd A ? Bai 3 : cho hon hp gom Mg va AL vao dd H2SO4 loang thu c 2,24l kh ( kc ) . Neu cung hon hp o cho vao dd H2SO4 ac ieu kien thng th thu c 0,56l kh A ( kc 0 . a. Tnh % moi kim loai trong hon hp au ? b. Dan kh A vao 28g dd NaOH% . Tnh nong o % cac chat trong dd sau phan ng ?

CHNG II :

S IEN LI

I. MUC TIEU CUA CHNG : 1. Kien thc : Cho hoc sinh hieu - Cac khai niem ve s ien li , chat ien li , chat ien li n\manh , chat ien li yeu . - C che cua qua trnh ien li - Khai niem ve axit , baz theo Areniut va Bronsted . - S ien li cua nc , ticvh1 so ion cua nc . - anh gia o axit , o kiem cua dd da vao nong o cua ion H+ va da vao PH cua dung dch . - Phan ng trong dd chat ien li .

2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen ky nang thc hanh : quan sat nhan xet va anh gia . - Viet phng trnh ion va ion rut gon cua cac phan ng xay ra trong dd . - Da vao hang so phan li axit , hang so phan li baz e tnh nong o H+ , OH- trong dung dch . 3. Giao duc tnh cam , thai o : - Tin tng vao phng phap nghien cu khoc hoc bang thc nghiem . - Ren luyen c tnh can than , tham m , t m . - Co c hieu bet khoa hoc ung an ve dd axit , baz , muoi .

Ngay soan : 12/9/2006 Ngay day : 20/9/2006

Tiet :7

Bai 4

S IEN LI

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet c cac khai niem ve s ien li , chat ien li . - Hieu c cac nguyen nhan tnh dan ien cua dung dch chat ien li . - Hieu c c che cua qua trnh ien li . 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen ky nang thc hanh , so sanh , quan sat . - Ren luyen kha nang lap luan , logic . 3. Thai o : Ren luyen c tnh can than , nghiem tuc trong nghien cu khoa hoc . 4. Trong tam : Nam c cac khai niem ve s ien li , chat ien li va hieu c nguyen nhan tnh dan ien cua dung dch chat ien li . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan neu va giai quyet van e am thoai . III. CHUAN B : - Dung cu : bo dung cu chng minh tnh dan ien cua dung dch . - Hoa chat : NaCl , NaOH ran , H2O cat , dd : ru etilic , ng , glyxerol , HCl . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Khong co 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Hoat ong 1 : Tai sao co nhng dd dan ien va co nhng dd khong dan ien ? Cac axit , baz , muoi hoa tan trong nc xay ra nhng hien tng g ? - HS lam TN bieu dien Quan sat , nhan xet Hoat ong 2 : va rut ra ket luan . Hien tng ien li * NaOH ran , NaCl ran , - Gv lap he thong th H2O cat en khong nghiem nh sgk sang Hng dan hs lam th * Dd HCl , dd NaOH , dd nghiem NaCl : en sang . Noi dung

I. Hien tng ien li : 1. Th nghiem : - Lam nh s hng dan cua sgk - Chat dan ien : cac dd axit , baz , muoi - Chat khong dan ien : H2O cat , NaOH khan , NaCl khan , cac dd ru etilic , ng , glyxerol . 2. Nguyen nhan tnh Hoat ong 3 : dan ien cua cac Nguyen nhan tnh dan dd axit , baz va ien . - La dong chuyen di muoi trong nc : - at van e : tai sao co hng cua cac hat - Tnh dan ien cua cac dd axit , baz , muoi mang ien tch . cac dd axit , baz , muoi dan ien c ? la do trong dd cua -Dong ien la g ? - Hs rut ket luan ve chung co cac tieu nguyen nhan tnh dan phan mang ien tch

- Vay trong dd axit , baz , muoi co nhng hat mang ien tch nao ?

ien .

- Gv viet phng trnh ien li - Gii thieu cac cation va anion , ten goi cua chung . - Gv a ra mot so v du : HNO3 , Ba(OH)2 , FeCl2 - Hs van dung viet phng trnh ien li cua mot so axit , baz va goi ten cac ion tao thanh : HNO3 H+ + NO3Ba(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OHFeCl2 Fe2+ + 2Cloc ten : Fe2+ : ion sat (II) Ba2+ : ion bari NO3- : ion nitrat Cl- : ion clorua - Hs len bang viet CTCT cua H2O . - Phan tch cau tao : lk CHT co cc , phan t co dang goc , o phan cc cua H2O kha ln .

c goi la cac ion . - Qua trng phan li cac chat trong nc ra ion goi la s ien li . - Nhng chat tan trong nc phan li ra ion goi la chat ien li - S ien li c bieu dien bang phng trnh ien li V du : NaCl Na+ + ClAl2(SO4)3 Al3+ + SO42Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH* Ion dng : goi la cation Ten = Cation + ten nguyen to . * Ion am : goi la anion Ten = Anion + ten goc axit tng ng .

Hoat ong 4 : C che cua qua trng ien li - at van e : Tai sao nc nguyen chat , NaCl ran khong dan ien nhng khi hoa tan NaCl vao nc dung dch lai dan ien c ? - Vay nc co anh hng g ? - Gv dan dat hs mo ta c nhng ac iem cau tao quan trong cua phan t H2O . Hoat ong 5 : - ac iem cau tao cua tinh the NaCl ? - Khi cho NaCl vao nc ieu g se xay ra ? - GV dung hnh ve to , phan tch , gi y cho hs hnh dung va phat hien . Ket luan : Trong dd NaCl co cac hat mang ien tch chuyen ong t do nen dan ien c .

II. C che cua qua trnh ien li :


1. Cau tao phan t nc : O H H e n gian bieu dien :

-NaCl la tinh the ion , cac ion Na + va Cl- luan phien eu an . -Hs da vao hnh ve neu qua trnh ien li cua NaCl trong nc . 2. Qua trnh ien li cua NaCl trong nc : - Di tac dung cua cac phan t H2O phan cc , nhng ion Na+ va Cl- hut ve chung nhng phan t H2O , qua trnh tng tac gia cac phan t H2O va cac ion muoi lam cac ion Na+ va Cl- tach ra khoi tinh the i vao dd . - Bieu dien bang phng trnh : NaCl Na+ + Cl-

- Hs neu ac iem cau tao HCl : lk CHT , phan t HCl phan cc

Trong dd ion Na+ va Clkhong ton tai oc lap ma b cac phan t nc bao vay goi la hien tng hirat hoa Hoat ong 6 : - Gv neu van e : tren chung ta thay cac phan t co lk ion tan trong nc phan li thanh ion vay khi cac phan t co lk CHT khi tan trong nc co phan li thanh ion khong ? phan li nh the nao ? - Xet qua trnh phan li cua HCl - Gv dung hnh ve gi y cho hs tm hieu .

-Bieu dien :

- Da vao hnh ve neu hien tng xay ra khi cho HCl vao nc Ket luan s dan ien cua dd HCl .

3. Qua trnh ien li cua HCl trong nc : - Phan t HCl phan cc . Cc dng pha H , cc am pha Cl . - Do s tng tac gia cac phan t phan cc H2O va HCl , phan t HCl phan li thanh ion H+ va Cl- Bieu dien : HCl H+ + Cl- Cac phan t ru etilic , ng , glyxerol la nhng phan t phan cc rat yeu nen di tac dung cua phan t nc khong phan li thanh cac ion .

- Gv tap hp cac y kien cua hs roi rut ra ket luan .

3. Cung co : - Bai 2 , 4 / 26 sgk - Tai sao di tac dung cua phan t HCl , phan t H2O khong phan li thanh H+ va OH- ? 4. Bai tap ve nha : Bai tap trong sbt . V. RUT KINH NGHIEM :

Ngay soan : 12/9/2006

Ngay day : 20/9/2006 Tiet : 8

Bai5

: PHAN LOAI CHAT IEN LI

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet c the nao la o ien li , can bang ien li . - Biet c the nao la chat ien li manh , chat ien li yeu . 2. Ky nang : - Van dung o ien li e biet c chat ien li manh , chat ien li yeu . - Dung thc nghiem e biet c chat ien li manh , chat ien li yeu va chat khong ien li . 3. Thai o : Tin tng vao thc nghiem , bang thc nghiem co the kham pha c the gii vi mo . 4. Trong tam : Nhan biet va phan biet c cac chat ien li . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu van e . III. CHUAN B : - Bo dung cu tnh dan ien cua dung dch . - Dung dch : HCl 0,1M , CH3COOH 0,1M . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * S ien li la g ? chat ien li ? cho v du va viet phng rnh ien li cua dd o ? * Nguyen nhan tnh dan ien cua cac dd chat ien li ? neu qua trnh ien li cua NaCl trong nc ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Gv lam th nghiem tnh dan ien cua dd HCl va dd CH3COOH . Tai sao o sang cua bong en khong giong nhau ? Hoat ong 2 : - Gv gii thieu dung cu va hoa chat th nghiem - Ket luan : Cac chat khac nhau co kha nang phan li khac nhau . Hoat ong 3 : o ien li - at van e : e ch mc o phan li cua cac chat ien li ngi Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

- Mot hs len bang lam TN . Cac hs khac quan sat , nhan xet va giai thch . - Vi dd HCl bong en sang ro hn dd CH3COOH HCl phan li manh hn CH3COOH .

I. o ien li :
1. Th nghiem : Sgk 2. o ien li : - o ien li cua mot chat ien li la t so cua so phan t phan li ra ion (n) va tong so phan t hoa tan (no) n vi 0 1 no - Khi = 0 : chat khong ien li =

- Hs da vao bieu thc neu khai niem o ien li .

ta dung ai lng o ien li - Viet bieu thc o ien li len bang va giai thch cac ai lng . - Gv cho mot so v du : Hoa tan 100 phan t chat A trong nc , co 85 phan t chat o phan li ra thanh ion . Tnh ?

- Cho biet gia tr cua . -Hs lam v du : = 85/100 = 0,85 hay 85%

V du : Trong dd CH3COOH 0,43M , c 100 phan t hoa tan ch co 2 phan t phan li ra ion Vay = 0,02 hay 2%

II. Chat ien li manh va chat ien li yeu :


1. Chat ien li manh : La chat khi tan trong nc cac phan t hoa tan eu phan li ra ion . - o ien li : = 1 . V du : HNO3 , NaOH , NaCl - Phng trnh ien li c bieu dien bang mui ten V du : HNO3 H+ + NO3NaOH Na+ + OHNaCl Na+ + Cl-

- Da vao sgk nh ngha chat ien li manh . - Hs cho biet o ien li Hoat ong 4 : nam trong khoang - The nao la chat nao . ien li manh : - Hs ien them 1 so - Chat ien li manh co chat ien li manh khac o ien li la bao nhieu - Hs nhan xet ve ? phng trnh ien li cua - Gv lay 3 v du ien chat ien li manh . hnh ( axit , bz , muoi) : - Viet phhng trng HNO3 , NaOH , NaCl ien li cua Ba(OH)2 , - Viet phng trnh ien H2SO4 , Na2CO3 . li ? Nhan xet phng - Da vao hing dan trnh ien li? cua gv hoc sinh tnh nong o cua cac ion : - Da vao phng trnh Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32ien li co the tnh 0,1M 0,2M 0,1M c nong o cua KNO3 K+ + NO3cac ion co trong dd . 0,1M 0,1M 0,1M V du : MgCl2 Mg2+ + 2Cl* Tnh [ion] trong dd 0,05M 0,05M 0,1M Na2CO3 0,1M * Dd KNO3 0,1M - Hs nh ngha chat * Dd MgCl2 0,05M ien li yeu va cho biet nam trong khoang nao : 0 < < 1 Hoat ong 5 - The nao la chat ien li yeu ? o ien li la bao nhieu ? - Cho mot so v du ve chat ien li yeu ? - Viet phng trnh ien li cua cac chat o ?
- Mui ten cho biet o la qua trnh thuan nghch .

- Hs nghien cu sgk tra li : H2S , CH3COOH , Fe(OH)2 , Mg(OH)2 - Hs viet phng rtnh ien li va so sanh vi phng trnh ien li cua chat ien li manh .

2. Chat ien li yeu : - La chat khi tan trong nc ch co mot phan so phan t hoa tan phan li thanh ion , phan con lai van ton tai di dang phan t trong dd . - o ien li : 0 < < 1 - Gom : cac axit yeu , baz yeu , muoi t tan - Trong phng trnh ien li dung mui ten V du : + CH3COOH H + CH3COO + NH4OH NH4 + OH

a. Can bang ien li : - S ien li cua chat - Qua trnh thuan ien li yeu co ay u nghch se at ti trang ac trng cua qua tnh

Hoat ong 6 : Can bang ien li - at van e : at trng cua qua trnh thuan nghch la g ? Vay can bang ien li la g ?

thai can bang , o la can bang ong . - Can bang tuan theo nguyen ly LSatlie neu khai niem ve can bang ien li . [ H + ][CH 3COO ] K= [CH 3COOH ] K phu thuoc vao nhiet o

thuan nghch . - Khi qua trnh ien li cua chat ien li at en trang thai can bang goi la can bang ien li . - Can bang ien li cung la can bang ong , tuan theo nguyen ly Lsatlie .

- Viet bieu thc tnh hang so ien li cua CH3COOH ? - K phu thuoc vao nhng yeu to nao ? - Tai sao khi pha loang o ien li cua cac chat tang ? - V du : 25C dd CH3COOH 0,1M = 1,32% dd CH3COOH 0,043M = 2% dd CH3COOH 0,01M = 4,11% 3.Cung co :

Hs nghien cu sgk tra li .

b. Anh hng cua s pha loang en o ien li : khi pha loang dung dch , o ien li cua cac chat tang .

Bai tap 2,3 /sgk 4,5 /29 sgk 5.1 5.6 / sbt

4. Bai tap ve nha : V. RUT KINH NGHIEM :

Ngay soan : 18/9/2006 Ngay day : 23/9/2006 Tiet :9

Bai 6 :

AXIT BAZ - MUOI

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet khai niem axit , baz theo thuyet Areniut va Bronsted . - Biet y ngha cua hang so phan li axit , hang so phan li baz . - Biet muoi la g ? s phan li cua muoi . 2. Ky nang : - Van dung ly thuyet axit , baz cua Areniut va Bronsted e phan biet c axit , baz , lng tnh va trung tnh . - Biet viet phng trnh ien li cua cac muoi . - Da vao hang so phan li axit , hang so phan li baz e tnh nong o ion H+ va ion OH- trong dd . 3. Thai o : Co c hieu biet khoa hoc ung ve dd axit , baz , muoi . 4. Trong tam : - Phan biet c axit , baz , muoi theo quan niem mi , cu - Giai c mot so bai tap c ban da vao hang so phan li . II. PHNG PHAP : Quy nap trc quan am thoai . III. CHUAN B : - Dung cu : ong nghiem , gia - Hoa chat : dd NaOH , ZnCl2 , HCl , NH3 , quy tm . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * The nao la chat ien li manh ? chat en li yeu ? cho v du ? * Tnh [ion] cac ion co trong dd khi hoa tan HA 0,1M vao nc biet = 1,5% . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai nh ngha axit ? baz ? muoi ? Da vao kien thc a hoc . Hoat ong 2 : Thuyet Areniut - Axit co phai la chat ien li khong ? - Viet phng trnh ien Hoat ong cua tro -Hs nhac lai cac khai niem ve axit , baz muoi . Noi dung

- Axit , baz la cac chat 1. nh ngha : ien li . * Axit : La chat khi tan trong nc phan li ra - Hs len bang viet cation H+ phng trnh ien li cua V du : cac axit o . HCl H+ + Cl-

I. Axit , baz theo thuyet Areniut :

CH3COOH H+ +

li cua cac axit sau : HCl , HNO3 , H3PO4 , H2SO4 . -Tnh chat chung cua axit , baz la do ion nao quyet nh ? T phng trnh ien li Gv hng dan Hs rut ra nh ngha mi ve axit , baz . Hoat ong 3 : - So sanh phng trnh ien li cua HCl va H2SO4 ? Ket luan ve axit mot nac va axit nhieu nac . - Thong bao : cac axit phan li lan lt theo tng nac . - Gv hng dan : H2SO4 H+ + HSO4+ 2 HSO4- H + SO4 Lu y : Ch co nac th nhat la ien li hoan toan - Ca(OH)2 phan li 2 nac ra ion OH- baz 2 nac .

rut ra nhan xet . -Do cac ion H+ va OHquyet nh

CH3COO* Baz : La chat khi tan trong nc phan li ra ion OH- .

Hoat ong 4 : - Gv lam th nghiem : Nho t t dd NaOH vao dd ZnCl2 en khi ket tua khong xuat hien them na . Chia ket tua lam 2 phan : * PI : cho them vai giot axit * PII : cho them kiem vao .

V du : KOH K+ + OHBa(OH)2 Ba2+ + 2OH2. Axit nhieu nac , baz nhieu nac : - Hs viet phng trnh a. Axit nhieu nac : ien li va nhan xet . - Cac axit ch phan li ra mot ion H+ goi la - Lay them mot so v axit mot nac . du ve axit nhieu nac . V du : HCl , HNO3 , CH3COOH - Hs viet phng trnh - Cac axit ma mot phan li tng nac cua phan t phan li H2SO4 va H3PO4 nhieu nac ra ion H+ goi la axit nhieu nac . -T khai niem axit 1 nac va axit nhieu nac V du : H3PO4 , H2CO3 rut ra khai niem ve - Cac axit nhieu nac baz 1 nac va baz phan li lan lt theo nhieu nac . tng nac . b. Baz nhieu nac : -Viet phng trnh phan - Cac baz ma moi li tng nac cua NaOH phan t ch phan li va Ca(OH)2 . mot nac ra ion OHgoi la baz 1 nac . V du : NaOH , KOH -Cac baz ma moi phan t phan li nhieu nac ra ion OHgo la baz nhieu nac . V du : Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)+ + -Hs quan sat hien tng OHva giai thch . Ca(OH)+ Ca2+ + OH3. Hiroxit lng Hien tng : ket tua tnh : ca 2 ong eu tan ra . - La chat khi tan trong nc va co the - Da vao s hng phan li nh axit va dan cua Gv viet co the phan li nh phng trnh phan li cua baz . Zn(OH)2 va Al(OH)3 theo V du : kieu axit va baz . 2+ Zn(OH)2 + Zn
2OHZn(OH)2

Zn2- + 2H+

- Ket luan : Zn(OH)2 va tac dung c vi axit , va tac dung c vi baz hiroxit lng tnh . -Viet cac hiroxit di dang cong thc axit : Zn(OH)2 H2ZnO2 Pb(OH)2 H2PbO2 Al(OH)3 HAlO2.H2O 3. Cung co : Bai tap 1, 2, 4 / sgk

- Mot so hiroxit lng tnh thng gap : Al(OH)3 , Zn(OH)2 , Pb(OH)2 , Cr(OH)3 , Sn(OH)2 , Be(OH)2 -La nhng chat t tan trong nc , co tnh axit , tnh baz yeu .

Ngay soan : 20/9/2006 Ngay day :27/9/2006 Tiet :10

Bai 6

AXIT BAZ - MUOI

I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 9 . II. PHNG PHAP : Giai thch , am thoai . III. CHUAN B : He thong cau hoi va bai tap IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * nh ngha axit , baz theo thuyet Areniut ? cho v du ? * The nao la hiroxit lng tnh ? viet phng trnh ien li cua Al(OH)3 , Zn(OH)2 , Cr(OH)3 ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Theo cac em NH3 va CH3COO- co tnh axit hay baz ? thuyet Arenit khong giai thch c . Vay e biet tnh chat cua no cac em nghien cu thuyet Bronsted . Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

- Da vao s thay oi mau cua giay quy

II. Khai niem ve axit va baz theo thuyet Bronsted : 1. nh ngha : -Axit la nhng chat

Hoat ong 2 : - Gv la TN : nhung mot mau quy tm vao dd NH3 . - Ket luan : NH3 co tnh baz , ieu nay c giai thch theo thuyet Bronsted .

ket luan dd NH3 co tnh baz . -Hs xac nh chat ong vai tro axit , baz trong cac qua trnh tren . * NH3 nhan H+ Baz * H2O cho H+ Axit NH4+ cho H+ axit OH- nhan H+ baz -Hs xac nh chat : axit , baz HCO3- , H3O+ : axit H2O , CO32- : baz . H2O , H2CO3 : axit HCO3- : OH- : baz.

nhng proton H+ . V du :
+ CH3COOH+H2O H3O + CH3COO

- Gv lay v du vi HCO3+ HCO3- + H2O H3O + 2CO3 HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH -Ket luan : Vay HCO3la chat lng tnh . Hoat ong 3 : - Gv cho chat : CH3COOH - Gii thieu : Ka : hang so phan li axit ch phu thuoc vao nhiet o . Ka cang nho , lc axit cang yeu

- Baz la nhng chat nhan Proton H+ + NH3 + H2O NH4 + OH - Chat lng tnh : La chat va co kha nang cho Proton va co kha nang nhan proton H+ - Nc la chat lng tnh . - Axit va baz co the la phan t hoac ion . 2. u iem cua thuyet Bronsted : Thuyet Breonsted tong quat hn , no ap dung cho bat ky dung moi nao ke ca khong co dung moi . III. Hang so phan li axit va baz : 1. Hang so phan li axit : V du : + CH3COOH H + CH3COO [ H + ][CH 3COO ] [CH 3COOH ] - Ka la hang so phan li axit , ch phu thuoc vao nhiet o . - Gia tr Ka cang nho , lc axit cua chung cang yeu . 2. Hang so phan li baz : + NH3 + H2O NH4 + OHKa = [ NH 4 + ][OH ] Kb = [ NH 3 ] - Gia tr Kb cang nho , lc baz cua no cang yeu . - Hoac : Kb = Kc[H2O] II. Muoi : 1. nh ngha :

- Hs viet hang so phan li .

- Hs len bang viet phng trnh ien li cua NH3 trong nc . - Gv cho v du NH3 - Gv at cau hoi : Tai sao trong bieu thc tnh Kb khong co mat cua nc ? Ket luan : do H2O khong oi nen Kb = Kc[H2O] -Bang cach tng t viet phng trnh hang so phan li cua baz . -V H2O la dung moi , trong dd loang [H2O] c coi la hang so nen khong co mat .

-Hs nghien cu e tra li . Hoat ong 4 :

- Muoi la g ? ke ten mot so muoi thng gap . -Neu tnh chat cua muoi ? -The nao la muoi axit ? muoi trung hoa ? cho v du : - Gv gii thieu mot so muoi kep va phc chat .

-Muoi trung hoa : trong phan t khong con hro -Muoi axit : la trong phan t con hiro .

- Hs len bang viet phng trnh ien li cua cac muoi va cac phc chat .

- Muoi la hp chat khi tan trong nc phan li ra cation kim loai ( hoac NH4+) va anion goc axit . V du : (NH4)2SO4 2NH4+ + SO42NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3- Muoi trung hoa : NaCl , Na2CO3 , (NH4)2SO4 - Muoi axit : NaHCO3, NaH2PO4 , NaHSO4 - Muoi kep : NaCl.KCl , KCl.MgCl2.6H2O . - Phc chat : [Ag(NH3)]Cl , [Cu(NH3)4 ] SO4 2. S ien li cua muoi trong nc : - Hau het cac muoi phan li hoan toan K2SO4 2K+ + SO42NaHSO3 Na+ + HSO3- Goc axit con H+ : + 2 HSO3- H + SO3 - Vi phc chat :
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-

* Lu y : Mot so muoi c coi la khong tan thc te van tan vi mot lng nho . Phan tan rat nho o ien li .

[Ag(NH3)2]+ 2NH3

Ag+ +

3.Cung co : cac ion va phan t sau la axit , baz , trung tnh hay lng tnh : NH4+ , S2- , HI , H2S , HPO42- , CH3COO- ? giai thch ? 4. Bai tap ve nha : V. RUT KINH NGHIEM : 9,10 / 35 sgk 6.8 6.10 / 14 sbt

Ngay soan : 20/9/2006 Ngay day :27/9/2006 Tiet :11

Bai 7 :

S IEN LI CUA NC pH CHAT CH TH AXIT , BAZ

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : -Biet c s ien li cua nc -Biet c tch so ion cua nc va y ngha cua ai lng nay . -Biet c khai niem ve pH va chat ch th axit , baz . 2. Ky nang : -Van dung tch so ion cua nc e xac nh nong o ion H+ va OH- trong dung dch . -Biet anh gia o axit , baz cua dung dch da vao nong o h+ , OH- , pH va pOH . -Biet s dung mot so chat ch th axit , baz e xac nh tnh axit , kiem cua dung dch . 4. Trong tam : Nam c cac khai niem pH , pOH , tch so ion cua nc va van dung e giai bai tap . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu van e III. CHUAN B : -Tranh ve , anh chup .

-Hoa chat : Dd axit loang ( HCl hoac H2SO4 ) Dd baz loang ( NaOH hoac Ca(OH)2 ) Dd phenolphtalein . Giay ch th axit , baz van nang . -Dung cu : ong nghiem , gia , ong nho giot . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * ng ngha axit , baztheo thuyet Bronsted ? cho v du ? * Cho biet ion nao la axit ? baz ? lng tnh ? giai thch bang phng trnh thuy phan : CH3COO- , SO32- , HSO3- , Zn2+ . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai pH la g ? da vao au e tnh pH ? ta nghien cu bai mi . Hoat ong 2 : - Bieu dien qua trnh ien li cua H2O theo thuyet Areniut va Bronsted ? -Thong bao : 2 cach viet nay co nhng he qua giong nhau , e n gian ngi ta chon cach viet th nhat . Hoat ong 3 : - Viet bieu thc tnh K? -Thont bao : o ien li rat yeu nen [H2O] coi nh khong oi , gop ai lng nay vi Kc se la mot ai lng khong oi , ky hieu KH2O . - Gi y : Da vao can bang (1) va KH2O tnh [H+] va [OH-] ? - Gv ket luan : Nc la moi trng trung tnh nen moi trng trung tnh co [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 Hoat ong 3 : -Thong bao KH2O la hang so oi vi tat ca dung moi va dd - Do [H+] tang len nen can bang (1) chuyen dch theo chieu nghch . -V KH2O khong oi nen Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

- Hs viet phng trnh ien li

I. Nc la chat ien li rat yeu :

1. S ien li cua nc : Theo Areniut : H+ + OHH2O (1) Theo Bronsted : H3O+ OHH2O + H2O (2) 2. Tch so ion cua nc : T phng trnh (1) [ H + ][OH ] [ H 2O] K= - [H2O] la hang so Ta co : KH2O = K[H2O] = [H+][OH-] KH2O : Tch so ion cua nc - 25C : KH2O = 10-14 = [H+][OH-] - Moi trng trung tnh la moi trng trong o : [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7M 3. Y ngha tch so ion cua nc : a. Moi trpng axit : Moi trng axit la moi trng trong o : [H+] > [OH-] Hay : [H+] > 10-7M V du : Sgk

Hs viet bieu thc tnh hang so can bang (1)

Hs a ra bieu thc tnh : [H+] = [ OH- ] = 10-7 mol/lit

cac chat . V vay , neu biet [H+] trong dd se biet c [OH-] . Cau hoi : * Neu them axit vao dd , can bang (1) chuyen dch theo hng nao ? * e KH2O khong oi th [OH-] bien oi nh the nao ? Ket luan . - V du : Tnh [H+] va [OH-] cua : * Dd HCl 0,01M * Dd NaOH 0,01M

[OH- ] phai giam . Hs thao luan theo nhom * Viet phng trnh ien li HCl H+ + Cl0,01M 0,01M 0,01M => [H+] = 0,01M [OH-]= 10-12M * Viet phng trnh ien li NaOH Na+ + OH0,01M 0,01M 0,01M => [OH-] = 0,01M Vay [H+] = 10-12M - Hs nghien cu sgk va tra li b. Moi trng kiem : La moi trng trong o [H+] [OH-] hay [H+] 10-7M Ket luan : Neu biet [H+] trong dd se biet c [OH-] va ngc lai . Tom lai : o axit va o kiem cua dd co the anh gia bang [H+] - Moi trng axit : [H+]>10-7M - Moi trng kiem : [H+]10-7M - Moi trng trung tnh : [H+] = 10-7M

Gv tom lai .

- Hs nghien cu y ngha cua pH trong thc te . Hoat ong 4 : - pH la g ? - Dd axit , kiem , trung tnh co pH la bao nhieu ? * Bo xung : e xac nh moi trng cua dd , ngi ta dung chat ch th : quy , pp . - Gv pha 3 dd : axit , baz , va trung tnh ( nc cat ) -Gv ke san bang va at cau hoi -Gv bo xung : chat ch th axit , baz ch cho phep xac ng gia tr pH gan ung . Muon xac nh pH ngi ta dung may o pH . 3.Cung co : Bai tap 3 , 5a / sgk . - Hs dung giay ch th axit baz van nang e xac nh pH cua dd o . - Hs ien vao bang cac mau tng ng vi chat ch th va dd can xac nh . Moi tr ng Quy PP Axit o Kho ng ma u Trun g tnh tm Kho ng ma u kie m Xan h Ho ng

II. Khai niem ve pH , chat ch th axit , baz :

1. Khai niem ve pH : [H+] = 10-pH M Hay pH = -lg [H+] - Moi trng axit : pH < 7 - Moi trng baz : pH >7 - Moi trng trung tnh : pH=7 2. Chat ch th axit , baz : sgk

4. Bai tap ve nha : 3,4,5 / 39 sgk 7.1 7.7 / 14,15 sbt V. RUT KINH NGHIEM :

Ngay soan : 25/9/2006 Ngay day :30/9/2006 Tiet :12

Bai8 : LUYEN TAP AXIT BAZ - MUOI


I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Cung co khai niem axit , baz theo thuyet Areniut va thuyet Bronsted . - Cung co cac khai niem ve chat lng tnh , muooi . - Y ngha cua hang so phan li axit , hang so phan li baz , tch so ion cua nc 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen ky nang tnh pH cua dd axit , baz . - Van dung thuyet axit , baz cua Areniut va Bronsted e xac nh tnh axit , baz hay lng tnh . - Van dung bieu thc tnh hang so phan li axit , hang so phan li baz , tch so ion cua nc , e tnh nong o cua H+ va OH- .

- S dung chat ch th axit , baz e xac nh moi trng cua dd cac chat 3. Trong tam : Giai c cac bai toan co lien quan en pH II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : He thong cau hoi va bai tap IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Gv soan he thong cau hoi : - Axit la g theo Areniut ? theo Bronsted ? cho v du ? - Baz la g theo Areniut ? theo Bronsted ? cho v du ? - Chat lng tnh la g ? cho v du ? - Muoi la g ? co may loai ? cho v du ? - Viet bieu thc tnh hang so phan li axit cua HA va hang so phan li baz cua S2- ? Cho biet y ngha va ac iem cua hang so nay ? - Tch so ion cua nc la g ? y ngha cua tch so ion cua nc ? - Moi trng cua dd c anh gia da vao nong o H+ va pH nh the nao ? - Chat ch th nao thng c dung e xac nh moi trng cua dd ? Mau cua chung thay oi nh the nao ? Hoat ong 2 : Bai tap Bai 1 :Viet cac bieu thc hang so phan ly axt Ka va hang so phan li baz Kb cua cac axt va baz sau : HClO , CH3COO-, HNO2 , NH4+. Hoat ong cua tro

I. Kien thc can nh :


Hs thao luan theo nhom cac cau hoi cua giao vien a ra e khac sau cac kien thc trong tam cua bai . - Axit - Baz - Chat lng tnh . - Muoi HA

H+ + A[ H + ][ A ] Ka = [ HA]

HS- + OH[ HS ][OH ] Kb = [ S 2 ] HS thao luan va ai dien tra li

S2- + H2O

Bai 1 : + HClO + ClO H CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH + HNO2 NO2 H + + NH4 + H2O NH3 + H3O Hoc sinh da vao phng trnh ien li , len bang viet cong thc Ka , Kb . Bai 2 : a. pH = 0

II.

BAI TAP :

b. pH = 13 . Bai 2 : a. Hoa tan hoan toan 2,4g Mg trong 100ml d2 HCl 3M .Tnh pH cua Bai 5 / 39 sgk : dung dch thu c . nHCl = 1,46 / 36,5 b. Tnh pH cua dung dch thu c

sau khi tron 40ml dung dch H 2SO4 [HCl] = nHCl / 0,4 0,25M vi 60ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 [H+] => pH M. Bai 5/ 39 SGK : Tnh pH cua dung dch cha 1,46g HCl trong 400ml Bai 10 /35 SGK Tnh nong o H+ trong cac dung dch sau : a. CH3COOH 0,1 M (Ka = 1,75 . 10-5 ) . b. NH3 0,1 M (Kb = 1,80. 10-5 ) . 3. Cung co : Ket hp cung co tng phan trong qua trnh luyen tap . 4. Bai tap ve nha : Bai 1 : Dung dch axit formic 0,007M co pH = 3,0 . a. Tnh o ien li cua axit formic trong dung dch o ? b.neu hoa tan them 0,001mol HCl vao 1 lit dd o th o ien li cua axit formic tang hay giam ? giai thch ? Bai 2 : Theo nh ngha cua Bronsted , cac ion : Na+ , NH4+ , CO32- , CH3COO- , HSO4- , K+ , Cl- , HCO3- la cac baz , lng tnh hay trung tnh . trenc s o d oan cac dd cua tng chat cho di ay se co pH nho hn , ln hn hay bang 7 : Na2CO3 , KCl , CH3COONa , NH4Cl , NaHSO4 ? Bai 3 : Hoa tan 6g CH3COOH vao nc e c 1 lit dung dch co Ka = 1,8 . 10-5 . a. tnh nong o mol/lit cua ion H+ va tnh pH cua dung dch ? b.Tnh ? c.Them vao dd tren 0,45 mol NaCH3COO , tnh pH cua dd cuoi biet V khong oi .

Ngay soan :28/9/2006 Ngay day :4/10/2006 Tiet : 13

Bai 9 :

PHAN NG TRAO OI TRONG DUNG DCH CAC CHAT IEN LI

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Hieu c cac ieu kien xay ra phan ng trao oi trong dung dch chat ien li . - Hieu c cac phan ng thuy phan cua muoi . 2. Ky nang : - Viet phng trnh ion rut gon cua phan ng .

- Da vao ieu kien xay ra phan ng trao oi trong dung dch cac chat ien li e biet c phan ng co xay ra hay khong xay ra . 3. Thai o : Ren luyen tnh can than va t m 4. Trong tam : Viet c phng trnh ion rut gon cua phan ng trong dung dch chat ien li . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan sinh ong , am thoai gi m . III. CHUAN B : - Dung cu : Gia ong nghiem , ong nghiem . - Hoa chat : Dung dch NaCl , GaNO3 , NH3 , Fe2(SO4)3 , KI , Ho tinh bot . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Ban chat cua phan ng trao oi trong dd cac chat ien li la g ? ieu kien xay ra phan ng ? ta i tm hieu bai mi . Hoat ong 2 : ieu kien xay ra phan ng - Gv lam th nghiem : Cho dd BaCl2 + Na2SO4 - Gv hng dan HS viet phng trnh phan ng di dang ion va ion rut gon . - Gv yeu cau Hs viet phan ng phan t , pt ion rut gon cua cac phan ng sau : CuSO4 + NaOH CO2 + Ca(OH)2 => Nhan xet ve ban chat cua phan ng ? * Lu y : Chat ket tua , chat kh , chat ien li yeu , H2O viet di dang phan t . Hoat ong 3 : - Yeu cau Hs viet phng trnh phan t va phng trnh ion thu Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

- Hs quan sat hien tng va viet phng trnh phan ng


BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

I. ieu kien xay ra phan ng trao oi trong dd cac chat ien li :


1. Phan ng tao thanh chat ket tua : a. Th nghiem : sgk

- Phng trnh ion rut gon : Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 - Hs viet phng trnh : CuSO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3+ H2O CO2 + Ca2+ + 2OH CaCO3 + H2O => Ban chat cua phan ng tren la s ket hp cua ion Cu2+ va OH- tao ra Cu(OH)2

b. Giai thch : Na2SO4 2Na+ + 2SO4 BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2Cl- Ban chat cua phan ng la : Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 - Phng trnh ion rut gon cho biet ban chat cua phan ng trong dung dch cac chat ien li

- Viet phng trnh phan ng :

2. Phng trnh tao thanh chat ien li yeu : a. Phan ng tao

gon cua phan ng cua NaOH va HCl . - Neu ban chat cua phan ng ? - Tng t cho hoc sinh viet phong trnh phan t va ion rut gon cua phan ng : Mg(OH)2 + HCl . - Gv lam th nghiem : CH3COONa + HCl

Hoat ong 4 : - Gv lam th nghiem : AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 AgCl + NH3 - Gv hng dan hoc sinh viet CTPT cua phc chat . - Neu ban chat cua phan ng ? Hoat ong 5 : - Gv lam th nghiem HCl + Na2CO3 -Neu ban chat cua phan ng ?

thanh nc : * Th nghiem 1 : Sgk * Giai thch : Thc chat cua phan -Ban chat cua phan ng la tao thanh chat ng la s ket hp gia cation H+ va anion ien li yeu la H2O OH- , tao nen chat ien li yeu la H2O . - Hoc sinh len bang b. Phan ng tao viet phng trnh phan thanh axit yeu : ng * Th nghiem 2 : CH3COONa + HCl NaCl + CH COOH 3 -Hs ngi mui cua san - Phng trnh ion rut pham tao thanh , giai gon : thch - Viet phng trnh phan CH3COO- + H+ ng di dang phan CH3COOH t va ion rut gon - Nhan xet : Thc chat -Hoc sinh rut ra nhan cua phan ng la do s xet . ket hp gia cation H+ va anion CH3COO- tao thanh axit yeu - Hoc sinh quan sat , CH3COOH . giai thch va viet c. Phan ng tao phng trnh phan ng . thanh ion phc * Th nghiem : Sgk * Giai thch : Phan ng xay ra Neu ban chat cua AgCl + NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]Cl phan ng . - Phng trnh ion : NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O H+ + OH- H2O
AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-

- Hs quan sat hien tng , Viet phng trnh phan ng dang phan t va ion rut gon .

- Ion [Ag(NH3)2]+ goi la ion phc , ien li yeu . 3. Phan ng tao thanh chat kh * Th nghiem : Sgk * Giai thch :

Neu ban chat cua phan ng .

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2 - Phng trnh ion rut gon : 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2 Ket luan : - Phan ng xay ra

- Gv gi y , hng dan hoc sinh rut ra ket luan chung .

-Da vao cac th nghiem quan sat c va s hng dan cua giao vien rut ra ket

luan chung .

trong dung dch cac chat ien li la phan ng gia cac ion . - Phan ng trao oi trong dung dch chat ien li ch xay ra khi co t nhat mot trong cac ieu kien sau : * Tao thanh chat ket tua * Tao thanh chat kh * Tao thanh chat ien li yeu .

3.Cung co : Dung bai tap 2/46 sgk e cung co tiet hoc . 4. Bai tap ve nha : 1 9 / 46 , 47 sgk V. RUT KINH NGHIEM :

Ngay soan :28/9/2006 Ngay day :7/10/2006 Tiet : 14

Bai 9 :

PHAN NG TRAO OI

TRONG DUNG DCH CAC CHAT IEN LI ( tt )


I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 13 Trong tam : - Nhan biet c moi trng cua dug dch muoi - Viet c phng trnh thuy phan cua muoi . - Giai mot so bai tap c ban . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan sinh ong , am thoai III. CHUAN B : - Dung cu : Ong nghiem , gia - Hoa chat : Dung dch Fe(NO3)3 , dd CH3COONa , ddNaCl , nc cat , quy tm . - He thong cau hoi va bai tap . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Bai tap 9 / 47 sgk * Cho cac chat sau : H2SO4 , Cu , Ba(OH)2 , FeSO4 , Na2CO3 tac dung vi nhau tng oi mot , viet phng trnh phan t va phng trnh ion rut gon cua cac phan ng xay ra ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : - Gv lam th nghiem : Cho quy tm vao dd ng CH3COONa va vao dd Fe(NO3)3 -Gv neu van e : tai sao quy oi mau ? e giai thch c ieu nay ta nghien cu s thuy phan cua muoi . Hoat ong 2 : - GV hng dan hoc sinh lam th nghiem : Ong 1 : ng nc cat Ong 2 : ng dd Fe(NO3)3 Ong 3 : ng dd CH3COONa Ong 4 : ng dd NaCl . Nhung quy vao 4 ong nghiem tren . Hoat ong 3 : - Gv lam th nghiem : Giong th nghien trong Hoat ong cua tro Hoc sinh quan sat th nghiem . Noi dung

II. Phan ng thuy phan cua muoi :


- Hoc sinh len bang lam th nghiem -Nhan xet : Ong 1 : Quy khong oi mau Ong 2 : Chuyen sang mau o Ong 3 : Chuyen sang mau xanh Ong 4 : Quy khong oi mau .

1. Khai niem s thuy phan cua muoi : Phan ng trao oi gia muoi hoa tan va nc lam cho pH bien oi la phan ng thuy phan cua muoi . 2. Phan ng thuy phan cua muoi : a. V du 1: - Dung dch CH3COONa

hoat ong 1 * Lu y : cac goc cua baz manh va axit manh khong b thuy phan . - Hoc sinh da vao s gi y cua giao vien e giai thch . - Len bang viet phng trnh thuy phan cua ion CH3COO- . - Nhan xet thanh phan cua cac muoi CH3COONa , Fe(NO3)3 ? - Hs lam th nghiem chng minh Fe(NO3)3 co pH < 7 . - Len bang viet phng trnh thuy phan cua ion Fe3+ .

co pH >7 la do : CH3COONa Na+ + CH3COO- Ion CH3COO- phan ng vi nc : CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH+ OH- Cac ion OH- c giai phong nen moi trng co pH > 7 . b. V du 2 : - Dung dch Fe(NO3)3 co moi trng pH < 7 la do : Fe(NO3)3 Fe3+ + 3NO3- Ion Fe3+ b thuy phan : Fe(OH)2+ Fe3+ + HOH + H+ c. V du 3 : - oi vi dd Fe(CH3COO)3 trong nc , ca 2 ion Fe3+ va CH3COO- eu b thuy phan , moi trng axit hay kiem phu thuoc vao o thuy phan cua 2 ion o . d. V du 4 : - Nhng muoi nh naHCO3 , KH2PO4 , K2HPO4 khi hoa tan trong nc phan li ra cac ion HCO3- , H2PO4- , HPO42- , cac ion nay la cac chat lng tnh , chung cung phan ng vi H2O lam bien oi pH , moi trng cua dd con phu thuoc vao ban chat cua ion . Ket luan : a. Muoi trung hoa tao bi goc baz manh va goc axit yeu , khi tan trong nc goc axit yeu b thuy phan , moi trng cua dd la moi trng kiem ( pH >7) v du : CH3COONa , K2S b. Muoi trung hoa tao bi goc baz yeu va

-vat vi muoi la san pham cua axit yeu va baz yeu th pH thay oi =>CH3COONa la san nh the nao ? pham gia baz manh va axit yeu nen co moi trng baz . - Fe(NO3)3 la san pham cua axit manh va baz yeu nen co moi rtng cua axit . d2 Fe(NO3)3 co pH < 7 v:
Fe3+ + HOH H+ Fe(OH)2+ +

=> Ket luan : Nh vay khi hoa tan mot so muoi vao nc lam cho pH thay oi chng to co phan ng gia muoi vi H2O

=>Rut ra ket luan chung . -Lay v du cho moi trng hp .

Hoat ong 4 : Cho hoc sinh lam mot so v du van dung Bai 1: dung dch cac

chat sau la moi trng axit , baz hay trung tnh ? NaF , Al(NO3)3 , KI ?giai thch .

goc axit manh , khi tan trong nc , goc baz b thuy phan lam cho dd co tnh axit (pH < 7 ) V du : Fe(NO3)3 , NH4Cl , ZnBr2 c. Muoi trung hoa tao bi goc baz manh va goc axit manh , khi tan trong nc khong b thuy phan , moi trng cua dung dch van trung tnh ( pH = 7 ) V du : NaCl , KNO3 , KI

3. Bai tap ve nha : 1 9 / 46 , 47 sgk . 9.5 , 9.6 , 9.7 , 9.8 / 17 , 18 sbt . V. RUT KINH NGHIEM :

Ngay soan :5/10/2006

Ngay day :11/10/2006 Tiet : 15

Bai 10

PHAN NG TRAO OI TRONG DUNG DCH CAC CHAT IEN LI


I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co kien thc ve phan ng trao oi xay ra trong dung dch cac chat ien li 2. Ky nang : Ren luyen ky nang viet phng trnh phan ng di dang ion va ion rut gon . 3. Trong tam : Viet phng trnh dang phan t va ion rut gon II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai , neu van e III. CHUAN B : He thong cau hoi va bai tap . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong 1 : Giao vien at he thong cau hoi : - ieu kien xay ra phan ng trong dung dch chat ien li la g ? cho v du ? I. CAC KIEN THC CAN NH : 1. Phan ng trao oi trong dung dch cac chat ien li ch xay ra khi co t nhat mot trong cac ieu kien sau : a. Tao thanh chat ket tua b. Tao thanh chat ien li yeu . c. Tao thanh chat kh . 2. Phan ng thuy phan cua muoi - Phan ng thuy phan cua muoi la phan ng trao oi ion gia la g ? nhng trng hp nao xay muoi hoa tan va nc lam cho pH ra phan ng thuy phan ? bien oi . Ch nhng muoi cha goc axit yeu hoac goc baz yeu mi b thuy phan . 3. Phng trnh ion rut gon cho biet - Phng trnh ion rut gon co y ban chat cua phan ng trong dung ngha g ? neu cach viet phng dch cac chat ien li . Trong phng trnh ion rut gon ? trnh ion rut gon cua phan ng , ngi ta lt bo nhng ion khong tham gia phan ng , con nhng chat ket tua , chat ien li yeu , Hoat ong 2: chat kh c gi nguyen di Hng dan Hs giai cac bai dang phan t . tap SGK II. BAI TAP : Bai 1 : Viet phng trnh ion rut Bai 1 : gon cua cac phan ng sau (neu Hoc sinh len bang viet phng co) xay ra trong dung dch : trnh phan ng . a. MgSO4 + NaNO3

LUYEN TAP

b. Pb(NO3)2 + H2S c. Pb(OH)2 + NaOH d. Na2SO3 + H2O e .Cu(NO3)2 + H2O g. AgBr2 + Na2S2O3 [Ag(S2O3)2]3h.Na2SO3+HCl i.Ca(HCO3)2 + HCl . Bai 2: Hay chon nhng y ung . Bai 2 : S : b , c Phan ng trao ion trong dung dch cac chat ien li ch xay ra khi : a. Cac chat tham gia phan ng phai la chat de tan . b. Mot so ion trong dung dch ket hp c vi nhau lam giam nong o cua chung c. Tao thanh t nhat mot chat ien ly yeu hoac chat t tan . d. Cac chat tham gia phan ng phai la nhng chat ien li manh . Bai 3 : .Bai 3 :Rau qua kho c bao Cac phan ng xay ra : SO-23 + H2O2 SO42- + H2O . quan bang kh SO2 thng cha mot lng nho hp chat co goc SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4. 2SO3 . e xac nh s co mat ion SO-23 trong hoa qua ,mot hoc sinh ngam mot t qua au trong nc .Sau mot thi gian loc lay dung dch roi cho tac dung vi dung dch H2O2 (chat oxy hoa ) , sau Bai 4 : o cho tac dung tiep vi dung Hoa tan cac hoa chat vao nc , dch BaCl2 .Viet cac phng trnh ion thu c cac dung dch : rut gon the hien cac qua trnh Cl- + Ag+ AgCl xay ra . 2CH3COOH +CaCO3 Ca(CH3COO)2+H2O Bai 4 : Nhng hoa chat sau +CO2 thng c dung trong cong viec NH4HCO3 + NaOH NaHCO3 + H2O + noi tr : muoi an ;giam ; bot n NH3. NH4HCO3 ;phen chua K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O ; muoi iot ( kh ,mui khai Dung NaOH : au (NaCl+KI) . Hay dung cac phan tien xuat hien ket tua trang sau ng cac phan ng hoa hoc e o tan khi d NaOH phan biet chung .Viet phng trnh 2I- + H2O2 I2 + 2OH-. ion rut gon cua cac phan ng . I2 xuat hien lam ho tinh bot co mau xanh . Bai 5 : MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + H2O + CO2 . NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O. nNaOH Bai 5 : Hoa tan hoan toan 0,1022g nHCl nHClphan ng nMCO3 mot muoi kim loai hoa tr hai MCO 3 MMCO3 = 179. M= 137 .(Ba) trong 20ml dung dch HCl 0,08M .e trung hoa HCl d can 5,64ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M .Tm xem M la kim loai g . 3.Cung co :

Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap . 4. Bai tap ve nha : 10.4 , 10.5 , 10.6 / 19 SBT Ngay soan :5/10/2006 Ngay day :11/10/2006 Tiet : 16

Bai8:

BAI THC HANH SO 1

TNH AXIT BAZ PHAN NG TRAO OI TRONG DUNG DCH CAC CHAT IEN LI
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co cac kien thc ve axit baz va ieu kien xay ra phan ng trong dung dch cac chat ien li 2. Ky nang : Ren luyen ky nang tien hanh th nghiem trong ong nghiem vi mot lng nho hoa chat 4. Trong tam : Cung co kien thc va ren luyen cac thao tac thc hanh . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan sinh ong am thoai . III. CHUAN B : * Dung cu : -a thuy tinh -Ong hut nho giot -Bo gia th nghiem n gian ( e s va cap ong nghiem go ) -ong nghiem -Tha xuc hoa chat bang ua thuy tinh .

*Hoa chat : -Dung dch HCl 0,1m -Giay o o pH -Dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M -Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M -Dung dch NaOH 0,1M -Dung -Dung -Dung -Dung -Dung dch dch dch dch dch na2CO3 ac CaCl2 ac . phenolphtalein CuSO4 1M NH3 ac .

IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * s chuan b bai nha cua hoc sinh * Cac kien thc co lien quan . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Th nghiem 1 : Tnh axt baz : - at mau giay pH tren a thuy tinh (hoac e s gia th nghiem cai tien) nho len mau giay o mot giot dung dch HCl 0,1 M . - Lam tng t nh tren nhng thay dung dch HCl bang tng dung dch sau : * Dung dich NH4Cl 0,1M ] * Dung dch CH3COONa 0,1M * Dung dch NaOH 0,1M Th nghiem 2 : Phan ng trao oi trong dung dch cac chat ien ly : a Cho khoang 2ml d2 Na2CO3 ac vao ong nghiem ng khoang 2ml CaCl2 ac . Nhan xet mau ket tua tao thanh . b. Hoa tan ket tua thu c th nghiem a. bang HCl loang , quan sat ? c. Lay vao ong nghiem khoang 2ml dung dch NaOH loang nho vao o vai giot dung dch phenolphtalein . - Nho t t dung dch HCl loang vao , va nho va lac cho en khi mat mau , giai thch ? d. Cho dung dch CuSO4 + NaOH , Hoa tan ket tua bang dung dch NH3 ac . Hoat ong cua tro - So sanh mau cua mau giay vi mau chuan e biet gia tr pH.

- Quan sat va giai thch

- Nhan xet mau ket tua tao thanh .

- Quan sat Nhan xet mau cua dung dch . Quan sat cac hien tng xay ra . - Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra di dang phan t va ion rut gon .

3. Cong viec cuoi buoi thc hanh : - Hng dan hoc sinh viet bang tng trnh . -Neu lai cac hien tng quan sat c t o rut ra kien thc can nam . V. RUT KINH NGHIEM :

Ngay soan :e chung cua to Ngay day :theo thi gian nha trng quy nh Tiet :17

KIEM TRA 1 TIET .


I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co ve kien thc - Can bang hoa hoc . - Dung dch axt baz va muoi . - Phan ng trao oi trong dung dch chat ien ly 2. Ky nang : - Tnh pH cua dung dch -Viet cac phng trnh phan ng dang phan t va ion rut gon . -Xac nh chieu cua chuyen dch can bang . 3. Thai o : - Ren luyen tnh can than , t duy logic cu hoc sinh 4. Trong tam : - Chng II III. PHNG PHAP : -Trac nghiem khach quan : 100% II. CHUAN B : - e kiem tra . IV. KIEM TRA : Bang thong ke iem so : S so Tren TB Di TB Kha Gioi

Lp

Nhan xet : ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................

Chng 3

: NHOM NIT

MUC TIEU CUA CHNG :


1 . Kien thc : Giup HS biet - Tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua nit , photpho . - Tnh chat vat ly hoa hoc cua mot so hp chat : NH3, NO, NO2 , HNO3 , P2O5 , H3PO4 . - Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua cac n chat va mot so hp chat cua Nit , Photpho . 2 . Ky nang : Tiep tuc hnh thanh va cung co cac ky nang - Quan sat , phan tch tong hp , va d oan tnh chat cua cac chat . - Lap phng trnh phan ng hoa hoc , ac biet phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa kh . - Giai cac bai tap nh tnh va nh lng lien quan en kien thc cua chng . 3 . Giao duc tnh cam thai o : - Thong qua noi dung kien thc cua chng giao duc cho hoc sinh tnh cam yeu thien nhien , co y thc bao ve moi trng , ac biet moi trng khong kh va at . - Co y thc gan ly thuyet va thc tien e nang cao chat lng cuoc song .

Ngay soan : Ngay day : Tiet :18

Bai 12

KHAI QUAT NHOM NIT


:

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet c ten cac nguyen to thuoc nhom nit . - Hieu ve ac iem cau tao nguyen t va v tr cua nhom nit trong bang tuan hoan . - Hieu c s bien oi tnh chat cua cac n chat va mot so hp chat trong nhom 2. Ky nang : - Van dung c nhng kien thc ve cau tao nguyen t e hieu c nhng tnh chat hoa hoc chung cua cac nguyen to nhom nit . - Van dung nhng qui luat chung ve bien oi tnh chat cua cac n chat va hp chat cac nguyen to nhom nit . 3. Thai o : - Tin tng vao qui luat van ong cua t nhien . - Co thai o lam chu cac qua trnh hoa hoc khi nam c cac qui luat bien oi cua chung . 4. Trong tam : Biet c s bien oi tnh chat trong nhom Nit III. PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu van e II. CHUAN B :

Bang tuan hoan va tranh anh co lien quan . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung Hoat ong 2 : I. V TR CUA NHOM -Nhom nit thuoc - Hs da vao BTH tra NIT TRONG BANG nhom may ? gom li . TUAN HOAN nhng nguyen to - Thuoc nhom V trong nao ? BTH . - Nhom Nit gom : Nit (N) , Photpho (P) , Asen(As) , atimon (Sb) va bitmut (Bi) . - Cho biet so electron - Chung eu thuoc lp ngoai cung , phan - Bieu dien cau hnh : cac nguyen to p . bo vao cac obitan cua 1. Cau hnh electron cac nguyen to thuoc - trang thai c ban cua nguyen t : nhom nit ? co 3e . - Cau hnh lp electron - Nhan xet so electron - Cac nguyen to P, As, ngoai cung : ns2np3 trang thai c ban , Sb con co phan ln d kch thch ? trong nen co 5e oc ns2 np3 Kha nang tao thanh than trang thai kch - trang thai c lien ket hoa hoc t thch . ban , nguyen t cua cac electron oc than ? cac nguyen to nhom nit co 3 electron oc than , do o trong cac hp chat chung co cong hoa tr la 3 . - oi vi cac nguyen to : P , As , Sb trang thai kch thch co 5 elctron oc than nen trong hp chat chung co lk cong hoa tr la Hoat ong 3 : 5 ( Tr Nit ). Nhac lai qui luat bien oi tnh KL, PK , tnh oxi HS thao luan tra hoa- kh , o am li : 2 . S bien oi tnh ien , ai lc electron chat cua cac n theo nhom A ? Nhom N chat : nit ? Bimut a. Tnh oxi hoa kh : - Bk , tnh kl , tang - Trong cac hp chat dan . cua chung co cac so - a , AE , I1 , tnh oxh oxi hoa : -3 , +3 , +5 . giam dan Rieng Nit con co cac - Tnh kh tang . so oxi hoa : +1 , +2 , +4 . Hoat ong 4 : - Cac nguyen to nhom - Cho biet hoa tr cua Nit he hien tnh oxi R oi vi Hiro ? viet Vi so oxi hoa +5: hoa va tnh kh . cong thc chung ? N2O5, P2O5 , HNO3 , - Kha nang oxi hoa H3PO4 .Co o ben giam t nit en - S bien oi ben , tnh giam . bitmut .

kh cua cac hp chat Vi so oxi hoa +3 hirua nay nh the nao As2O3,Sb2O3, Bi2O3 ? As(OH)3 , Sb(OH)3 , Bi(OH)3 .o ben tang Neu qui luat . - Hp chat vi oxi R co so oxihoa cao nhat la bao nhieu ? Cho vd? - Cho biet qui luat ve : o ben cua cac so oxi hoa ? S bien oi ve tnh axt , baz cua cac oxit va hiroxit ?

b. Tnh kim loai phi kim : - i t nit en bitmut , tnh phi kim cua cac nguyen to giam dan , ong thi tnh kim loai tang dan . 3. S bien oi tnh chat cua cac hp chat : a. Hp chat vi hiro : RH3 - o ben nhiet cua cac hirua giam t NH3 en BiH3 . - Dung dch cua chung khong co tnh axt . b. Oxit va hiroxit : - Co so oxi hoa cao nhat vi oxi : +5 - o ben cua hp chat vi so oxihoa +5 giam xuong - Vi N va P so oxi hoa +5 la ac trng . - Tnh baz cua cac oxit va hiroxit tang con tnh axit giam Theo chieu t nit en bitmut-

3.Cung co : S dung bai tap 2 , 3 / 54 sgk 4. Bai tap ve nha : sgk V. RUT KINH NGHIEM :

Chng 3

NHOM NIT

MUC TIEU CUA CHNG : 1 . Kien thc : Giup HS biet


- Tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua nit , photpho . - Tnh chat vat ly hoa hoc cua mot so hp chat : NH3, NO, NO2 , HNO3 , P2O5 , H3PO4 . - Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua cac n chat va mot so hp chat cua Nit , Photpho .

2 . Ky nang : Tiep tuc hnh thanh va cung co cac ky nang

- Quan sat , phan tch tong hp , va d oan tnh chat cua cac chat . - Lap phng trnh phan ng hoa hoc , ac biet phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa kh . - Giai cac bai tap nh tnh va nh lng lien quan en kien thc cua chng .

3 . Giao duc tnh cam thai o :


- Thong qua noi dung kien thc cua chng giao duc cho hoc sinh tnh cam yeu thien nhien , co y thc bao ve moi trng , ac biet moi trng khong kh va at . - Co y thc gan ly thuyet va thc tien e nang cao chat lng cuoc song .

Bai 12

KHAI QUAT NHOM NIT


:

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet c ten cac nguyen to thuoc nhom nit . - Hieu ve ac iem cau tao nguyen t va v tr cua nhom nit trong bang tuan hoan . - Hieu c s bien oi tnh chat cua cac n chat va mot so hp chat trong nhom 2. Ky nang : - Van dung c nhng kien thc ve cau tao nguyen t e hieu c nhng tnh chat hoa hoc chung cua cac nguyen to nhom nit . - Van dung nhng qui luat chung ve bien oi tnh chat cua cac n chat va hp chat cac nguyen to nhom nit . 3. Thai o : - Tin tng vao qui luat van ong cua t nhien . - Co thai o lam chu cac qua trnh hoa hoc khi nam c cac qui luat bien oi cua chung . 4. Trong tam : Biet c s bien oi tnh chat trong nhom Nit III. PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu van e II. CHUAN B : Bang tuan hoan va tranh anh co lien quan . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Khong co . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung Hoat ong 1 : Co mot so nguyen to ma hp chat cua chung rat quan trong oi vi i song cua - Hs da vao BTH tra con ngi trong o co li . cac nguyen to thuoc I. V TR CUA NHOM nhom VA . NIT TRONG BANG Haot ong 2 : TUAN HOAN - Nhom nit thuoc - Thuoc nhom V trong nhom may ? gom BTH . nhng nguyen to - Nhom Nit gom : Nit nao ? (N) , Photpho (P) , - Bieu dien cau hnh : Asen(As) , atimon (Sb) va bitmut (Bi) . - trang thai c ban - Chung eu thuoc co 3e . cac nguyen to p . - Cho biet so electron - Cac nguyen to P, As, 1. Cau hnh lp ngoai cung , phan Sb con co phan ln d electron cua bo vao cac obitan cua trong nen co 5e oc nguyen t : cac nguyen to thuoc than trang thai kch - Cau hnh lp electron nhom nit ? thch . ngoai cung : ns2np3 - Nhan xet so electron trang thai c ban ,

kch thch ? Kha nang tao thanh lien ket hoa hoc t cac electron oc than ?

Hoat ong 3 : - Nhac lai qui luat bien oi tnh KL, PK , tnh oxi hoa- kh , o am ien , ai lc electron theo nhom A ? Nhom nit ?

HS thao luan tra li : Nit Bimut - Bk , tnh kl , tang dan . - a , AE , I1 , tnh oxh giam dan - Tnh kh tang .

ns2 np3 - trang thai c ban , nguyen t cua cac nguyen to nhom nit co 3 electron oc than , do o trong cac hp chat chung co cong hoa tr la 3 . - oi vi cac nguyen to : P , As , Sb trang thai kch thch co 5 elctron oc than nen trong hp chat chung co lk cong hoa tr la 5 ( Tr Nit ).

2 . S bien oi tnh chat cua cac n chat :

Hoat ong 4 : - Cho biet hoa tr cua R oi vi Hiro ? viet cong thc chung ? - S bien oi ben , tnh kh cua cac hp chat hirua nay nh the nao ? - Hp chat vi oxi R co so oxihoa cao nhat la bao nhieu ? Cho vd? - Cho biet qui luat ve : - o ben cua cac so oxi hoa ? - S bien oi ve tnh axt , baz cua cac oxit

a. Tnh oxi hoa kh : - Trong cac hp chat cua chung co cac so oxi hoa : -3 , +3 , +5 . Rieng Nit con co cac so oxi hoa : +1 , +2 , +4 . - Cac nguyen to nhom Nit he hien tnh oxi hoa va tnh kh . - Kha nang oxi hoa giam t nit en bitmut . b. Tnh kim loai - phi kim : - i t nit en bitmut , tnh phi kim cua cac - Vi so oxi hoa +5: nguyen to giam dan , N2O5, P2O5 , HNO3 , ong thi tnh kim loai H3PO4 .Co o ben tang dan . giam . 3. S bien oi - Vi so oxi hoa +3 tnh chat cua As2O3,Sb2O3, Bi2O3 As(OH)3 , Sb(OH)3 , Bi(OH)3 cac hp chat : a. Hp chat vi hiro .o ben tang : RH3 - o ben nhiet cua Neu qui luat . cac hirua giam t NH3 en BiH3 . - Dung dch cua chung khong co tnh axt . b. Oxit va hiroxit : - Co so oxi hoa cao nhat vi oxi : +5 - o ben cua hp

va hiroxit ?

chat vi so oxihoa +5 giam xuong - Vi N va P so oxi hoa +5 la ac trng . - Tnh baz cua cac oxit va hiroxit tang con tnh axit giam Theo chieu t nit en bitmut-

Bai 13 :

NIT

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Hieu c tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua nit . - Biet phng phap ieu che nit trong cong nghiep va trong phong th nghiem. - Hieu c ng dung cua nit . 2. Ky nang : - Van dung ac iem cau tao phan t cua nit e giai thch tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua nit . - Ren luyen ky nang suy luan logic . 3. Thai o : Biet yeu qui bao ve nguon tai nguyen thien nhien 4. Trong tam : - Biet cau tao phan t , cac tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua nit . - Viet c cac phng trnh chng minh tnh chat cua Nit . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan sinh ong - am thoai gi m III. CHUAN B : - ieu che san kh nit cho vao cac ong nghiem ay bang nut cao su - Moi nhom HS bat mot con chau chau con song . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Neu cac tnh chat chung va s bien oi tnh chat cua nhom Nit ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai - Khong kh gom nhng chat kh nao ? chiem t le bao nhieu ? - Nit la mot trong nhng kh co trong tang kh quyen vi mot ham lng ln . vay N2 co nhng tnh chat g , ta nghien cu bai mi . Hoat ong 2 : - Mo ta lien ket trong phan t N2 ? - Hai nguyen t Nit trong phan t lien ket vi nhau nh the nao? Haot ong 2 : - Cho biet trang thai vat ly cua nit ? co duy tr s song khong ? oc khong ? - N2 nang hay nhe hn khong kh ? Hoat ong 3 : Gv at van e - Nit la phi kim kha hoat ong nhng nhiet o thng kha tr ve mat hoa hoc , hay giai thch ? : - Da vao so oxi hoa hay d oan tnh chat cua nit?

- Trong khong kh co rat nhieu kh nh : O2 , N2 , H2S , He , CO2 , H2O N2 : 79% , O2 : 20% con lai cac kh khac . I CAU TAO PHAN T : - Cong thc electron : :N: N: - Cong thc cau tao : :NN: II TNH CHAT VAT LY : - La chat kh khong mau , khong mui , khong v , hi nhe hn khong kh , hoa long - 196 0C, hoa ran:210 0C - Tan rat t trong nc , khong duy tr s chay va s song .

- Hs mo ta , ket luan Phan t N2 gom hai nguyen t , lien ket vi nhau bang ba lien ket CHT khong co cc . - Hs quan sat tnh chat vat l cua Nit . Sau o cho con trung vao , quan sat va nhan xet . N2 khong duy tr s song nhng khong oc . - Da vao dN2/ kk tra li .

- Da vao ac iem cau tao phan t e giai quyet van e .

- Xet xem nit the hien tnh kh hay tnh oxihoa trong trng hp nao ? nit the hien tnh oxi hoa . - Xac nh so oxi hoa cua Nit trong cac trng hp . - Gv thong bao : Ch vi Li , nit tac dung ngay nhiet

III . TNH CHAT HOA HOC - Nit co ENN = 946 kJ/mol , nhiet o thng nit kha tr ve mat hoa hoc nhng - Nit co cac so oxi hoa : nhiet o cao hoat -3 , 0 , +1 , +2 , +3 , +4 , +5 ong hn . . - Nit the hien tnh oxi hoa va tnh kh , tnh oxi hoa ac trng hn . -N2 co so oxihoa 0 nen 1 . Tnh oxi hoa : va the hien tnh oxi a. Tac dung vi hoa va tnh kh . hiro : nhiet o cao (4000C) , ap suat cao va co xuc tac : 3 N20 + 3H2 2 N H3 92kJ b. Tac dung vi kim loai : 6Li + N20 2 Li3N ( Liti Nitrua ) 3Mg + N2 Mg3N2 H = -

o thng . Nit the hien tnh kh .

=> Ket luan : Nit the hien tnh kh khi tac dung vi cac nguyen to co o am ien ln hn .The hien tnh oxihoa khi tac dung vi cac nguyen to co o am ien ln hn . Hoat ong 5 : - Trong t nhien nit co au va dang ton tai cua no la g ? -Hs da vao kien thc thc te va sgk e tra li .

(Magie Nitrua ) Nit the hien tnh oxi hoa . 2 . Tnh kh : - nhiet o 30000C (hoac ho quang ien ) : N20 + O2 2NO . H=180KJ Nit the hien tnh kh . - Kh NO khong ben :
2 N O + O2 2 N O2 - Cac oxit khac nh N2O , N2O3 , N2O5 khong ieu che trc tiep t nit va oxi . IV. TRANG THAI THIEN NHIEN VA IEU CHE : 1. Trang thai thien nhien : - dang t do : chiem khoang 80% the tch khong kh , ton tai 2 ong v :14N (99,63%) , 15 N(0,37%) . - dang hp chat , nit co nhieu trong khoang vat NaNO3 (Diem tieu ) : co co trong thanh phan cua protein , axit nucleic , . . . va nhieu hp chat hu c thien nhien . 2 ieu che : a. Trong cong nghiep : - Chng cat phan oan khong kh long , thu nit -196 0C , van chuyen trong cac bnh thep , nen di ap suat 150 at . b. Trong phong th nghiem : - un dung dch bao hoa muoi amoni nitrit ( Hon hp NaNO2 va NH4Cl ) : NH4NO2 t0 N2 + 2H2O . V NG DUNG : - La mot trong nhng
+2 +4

- Ngi ta ieu che nit bang cach nao ? - Hs da vao sgk e tra li .

-Nit co nhng ng dung g ?

thanh phan dinh dng chnh cua thc vat . - Trong cong nghiep dung e tong hp NH3 , t o san xuat ra phan am , axt nitrc . . . Nhieu nghanh cong nghiep nh luyen kim , thc pham , ien t . . . S dung nit lam moi trng .

Bai 14 :

AMONIAC VA MUOI AMONI

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Giup HS hieu - Tnh chat hoa hoc cua amoniac - Vai tro quan trong cua amiac trong i song va trong ky thuat Cho HS biet : - Phng phap ieu che amoniac trong phong th nghiem va trong cong nghiep 2. Ky nang : - Da vao cau tao phan t e giai thch tnh vat ly , hoa hoc cua amoniac. -Van dung nguyen ly chuyen dch can bang e giai thch cac ieu kien k thuat trong san xuat amoniac . - Ren luyen kha nang lap luan logic va kha nang viet cac phng trnhtrao oi ion . . . 3. Thai o : - Nang cao tnh cam yeu khoa hoc . - Co y thc gan nhng hieu biet ve khoa hoc vi i song

4. Trong tam : - Tnh chat vat ky va hoa hoc cua Amoniac . - Van dung nguyen ly chuyen dch can bang e giai thch cac ieu kien cua phan ng tong hp amoniac t nit va hiro . III. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan - am thoai II. CHUAN B : Dung cu : Ong nghiem , gia ong nghiem , chau thuy tinh Hoa chat : NH3 , H2O , CuO , NH4Cl , dd NaOH , Phenolphtalein . Tranh hnh 3.6 SGK , hnh 3.7 SGK . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : - Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cua nit ? tai sao k thng nit tr ve mat hoa hoc ? VD ? - Bai 5 / 57 SGK .. 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Ni co nhieu so oxi hoa trong hp chat NH3 nit co so oxihoa la -3 . Vay NH3 la chat g ? cau tao , tnh chat ra sao , ta nghien cu bai mi . Haot ong 2 : - Cho biet ac iem cau tao cua phan t NH3 - Mo ta s hnh thanh phan t NH3 ? - Viet cong thc electron va cong thc cau tao cua phan t NH3 ? - Gv bo xung : Phan t NH3 co cau tao hnh thap ay la tam giac eu , nguyen t N nh thap con 3 nguyen t H nam 3 nh cua tam giac eu . Hoat ong 3: - Neu co bnh kh nit cho HS quan sat : Trang thai , mau sac , mui ? - dN2 / kk ? - Gv lam th nghiem Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

I . CAU TAO PHAN T : - Viet cong thc cau - CT e CTCT tao , cong thc H : N : H HNH electron H H N - Lien ket trong phan t NH3 la lien ket CHT phan cc , nit tch H H ien am , hiro tch N ien dng . -Phan t NH3 co cau tao hnh thap , ay la mot tam giac eu . - Phan t NH3 la phan t phan cc . I . TNH CHAT VAT LY : - HS quan sat tra li - La chat kh khong mau , mui khai va - Nhe hn khong kh . xoc , nhe hn khong kh . - HS , quan sat nhan - Kh NH3 tan rat nhieu xet s oi mau trong nc , tao thanh cua dung dch dung dch amoniac co tnh kiem yeu . Rut ra ket luan .

mo ta tnh tan cua - Da vao tnh chat NH3 , hoa chung cua baz . - Da vao thuyet axt Hoat ong 4: baz cua bron stet Giai thch tnh baz viet phng trnh ien li cua NH3 : cua NH3 trong nc . - Dung dch NH3 the hien tnh chat cua - Viet phng mot kiem yeu nh phan ng the nao ? quan sat neu tng

III. TNH CHAT HOA HOC 1 . Tnh baz yeu : a. Tac dung vi nc : Trong dung dch NH3 la mot baz yeu , 250C , Kb = 1,8. 10-5 + trnh NH3 + H2O NH4 + OH hien b. Tac dung vi axt : - Tao thanh muoi amoni . Vdu: 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH3 + H+ NH4+ . NH3(k) + HCl(k) NH4Cl(r ) . Phan ng dung e nhan biet kh NH3 . c. Tac dung vi dung dch muoi cua nhieu kim loai , tao ket tua hiroxit cua chung . V du :

Hoat ong 5 : - Gv hng dan th nghiem -Da vao s hng NH3 + HClac dan cua giao vien len bang viet mot so phan ng . - Gv thong bao cho hoc sinh biet kha ang dd NH3 tac dung vi mot so muoi kim loai . -hs nghien cu sgk tra li . Hoat ong 5 : - Gv at van e : Ngoai nhng tnh chat ke tren NH3 con co tnh chat ac biet khac o la g ?

Al3++3NH3+3H2 Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+

Fe
+2NH3+2H2OFe(OH)2+2NH4

2+

- Gv lam th nghiem : * TN 1 : Cho t t d2 NH3 + d2 CuSO4 Quan sat ? Tiep tuc nho tng giot NH3cho en khi thu c d2 xanh tham Gv bo xung : Cac ion Cu(NH3)4]2+ , [Ag(NH3)2]+ la cac ion phc , c tao thanh nh lien ket cho - Tng t HS neu hien nhan gia cap tng viet phng trnh electron t do cua nit phan ng .

2 . Kha nang tao phc : Dung dch amoniac co - au tien co ket kha nang hoa tan tua : hiroxit hay muoi t tan cua mot so kim loai , CuSO4 +2NH3 +2H2O tao thanh cac dung dch (NH4)2SO4 + phc chat . Cu(OH)2 Sau o ket tua tan ra V du : do * Vi Cu(OH)2
Cu(OH)2 +4 NH3 [Cu(NH3)4] (OH)2

- Phng trnh ion :

Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2++ 2OH-

Mau xanh tham

trong phan t NH3 vi cac obitan trong cua kim loai . TN2 : Nho vai giot d2 AgNO3 vao d2 NaCl . Nho t t d2 NH3 cho en khi ket tua tan hoan toan .

* Vi AgCl . AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2] Cl


AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-

Hoat ong 5 : - D oan tnh chat hoa hoc cua NH3 da vao thay oi so oxihoa cua nit trong NH3 ? - Xac nh so oxihoa cua nit ? - So oxihoa co the co cua nit ? - Bo sung : So vi H2S , tnh kh cua NH3 yeu hn .

- HS nghien cu va =>S tao thanh cac ion tra li phc la do s ket hp cac phan t NH3 bang - Khi co s thay oi so ca electron cha s oxihoa , so oxihoa dung cua nguyen t cua nit trong NH3 ch nit vi ion kim loai co the tang nen NH3 the hien tnh kh ? 3 . Tnh kh : - HS nghien cu SGK tra li .

Ket luan : - Amoniac trang thai kh hay trong dung dch eu the hien tnh baz yeu .Tac dung vi axt tao thanh muoi amoni - Tnh kh NH3 bieu va ket tua c hien nh the nao khi hiroxit cua nhieu kim tac dung vi Cl2 ? loai . - Amoniac co tnh kh : phan ng c vi oxi , clo va kh mot so oxit kimloai (Nit co so - Dung s o e giai oxi hoa t -3 en 0, thch th nghiem . +2 ). - Co kha nang tao phc vi nhieu kim loai nh lien ket cho nhan . Gv giup HS rut ra ket luan

a. Tac dung vi oxi : - Amoniac chay trong khong kh vi ngon la mau luc nhat : 4NH3 +3O2 2N02 + 6H2O . - Khi co xuc tac la hp kim platin va irii 850 9000C : 4NH3 +5O2 4NO + 6H2O . b. Tac dung vi clo : - Kh NH3 t boc chay trong kh Clo tao ngon la co khoi trang : 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N20 +6HCl . - Khoi trang la nhng hat NH4Cl sinh ra do kh HCl va tao thanh hoa hp vi NH3 . c. Tac dung vi mot so oxit kim loai: - Khi un nong , NH3 co the kh oxit cua mot so kim loai thanh kim loai V du : to 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu 0 +N2 +3H2O

- HS nghien cu SGK va tm trong thc te e tra li Hoat ong 6 : Tm hieu phng phap - Nghien cu SGK ieu che NH3 : - Van dung nguyen ly chuyen dch can bang - Trong phong th nghiem va trong cong e tra li : * tang p nghiep NH3 c ieu

IV. NG DUNG : SGK V. IEU CHE : 1. Trong phong nghiem :

th

che nh the nao ?

* Thc hien t thap . Tuy nhien t thch hp khoan 440C * Dung chat xauc tac .

- Lam the nao e can bang chuyen dch ve pha NH3 ? -Co the ap dung cac yeu to t , p , [ ] c khong ?tai sao ? - co the dung chat xuc tac g ? - gv dung s o thiet b tong hp NH3 e giai thch qua trnh van chuyen nguyen lieu va san pham trong thiet b tong hp NH3 .

- Cho muoi amoni tac dung vi kiem nong : 2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 +2H2O - un nong dung dch amoniac ac . 2 . Trong cong nghiep: N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3 H = 92 kJ Vi nhiet o : 450 5000C . Ap suat : 300 1000 at Chat xuc tac : Fe hoat hoa .

Bai 14 :

AMONIAC VA MUOI AMONI


( tt )

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Giup HS hieu - Tnh chat hoa hoc cua muoi amoni . - Vai tro quan trong cua amiac va muoi amoni trong i song va trong ky thuat HS biet : - Phng phap ieu che amoniac trong phong th nghiem va trong cong nghiep . 2. Ky nang : - Da vao cau tao phan t e giai thch tnh vat ly , hoa hoc muoi amoni. - Ren luyen kha nang lap luan logic va kha nang viet cac phng trnhtrao oi ion 3. Thai o : - Nang cao tnh cam yeu khoa hoc . - Co y thc gan nhng hieu biet ve khoa hoc vi i song . 4. Trong tam : - Hieu c cac tnh chat vat ly muoi amoni . - Hieu ro vai tro quan trong muoi amoni trong i song va trong san xuat . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan - am thoai phat van III. CHUAN B : - Dung cu va hoa chat

Tranh hnh 3.8 SGK .

IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cuaAmoniac ? VD minh hoa ? * Bai 5/ 64 SGK . * Bai 2 SGK (3) 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai - Cho HS quan sat tinh the muoi amoni clorua. Vay muoi amoni co nhng tnh chat g ? - HS quan sat tra li : Haot ong 2 : - Hoa cac tinh the NH4Cl la tinh the khong muoi amoni clorua vao mau de tan , pH < 7 nc , dung qui tm e th moi trng cua d2 NH4Cl - Hay nhan xet trang thai , mau sac , tnh tan va o pH ? GV khai quat : Noi dung

I. TNH CHAT VAT LY : - La nhng hp chat tinh the ion , Phan t gom cation NH4+ va anion goc axit . - Muoi amoni eu de tan trong nc va khi tan ien ly hoan toan thanh cac ion . V du : NH4Cl NH4+ + ClIon NH4+ mau . khong co

Hoat ong 2 : Tm hieu Tnh chat hoa hoc cua muoi amoni . GV : Hng dan HS lam th nghiem : Chia dd Nh4Cl tren vao 2 ong nghiem - Ong 1 : NH4Cl + NaOH - Ong 2 : NH4Cl + AgNO3 . - GV nhan xet bo sung : Cac p tren la phan ng trao oi ion . phan ng 1 ion Nh4+ nhng proton cho ion OH- nen Nh4+ la axit ( dd lam quy tm hoa o )

II . TNH CHAT HOA - HS quan sat hien HOC tng , viet phng trnh 1 . Phan ng trao phan t va ion rut oi ion : gon VD : (NH4)2SO4+ 2 NaOH 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O . (1) NH4+ + OH- NH3 +H2O Phan ng nay dung e ieu che NH3 trong PTN NH4Cl +AgNO3 AgCl + NH4NO3
(2)

HS nhan xet va giai thch : - Muoi ay ong nghiem het , xuat hien muoi gan - GV hng dan th mieng ong nghiem . - Giai thch , viet nghiem: Cho NH4Cl vao ong phng trnh

Cl- +Ag+ AgCl . Cac phan ng tren la phan ng trao oi .

2 Phan ng nhiet

nghiem, un nong .

Nhan xet : muoi NH4Cl thang hoa . - Yeu cau HS lay them mot so v du : NH4HCO3 thng goi la bot n . GV phan tch va Ket luan -Da vao phan ng gv phan tch e hs thay c ban chat cua phan ng phan huy muoi amoni -Ve nguyen tac : tuy thuoc vao axit tao thanh ma NH3 co the b oxi hoa thanh cac san pham khac nhau .

phan : - HS nghien cu SGK , Khi un nong cac viet cac phng trnh muoi amoni de b nhiet phan , tao thanh nhng san pham khac nhau . a. Muoi amoni tao bi axt khong co tnh oxihoa : Khi un nong b phan huy thanh amoniac va axit V du : NH4Cl(r ) NH3(k) + HCl(k) . HCl + NH3 NH4Cl (NH4)2CO3 NH3 +NH4HCO3 NH4HCO3 NH3 +CO2 + H2O b. Muoi tao bi axt co tnh oxihoa : - Nh axt nitr , axt nitric khi b nhiet phan cho ra N2 hoac N2O va nc . V du : NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O . NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O .

Bai15 :

AXIT NITRIC VA MUOI NITRAT

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Hieu c tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua axt nitric va muoi nitrat . - Biet phng phap ieu che axt nitric trong phong th nghiem va trong cong nghiep 2. Ky nang : - Ren ky nang viet phng trnh phan ng oxihoa - kh va phan ng trao oi ion . - Ren ky nang quan sat , nhan xet va suy luan logic 3. Thai o : - Than trong khi s dung hoa chat . - Co y thc gi gn an toan khi lam viec vi hoa chat va bao ve moi trng . 4. Trong tam : - Biet cau tao phan t , tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua axt nitric va muoi nitrat . - Biet phng phap ieu che axt nitric trong phong th nghiem va san xuat axt nitric trong cong nghiep .

- Ren luyen ky nang viet phng trnh phan ng oxihoa kh . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan Neu va giai quyet van e - am thoai . III. CHUAN B : Dung cu : Ong nghiem , gia , ong nho giot , en con Hoa chat : Axt HNO3 ac va loang , d2 H2SO4 loang , d2 BaCl2 ,d2 NaNO3 , NaNO3 Tinh the Cu(NO3)2 tinh the , Cu , S . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Cho biet tnh chat hoa hoc cua NH3 ? phan ng minh hoa ? * Tnh chat cua muoi amoni ? cho v du minh hoa ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Neu mot so axit ma em biet ? Hom nay se nghien cu ve HNO3 . Hoat ong cua tro -Hs se liet ke mot so axit ma cac em biet : HCl , H2SO4 , HNO3 I CAU TAO PHAN T : - CTPT : HNO3 - CTCT : O HON O - Nit co hoa tr IV va so oxihoa la +5 II TNH CHAT VAT LY : - La chat long khong mau - Boc khoi manh trong khong kh am - D = 1,53g/cm 3 , t0s = 860C . - Axt nitric khong ben , phan huy 1 phan 4HNO3 4 NO2 + O2 + 2H2O dung dch axit co mau vang hoac nau . - Axt nitric tan vo han trong nc ( Thc te dung HNO3 68% ) III . TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1 . Tnh axt : - La mot trong so cac axt manh nhat , trong Noi dung

Hoat ong 2: HS : Cau tao nguyen t - Viet CTCT , xac nh Viet cong thc, tra so oxihoa , hoa tr li cua nit ? -Giao vien nhan xet ? Hoat ong 3: - Cho HS quan sat lo axt HNO3 nhan xet trang thai vat ly cua axt ? - Gv m nut bnh ng HNO3 ac - un mot chut xu HNO3 . GV nhan xet bo sung: Axit HNO3 cat gi lau ngay co mau vang do NO2 phan huy tan vao axit can cat gi trong bnh sam mau , boc bang giay en

-HS : quan sat , phat hien tnh chat vat ly cua HNO3 . - Hs theo doi cac thao tac cua giao vien , neu c mot so tnh chat cua axit HNO3

-Hs lien he kien Hoat ong 4: - Yeu cau HS neu tnh thc cu tra li chat chung cua axit ? - Hs viet phng trnh - Lay VD minh hoa tnh phan ng HNO3 tac dung vi : caO ,

axt cua HNO3?

NaOH , CaCO3

- Gv neu van e : Tai - V HNO3 , N co so sao HNO3 co tnh oxihoa cao nhat +5 , oxihoa ? trong phan ng co s thay oi so oxihoa , so oxihoa GV nhan xet cua nit giam xuong gia tr thap hn .

- GV hng dan nghiem : * Cu +HNO3() * Cu +HNO3(l) a2

th

HS quan sat hien tng , mau sac cua kh bay ra va viet phng trnh

dung dch : HNO3 H+ + NO3- Dung dch axt HNO3 co ay u tnh chat cua mot dung dch axt . Tac dung vi oxit baz , baz , muoi , kim loai 2 .Tnh oxi hoa : - La mot trong nhng axt co tnh oxi hoa manh nhat . - Tuy vao nong o cua axt va ban chat cua chat kh ma HNO3 co the b kh en : NO2 , NO , N2O , N2 , NH4NO3 . a. Vi kim loai : - HNO3 oxihoa hau het cac kim loai (tr vang va platin ) khong giai phong kh H2 , do ion NO3 co kha nang oxihoa manh hn H+ .

* Vi nhng kim loai co tnh kh yeu : Cu , Ag . . . - HNO3 ac b kh en NO2 Cu + 4HNO3() Cu(NO3)2 Gv bo xung : +2NO2 Vi nhng kim +2H2O loai :Mg , Zn , Al . . .Khi HS viet va can bang HNO3 loang b kh tac dung vi HNO3 cac phng trnh phan en NO loang th san ng . pham : N2O , N2 , NO, 3Cu + 8HNO3(l) 3Cu(NO3)2 NH4NO3 . + 2NO + 4H2O co * Khi tac dung vi nhng kim loai co tnh kh manh hn : Mg, Zn ,Al . . . - HNO3 ac b kh en NO2 - HNO3 loang b kh en N2O hoac N2 - HS quan sat va - HNO3 rat loang b kh nhan xet . en NH3 (NH4NO3) 8Al + 30HNO3(l) 8Al(NO3)3 Fe ,Al thu ong + 3N2O + trong HNO3 ac nguoi 15H O 2 . 5Mg + 12HNO3(l) 5Mg(NO3 )2

- GV bo sung : Muoi tao thanh hoa tr cao nhat .

- GV lam th nghiem : Fe , Al nhung vao dd HNO3 ac , nguoi . sau o nhung vao cac dung dch axit khac : HCl , H2 SO4 loang GV thong

bao :Nc cng thuy hoa tan c Au va Pt : HNO3 + 3HCl Cl2 + NOCl + 2H2O NOCl NO + Cl Clo nguyen t co kha nang phan ng rat ln . - Gv lam th nghiem : Tac dung vi phi kim * S + HNO3 un nong nhe sau o cho vai giot BaCl2 ? * Tng t viet phng trnh C vi HNO3 ?

+ N2 + 6H2O 4Zn + 10HNO3(l) Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O - Fe, Al b thu ong hoa trong dung dch HNO3 ac - HS nhan xet viet nguoi . phng trnh phan ng - HS quan sat hien - Hon hp 1the tch HNO3 tng : va 3 the tch HCl c Thay thoat kh mau goi la nc cng thuy nau co NO2 .Khi nho , co the hoa tan vang dung dch BaCl2 thay hay platin : co ket tua mau Au + HNO3 +3HCl AuCl3 trang co ion SO42 +NO +2H2O .

GV ket luan : Nh b. Tac dung vi phi vay HNO3 khong nhng - HS quan sat hnh 3.9 kim : tac dung vi kim loai va nhan xet - Khi un nong HNO3 ac ma con tac dung vi co the tac dung c mot so phi kim . vi C, P ,S . . . V Du : - GV mo ta th C + 4HNO3() CO2 + 4NO2 nghiem : Neu nho dung dch + 2H2O HNO3 vao H2S thay S + 6HNO3() H2SO4 xuat hien ket tua - Hs viet phng trnh nau trang uc, co kh +6NO2 khong mau hoa nau , hay viet phng trnh ? +2H2O

- Tng t hay viet phung trnh vi FeO , Fe3O4 , Fe(OH)2 HNO3

Hoat ong 5 : - Neu phng phap ieu che HNO3 trong phong th nghiem ? Trong cong nghiep

c. Tac dung vi hp chat : - H2S , HI, SO2 , FeO , muoi sat (II) . . . co the tac dung vi HNO3 - Nguyen to b oxihoa trong hp chat chuyen len mc oxi hoa cao hn: 3FeO +10HNO3(l) 3 HS da vao SGK Fe(NO ) 3 3 e tra li . + NO + Viet Ptp cho moi 5H O 2 giai oan . 3H2S + 2HNO3(l) 3S + 2NO + HS tm hieu SGK e tra li . Da vao hnh 3.10 HS neu cach ieu che HNO3 boc khoi trong PTN .

HNO3 ieu che t nguon nguyen lieu nao ? chia lam may giai oan ? Viet phng trnh ? - GV tom tat cac giai oan bang s o NH3 NO NO2 HNO3

4H2O . - Nhieu hp chat hu c nh giay , vai , dau thong . . . boc chay khi tiep xuc vi HNO3 ac . Vay : HNO3 co tnh axt manh va co tnh oxihoa . IV . NG DUNG : SGK V IEU CHE : 1 . Trong phong th nghiem : to NaNO3(r ) + H2SO4() HNO3 +NaHSO4 . 2. Trong cong nghiep : - c san xuat t amoniac - nhiet o 850 900 0C , xuc tac hp kim Pt va Ir : 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O H = - 907kJ - Oxi hoa NO thanh NO2 : 2NO + O2 2NO2 . - Chuyen hoa NO2 thanh HNO3 : 4NO2 +2H2O +O2 4HNO3 . - Dung dch HNO3 thu c co nong o 60 - 62% . Chng cat vi H2SO4 am ac thu c d2 HNO3 96 98 % .

Bai15 :

AXIT NITRIC VA MUOI NITRAT


( tt )

I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 23 * Trong tam : Tnh chat cua muoi Nitrat . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai gi m neu van e . III. CHUAN B :

- Cac t lieu lien quan en muoi nitrat . - Dung cu : ong nghiem , en con , gia . - NaNO3 , Cu(NO3)2 IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cua axit Nitric ? lay v du minh hoa ? * Hoan thanh chuoi : N2 NO NO2 HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2 NH4NO3 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Giai thch cau ca dao :
Lua chiem lap lo au b He nghe tieng sam phat c ma len Muoi nitrat co nhieu

Hoat ong cua tro Hs giai thch cau ca dao . Muon giai quyet van e gv a ra HS nghien cu bai mi .

Noi dung

ng dung vi cuoc song , vay chung co nhng tnh chat g ? Hoat ong 2 : - Gv neu van e : Muoi nitrat la g ? cho v du ? -

Muoi cua axit nitric goi la muoi nitrat . V du : NaNO3 , Cu(NO3) HS nghien cu SGK tra li

Cho biet ve ac iem ve tnh tan Viet phng trnh cua muoi nitrat ? ien ly cua mot so - GV lam th nghiem : muoi : KNO3 . NH4NO3 . . hoa tan cac muoi vao nc . GV bo sung : Mot so muoi nitrat de 2 - Tnh chat hoa hoc b chay ra , nh NaNO 3, Cac muoi nitrat de b NH4NO3 . - HS nghien cu SGK phan huy khi un nong tra li a. Muoi nitrat cua cac kim loai hoat Hoat ong 3 : ong : - Khi un nong muoi - Hs quan sat th - B phan huy thanh nitrat b phan huy nh nghiem va giai thch muoi nitrit + kh O2 the nao ? 2KNO3 2KNO3 +O2 - Gv lam th nghiem : o b. Muoi nitrat cua t NaNO3 ran cac kim loai t Mg to Cu(NO3)2 ran Cu : - at len tren mieng - B phan huy thanh ong nghiem que om oxit kim loai + NO2 + co than hong . O2 GV tong ket to 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

I. TNH CHAT CUA MUOI NITRAT : 1. Tnh chat vat ly : - De tan trong nc va chat ien ly manh .trong dung dch , chung phan ly hoan toan thanh cac ion . V du : Ca(NO3) Ca2+ + 2NO3 KNO3 K+ + NO3- Ion NO3 khong co mau , mau cua mot so muoi nitrat la do mau cua cation kim loai.

Bo sung : - nhiet o cao muoi nitrat la nguon cung cap oxi.Cho muoi nitrat vao than nong o , than bung chay , hon hp muoi nitrat va hp chat hu c de bat chay. - Khi 2 ong nghiem a nguoi * Ong 1 : + H2SO4 loang * Ong 2 + H2O , lac Hoat ong 4: Hng dan th nghiem : Cu + NaNO3 themH2SO4 vao dung dch .

c. Muoi cua nhng kim loai kem hoat HS quan sat nhan xet , ong : viet phng trnh - B phan huy thanh kim loai + NO2 + O2 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 . 3 Nhan biet ion nitrat HS tm hieu thc te , : SGK e tra li : - Khi co mat ion H+ va NO3- the hien tnh oxihoa giong nh HNO3 - V vay dung Cu + H 2SO4 e nhan biet muoi nitrat V du :
3Cu + 8NaNO3 + 4H2SO4(l) 3Cu(NO3)2+ 2NO+ 4Na2SO4 + 4H2O.

GV ket luan

3Cu+8H++2NO3-3Cu2+ 2NO

+ +4

Hoat ong 5 : - Muoi nitrat co nhng ng dung g ? - Trong ton tai nao ? trong t nao ? t nhien Nit au ? dang luan chuyen nhien nh the

H2O. 2NO + O2 2NO2 (nau o ) II . NG DUNG CUA MUOI NITRAT : - Dung e lam phan bon hoa hoc - Kalinitrat con c s dung e che thuoc no en . C .CHU TRNH CUA NIT TRONG T NHIEN : ( SGK )

3. Cung co : to NO NO2 HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 ? N2 to NH3 NO NO2 HNO3 NH4NO3 ?

Bai 16 :

LUYEN TAP TNH CHAT CUA

NIT VA HP CHAT CUA NIT

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Cung co kien thc tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc , ieu che va ng dung cua nit , amoniac , muoi amoni , axt nitric muoi nitrat . - Van dung kien thc e giai bai tap . 2. Ky nang : - Viet cac phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa kh . - Giai mot so bai tap co lien quan 4. Trong tam : - Hieu cac tnh chat cua nit , amoniac, muoi amoni , axt nitric ,muoi nitrat . - Van nhng kien thc can nh e lam cac bai tap II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : He thong cau hoi va bai tap . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Ket hp kiem tra trong qua trnh luyen tap . 2. Bai mi :

A . Ly thuyet
Da va bang sau hay ien cac kien thc vao bang : n chat Amoniac Muoiamon (N2) (NH3) i (NH4+ ) CTCT [H N H]+ H NN l HNH H H
Tnh chat vat ly Tnh chat hoa hoc -Chat kh khong mau , khong mui -t tan trong nc - Ben nhiet o thng NO N2 NH3 Ca3N2 ieu che NH4NO2 N2+2H2O -chng cat phan oan khong kh long -Tao moi trng tr -nguyen lieu e ieu che NH3 -chat kh mui khai -Tan nhieu trong nc -Tnh baz yeu NH4+ + OH NH3 NH4Cl Al(OH)3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ Tnh kh 2Nh4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O N2 + 3H2 2NH3 -ieu che phan bon -nguyen lieu san xuat HNO3 -De b phan huy bi nhiet -Thuy phan trong moi trng axit . -La axit manh -La chat oxi hoa manh -B phan huy bi nhiet -la chat oxi hoa trong moi trng axit hoac un nong . HNO3 + Kim loai -De tan -ien li manh

Axt nitric (HNO3) O HON O


-chat long khong mau - Tan vo han

Muoi nitrat (NO3-) O [ON O


- de tan - ien li manh

NH3 + H+ NH4+

NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3 -NH3 NO NO2 HNO3

ng dung

-Lam phan bon

-Axit -Nguyen lieu san xuat phan bon

-Phan bon , thuoc no , thuoc nhuom .

Hoat ong cua giao vien B BAI TAP : Giai bai tap SGK . Bai 1 : Viet cac phng trnh phan ng thc hien cac day chuyen hoa sau : a. B A B C D E H b. Cu CuO Cu(NO3)2 HNO3 NO2 NO NH3 N2 NO Bai 2 : Hai kh A va B co mui xoc , phan ng vi nhau theo cac cach khac nhau sau ay , tuy theo ieu kien phan ng : a. Trong trng hp d kh A th xay ra phan ng :8A+3B6C (chat ran kho )+D( chat kh ) b. Trong trng hp d kh B th xay ra phan ng : 2A + 3B D +6E (chat kh ). Chat ran C mau trang , khi ot nong b phan huy thuan nghch , bien thanh chat A va chat E .d = 1,25g/l (ktc) . Hay xac nh cac chat A,B , C, D , E . Bai 3 : a. Mot trong cac san pham cua phan ng gia kim loai Mg vi axit HNO3 co nong o trung bnh la i nitoxit . Tong cac he so trong phng trnh phan ng : A/ 10 B/ 18 C/ 24 D/30 . Hay chon ap an ung . b. Mot trong nhng san pham cua phan ng Cu + HNO3 loang la nit monooxit . Tong cac he so trong phng trnh phan ng : A/ 10 B/ 18 C/ 24 D/ 30 . Hay chon ap an ung . Bai 4 : Bang phng phap hoa hoc hay nhan biet cac dung dch sau : NH3 , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4Cl , Na2SO4 . Viet cac phng trng phan ng . Bai 5 : Trong qua trnh tong hp amoniac ap suat trong bnh phan ng giam i 10% so vi ap suat luc au . Biet nhiet o cua bnh phan ng

Hoat ong cua hoc sinh Bai 1 : HD : A:N2 ; B:NH3 ; C: NO ; D:NO2 ; E: HNO3 ; G: NaNO3 ; H:NaNO2 .

Bai 2 : HD: MD= 1,25 22,4 =28 . C la chat ran mau trang , phan huy thuan nghch : NH4Cl NH3 + HCl (C) (A) (E) Vay B la kh Cl2

Bai 3 :

ap an :

Bai 4 : Dung quy tm am : NH3 , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4Cl , Na2SO4 . xanh o o tm ba(OH)2 trang con lai Bai 5 : HD :
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 P : x 3x 2x Con lai : (1 x) ( 3 3x ) 2x nhiet o khong oi : p2/p1 = n2/n1 0,9 = (2x + 4 4x)/4 x = 0,2 . %VN2 =22,2% , % VH2 = 66,7% , %VNH3= 11,1%

Bai 14.5 : 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O

c gi khong oi trc va sau phan ng . Hay xac nh thanh phan (%the tch ) cua hon hp kh thu c sau phan ng , neu trong hon hp au lng nit va hiro c lay ung theo t le hp thc . Bai 14.5 : Dan 2,24 lit kh NH3 ( kc) i qua ong ng 32g CuO nung nong thu c chat ran A va kh B . Viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra va the tch kh B ( ktc ) ? Ngam chat ran A trong dd HCl 2M d . Tnh V dd axit a tham gia phan ng ? Bai 14.12 : Cho 50ml dd NH3 co cha 4,48lit kh NH3 ( ktc 0 tac dung vi 450 ml dd H2SO4 1M . Viet phng trnh phan ng ? Tnh nong o mol cua cac ion trong dd thu c ? coi cac chat ien li hoan toan .

0,1mol 0,15 0.05 VB = 0,05 22,4 => nCuO d = 32/80 0,15 CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O =>V = Bai 14.12 :

Bai 17 :

PHOTPHO

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet cau tao phan t va cac dang thu hnh cua photpho . - Biet tnh vat ly hoa hoc cua photpho . - Biet phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua photpho 2. Ky nang : HS biet van dung nhng hieu biet ve tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua photpho e giai quyet cac bai tap . 3. Trong tam : - Biet cau tao phan t cac dang thu hnh va tnh chat hoa hoc cua photpho . - Biet mot so dang ton tai cua photpho trong t nhien , phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua photpho trong i song va san xuat . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai gi m . III. CHUAN B : * Hoa chat : Photpho o , photpho trang * Dung cu : Ong nghiem , gia sat , kep go , en con . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Khong co 2. Bai mi :

Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1: Vao bai Dang thu hnh la g ? ngoai cac chat co dang thu hnh ma cac em a hoc , co mot chat cung co 2 dang thu hng o la P o va P trang . Hoat ong 2 : Phot pho co trong hp chat nao ? vay P co nhng tnh chat g ? Hoat ong 3 : - Photpho co may dang thu hnh ? - Gv cho hoc sinh quan sat 2 mau P o va P trang . - S khac nhau ve tnh chat vat ly cua cac dang thu hnh la g ? - Gv lam th nghiem : Cho vao ong nghiem 1 t P o , ay mieng ong nghiem bang bong xop . un ong nghiem tren en con cho en khi P o ch con dang vet . e nguoi ong nghiem , hi P P trang .

Hoat ong cua tro

Noi dung

- Hs lay cac v du trong cuoc song : diem , thuoc no - Co 2 dang thu hnh : - HS nghien cu SGk tra li .

- HS quan sat th nghiem , nhan xet va rut ra ket luan .

I. Tnh chat vat ly : * P trang : - Dang tinh the do phan t P4 - Khong mau hoac vang nhat giong nh sap . - De nong chay bay hi, t0 = 44,10C . - Rat oc, gay bong nang khi ri vao da. - Khong tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung moi hu c : C6H6 , ete . . . - Oxyhoa cham phat sang - Kem ben t chay trong khong kh ieu kien thng . * P o : - Dang Polime - Chat bot mau o - Kho nong chay , kho bay hi , t0n/c=2500C . - Khong oc - Khong tan trong bat ky dung moi nao - Khong oc . - Khong Oxyhoa cham khong phat sang - Ben trong khong kh ieu kien thng , ben hn P trang . - Khi un nong khong co khong kh P o P trang . II. Tnh chat hoa hoc : - o am ien P < N - Nhng P hoat ong hoa hoc hn N2 v lien ket N N ben vng * P trang hoat ong

Vay : Hai dang thu hnh nay co the chuyen hoa cho nhau .

Hoat ong 4: - Da vao so oxihoa co the co cua P d oan kha nang phan ng ? VD ?

- P co cac so oxi hoa : -3 , 0 , +3 , +5 . Co the the hien tnh kh va tnh oxi hoa .

- Tai sao t0 thng P hoat ong h2 manh hn N2 ? GV nhan xet y kien cua HS va nhan manh cac ac iem khac vi Nit . - Gv at cau hoi : * Khi nao the hien tnh oxi hoa ?

hn P o . - Hs nghien cu sgk e tra li . - Hs len bang viet phng trnh phan ng . 1. Tnh oxi hoa : Tac dung vi mot so kim loai manh ( K, Na , Ca , Mg . . .)
t 2P + 3Ca Ca3P2
o

- Hs len bang viet * P the hien tnh kh phng trnh phan ng . khi nao ? - Hs len bang viet cac phng trnh phan ng -Viet cac phng trnh P tac dung vi Cl2 khi d va thieu Cl2 . phan ng xay ra ?

-Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra ? -Gv bo xung : P cung tac dung vi mot so phi kim khi un nong . -Hs len bang viet phng trnh phan ng .

Canxiphotphua 2 Tnh kh : - Tac dung vi cac phi kim hoat ong nh oxi ,hal , lu huynh va cac chat oxihoa manh khac a. Tac dung vi oxi : - Thieu oxi : 4P + 3O2 2P2O3 iphotpho trioxit - D oxi : 4P0 +5O2 2P2O5 iphotpho pentaoxit b. Tac dung vi clo : Khi cho clo i qua photpho -nong chay - Thieu clo : 2P0 + 3Cl2 2PCl3 Photpho triclorua - D clo : 2P0 + 5Cl2 2PCl5 Photpho pentaclorua - P cung tac dung vi S khi un nong tao thanh iphotpho trisunfua P2S3 va iphotpho pentasunfua P2S5 . c. Tac dung vi cac hp chat : ( HNO3 , KClO3 , KNO3 , K2Cr2O7 . . . ) V du : 6P + 5KClO3 3P2O5 + 5KCl III . NG DUNG :

- Bo xung : ngoai tnh chat tac dung vi mot so kim loai va phi kim , P con tac dung vi mot so hp chat . -Len viet phng trnh phan ng ? Hoat ong 5: Neu ng dung cua P?

- Hs len bang viet cac Hoat ong 6 : - Trong thien nhien P phng trnh ieu che P trong cong nghiep . ton tai dang nao ?

- Tai sao N2 ton tai trang thai t do con th khong ?

- Trong cong nghiep P san xuat bang cach nao ?

- Dung san xuat thuoc au que diem. - ieu che H3PO4 P P2O5 H3PO4 IV. TRANG THAI T NHIEN VA EU CHE : 1 Trong t nhien: - Khong co P dang t do: - Thng dang muoi cua axt photphpric : co trong quang apatit Ca5F(PO4)3 va photphoric Ca3(PO4)2. - Co trong protien thc vat , trong xng , rang , bap tht , te bao nao , . . . cua ngi va ong vat . 2 . ieu che: - Bang cach nung hon hp Ca3(PO4)2, SiO2 va than 12000C . Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 2P + 5CO - Hi P thoat ra ngng tu khi lam lanh , thu uc P dang ran .

3. Cung co : - Dung bai tap 1, 2 / sgk e thiet ke phieu hoc tap dang thu hnh - Dung bai tap 3 e cung co ve tnh chat hoa hoc cua Phot pho .

Bai 18 :

AXT PHOTPHORIC VA MUOI PHOTPHAT .

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet cau tao phan t cua axt photphoric . - Biet tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua axt photphoric . - Biet tnh chat va nhan biet muoi photphat . - Biet ng dung va ieu che axt photphoric . 2. Ky nang : Van dung kien thc ve axt photphoric va muoi photphat e giai cac bai tap 3. Trong tam : - Biet cau tao phan t , tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua axt photphoric , tnh chat cua cac muoi photphat . - Biet nhng ng dung va phng phap ieu che axt photphoric

II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu van e . III. CHUAN B : * Hoa chat : H2SO4ac , Dung dch AgNO3 , d2 Na3PO4 , d2 KNO3 . * Dung cu : ong nghiem . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : - So sanh cau tao va tnh chat l hoa hoc cua P trang va P o ? - Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cua P ? cho v du minh hoa ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai H3PO4 co tnh chat g giong va khac HNO3 ? e biet ieu o ta nghien cu bai mi . Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

Hoat ong 2: - Viet CTCT cua H3PO4 ? - Ban chat lk gia cac nguyen t trong phan t la g ? Xac nh so oxi hoa cua P ? Hoat ong 3 : Cho HS quan sat lo axt H3PO4 , nhan xet va cho biet tnh chat cua - Axt H3P+5O4 co the axit ? the hien tnh oxihoa : GV bo sung : Tan trong nc do s tao thanh lk hiro vi nc .

HS nghien cu lan lt tra li ? HS quan sat tra li :

I .AXIT PHOTPHORIC : 1 . Cau tao phan t : HO HOP=O HO -

Photpho co hoa tr V va so oxihoa +5 . 2 . Tnh chat vat ly : - La chat ran , trong suot khong mau , hao nc tan nhieu trong nc . - Khong bay hi , khong oc , t0 = 42,30C . - Dung dch ac sanh , co nong o 80% . 3 .Tnh chat hoa hoc : Hoat ong 4 : a. Tnh oxihoa kh : - Da vao so oxihoa Axt H3PO4 khong co tnh cua P co the d oan HS viet cac phng oxihoa nh axt nitric v tnh chat hoa hoc cua trnh mat nc : photpho mc oxihoa axit H3PO4 ? +5 ben hn . - GV: nhan xet , giai thch ; H3PO4 khong co b. Tac dung bi tnh oxihoa v trang HS viet phng trnh nhiet : H3PO4 de b thai oxihoa +5 kha ien ly theo 3 nac : mat nc : 0 0 ben 200 250 C 400 500 C H3PO4 H4P2O7 - Viet phng trnh ien HPO3 ly cua H3PO4 ? - Gom cac ion : H + , photphoric+H2O iphotphoric +H O H2PO4- , HPO42- ,PO432 metaphotphoric c. Tnh axt : - Axt H3PO4 la axt ba - Trong dung dch H3PO4 * x < 1: NaH2PO4 d axt. lan axt ,co o manh ton tai cac ion g ? * x = 1: NaH2PO4 trung bnh : - Cho 2 nhom HS viet * 1 < x < 2 : NaH2PO4va H3PO4 H+ + phng trnh gia axt Na2HPO4 H2PO4-

va oxit baz , baz ? - Xet t nbaz /naxit = x nh the nao tao ra muoi axt , trung hoa hoac hon hp cac muoi ? GV nhan xet

- H3PO4 c ieu che nh the nao ?

- Neu ng dung cua H3PO4 ?

Ngoai ra con co the thuy phan dan xuat Halogen : PX5 + 4H2O H3PO4 + 5HX

* x = 2 : Na2HPO4 K1 * 2 < x < 3 : Na2HPO4 va =7,610-3 + 2 Na3PO4 H2PO4- H + HPO4 * x = 3 : Na3PO4 K1 = -3 * x > 3 : Na3PO4 d baz 6,210 + 3 HPO42- H + PO4 K1 = 4,410-3 - Dung dch H3PO4 co nhng tnh chat chung cua axt : VD : Tac dung vi oxit baz hoac baz H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4+2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O H3PO4+ 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O 4 . ieu che va ng dung : a. Trong phong th nghiem : Dung HNO3 30% oxihoa P : 3P+5HNO3+2H2O3H3PO4 +5NO b. Trong cong nghiep : - Phng phap chiet : Cho H2SO4 ac tac dung vi quang photphorit hoac quang apatit : Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO43CaSO4 +2H3P O4 - Phng phap nhiet : ieu che H3PO4 tinh khiet hn : 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 . P2O5 +3H2O 2H3PO4 . ng dung : Dung e san xuat phan bon vo c , nhuom vai , san xuat men s , dung trong cong nghiep dc pham .

Bai 18 :

AXT PHOTPHORIC

VA MUOI PHOTPHAT
(tt)
I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 26 *Trong tam : Tnh chat va ng dung cua muoi phot phat . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai trc quan III. CHUAN B : - Dung cu : ong nghiem , gia - Hoa chat : Na3PO4 , MgHPO4 , AgNO3 , H2O IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : - Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cua H3PO4 ? - Tra li bai tap so 6 SGK ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai - Da vao nh ngha ve muoi nitrat cho biet muoi phot phat la g ? - Viet phan ng cua H3PO4 vi NaOH theo nhng t le khac nhau ? Cac muoi tao thanh goi la muoi phot phat . Hoat ong 2 : - Co bao nhieu loai muoi phot phat ? cho v du Hoat ong cua tro - Muoi phot phat la muoi cua axit photphoric V du : Na3PO4 , K2HPO4 , Ca(H2PO4)2 . II MUOI PHOTPHAT : La muoi cua axt photphoric : muoi trung hoa va hai muoi axit . 1 Tnh chat : a. Tnh tan : - Cac muoi ihirophotphat eu tan trong nc . - Cac muoi hirophotphat va photphat trung hoa ch co muoi natri ,kali , amoni la de tan con cua cac kim loai khac khong tan hoac t tan trong nc . b. Phan ng thuy phan : Cac muoi photphat tan b thuy phan trong dung dch : V Du: Na3PO4 + H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH 2 PO43- + H2O HPO4 + Noi dung

Co 3 loai : Muoi ihirophotphat Muoin hirophotphat Muoi photphat.

- Gv lam th nghiem : * Hoa tan NaH2PO4 * Hoa tan Ca3(PO4)2 - Viet cac phng trnh ien li cua Na3PO4 ? cho biet PH cua moi trng ?

-Hs quan sat va nhan xet

Na3PO4 3Na + PO PH > 7

34

Hs quan sat va nhan Hoat ong 3 : xet - Gv lam th nghiem : Co ket tua vang AgNO3 + Na3PO4 xuat hien Sau o nho vai giot HNO3 . Gv ket luan .

OH- . Dung dch trng kiem .

co

moi

Hoat ong 4 : Cho hoc sinh lam mot so bai tap : Bai 1: Chon nhom muoi tan trong cac nhom muoi sau ay
a.Na3PO4 , BaHPO4 , Ca3(PO4)2 b.K3PO4 , Ca(H2PO4)2 , (NH4)2HPO4 c.NaH2PO4 , Mg3(PO4)2 , K2HPO4 d.(NH4)3PO4 , Ba(H2PO4)2 , MgHPO4 .

2 Nhan biet ion photphat : - Thuoc th la dung dch AgNO3 . VD : 3AgNO3+Na3PO4Ag3PO4+3N NO3 3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 (mau vang ) Ket tua tan c trong HNO3 loang

Bai 1 : so : b

Bai 2 : Viet phng trnh ion rut gon cua cac phan ng sau ( neu co ) a. NaOH + (NH4)2HPO4 b. BaCl2 + NaH2PO4
c. MgCl2 + Na3PO4 d. Ca(OH)2 + K2HPO4

Bai 2 : a.OH- + NH4+ NH3 + H2O b.Ba2+ + H2PO4- BaH2PO4 c.Mg2+ + PO43- Mg3(PO4)2 d.Ca2+ + HPO42- CaHPO4

3.Cung co : Bang phng phap hoa hoc nhan biet cac chat bot sau : Na3PO4 , NaNO3 , MgHPO4 , CaCO3

Bai 19 :

PHAN BON

HOA HOC

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet c nguyen to dinh dng nao can thiet cho cay trong . - Biet c thanh phan mot so loai phan bon thng dung . - Biet cach bao quan va s dung mot so phan bon hoa hoc . 2. Ky nang : - Co kha nang nhan biet mot so loai phan bon hoa hoc - Co kha nang anh gia chat lng tng loai phan bon hoa hoc . 3. Trong tam : Xac nh c thanh phan va ng dung tng loai phan . II. PHNG PHAP : Giai thch am thoai neu van e . III. CHUAN B : Tranh anh , t lieu ve san xuat cac loai phan bon viet nam . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Hoan thanh chuoi phan ng : HNO3 H3PO4 NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4 Na3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai - Cho biet mot vai loai phan ma em a biet ? Hoat ong 2 : - Gv at he thong cau hoi : * Phan am la g ? * Chia lam may loai ? * ac iem cua tng loai ? * Cach s dung ? Gv nhan xet y kien cua HS . Hoat ong cua tro Phan lan , kali , ure Noi dung

Hs tm hieu sgk va da vao hieu biet thc te e tra li .

I. PHAN AM : - Phan am la nhng hp chat cung cap Nit cho cay trong . - Tac dung : kch thch qua trnh sinh trng cua cay , tang t le protein thc vat . - o dinh dng anh gia bang %N trong phan . 1.Phan am Amoni : - La cac muoi amoni : NH4Cl , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3 - Dung bon cho cac loai at t chua . 2. Phan am Nitrat : - La cac muoi Nitrat NaNO3 , Ca(NO3)2 - ieu che : Muoi cacbonat + HNO3 3. Ure : - CTPT : (NH2)2CO , 46%N - ieu che :
CO2 + 2NH3 (NH2)2CO +

-Co cha goc NH4+ co moi trng axit - Khong the c v - ac iem cua phan xay ra phan ng : am amoni ? CaO + NH4+ Ca2+ + NH3 - Co the bon phan + H2O am amoni vi voi bot -eu cha N e kh chua c -Amoni co moi trng khong ? tai sao ? axit con Nitrat co moi trng trung tnh . - Phan am amoni va => Vung at chua bon phan am nitrat co nitrat vung at kiem iem g giong va khac bon amoni . nhau ? - Vung at chua nen - do ure trung tnh va bon phan g ?vung ham lng n cao . kiem th sao ? - giai oan sinh trng

- Tai sao Ure c s dung rong rai ? - Giai oan nao cua cay trong oi hoi nhieu phan am hn ? - Loai cay trong nao oi hoi nhieu phan am hn ? Hoat ong 3 : - Phan lan la g ? - Co may loai phan lan ? - Cach anh gia o dinh dng ? - Nguyen lieu san xuat ? - Phan lan can cho cay trong giai oan nao ?

cua cay .

H2O

-Phan co cha nguyen to P - Co 2 loai . - da vao % P2O5 -Quang Thi ky sinh trng

II. PHAN LAN : - Cung cap photpho cho cay di dang ion photphat PO43- Can thiet cho cay thi ky sinh trng . - anh gia bang ham lng %P2O5 tng ng vi lng photpho co trong thanh phan cua no - Nguyen lieu : quang photphoric va apatit . 1. Phan lan nung chay : - Thanh phan : hon hp photphat va silicat cua canxi va magie - Cha 12-14% P2O5 - Khong tan trong nc , thch hp cho lng at chua . 2. Phan lan t nhien : Dung trc tiep quang photphat lam phan bon . 3. Super photphat : - Thanh phan chnh la Ca(H2PO4)2 a. Sper photphat n : Cha 14-20% P2O5 ieu che :
Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 2CaSO4 + Ca(H2PO4)2

se c mot so vi khuan trong at phan huy .

- Tai sao phan lan t nhien va phan lan nung chay khong tan trong nc nhng van s dung lam phan bon ? - Chung thch hp cho nhng loai cay nao ? tai sao ?

eu la Ca(H2PO4)2 Khac nhau ve ham lng P trong phan Do co giai oan san xuat khac nhau .

- Super photphat n va super photphat kep giong va khac nhau nh the nao ? - Tai sao goi la n , kep ? phan co cha nguyen to K

- KCl , NH4Cl - Chong beng , tang sc chu ng .

b. .Super photphat kep : Cha 40-50% P2O5 - San xuat qua 2 giai oan :
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2

Hoat ong 4 : - Phan Kali la g ? - Nhng loai hp chat nao c dung lam phan kali ? - Phan kali can thiet cho cay nh the nao ? - Loai cay nao oi hoi nhieu phan kali hn ?

-eu cha nhieu nguyen to trong phan - Khac nhau trong qua trnh ieu che .

III. PHAN KALI : - Cung cap nguyen to Kali cho cay di dang ion K+ - Tac dung : tang cng sc chong benh , chong ret va chu han cua cay - anh gia bang ham lng % K2O IV. MOT SO LOAI PHAN KHAC : 1. Phan hon hp va phan phc hp : - La loai phan cha ong thi hai hoac 3 nuyen to dinh dng c ban . * Phan hon hp : - Cha ca 3 nguyen to N , P , K c goi la phan NPK - No c tron t cac phan n theo t le N:P:K nhat nh tuy theo loai at trong . * Phan phc hp : San xuat bang tng tac hoa hoc cua cac chat . 2. Phan vi lng - Cung cap nhng hp chat cha cac nguyen to nh Bo, kem , Mn , Cu , Mo - Cay trong ch can mot lng rat nho . - Phan vi lng c a vao at cung vi phan bon vo c hoac hu c .

Hoat ong 5 : - Phan hon hp va phan phc hp giong va khac nhau nh the nao ? - Co nhng loai phan hon hp va phc hp nao ? cho v du ?

- Sau mot thi gian trong at cac nguyen to vi lpng t` i can bo xung cho cay theo ng phan bon .

- Phan vi lng la g ? - Tai sao phai bon phan vi lng cho at ?

Bai 20 :
CUA PHOTPHO I. MUC TIEU :

TNH CHAT CUA PHOTPHO VA CAC HP CHAT

LUYEN TAP

1. Kien thc : Cung co cac kien thc ve tnh chat vat l , hoa hoc , ieu che va ng dung cua photpho va mot so hp chat cua phot pho . 2. Ky nang : Van dung cac kien thc a hoc e giai cac loai bai tap : * Nhan biet * Hoan thanh chuoi phan ng * ieu che * Giai bai tap da vao phng trnh phan ng . 3. Thai o : - Tap tnh can than , t m cho hoc sinh . - Ren luyen t duy logic thch hp . 4. Trong tam : Hng dan giai bai tap . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu van e van ap . III. CHUAN B : He thong cau hoi va bai tap . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua giao vien Hoat ong 1 : - Gv at he thong cau hoi cho cac nhom thao luan * Photpho co nhng dang thu hnh nao ? * ac iem cau truc cua cac dang thu hnh nay ? * So sanh tnh chat vat l , hoa hoc cua cac dang thu hnh cua photpho ? * Cho biet tnh chat vat li , hoa hoc cua axit photphoric ? * Viet phng trnh phan ng chng minh axit photphoric la axit 3 nac ? * Tai sao axit photphoric khong co tnh oxihoa ? Hoat ong cua hoc sinh I. KIEN THC CAN NH : 1. n chat photpho : Khoi lng nguyen t : 31vc P o am ien : 2,1 Cau hnh electon nguyen t : 1s22s22p63s23p3 Cac so oxi hoa : -3 , 0 , +3, +5 P2O5 P PCl5 Ca3P2 2. Axit photphoric : - La axit 3 lan xait , co o manh trung bnh - Khong co tnh oxihoa H3PO4 H4P2O7 HPO3 - Tao ra 3 loai muoi photphat khi tac dung vi kiem 3. Muoi photphat : - Co 3 loai muoi : Na3PO4 , Na2HPO4 , NaH2PO4 -Muoi kali , natri , amoni va ihirophotphat : tan -Muoi con lai t tan hoac khong tan . -Nhan biet ion PO42- bang phan ng : 2Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 ( vang ) II. BAI TAP : Bai 1 : Hs lien he kien thc a hoc e

* Muoi photphat co may loai ? d0ac iem cua cac loai muoi nay ? * Nhan biet ion photphat nh the nao ? Hoat ong 2 : Bai tap Bai 1: Neu nhng iem khac nhau trong

cau tao nguyen t gia Nit va photpho ? Bai 2 : Viet phng trnh phan ng dang phan t va ion rut gon : a.K3PO4 + Ba(NO3)2 b. Na3PO4 + Al2(SO4)3 c.Ca(H2PO4)2 + Ca(OH)2 d.Na2HPO4 + NaOH e. Ca(H2PO4)2 + Ca(OH)2 ( t le 1:1 ) d. Ca(H2PO4)2 + Ca(OH)2 (t le 1:2 ) Bai 3 : Cho 44g NaOH vao dung dch cha 39,2g H3PO4 . Sau khi phan ng ng xay ra hoan toan , em co dung dch en khi can kho . Hoi muoi nao c tao thanh ? khoi lng la bao nhieu ? Bai 4 : Them 10g dung dch bao hoa Ba(OH)2 ( o tan la 3,89g trong 100g H2O vao 0,5 ml dung dch axit photpho ric nong o 6 mol/lit . Tnh lng cac hp chat bari c tao thanh ?

tra li . Bai 2 : Tng Hs len bang viet phng trnh phan ng ( neu co ) Bai 3 : nNaOH = 44/40 nH3PO4 = 39,2/98 lap t le nNaOH/ nH3PO4 => muoi c tao thanh so mol => khoi lng cac muoi . Bai 4 :

3.Cung co : ket hp cung co tng phan trong qua trnh luyen tap 4. Bai tap ve nha : Bai 1: T quang photphoric , co the ieu che axitphotphoric theo s o sau : t o , SiO2 ,C to Quang photphoric p P2O5 H3PO4 a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra ? b. Tnh khoi lng quang photphoric 73% Ca3(PO4)2 can thiet e ieu che c 1 tan H3PO4 50% . Hieu suat cua qua trnh la 90% . Bai 2 : Cho 12,4g P tac dung hoan toan vi oxi , sau o cho toan bo lng P2O5 hoa tan vao 80ml dd NaOH 25% ( d= 1,28) . Tnh nong o % cua dung dch muoi sau phan ng ? Hng dan : 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 0,4mol 0,2mol nNaOH = 0,64 mol P2O5 + NaOH co the tao ra 3 loai muoi tuy thuoc vao t le mol nNaOH 0, 64 = = 3,2 nP 2O5 0, 2 => 2<3,2<4 , vay tao ra 2 muoi NaH2PO4 va na2HPO4 Viet phng trnh va giai he => C%NaH2PO 4 = 14,68% C%Na 2HPO 4 = 26,06%

Bai 21 :
PHOTPHO

THC HANH
TNH CHAT CUA CAC HP CHAT NIT ,

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co kien thc ve ieu che amoniac , mot so tnh chat cua amoniac , axit nitric va phan bon hoa hoc . 2. Ky nang : Ren luyen ky nang thc hanh , tien hanh th nghiem vi lng nho hoa chat trong ong nghiem . 3. Trong tam : Thc hien phan ng chng minh tnh chat . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan sinh ong am thoai III. CHUAN B : 1. Dung cu th nghiem : - Ong nghiem - Bo gia th nghiem n gian , - Nut cao su ay ong nghiem - en con kem 1 ong dan thuy tinh - Gia ong nghiem 2. Hoa chat : NH4Cl , NaOH , giay ch th mau , dd Phenolphtalein , HNO3 am ac , Cu , phan kali nitrat , phan amonisunfat , phan superphotphat kep , H2SO4 , dd BCl2 , AgNO3 , AlCl3 IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Ly thuet thc hanh * S chuan b cua hoc sinh . 2. Bai mi : hoat ong cua giao vien Th nghiem 1: Lu y ong dan kh phai kho Quan sat thao tac lam th nghiem cua hoc sinh hoat ong cua hoc sinh Th nghiem 1 : ieu che kh amoniac va th tnh chat cua dd NH3 a) ieu che kh NH3 : Tron khoang 4-5g NH4Cl vi 5-6g NaOH roi cho vao ong nghiem kho. Dung nut co lap ong dan kh ay nut mieng ong nghiem . un ong nghiem bang en con va thu NH3 thoat ra bang ong nghiem kho. Khi ay kh NH3 th cho nhanh H2O vao nut chat mieng ong nghiem bang nut cao su , lac manh cho kh NH3 tan het . b).Th tnh chat cua dd NH3 : Chia dd NH3 thu c tren vao 2 ong nghiem nho Ong 2: cho vai giot PP Ong 2 : cho 5-6 giot muoi nhom clorua - Nhan xet s xuat hien mau cua dung dch ong 1 va cho biet dd Nh3 co moi trng g ? - ong 2 co hien tng g ? giai thch va viet phng trnh phan ng ?

chobiet s oi mau cua dd ? giai thch ? cho biet hien tng ong nghiem 2 ? giai thch ? hng dan hoc sinh cac thao tac c ban khi lam th nghiem.

Th nghiem 2 : quan sat hoc sinh lam th nghiem . Lu y , nhac nh cho hoc sinh khi

s dung axit

Th nghiem 2: Tnh oxi hoa cua axit Nitric 1. Lay vao ong nghiem 0,5ml dd HNO3 ac roi cho mot mau nho Cu vao ? Quan sat mau cua kh bay ra va mau cua dd htu c ? giai thch va viet phng trnh phan ng ? 2. Cung lam th nghiem nh tren nhng thay HNO3 ac bang HNO3 loang , un nhe tren ngon la en con , Quan sat mau cua kh bay ra va mau cua dd thu c ? giai thch va viet phng trnh phan ng? Th nghiem 3: Phan biet mot so loai phan bon hoa hoc Cho cac mau phan bon hoa hoc sau ay : (NH4)2SO4 , KCl , superphotphat kep vao tng ong ngjhiem rieng biet , cho vao ong nghiem 4-5ml nc va lac nhe cho en khi cac chat tan het . a. Phan am NH4)2SO4 : Lay dd (NH4)2SO4 va pha che cho vao 2 ong nghiem nho . Chon hoa chat thch hp e nhan biet NH4+ va ion SO42- . Viet phng trnh ion rut gon ? b. Phan kaliclorua va superphotphat kep : lay dd va pha che cho vao tng ong nghiem rieng biet , nho vai giot dd AgNO3 vao tng ong . Quan sat mau ket tua tao thanh trong 2 ong e phan biet 2 loai phan tren va viet phng trnh phan ng ?

Th nghiem 3 : - Cho HS Rut ra tnh tan cua cac loai phan. - Cho biet nguyen tac khi hoa tan cac chat ?

Phan am amoni thch hp cho loai at nao ? Bon cho cay giai oan nao ?

Phan kali thch hp vi loai cay nao ? Bon cho cay vao thi iem nao ?

KIEM TRA MOT TIET


I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co cac kien thc trong chng Nit - Photpho 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen cac ky nang ve viet phng trnh phan ng , hoan thanh chuoi , nhan biet . - Giai cac dang bai tap . 3. Thai o : Tap tnh can than , logic 4. Trong tam :

Chng Nit - Photpho II. PHNG PHAP : - Trac nghiem : 40% - T luan 60% III. CHUAN B : e kiem tra IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : khong co 2. e kiem tra : e va ap an co kem theo Bang thong ke iem so : lp 11A7 11A8 ss o 45 43 <5 >5 Kha Gioi

Chng 4

I MUC TIEU CUA CHNG : 1 Kien thc : HS hieu - Cau tao nguyen t va v tr cua cac nguyen to nhom cacbon trong bang tuan hoan . - Tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc , ng dung n chat va mot so hp chat cua cacbon va silic . - Phng phap ieu che n chat va mot so hp chat cua cacbon va silic . 2 Ky nang : Tiep tuc hnh thanh va cung co cac ky nang : - Quan sat, tong hp , phan tch va d oan . - Van dung kien thc e giai thch mot so hien tng t nhien . - Ren luyen ky nang giai cac bai tap nh tnh va nh lng co lien quan en kien thc cua chng . 3 Ve tnh cam thai o : Thong qua noi dung kien thc cua chng , giao duc cho hoc sinh tnh cam biet yeu qui va bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien , co y thc gi gn bao ve moi trng at va khong kh . II PHNG PHAP : - V la chung nghien cu chat cu the nen GV can khai thac cac kien thc san co cua HS ve cau tao nguyen t , phan t , lien ket hoa hoc , s bien oi tuan hoan tnh chat cac n chat va hp chat trong bang tuan hoan . . . e phat hien ly giai tnh chat cua chat . - Cac th nghiem thng dung thng la e chng minh cho nhng tnh chat a c d oan . V vay can c am bao tnh khoa hoc , chnh xac va thanh cong . - GV can co nhieu hieu biet ve thc te : hien tng hieu ng nha knh , san xuat soa , gom , s , thuy tinh , xi mang Viet Nam e bai giang hap dan , va phong phu . - Can dung tranh anh , mo hnh e tang tnh trc quan cho bai day .

FULEREN

KHAI QUAT VE NHOM CACBON


Bai 22
: I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet . - K hieu hoa hoc , ten goi cac nguyen to nhom cacbon . HS hieu - Tnh chat hoa hoc chung cua cac nguyen to nhom cacbon . - Quy luat bien oi tnh chat cac n chat hp chat . 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen kha nang so sanh , van dung qui luat chung vao mot nhom nguyen to - Ren luyen kha nang lap luan , tm c moi lien he gia cau tao nguyen t tnh chat hoa hoc cua nguyen to . 3. Trong tam : - Biet nhom cac bon gom nhng nguyen to nao . - Hieu cau hnh electron nguyen t , ban knh nguyen t , o am ien lien quan nh the nao vi tnh chat cua cac nguyen to trong nhom III. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu van e . II. CHUAN B : - Bang tuan hoan - Bang 4.1 SGK . - Cac mau vat cua cac nguyen to thuoc nhom cacbon .

IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra :khong co 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Xac nh v tr cua nguyen to sau trong bang tuan hoan : 1s22s22p63s23p2 Vay nhom IVA gom nhng nguyen to nao ? Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

-o 14 , chu ky 3 , nhom I. V TR CUA NHOM IVA CACBON TRONG BANG TUAN HOAN : - La cac nguyen to thuoc nhom IVA - Chung eu thuoc cac nguyen to p

Hoat ong 2 : - Cho biet v tr cac HS Da vao BTH tra li nguyen to thuoc : nhom IVA - Viet k hieu hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to trong nhom ? Mot so tnh chat cua cac nguyen to nhom cacbon . Cacbon Silic Gecma Thie ni c So hieu nguyen t 6 14 32 50 Nguyen t khoi (vC) 12,01 28,08 72,61 118,71 Cau hnh electron lp ngoai 2s22p2 3s23p2 4s24p2 5s25p2 cung Ban knh nguyen t (n.m) 0,077 0,117 0,122 0,140 o am ien 2,5 1,9 1,8 1,8 Nang lng ion hoa th 1086 786 762 708 nhat(Kj/mol) Hoat ong 3:: - Viet cau hnh electron chung cua nguyen t nhom cacbon - Trang thai c ban : - Phan bo electron lp - Trang thai kch thch : ngoai cung vao o lng t trang thai c ban va trang thai kch thch ? - D oan kha nang hnh thanh lien ket , so oxihoa co the co HS neu qui luat cua cac nguyen to ? da vao bang 4.1 Hoat ong 4 :

Ch 82 207,2 6s26p2 0,146 1,9 715

II TNH CHAT CHUNG CUA CAC NGUYEN TO NHOM CACBON : 1 . Cau hnh electron nguyen t - Cau hnh electron ngoai cung : ns2np2 . -Trong hp chat chung co cong hoa tr la hai ,bon va chung co cac so oxihoa +4, +2va 4 (tr Ge , Sn, Pb ) tuy thuoc vao o am ien cua cac nguyen to lien ket vi chung. 2. S bien oi tnh

- Neu qui luat bien oi tnh chat cua cac n chat ? giai thch ? -

Hoat ong 5 : - Viet cong thc cac hp chat vi hiro va vi oxi ? giai thch ? - Qui luat bien oi tnh ben nhiet ?

chat cua cac n chat : - T C en Pb tnh phi kim giam dan va tnh RH4 V nhom IV kim loai tang . thieu 4 electron e - Cacbon va silic la at cau hnh ben nhng phi kim kem vng giong kh hiem hoat ong hn nit va . photpho .

3 . S bien oi tnh chat cua cac hp chat : - Hp chat vi hiro RH 4 : o ben nhiet giam nhanh t CH4 en PbH4 . -Da vao quy luat bien - Hp chat oxit : XO ,XO2 oi a hoc e tra li : . CO2 va SiO2 la cac oxit - Qui luat bien oi tnh axt , con cac oxit axt baz cua cac axt ? GeO2 ,SnO2 , PbO2 va cac hiroxit tng ng cua chung la cac hp chat lng tnh - Cac nguyen t C , Ge , Si lien ket vi nhau tao thanh mach , kha nang nay giam nhanh t C en Ge .

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet cau truc cac dang thu hnh cua cacbon . - Hieu c tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua cacbon . - Vai tro quan trong cua cacbon oi vi i song ky thuat . 2. Ky nang : - Van dung c nhng tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua cacbon e giai cac bai tap co lien quan . - Biet s dung cac dang thu hnh cua cacbon trong cac muc ch khac nhau . 3. Trong tam : - Biet cau truc va tnh chat vat ly , cua cac dang thu hnh chnh cua cacbon . - Biet cac tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua cacbon , vai tro quan trong cua cacbon oi vi i song va san xuat ? II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu van e III. CHUAN B : - Mo hnh than ch , kim cng , mau than go , mo hong . - Cau truc tinh the kim cng , than ch va cacbon vonh hnh IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG :

Bai 23

1. Kiem tra : * ac iem cua nhom cacbon? Nhom cacbon gom nhng nuyen to nao ? Cho biet qui luat bienoi tnh kim loai phi kim cua cac nguyen to thuoc nhom cacbon ? giai thch ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua Hoat ong cua thay tro Hoat ong 1 : vao bai Kim cng Cho hoc sinh xem mot so mau vat : cho biet ten Hoat ong 2 : Tm hieu cau truc cac dang thu hnh cua cacbon: - Trnh bay tnh chat vat ly cac dang thu hnh , so sanh e oi chieu ? Quan sat mo hnh , mau vat , nghien cu SGK e tra li Noi dung

- Hs neu s khac nhau gia cac dang thu hnh

I TNH CHAT VAT LY : - Cac bon tao thanh mot so dang thu hnh , khac nhau ve tnh chat vat ly - Cacbon hoat ong hoa hoc nhiet o cao , C vo nh hnh hoat ong hn . 1. Kim cng : - La chat tinh the khong mau , trong suot , khong dan ien , dan nhiet kem. - Tinh the thuoc loai tinh the nguyen t 2. Than ch : -Cau truc lp , lien ket yeu vi nhau - Tt xam en 3. Cacbon vo nh hnh : - Gom nhng tinh the rat nho - Chung co kha nang hap phu manh

Hoat ong 3: - D oan tnh chat hoa hoc cua C da vao so oxi hoa ma cacbon the hien ? C tr nhiet o thng , hoat ong nhiet o cao . - Da vao so oxihoa co the - Viet cac phng co cua cacbon e trnh chng minh d oan : the tnh chat cua hien tnh kh cacbon ? va tnh oxihoa . GV chot lai : - Lan lt viet cac phng trnh chng minh

II. TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1 Tnh kh : a. Tac dung vi oxi :


+4 C + O2 C O2 . b. Tac dung vi hp chat : - nhiet o cao co the kh c nhieu oxit :

Fe2O3 + 3C0 2Fe +3 C O CO2 + C0 2 C O. SiO2 + 2C0 Si +2 C O Cacbon khong tac dung trc tiep vi halogen
+ 2 + 2

+ 2

2 . Tnh oxi hoa : a. Tac dung vi hiro :

- Cacbon the hien tnh oxi hoa khi nao ?

Viet cac phng trnh phan ng .

nhiet o cao va co xuc tac : C0 + 2H2 C H4 . b.Tac dung vi kim loai : nhiet o cao : Ca + 2C0 CaC2-4 Canxi cacbua
4

Hoat ong 4: Da vao cau truc va tnh chat ly hoa hoc cua cacbon neu ng dung cua cacbon ?

4Al +3C Al4 C 3 Nhom cacbua III . NG DUNG : 1 . Kim cng : dung lam o trang sc , che tao mui khoan , dao cat thuy tinh -Hs co the lay va bot mai . mot so ng dung 2 Than ch : trong thc te Lam ien cc , but ch en , che chat boi trn , lam noi chen e nau chay cac hp kim chu nhiet. 3. Than coc : Lam chat kh trong lo luyen kim . 4. Than go : Dung e che thuoc sung en , thuoc phao chat hap phu . Than hoat tnh c dung nhieu trong mat na phong oc va trong cong nghiep hoa chat .
0 0

Hoat ong 5 : - Trnh bay ve trang thai thien nhien va ieu che cac dang thu hnh cua cacbon ? - Bo sung cac kien thc th te

- Hs chuan b mot so t lieu nha va len lp trnh bay .

5. Than muoi : c dung lam chat on khi lu hoa cao su , san xuat mc in , xi anh giay ,. . . IV TRANG THAI T NHIEN: 1 . Trong thien nhien : - Kim cng va than ch la cacbon t do gan nh tinh khiet, ngoai ra con co trong khoang vat : SGK . 2 . ieu che : - Kim cng nhan tao /c t than ch , bang cach nung 30000C va ap suat 70 100 nghn atm trong thi gian dai - Than ch : nung than coc 2500 30000C trong lo ien khong co khong kh . - Than coc : Nung than m 1000 12500C ,trong lo ien , khong co khong kh . - Than go : Khi ot chay go trong ieu kien thieu khong kh . - Than muoi : CH4 C + 2H2 . - Than mo : Khai thac trc tiep

t cac va than .

Bai24 :

CACBON .

HP CHAT CUA

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Hs biet : - Cau tao cua phan t CO va CO2 . - Tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua CO va CO2 . - Cac phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua CO va CO2. - Tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua axit cacbonic va muoi cacbonat 2. Ky nang : - Cung co kien thc ve lien ket hoa hoc . - Van dung kien thc e giai thch cac tnh chat va ng dung cua cac oxit cua cacbon trong i song ky thuat . - Ren luyen ky nang giai cac bai tap l thuyet ve tnh toan co lien quan . 3. Thai o : - Co y thc yeu qui va bao ve moi trng kh quyen trong sach 4. Trong tam : - Biet cau tao phan t cua CO ,CO 2 , cac tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc , ng dung va phng phap ieu che hai oxit nay . - Biet tnh chat hoa hoc cua axt cacbonic va muoi cacbonat . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan neu va giai quyet van e am thoai III. CHUAN B : - Cau hnh electron va phan bo electron vao cac o lng t . cau tao phan t CO2 . - He thong cau hoi - Cac tranh anh co lien quan . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : - So sanh cau truc va tnh chat cua cac dang thu hnh chnh cua cacbon ? - Cacbon co nhng tnh chat ac trng nao ? Lay Vd ? - Cho mot so hp chat the hien cac so oxi hgoa ma cacbon co 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai Cac hp chat cua cacbon co nhng tnh chat g ? ng dung va tac hai oi vi i song cua con ngi . Hoat ong 2: - Viet cau hnh electron cua C va oxi ,bieu dien vao cac o lng t ? Hoat ong cua tro T kien thc cu a hoc vao kien thc mi Noi dung

I CACBON MONOOXIT : 1 Cau tao phan t : - trang thai c ban : C: HS : Viet cau hnh va 2s2 2p2 bieu dien vao o lng O : t : 2s2 2p4 - CTCT :

- Nhan xet kha nang hnh thanh lien ket Gia hai nguyen t C gia cacbon va oxi ? va O hnh thanh hai lien ket CHT va mot lien ket cho nhan : Hoat ong 3 : - Kh CO co nhng tnh chat vat ly g ? - So sanh vi kh nit co ac iem g giong va khac nhau ? Hoat ong 4 : - Hay d oan tnh chat cua Coda vao cau truc cua CO ? Viet mot so phng trnh minh hoa :

Hoat ong 5 : - Cho biet CO ieu che trong cong nghiep nh the nao ?

- Cach ieu che trong phong th nghiem ?

Hoat ong 6 : - Viet CTCT cua CO2 neu nhan xet :

:C O: 2 Tnh chat vat ly : - La chat kh khong mau , khong mui, khong v , nhe hn khong kh t tan trong nc ,t0h/l = -191,50C , t0h/r - HS nghien cu SGK = -205,20C . tra li ? - Rat ben vi nhiet - Co lien ket ba giong va rat oc N2 3 Tnh chat hoa hoc : Cacbon monooxit la oxit khong tao muoi , kem hoat ong nhiet o thng va hoat ong HS da vao ac iem nhiet o cao . cau tao e d oan - CO la chat kh manh : - Chay trong khong kh ,cho ngon la mau lam nhat toa nhiet : 2CO(k) + O2(k) 2CO2(k) - Khi co than hoat tnh lam xuc tac CO + Cl2 COCl2 (photgen). - Kh nhieu oxit kim loai : CO + CuO Cu + CO2 . 4 .ieu che : HS nghien cu SGK tra a. Trong cong li va viet phng trnh nghiep : phan ng ? - Cho hi nc i qua than nong o . 10500C C +H2O CO + H2 - Tao thanh kh than t : 44% CO , 45%H2 , 5% H2O Va 6% N2 . - c san xuat trong Viet phng trnh cac lo ga C + O2 CO C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2 CO - Kh lo ga : 25%CO, 70%N2 , 4%CO2 va 1% cac kh khac . b. Trong phong th nghiem : H2SO4 ac nong HCOOH CO + H2O . II . CACBON IOXIT HS tra li

(CO2) VA AXT CACBONIC (H2CO3) 1 Cau tao cua Nghien cu SGK va phan t CO2 : rut ra ket luan ve tnh :O=C=O: chat vat ly - Lien ket C O la lk CHT co cc , nhng do co cau tao thang nen phan t CO2 khong co cc 2 Tnh chat vat ly : Hoat ong 7 : - La chat kh khong - CO2 co nhng tnh mau , nang gap 1,5 chat hoa hoc g ? Viet HS viet phng trnh lan khong kh , tan t phng trnh phan ng minh hoa trong nc. e minh hoa ? - nhiet o thng , - GV nhan xet va ap suat 60atm CO2 hoa giai thch ro hn : CO2 long . khong duy tr s chay , - Lam lanh ot ngot so oxi hoa +4 cua C 760C CO2 hoa thanh tuy ben nhng khi gap khoi ran goi nc chat kh manh no a kho co hien cung phan ng . tng thang hoa . 3 Tnh chat hoa hoc : a. CO2 khong chay , khong duy tr s chay , co tnh oxihoa khi gap chat kh manh : + 4 VD : C O2 +2Mg 2MgO
0 Neu phng phap va + C viet phng trnh phan b. CO2 la oxit axt tac dung vi oxt baz va ng ? baz tao muoi . - CO2 c ieu che nh - Khi tan trong nc : the nao ? CO2 + H2O H2CO3 - Axt H2CO3 la axt rat yeu va kem ben : H2CO3 H+ +HCO3.K1= 4,5. -7 Hoat ong 8 : HS tra li da vao sgk 10 HCO3 H++CO32- Neu tnh chat cua K2= 4,8 muoi cacbonat ? -11 . 10 Tnh tan . 4 ieu che : a. Trong cong nghiep : nhiet o 900 10000C : - Phan ng trao oi CaCO3(r) CaO(r) ion. + - Phan ng trao oi CO2(k) . nhiet . b. Trong phong th

GV : nhan xet . nghiem : - Muoi cacbon nat tan b Viet phng trnh phan CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + thuy phan . ng , phng trnh ion CO2 + H2O - HCO3- la chat lng rut gon : III MUOI CACBONAT : tnh . 1 Tnh chat cua muoi cacbonat Gv bo xung : a. Tnh tan : HCO3- va nhan proton - Muoi trung hoa cua va nhng proton nen kim loai kiem (tr no la chat lng tnh . Li2CO3) amoni va cac muoi hirocacbonat de tan trong nc (tr NaHCO3) . - Muoi cacbonat trung hoa cua cac kim loai khac khong tan hoac t tan trong nc . b.Tac dung vi axt : NaHCO3+HCl NaCl +CO2 + H2O HS : nghien cu tra HCO3- +H+ CO2 +H2O . li . Na2CO3+2HCl 2NaCl +CO2 +H2O CO32- +2H+ CO2 + H2O . c. Tac dung vi dung dch kiem - Gv gii thieu mot so NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 muoi cacbonat e hs tm hieu . Neu mot so ng dung cua muoi cacbonat ? + H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O . d. Phan ng nhiet phan : - Muoi cacbonat trung hoa cua kim loai kiem eu ben vi nhiet - Cac muoi khac va muoi hirocacbonat de b phan huy khi un nong . VD : MgCO3 MgO + CO2 . 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O .2 Mot so muoi cacbonat quan trong Canxicacbonat (CaCO3 ) : La chat bot nhe mau trang , c dung lam

3. Cung co : Bai 2 : a/ Phng phap vat ly : Nen di ap suat cao , CO2 hoa long tach ra khoi CO . b/ Phng phap hoa hoc : Hap thu CO2 vao dung dch nc voi trong d . Loc lay ket tua roi cho tac dung vi HCl . Kh CO khong b hap thu nen tach ra . Bai 3 - a. Cho hon hp qua dung dch H2SO4 ac sau o qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 . b. Dung cac phan ng : NaHCO3
+NaOH +CO2 + H2O
t0

chat on trong lu hoa va mot so nghanh cong nghiep . - Natri cacbon khan (Na2CO3) La chat bot mau trang , tan nhieu trong nc (dang tinh the Na2CO3 .10H2O) c dung trong cong nghiep thuy tinh , o gom , bot giat . . . - NaHCO3 : La tinh the mau trang hi t tan trong nc , c dung trong cong nghiep thc pham , y hoc . Tra li bai tap 2,3 va 24.1 ,24.2 SBT .

Na2CO3

Ca(HCO3)2

+CO2 + H2O

CaCO3

: SILIC VA HP CHAT CUA SILIC


Bai 25
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet : - Tnh chat vat ly , hoa hoc cua silic . - Tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua cac hp chat cua silic . - Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cac n chat va hp chat cua silic . 2. Ky nang : - Van dung kien thc e giai cac bai tap co lien quan . - Van dung kien thc e giai thch mot so van e trong thc te i song 3. Thai o : Co tnh cam gan gui vi thien nhien nen co y thc bao ve moi trng 4. Trong tam : - Biet cac tnh chat ac trng , phng phap ieu che silic . - Biet nhng ng dung quan trong cua silic trong cac nhanh ky thuat nh luyen kim , ban dan , ien t

II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu van e III. CHUAN B : - Mau vat cat , thach anh , manh vai bong , dung dch Na2SiO3 ,HCl ,pp , coc ong nghiem , ua thuy tinh . - He thong cau hoi IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cua CO , cua muoi cacbonat ? * Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cua CO2 . Tra li bai tap so 5 SGK ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro Hoat ong 1 : vao bai - ns2np2 - Cau hnh chung cua nhom cacbon ? - La cau hnh cua Si - ng vi n = 3 la cau hnh cua nguyen to nao ? Hoat ong 2 : - Cho biet tnh chat vat ly cua silic ? So sanh vi cacbon ? Noi dung

Hoat ong 3 : - So sanh vi cacbon sic lic co tnh chat hoa hoc nh the nao ? - Viet phng trnh minh hoa ? - Da vao hp chat tao thanh phat hien s khac nhau gia C va Si ?

I SILIC : 1 Tnh chat vat ly : - Hs da vao sgk e - Co hai dang thu hnh : Tinh the va vo nh hnh . tra li . - Silic tinh the co cau truc giong cacbon , mau xam co anh kim, dan ien , t0n/c= 14200C , t0s= 26200C . Co tnh ban dan . - Silic vo nh hnh la chat bot mau nau . 2 Tnh chat hoa hoc : a. Tnh kh : - Tng t cacbon , silic - Tac dung vi phi kim : the hien tnh kh , nhiet o thng : +4 tnh oxi hoa . Silic vo Si0 + 2F2 Si F4 nh hnh co kha (silic tetraflorua) nang phan ng cao Khi un nong : hn . +4 Si0 + O2 Si O2 (silic ioxit) +4 - Khong co phan 0 Si + C Si C +2 ng tao thanh Si . (silic cacbua). Trong cac phan ng Tac dung vi hp so oxihoa tang t 0 +4. Si co tnh kh chat : +4 manh hn C . 0 Si Si + 2NaOH+ H2ONa2 O3+ Tnh oxihoa cacbon . giong 2H2 b. Tnh oxi hoa : Tac dung vi kim loai : ( Ca , Mg , Fe . . .) nhiet o cao . 2Mg + Si0 Mg2 Si (magie silixua)
4

GV nhan xet

HS nghien cu tra li :

Hoat ong 4 : - Trong t nhien silic ton tai dang nao va co au ?

3 Trang thai thien nhien : - Silic chiem gan 29,5% khoi - Nghien cu SGK lng vo trai at , ton tai tra li dang hp chat (cat , khoang vat silicat , - HS nghien cu aluminosilicat ) (hoac quan sat mau - Silic con co trong c the - Cho biet ng dung cat sach )e tra ngi va thc vat . va ieu che silic . li: 4 ng dung va ieu che : - Co nhieu ng dung trong ky thuat (ky thuat vo HS da vao SGK tuyen va ien t , pin mat Hng dan HS viet cac phng tri, luyen kim ). viet phng trnh trnh : - ieu che : * Trong phong th nghiem : - Dung trong cong SiO2 + 2Mg Si + 2MgO. nghiep che tao thuy * Trong cong nghiep : tinh , luyen kim ,xay Hoat ong 5 : t0 - Tnh chat vat ly dng . . . SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO. cua silic ioxit ? Bo xung : SiO2 co II HP CHAT CUA SILIC : lan tap chat thng 1 Silic ioxit (SiO2) : HS quan sat mau - SiO2 dang tinh the co mau . cat sach ket luan nguyen t mau trang rat ve tnh chat vat l cng, khong tan trong cua SiO2 . nc ,t0n/c=17130C, t0s= 25900C - SiO2 co nhng tnh . chat hoa hoc g ? - Trong thien nhien chu viet phng trnh yeu dang khoang vat phan ng chng thach anh , khong mau trong minh? suot goi la pha le thien Khong cha nhien . Kho chay . kiem trong lo - La oxit axit , tan cham thuy tinh . trong dung dch kiem ac nong , tan nhanh trong kiem nong chay hoac cacbonat trong kim loai kiem nong chay . - SiO2 co ng dung g VD : trong thc te ? SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + - neu mot so ng H2O. dung cua SiO2 SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 + trong thc te Hoat ong 6 : H2O. Giao vien lam th -Tan trong axit flohiric: nhiem : SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O. - HCl + Na2SiO3 - CO2 + Na2SiO3

Gv lam th nghiem :

HS quan sat th nghiem rut ra ket luan ve tnh chat cua H2SiO3 .

2 Axit silixic va muoi silicat : a. Axit silixic(H2SiO3)

CO2 + Na2SiO2

TN : Nho vai giopt PP vao dd Na2SiO3 - Nhung vai vao Na2SiO3 say kho roi ot .

Quan sat : thay dd chuyen sang mau hong . Co moi trng kiem . - Manh vai khong chay .

- La chat dang ket tua keo , khong tan trong nc , un nong de mat nc H2SiO3 SiO2 + H2O . - H2SiO3 khi say kho mat nc tao silicagen : dung e hut am va hap phu nhieu chat . - H2SiO3 la axit rat yeu : Na2SiO3+CO2+H2OH2SiO3+Na2 CO3 b. Muoi silicat : - Muoi cua kim loai kiem tan c trong nc , cho moi trng kiem . - Dung dch ac Na2SiO3 va K2SiO3 goi la thuy tinh long . - Vai hoac go tam thuy tinh long se kho b chay ,Thuy tinh long c dung e che keo dan thuy tinh va s

Bai 26

CONG NGHIEP SILICAT .

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : - Biet thanh phan hoa hoc va tnh chat cua thuy tinh , xi mang ,gom. - Biet phng phap san xuat cac vat lieu thuy tinh , gom xi mang t nguon nguyen lieu t nhien . 2. Ky nang : - Phan biet c cac vat lieu thuy tinh , gom , xi mang da vao cac thanh phan va tnh chat cua chung - Biet cach s dung va bao quan cac san pham lam bang cac vat lieu thuy tinh , gom ,ximang 3. Thai o : Biet yeu qui bao ve nguon tai nguyen thien nhien 4. Trong tam : - Biet thanh phan hoa hoc va tnh chat cua thuy tinh , o gom va ximang . - Biet phng phap san xuat cac vat lieu tren t nhng nguyen lieu trong thien nhien II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu van e . III. CHUAN B : - S o lo quay san xuat clanke (hnh 4.11) , Mau ximang . - HS su tam cac mau vat bang thuy tinh ,gom , s . - Gv : mau ximang , s o lo quay clanke ( hnh 4.11 ) - Hs : tm kiem cac mau vat bang thuy tinh , gom , s . Tm hieu tnh chat cua cac hp chat o .

IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * - Neu tnh chat hoa hoc cua Si va SiO2 ? * - Tra li bai tap so 4,5 SGK ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Silic va hp chat cua silic co ng dung g trong cuoc song ? cho mot vai v du san pham co cha silic ? Hoat ong cua tro - ngoi , thuy tinh , gom , s , ximang Noi dung

Hoat ong 2: - Thuy tinh co thanh phan hoa hoc la g ? Hoc sinh nghien cu sach giao khoa va t kien thc thc te e - Phan loai thuy tinh ? tra li.

Hay ke mot so vat dung thng lam bang - chai , lo , ong nghiem , chau , gng , thuy tinh? o chi trang tr - Lam the nao e bao ve c vat lam bang thuy tinh ? - Khong thay oi nhiet o ot ngot , khong va cham manh .

Hoat ong 3: - Thanh phan chu yeu - HS nghien cu.

I -THUY TINH: 1. Thanh phan va tnh chat cua thuy tinh: -Thuy tinh co thanh phan hoa hoc la cac oxit kim loai nh Na , Mg , Ca , Pb , Zn va SiO2 , B2O3 , P2O5 - san pham nung chay cac chat nay la thuy tinh , thanh phan chu yeu la SiO2 . - Thuy tinh co cau truc vo nh hnh - T nong chay khong xac nh. 2. Mot so loai thuy tinh: -Thuy tinh thng: NaO.CaO.6SiO2 /C: Nau chay hon hp cat trang, a voi, Soa 1400C: Na2CO3 + SiO2 Na2SiO3 + CO2 CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2 -Thuy tinh Kali: ( neu thay Na2CO3 bang K2CO3) co nhiet o hoa mem va mc o nong chay cao hn, dung lam dung cu phong th nghiem. -Thuy tinh pha le: cha nhieu oxit ch, de nong chay va trong suot, dung lam lang knh

cua o gom? Co may loai o gom. - Thao luan theo tng - Cach san xuat o nhom va tra li. gom o nh the nao? * Gv can khai thac von thc te cua hoc sinh ve o gom va cach san xuat .

-Thuy tinh thach anh: san xuat bang SiO2 co t hoa mem cao, he so n nhiet rat nho. -Thuy tinh oi mau: khi them mot so oxit kim loai. V du: Cr2O3 cho thuy tinh mau luc. CoO cho thuy tinh mau xanh nc bien. II. O GOM: San xuat chu yeu t at set va cao lanh. 1. Gach va ngoi: (gom xay dng) -SX: at set loai thng + cat nhao vi H2O, tao hnh nung 900-1000C -Thng co mau o. 2. Gach chu la: dung e lot lo cao. Lo luyen thep. Lo nau thuy tinh - Co 2 loai: gach inat va Samot: + Gach inat: 93- 96% SiO2 , 4 - 7% CaO va at set, t nung bang 1300 -1400C, chu c: 1690 - 1720C + Gach Samot: at set va nc nung 1.3001.400C 3 . Sanh s va men: 1.200-1.300C a. at set Sanh Sanh: cng, go keu, mau nau hoac xam. b. S: Cao lanh, fenspat, thach anh va mot so oxit kim loai nung lan au 1000C trang men.Trang tr un lai lan hai 1400 1450 0C S - s dan dung, s ky thuat.

GV Bo sung : Lang gom Bat Trang, cac nha may s Hai Dng, ong Nai la nhng c s san xuat o s noi tieng.

HS nghien cu SGK tra li

Hoat ong 4 : - Thanh phan hoa hoc chu yeu cua ximang ?

nc ta co nhieu nha may xi mang ln nh Nghi Sn, Hoang Thach, Bm Sn, Chinfon, Hoang Mai, Ha Ximang Pooclang Tien c san xuat nh the nao ?

S ky thuat c dung e che tao cac vat lieu cach ien, tu ien, buzi anh la, cac dung cu phong th nghiem. c. Men: - Co thanh phan chnh giong s, nhng de nong chay hn. Men c phu len be mat san pham, sau o nung len nhiet o thch hp e men bien thanh mot lp thuy tinh che kn be mat san pham III - XIMANG: 1.Thanh phan hoa hoc va cach san xuat xi mang; a. Xi mang thuoc loai vat lieu ket dnh Quan trong va thong dung nhat la xi mang Pooclang : la chat bot mn, mau luc xam, gom canxi silicat va canxi aluminat: Ca3SiO5 (hoac 3CaO.SiO2), Ca2SiO4 (hoac 2CaO.SiO2), Ca3(AlO3)2 (hoac 3CaO.Al2O3). b. Xi mang Pooclang c san xuat bang cach nghien nho a voi, tron vi at set thanh dang bun, roi nung hon hp trong lo quay hoac lo ng 1300 - 1400C . thu c mot hon hp mau xam goi la clanhke. e nguoi, roi nghien clanhke vi mot so chat phu gia thanh bot mn, se c xi mang. 2. Qua trnh ong cng xi mang : Khi xay dng, xi mang c tron vi nc thanh khoi nhao, sau

- Qua trnh ong cng xi mang xay ra nh the nao ? GV bo sung : co 1so loai xi mang co nhng tnh nang xi mang chu axit, xi mang chu nc bien Hoat ong 4 : Trali bai tap so 1 ,5 SGK.

vai gi se bat au ong cng lai :


3CaO.SiO2+5H2O Ca2SiO4.4 H2O+ Ca(OH)2 2CaO.SiO2 + 4H2O Ca2SiO4.4H2O 3CaO.Al2O3+ 6H2O Ca3(AlO3)2.6H2O

Bai 27 :

TNH CHAT CUA CACBON ,SILIC VA CAC HP CHAT CUA CHUNG .


I MUC TIEU : 1 Kien thc : - Tnh chat c ban cua cac bon va silic . - Tnh chat cac hp chat CO ,CO2 ,H2CO3 , muoi cacbonat, axit silixic va muoi silicat . 2 Ky nang : - Van dung ly thuyet e giai thch cac tnh chat cua n chat va cac hp chat cua cacbon va silic . - Ren ky nang giai bai tap . 3. Trong tam : - Nam vng nhng tnh chat c ban cua , cacbon, silic , cac hp chat CO ,CO2 ,Axitcacbonic , muoi cacbonat ,axit silixic va muoi silicat . - Van dung cac kien thc c ban neu tren e giai cac bai tap . II PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu van e III CHUAN B : - Chuan b phieu hoc tap - He thong cau hoi va bai tap IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : khi luyen tap : 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong 1 : HS he thong kien thc theo bang co san : Neu tnh chat Cacbon Silic cua : (Cho v du ) n chat -Kim cng - Tinh the Dang thu hnh: -Than ch - Vo nh hnh -Than vo nh hnh Tnh chat hoa - tnh kh -Tmh kh hoc : - Tnh oxi hoa -Tnh oxi hoa Oxit : CO CO2 CO : la oxit khong tao muoi , la chat kh manh . CO2 la oxit axit , Co tnh oxi hoa SiO2 : la oxit axit La chat oxi hoa Co tnh chat ac biet

LUYEN TAP.

Axit

H2CO3 : la axit yeu , haoi nac Kem ben Cacbonat -Tnh tan - phanngnhiet phan

H2SiO3 : la axit rat yeu -rat t tan trong nc Silicat : Muoi kim loai kiem de tan

Muoi

Bai 1 : Viet CTCT cua : a) canxicacbua b) nhom cacbua c) p chat cua cacbon vi Flo . trong cac hp chat o so oxi hoa cua cacbon la bao nhieu ?

Bai 1 a) Canxi cacbua b) Nhom cacboua c) Tetraflorua cacbon C Al C Al Ca C C F F C F F Bai 2 a) CO chay c v co tnh kh con CO2 khong chay c v khong co tnh kh . b) ot chay hai kh : 2H2 + O2 2H2O . 2CO + O2 2CO2 . Mot san pham khi lam lanh chuyen sang trang thai long . Mot san pham lam uc nc voi trong . Al C Al

Bai 2 : a) tai sao cacbon monooxit chat c , con cacbon ioxit khong chay c trong kh quyen oxi ? b) b) hay a ra mot th nghiem n gian e phan biet kh CO va H2 ? Bai 3 : a) lam the nao e phan biet kh CO2 va kh O2 * Bang phng phap vat l ? * Bang phng phap hoa hoc ?

Bai 3 a) Phan biet kh CO2 va O2 : Phng phap vat ly : - CO2 nhiet o thng nen ap suat cao bien thanh chat long . - O2 khong co kha nang nay . b) Lam the nao e phan biet Phng phap hoa hoc : CO2 lam muoi natricacbonat va muoi tat que om ang chay con O2 th natri sufit? ngc lai . b) Phan biet muoi Na2CO3 va Na2SO3 : - Cho hai muoi tac dung vi axit HCl : Na2CO3 +2HCl 2NaCl +H2O + c) lam the nao e bien a voi CO2 thanh CaCO3 tinh khiet ? Na2SO3 +2HCl 2NaCl +H2O + SO2 . - Dan san pham kh qua dung dch brom : Bai 4 : SO2 +Br2 +2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4

Gv gi y sau o cho hoc simh len bang viet phng trnh phan ng . Bai 5 : Da vao phng trnh thuy phan cua muoi hs giai thch . Bai 6 : hoan thanh s o chuye hoa CO2 CaCO3 ca(HCO3)3 CO2 C CO CO2

Bai 7 : Gv gi y cho hoc sinh tom tat sau o len bang giai

.Nc brom b mat mau . c) Bien a voi thanh CaCO3 tinh khiet : CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 . Loc lay dung dch roi cho tac dung vi dung dch Na2CO3 : CaCl2 + 2HCl CaCO3 + 2HCl Bai 4 - Theo au bai: 70/28 : 30/12 = 2,5 : 2,5 = 1 : 1 . - Cong thc cua hp chat tao thanh sau phan ng la SiC . - Phng trnh phan ng : SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO . Bai 5. * C : CO2 tan trong nc cho dung dch oi mau quy tm thanh mau o . * B : khi un nong dung dch chuyen ve mau tm . Bai 6. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O . CaCO3 + CO2 +H2O Ca(HCO3)2 . Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 +H2O . CO2 + 2Mg 2MgO + C . 2C+ O2 2CO. 2CO + O2 2CO2 Bai 7 2Mg + SiO2 Si + 2MgO . (1) 2NaOH + Si +H2O Na2SiO3 + 2H2 (2) Ta co nMg =6/24 =0,25 ; nSiO2 = 4,5/60=0,15 . Mg d , SiO2 phan ng het . nH2 = 2nSi = 2 x 0,075 = 0,15(mol) VH2 = 0,15 x 22,4 = 3,36 (lit) .

Chng 5 :

AI CNG VE HOA HOC HU C

Bai 22:
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc :

HS biet : - Khai niem hp chat hu c , hoa hoc hu c va ac iem chung cua hp chat hu c . - Biet cach phan loai hp chat hu c theo thanh phan hoac theo mach cacbon .

- Phng phap xac nh nh tnh , nh lng cac nguyen to trong hp chat hu c Hs hieu : - V sao tnh chat cua cac hp chat hu c lai rat khac so vi tnh chat cua cac hp chat vo c . - Tam quan trong cua viec phan tch nguyen to trong hp chat hu c .

2. Ky nang : 3. Thai o :

HS nam c mot so phng phap phan tch nguyen to cua hp chat hu c . Co hng thu hoc tap mon hoa hu c

4. Trong tam :

- Biet khai niem hp chat hu c , hoa hoc hu c va ac chung cua hp chat hu c. - Biet mot vai phng phaps lc ve phan tch nguyen to . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan neu van e am thoai III. CHUAN B : Giao vien : - Bang phan loai chat hu c - Th nghiem ve tnh chat vat l cua hp chat hu c - Th nghiem phan tch nh lng , nh tnh cac nguyen to trong hp chat hu c . Hoc sinh : - On lai kien thc ve hp chat hu c a hoc lp 9 . - - Quan sat nhng hp chat hu c hay gap trong cuoc song t o co nhng nhan xet s bo ve s khac nhau gia hp chat hu c va hp chat vo c . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Khong co 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 :vao bai - Ke ten 5 hp chat vo c va 5 hp chat hu c ? - Gv ghi ten cac hp chat o . Hoat ong cua tro HS : Nh lai kien thc a hoc lp 9 e tra li : Noi dung

I KHAI NIEM VE HP CHAT HU C VA HOA HOC HU Hoat ong 2 : - Nhac lai cac khai C : Viet CTCT mot so hp niem ve hp chat - Hoa hoc hu c la chat a biet : CH4 C2H4 hu c , hoa hoc hu nganh hoa hoc chuyen , C2H5OH, CH3Cl c ? nghien cu cac hp . . . Nhan xet ve cau chat hu c. tao ,lien ket ,tnh - Hp chat hu c la chat ? hp chat cua cacbon 2 tr CO, CO2, CO 3 , HCO 3 , cacbua , xianua II. PHAN LOAI HP Hoat ong 3 : CHAT HU C : - Da vao cac v du - Gom 2 loai : HC va dx 1. Hirocacbon : cho Hs phan loai hp HC - Trong phan t ch

chat hu c

R rut ra khai niem

Hoat ong 4 : GV bo sung , tom tat ac iem chung cua hp chat hu c HS thao li luan tra

So sanh tnh chat vat l va tnh chat hoa hoc cua hp chat hu c vi hp chat vo c ?

- HS lay v du : xang va nc Rut ra ket luan - rot t t xang vao nc , quan sat va neu hien tng . rut ra nhan xet chung ve tnh chat vat l cua hp chat hu c .

lam th nghiem phan tch Glucoz : - Tron 2g glucoz + 2g CuO cho vao ay ong nghiem . -a nhum bong co tam CuSO4 khan vao khong 1/3 ong nghiem -lap ong nghiem len gia -un nong can than ong nghiem

cha nguyen to C va H - Gom : * HC no : Ch co lien ket n * C khong no : cha lk boi * HC thm : cha vong benzen 2. Dan xuat cua hirocacbon : - Trong phan t chc C , H , O , N , ... - Gom : axit , este , anehit ... 3. Phan loai theo mach cacbon : - Hp chat mach h - Hp chat mach vong . III. AC IEM CHUNG CUA HP CHAT HU C : 1. ac iem cau tao : - Nguyen to bat buoc co la cacbon - Thng gap H, O, N, S , P , Hal . . . - Lien ket hoa hoc chu yeu trong chat hu c la lien ket cong hoa tr. 2. Tnh chat vat ly : - Cac hp chat hu c thng de bay hi ( tonc , tobh thap ) - Kem ben oi vi nhiet va de chay - Khong tan hoac t tan trong nc , tan trong dung moi hu c 3. Tnh chat hoa hoc : - Kem ben vi nhiet , de b phan huy . - Cac phan ng cua hp chat hu c thng cham va khong hoan toan theo mot hng nhat nh. IV.S LC VE PHAN TCH NGUYEN TO : 1. Phan tch nh tnh :

- Muc ch :Xac nh cac nguyen to co mat trong hp chat hu c . - Nguyen tac : phan huy hp chat hu c thanh nhng hp chat vo c n gian roi nhan biet chung bang nhng phan ng axc trng . * Xac nh cacbon va hiro : C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O . CuSO4 +5 H2O CuSO4 . 5H2O Khong mau mau xanh .
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O .* Xac nh nit :

CxHyOzNt +...

(NH4)2SO4
t 0

(NH4)2SO4 +2NaOH Na2SO4 +2H2O + 2NH3 * Xac nh halogen : - Khi ot hp chat hu c cha clo tach ra di dang HCl va nhan biet bang AgNO3.

CxHyOz Clt . . . CO2 + H2O + HCl HCl + AgNO3 AgCl +HNO3 .

. 2. Phan tch nh lng : - Muc ch : Xac nh thanh phan % ve khoi lng cac nguyen to trong phan t hp chat hu c . - Nguyen tac : hu c thanh cac chat vo c n gian roi nh lng chung bang phng phap khoi lng , the tch hoac phng phap khac. - Phng phap tien

hanh Oxi hoa hoan toan mot lng xac nh hp chat hu c A (m A) roi cho hap thu nh lng H2O va CO2 sinh ra . - Tnh ham lng %H va %C : %H = mC = %C = mN = %N = %O = . 3. Cung co : Nung 4,56 mg mot hp chat hu c A trong dong kh oxi th thu c 13,20 mg CO2 va 3,16 mg H2O . th nghiem khac nung 5,58 mg A vi CuO thu c 0,67 ml kh nit (ktc) . Hay tnh ham lng % cua C,H,N va oxi hp chat A . Giai : Hp chat A khong co oxi mH=

Bai 22 :

PHAN T HU C

CONG THC HP CHAT

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Hoc sinh biet : - Bieu dien thanh phan phan t hp chat hu c bang cac loai cong thc . Biet c y ngha cua moi loai cong thc . -biet cac loai cong thc , Lap CTPT hp chat hu c theo phng phap pho bien da vao % khoi lng cac nguyen to , thong qua cong thc n gian nhat , tnh trc tiep theo khoi lng san pham chay . Cho hoc sinh hieu : e thiet lap CTPT hp chat hu c , ngoai viec phan tch nh tnh , nh lng cac nguyen to , can xac nh khoi lng mol phan t hoac xac nh ten loai hp chat t o , giup xac nh c CTGN , CTPT cua hp chat hu c khao sat .

2. Ky nang : Giai c mot so dang bai tap lap CTPT . 3. Trong tam : Biet cach giai cac bai tap lap CTPT hp chat hu c II. PHNG PHAP : Neu van e hoat ong nhomd9 III. CHUAN B : - Giao vien : Mot so bai tap xac nh CTPT hp chat hu c . - Hoc sinh : Onm lai phng phap phan tch nh tnh , nh lng nguyen to trong hp chat hu c . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * The nao la hoa hoc hu c ? hp chat hu c ? neu ac iem chung cua cac hp chat hu c ? * Viet cac cong thc nh lng ? * Bai 4 / 95 sgk 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Gv lay v du : Axit axetic : CH3COOH CTPT : C2H4O2 CTG I : CH2O CTTN : ( CH2O )n CTTQ : CxHyOz Hoat ong 2 : Hng dan cho hoc sinh nhan biet c cac loai cong thc . Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

Hs viet CTPT cua mot so chat a biet , tm t le so nguyen t tng nguyen to trong moi cong I CONG THC N thc GIAN NHAT: 1 nh ngha : CTG nhat . - CTn gian nhat : cho biet t le so nguyen t cua cac nguyen to co trong phan t Hs rut ra ket luan (bieu dien bang t le toi gian cac so nguyen .) - CxHyOzNt =(CqHPOrNs)n (n = 1,2,3 . . .) x : y : z : t = p: q : r : s 2 CTn gian nhat va CTPT : - CTPT : Cho biet so nguyen t cua cac nguyen to co trong phan t . V du : CH4 , C6H12O6 ... Nhan xet : - Noi chung so nguyen t cua tng nguyen to trong CTPT la so nguyen lan so nguyen t cua chung trong CTG nhat .

- Gv a ra mot so v du ve CTPT , CTG nhat . - Hs rut ra nhan xet .

Hoat ong 3 : GV hng dan hs giai VD theo cac bc : 1. xac nh tnh cua A:C,H,O 2. at CTTQ CxHyOz 3. Tm t le : x:y:z 4. T t le tm CTG nhat .

- Nghien cu VD theo hng dan cua Gv . Rut ra s o tong quat : at CTPT cua A la :CxHyOz , lap t le x : y:z= = 6,095 : 7,240 : 1,226 = 4,971 : 5,905 : 1,000 = 5 : 6 :1 thong qua v du tren HS rut ra s o tong quat xac nh CT n gian nhat .

Hoat ong 4 : Cho biet cac bieu thc tnh M ? - Gv cho mot so v du ,

-Trong nhieu trng hp , CTPT cung chnh la CTG nhat -Mot so chat co CTPT khac nhau nhng lai co cung mot CTG nhat . 3. Cach thiet lap CTG nhat : a. VD : Hp chat hu c A : C(73,14% ), H(7,24%) , O(19,62%) . Thiet lap CT n gian nhat cua A ? Giai : CT n gian nhat la : C5H6O CTPT cua A : (C5H6O)n n =1,2,3 . . . b. Tong quat : T ket qua phan tch nguyen to hp chat CxHyOzNt lap t le : x:y:z:t %C % H %O %n : : : = 12 1 16 14 mC mH mO mN : : : = 12 1 16 14 = ... =p:q:r:s

* dA/H2 = 20,4 tnh MA ? - yeu cau Hs ap dung II THIET LAP CTPT A nang gap 2 lan bieu thc tnh phan t hchc : kk . Tnh MA ? khoi . 1 - Xac nh phan t khoi : - oi vi chat kh va - Gi y e HS viet s chat long de hoa hi : o qua trnh xac nh MA =MB.dA/B ; MA=29.dA/kk . CTPT hp chat hu c . VD: - Hng dan hoc sinh Hchc TPNT CTGN HC nang gap hai lan thc hien cac bc khong kh . Tnh khoi CTPT lng mol cua A va suy ra CTPT cua A . MA = 58 vC A(C4H10) - Xac nh khoi lng - Gv minh hoa bang v mol : du cu the . MA = 164 (g). - Tm CTGN: C5H6O - Xax nh CTTQ : (C5H6O)n suy ra n = 2 CTPT cua A la 2 - Thiet lap cong thc phan t a) V Du : Hp chat A co cha C(73,14% ) H(7,24%) O (19,62%) .Biet phan t khoi cua A la 164vc .Hay xac nh

cong tc phan t cua A . - Gv cho v du , hng a. Thiet lap cong dan Hs cach giai . thc phan t cua A qua cong thc n gian nhat : - muc I.2 thiet lap HS thc hien cac bc c CTGN cua A la C5H6O : M(C5H6O)n = 164 (5.12+6 +16)n =164 - Hs giai e cung co n=2 . kien thc . Vay : A: C10H12O2 b. Thiet lap cong thc phan t cua A khong qua cong - Hng dan hoc sinh thc n gian nhat . cac phng phap khac - HS tong ket theo s Ta co : M(CxHyOz) nhau . o =164vC ; C=73,14%,H=7,24% ;O=19,62% Vay x12/164 = 73,14/100 x= 9,996 10 . y/164 = 7,24/100 y = 18,874 12 z16/164 = 19,62/100 z= 2,01 2. CxHyOz = C10H12O2 Cong thc : M 12 x y 16 z = = = 100 %C % H %O c. Tnh trc tiep theo khoi lng san pham chay : CxHyOz + ( x+y/4)O2 xCO2 + y/2 H2O V du : Hp chat Y cha cac nguyen to C , H , O . ot chay hoan toan 0,88g Y thu c 1,76g CO2 va 0,72g H2O . T khoi hi cua Y so vi kk bang 3,o . Xac nh CTPT cua Y . b) Tong quat : Thiet lap cong thc phan t qua cong thc n gian nhat la cach thc tong quat hn ca . 3. Cung co

C10H12O2

. Ket qua phan tch %C ,%H, %N %O Cong thc n gian nhat CpHqOrNs M= CxTRUC HyOzNt : CAU

MA=M .dA/B 24 Bai B

CHAT HU C PHAN NG HU C

CxHyOzNt =( CpHqOrNs)n ( CpHqOrNs)n = M . M n= 12p+ q+ 16r +14s x = n.p ; y =n.q ; z = n.r ; t PHAN =n.s T HP

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cho hoc sinh hieu : - Mot so phan ng tieu bieu trong hoa hoc hu c ( the , cong , tach ) , cach viet va nhan dang c cac loai phan ng . - HS hieu nhng luan iem c ban cua thyet cau tao hoa hoc . Cho hoc sinh hieu : - Thuyet cau tao hoa hoc gi vai tro quan trong trong viec nghien cu cau tao , tnh chat cua hp chat hu c . - s hnh thanh lien ket n , oi , ba . 2. Ky nang : - HS biet viet cau tao cua hp chat hu c . - Thanh lap c day ong ang - Viet c phng trnh phan ng neu biet c loai phan ng . 3. Trong tam : Nhng luan iem c ban cua thyet cau tao hoa hoc . Biet viet cau tao cua hp chat hu c . Biet khai niem , ong ang , ong phan . II. PHNG PHAP : Van dung am thoai neu van e III. CHUAN B : - Mo hnh rong va mo hnh ac cua phan t etan . - Hoc sinh : xem trc bai hoc . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Lam bai tap 2,3,4 /99 sgk 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Khi viet CTCT hchc can lu y nhng van e g ? Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung I.CONG THC CAU TAO PHAN T HP CHAT HU C : 1. Th du : - CTPT : C2H6O - CTCT khai trien : H H HCCOH H H - CTCT rut gon : CH3CH2OH

Hoat ong 2 : - HS thay c : CTCT GV viet cong thc la CT bieu dien th t cau tao ng vi CTPT: lien ket va c thc C2H6O lien ket gia cac H3CCH2OH nguyen t trong phan

t .

2. Nhan xet : - CTCT la Ct bieu dien th t lien ket va cach thc lien ket gia cac nguyen t trong phan t . II THUYET CAU TAO HOA HOC : 1 Noi dung cua thuyet cau tao hoa hoc : 1.Trong phan t hp chat hu c , cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau theo ung hoa tr va theo mot th t nhat nh . Th t lien ket o c goi la cau tao hoa hoc . S thay oi th t lienb ket o , tc la thay oi cau tao hoa hoc , se tao ra hp chat khac . V Du : : C2H6O co 2 th t lien ket : H3CCCH3 : imetyl ete , chat kh , khong tac dung vi Na. H3CCH2OH: ancol etylic, chat long ,tac dung vi Na giai phong kh hydro .

Hoat ong 3 : - Gv a ra cac v du va giup hs phan tch v du . V Du : C2H6O co 2 CTCT * H3COCH3 imetylete * H3CCH2OH Etanol - HS so sanh 2 chat ve : thanh phan ,cau tao phan t , tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc : Rut ra luan iem 1 - Nghien cu SGK e thay ro s khac nhau ve tnh chat cua hai cong thc tren .

- Gv a ra v du va at cau hoi : V du : C4H10 - Trong so cac v du tren hoa tr cua cacbon la bao nhieu ? CH3CH2CH2CH3 - Co nhan xet g ve (mach khong co mach cacbon ? kha nhanh ) nang lien ket cua CH3CHCH3 cacbon vi cac nguyen to ? CH3 ( mach co nhanh ) CH2 CH2
2

CH2 CH2 Hoat ong 4 : ( mach vong ) - Neu VD ve hai chat HS neu luan co cung so nguyen iem 2 t nhng khac nhau ve H thanh phan phan t H C H Chat kh - Cho v du tnh chat phu chay thuoc vao cau tao ? H . Cl

2.Trong phan t hp chat hu c , cacbon co hoa tr 4 CH .Nguyen t cacbon khong nhng co the lien ket vi nguyen t cua cac nguyen to khac ma con lien ket vi nhau thanh mach cacbon .

3 Tnh chat cua cac chat phu thuoc

Cl C Cl Cl Chat long khong chay - HS viet CTTQ Rut ra qui luat .

vao thanh phan phan t ( ban chat, so lng cac nguyen t ) va cau tao hoa hoc (th t lien ket cac nguyen t )

Hoat ong 5 : GV lay VD hai day ong ang nh SGK : CnH2n+2 va CnH2n+1OH GV nhan manh : - Thanh phan nguyen t hn kem nhau n nhom(- CH2 - ) - Co tnh chat tng t nhau (ngha la co cau tao hoa hoc tng t nhau). - Gv cho mot so v du : CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3

2. Y ngha : Rut ra nh ngha Thuyet cau tao hoa ong ang va giai hoc giup giai tch c hien tng ong thch ang , hien tng ong phan . II. ong ang , ong phan 1) ong ang : * Cac ankan : CH4,C2H6,C3H8,C4H10 , C5H12 .CnH2n+2 * Cac ancol : CH3OH , C2H5OH , C3H7OH ,C4H9OH CnH2n+1OH

- HS xac nh nhng chat nao la ong ang cua nhau .

nh ngha : Nhng hp chat co thanh phan phan t hn kem nhau mot hay Hoat ong 5 : nhieu nhom CH2 V Du : C2H6O co 2 nhng co tnh chat CTCT hoa hoc tng t * H3COCH3 imetylete HS nhan xet , rut ra nhau la nhng chat * H3CCH2OH Etanol nh ngha ve ong ong ang , chung C3H6O2 : hp thanh day phan . * CH3COOCH3 Metyl ong ang . axetat * HCOOC2H5 - Phan biet cac ong Giai thch : Mac du Etylfomiat cac chat trong cung phan : *CH3CH2COOH day ong ang co *ong phan mach Axitpropionic cong thc phan t cacbon khac nhau nhng *ong phan v tr lien nhom CH2 nhng do ket boi chung co cau tao hoa *ong phan nhom hoc tng t nhau nen chc co tnh chat hoa hoc tng t nhau . b) ong phan

* nh ngha: Nhng hp chat khac nhau nhng co cung CTPT la nhng chat ong phan . * Giai thch :nhng chat ong phan tuy co cung CTPT nhng co` cau tao hoa hoc khac nhau v vay chung la nhng chat khac nhau , co tinyh chat khac nhau .

Bai 24: CAU TRUC PHAN T HP

CHAT HU C PHAN NG HU C ( tt )
I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 30 * Trong tam : Xac nh c va viet c cac phng trnh phan ng hu c . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai hoat ong nhom III. CHUAN B : Dung cu va hoa chat : ancol etylic , imetyl ete , Na , H2O IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Neu 3 luan iem chnh cua thuyet cau tao hoa hoc ? cho v du minh hoa ? * Viet CTCT khai trien , CTCT thu gon cac ong phan cua C4H8 ? 2. Bai mi : Giao vien Hoc sinh Hoat ong 1 :vao bai - ch co lien ket n Viet CTCT cua C2H5OH ? nhan xet lien ket co trong phan t ? - Ngoai lien ket n con co lk g ? Noi dung

IVLIEN KET TRONG PHAN T HP CHAT HU C : * Cac loai lien ket trong phan t hp chat hu c - lien ket tao thanh do xen Hoat ong 2 : - Hs nhan xet ve ac phu truc : Xen phu truc la s - Gv gii thieu iem cua cac loai lien xen phu xay ra tren truc noi 2 ve lien ket ket o . hat nhan nguyen t va lien ket . - Lien ket c tao thanh do xen phu ben : Xen phu ben la s xen phu xay ra hai ben truc noi 2 hat nhan nguyen t .

- Cho Hs quan sat mo hnh CH4 .

Xac nh kieu lien ket Rut ra khai niem ve lien ket n . -

1. lien ket n : - Lien ket tao bi 1 cap electron dung chung la lien ket n( ) V du : H HCH H 2. Lien ket oi : - Lien ket tao bi 2 cap electron dung chung la lien ket oi(gom mot lien ket va mot lien ket ). V du : H H C=C H H 3. Lien ket ba : - Lien ket 3 tao bi tao bi 3 cap electron dung chung (gom 1 lien ket va 2 lien ket ). V du : HCCH - Lien ket oi va lien ket ba goi chung la lien ket boi . I PHAN NG CUA HP CHAT HU C : Da vao s bien oi phan t hp chat hu c khi tham gia phan ng chia phan ng hu c thanh cac loai sau : 1 Phan ng the : Mot hoac mot nhom nguyen t phan t hu c b the bi mot hoac mot nhom nguyen t khac . 2 Phan ng cong : Phan t hu c ket hp them vi cac nguyen t hoac phan t khac . 3.Phan ng tach : Mo vai nguyen t hoac nhom nguyen t b tach ra khoi phan t

- Xac nh kieu lien - ac iem cua ket ? lien ket pi ? Rut ra khai niem -Quan sat mo lien ket oi . hnh C2H4 ?

- Mo hnh C2H2 .

- Tng t rut ra khai niem lien ket ba .

Hoat ong 3 : lp 9 a hoc nhng phan ng g ? cho v du ? - Gv viet mot so phan ng , thong bao cho hs biet o la loai phan ng the . -Viet mot so PTP . - trnh bay c che cua phan ng tach .

HS rut ra khai niem ve phan ng the . Nam c khai niem ve phan ng cong . Hieu c the nao la phan ng tach .

Bai 25

HP CHAT HU C , CONG THC PHAN T VA CONG THC CAU TAO I. MUC TIEU :

1. Kien thc : CUNG CO CAC KHAI NIEM : - Hp chat hu c - Phan ng cua hp chat hu c . 2. Ky nang - HS nam vng cach xac nh cong thc phan t t ket qua phan tch - Nhan dang mot vai loai phan ng cua cac chat hu c n gian . 3. Thai o : Ren luyen tnh can than va t m khi giai toan hoa hoc . 4. Trong tam : - ren luyen k nang giai bai tap lap CTPT , viet CTCT cua mot so chat n gian . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai hoat ong nhom neu van e III. CHUAN B : - Giao bai tap lien quan en noi dung luyen tap cho HS chuan b trc khi en lp - Chuan b them mot so dang cau hoi trac nghiem . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap . 2. Bai mi : I . KIEN THC CAN NH : Hoat ong 1 : HS lan lt ai dien cac nhom trnh bay noi dung nh s o : - Xac nh CTPT chat hu co gom cac bc : Hp chat hu c tinh khiet Phan tch nh tnh Phan tch nh lng : %C,%H, %N,. . .%O CTG nhat

CTPT

Cac loai phan ngthng gap The Hoat ong cua thay -The nao la ong ang ? ong pha ? cho v du ? II. BAI TAP : Bai 1 : chat nao sau ay la hirocacbon ?dan xuat hirocacbon ? CH2O , C2H5Br , C6H5Br , C6H6 , CH3COOH . Bai 2 : T eugenol ieu che c O metyleugenol la chat dan du con trung . Ket qua phan tch nguyen to cho thay co : %C = 74,16% , %H = 7,86% , con lai la oxi . Lap CTG nhat , cong thc phan t ? Cau 3 : Viet CTCT cua cac chat co CTPT sau : CH2Cl2( mot chat ) , C2H4O2 ( ba chat ) , C2H4Cl2 ( hai chat ) Bai 5 : cho cac chat sau ay la ong ang cua ancol etylic C3H8O , C4H10O . Da vao thuyet cau tao hoa hoc , viet CTCT cua moi chat ? Bai 8 : Viet Ptp cua cac chuyen hoa sau va viet ptp a cho thuoc loai phan ng nao ( the , cong , tach ) a. Etilen tac dung vi hiro co xt Ni nung nong ? b. B. Nung nong axetilen 600C , xt bot than thu c benzen . c. Dung dch ru etylic trong nc e lau ngoai khong kh chuyen thanh dd axit axetic ? Con g Tac h Hoat ong cua tro

Hoc sinh thao luan ve khai niem hp chat hu c , thanh phan cac nguyen to trong phan t hp chat hu c Giai bai tap 1 . Giai bai tap 2

Gv to chc cho hoc sinh thao luan van e th 2 Giai bai tap 3 Giai bai tap 4 Hs thao luan van e lien ket trong phan t hp chat hu c Giai bai tap 5

Hs thao luan van e 4 Giai bai tap 7 , 8

3. Cung co : - k nang giai bai tap CTPT - Cach viet phng trnh phan ng cua cac loai phan ng .

Bai 26 :
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : * Hs biet - S hnh thanh lien ket va cau truc khong gian cua ankan - Goi ten cac ankan vi mach chnh khong qua 10 nguyen t C * Hs hieu : - Tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc , phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua ankan . - V sao cac ankan kha tr ve mat hoa hoc , do o hieu v sao phan ng ac trng cua ankan la phan ng the . -V sao cac hirocacbon no lai c dung lam nhien lieu t o thay c tam quan trong va ng dung cua hirocacbon . 2. Ky nang : - Lap day , viet cac ong phan . - Viet CTPT , cong thc cau tao va phng trnh phan ng cua cac ankan 3. Trong tam : - Biet s hnh thanh lien ket va cau truc khong gian cua ankan . - Biet goi ten cac ankan vi mach chnh khong qua 10 cacbon . - Hieu tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan . - Biet phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua ankan II. PHNG PHAP : Hoat ong nhom am thoai III. CHUAN B : - Bang ten goi 10 ankan khong phan nhanh au tien trong day ong ang cac ankan . - Mo hnh phan t propan ; n-butan va isobutan - Etxang , m boi trn ong c , nc cat , coc thuy tinh - Bo dung cu ieu che CH4 - Hoa chat : CH3COONa ran ; NaOH ran , CaO ran IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * nh ngha ong ang , cho v du ? * Cho mot so v du ve cac hp chat HC co the gap trong cuoc song ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai The nao la HC no ? co may loai HC no ? I. ong ang, ong Hoat ong 2 : HS viet cong thc phan, danh phap,: -Nhac lai khai niem phan t mot so 1. ong ang ankan : ong ang ong ang cua - metan , etan , propan hp -Viet cong thc phan CH4 thanh day ong ang goi t mot so ong ang la day ong ang cua Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

cua CH4 roi suy ra cong thc tong quat va khai niem day ong ang cua metan . - Cong thc chung cua day ankan la g ? HS nhan xet rut ra ket luan C4H10 co 2 ong Hoat ong 3: phan cau tao : - Viet cong thc cau CH3CH2CH2CH3 tao cua chat hu c co cong thc phan CH3 - CH - CH3 t C4H10 va C5H12 CH3 HS nhan xet rut ra ket luan ve - GV anh so la ma khai niem bac ch bac cua C cua nguyen t C GV: Hng dan hs biet bac cua cacbon :

metan . - Gom cac hp chat CnH2n+2 (n>1) - Ankan la nhng hirocacbon no, mach h, trong phan t ch co lien ket n. 2. ong phan - T C4H10 tr i co ong phan mach cacbon * Bac cua Cacbon H H H H H H - CI CII CII CII CI H H H H H H Ankan khong phan nhanh

Hoat ong 4 : - Gv cho hs xem mo hng cau tao cua CH4 va C4H10

Hoat ong 5: - Yeu cau HS luyen tap goi ten cac ankan khong phan nhanh . - T CTCT ten goi

H H CH3 CH3 H H CI CII CIII CIV CI H H H H CH3 H Ankan phan nhanh - Bac cua nguyen t C phan t ankan bang so nguyen t C lien ket trc tiep vi no - Ankan khong phan nhanh ch cha C bac I , II - Hoc sinh nghien - Ankan phan nhan trong cu sgk rut ra ac phan t cha C bac III , iem cau truc IV. cua ankan . 3. Cau truc : -Cac nguyen t C ankan trang thai lai hoa sp3 -Moi nguyen t C nam tren nh cua t dien eu ma 4 nh la cac nguyen t H hoac C -Cac lien ket C C ; C H eu la lien ket . Hau nh khong phan cc - HS nam c - Goc lien ket eu gan cach goi ten 10 bang 109,50 ankan khong - Hoa tr cua C hau nh a nhanh au tien bao hoa va ten goc ankyl tng ng

- HS ac iem ten ankan co uoi an va ten goc ankyl co uoi yl Hs hoat ong nhom : Goi ten cac ong phan cua C5H12 HS nhan xet rut ra cach goi ten ankan co nhanh

4/ Danh phap : (Theo IUPAC ) a/ Ankan mach khong phan nhanh ten ankan = ten C mach chnh + an CH4 : Metan C6H14 : Hexan C2H6 : Etan C7H16 : Heptan C3H8 : Propan C8H18 : Octan C4H10 : Butan C9H20 : Nonan C5H12 : Petan C10H20 : Dekan Ten goc ankyl : oi uoi an thanh yl CnH2n+2 H CnH2n+1 ( ankan) ( goc ankyl b/ Ankan co nhanh : - Chon mach C dai nhat lam mach chnh. - anh so th t sao cho v tr nhanh nho nhat. -oc ten theo mau. ++ V du : CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 2-metylbutan CH3 CH3 C CH CH2 CH3 CH3 C2H5 3 etyl-2,2-dimetyl pentan

Hoat ong 6: Cho HS goi ten cac ong phan cua C5H12 Rut ra cach goi ten ankan co nhanh ?

*- Lu y : - Neu co nhieu nhom the giong nhau:2,3,4 HS ap dung goi dung tiep au ng i, ten mot so ankan tri,tetra thay cho viec mach nhanh lap lai ten nhom the - Neu co nhieu nhom the khac nhau th oc CH3 theo mau t a, b, c CH3 C CH3 CH3 2,2-dimetyl propan

HS quan sat tranh mo ta s hnh thanh lien ket trong phan t CH4 , C2H6 HS rut ra nhan xet

3. Cung co : * Mot ngi goi ten hp chat hu c A la : 2 - etyl - 3 - metyl butan , ung hay sai ? a. ung b. Sai * Viet cong thc cau tao thu gon cua chat sau : 3 etyl 2,2,4 trimetylheptan * Cac hp chat di ay hp chat nao la ankan ? a. C7H14 b. C6H c. C8H18 d. khong co 10

Bai 26 ::
( tt )
I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 35 Trong tam : Tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan : tnh tr va phan ng the II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai neu van e III. CHUAN B : He thong cau hoi va bai tap IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Viet cac ong phan cua C5H12 , goi ten theo quoc te va thong thng ? * Neu cach goi ten ? cau truc cua phan t ankan ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong cua tro - V du : xang , ga , nen Hs rut ra tnh chat vat l . Noi dung II. TNH CHAT VAT L : - ieu kien thng , cac ankan t C1 C4 trang thai kh T C5 C17 : long ] T C18 tr i trang thai ran . -Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi , kl rieng cua cac ankan tang theo so nguyen t cacbon ( tang theo phan t khoi - Ankan nhe hn nc . - Ankan khong tan trong nc K nc . - Ankan la nhng dung moi khong phan cc hoa tan c nhng chat khong phan cc . - Ankan la nhng chat khong mau . IV / TNH CHAT HOA HOC : Ankan tng oi tr ve mat hoa hoc : nhiet o thng chung khong phan ng vi axit , baz va chat oxyhoa manh ( KMnO4 ) en 1. Phan ng the

* Nhac lai ac iem cau tao cac ankan , t ac iem cau tao hng dan HS d oan kha nang tham gia phan ng cua ankan Hoat ong 2 : - Viet phng trnh phan ng the Cl vao CH4 ? Viet ptp : Phan t ankan ch co C3H8 + Cl2 va C3H8 cac lien ket CC va C + Br2 H o la lien ket *Gv thong bao : Flo ben vng ankan phan ng manh liet tng oi tr ve mat nen phan huy ankan hoa hoc thanh C va HF . Iot qua yeu nen khong phan ng Di tac dung cua anh sang xuc tac , nhiet o ankan tham - GV trnh bay phan c gia phan ng the , che phan ng ( ch

can s lc ) La c che goc day chuyen * Bc khi mao Cl o o Cl as Clo + Clo * Bc phat trien day chuyen

phan ng tach va phan ng oxyhoa . -

bi halogen : (ac trng) V du :


CH2Cl2 + Cl2 as CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 as CHCl4 + HCl

HS viet phng CH4 + Cl2 as CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 as CH2Cl2 + HCl trnh phan ng - Cac ong ang : T C3H8 tr i th Clo (nhat la brom) u tien the trong mach. V du : CH3-CH2CH2Cl + HCl a C3H8 + Cl2 s CH3CHClCH3 + HCl Nhan xet : - Nguyen t hiro lien ket vi cacbon bac cao hn de b the hn nguyen t hiro lien ket vi nguyen t cacbon bac thap . - Cac phan ng tren goi la phan ng halogen hoa , cac san pham the c goi la dan xuat halogen cua hirocacbon . 2/ Phan ng tach : ( ehirohoa )
0

CH3 H + Clo o CH3 + HCl o CH3 + Clo oCl CH3Cl + Clo

CH3o o H + Clo . * Bc t day chuyen : Clo + Clo Cl2 o CH3 + Clo CH3Cl o CH3 + o CH3 CH3CH3

HS rut ra nhan xet - HS rut ra nhan xet c che phan ng theo c goc gom 3 bc

Hoat ong 3 : Giao vien hng dan HS viet cac phng trnh phan ng : to C2H6 to C3H8 GV yeu cau Nhan xet ty le mol CO2 va H2O sinh ra sau phan ng - Gv bo xung : Khong b oxyhoa bi dung dch KMnO4 nhng nhiet o, xuc tac thch hp ankan co the b oxi hoa khong hoan toan tao thanh dan xuat cha oxy CH4 + O2 txt HCHO + H2O
0

Hoat ong 5 : GV gii thieu phng phap ieu che ankan trong cong nghiep -Lam th nghiem ieu che CH4 t Natri axetat

HS nhan xet : * Di tac dung cua nhiet va xuc tac ( Cr2O3 , Fe , Pt ) * Cac ankan khong nhng b tach H tao thanh Hydrocacbon khong no ma con b gay cac lien ket C C tao ra cac phan t CH3-CH3 xt,t CH2=CH2 + H2 nho hn * Phan ng crackinh : * HS viet phng trnh ( be gay lk C-C ) CH3CH = CHCH3 + H2 CH4 + CH3Ta CH=CH2 ng - HS viet phng trnh C4H10 xt C2H6 + phan ng ot chay CH =CH 2 2 CH4 va phng trnh phan ng tong quat ot chay ankan . 3. Phan ng Oxi hoa hoan toan t HS nhan xet : so CnH2n+2+()O2 nCO2 + mol H2O luon luon (n+1)H2O ln hn CO2 V du : CH4 +2O2 t CO2 + 2H2O
0
0

vi voi toi xut HS neu hien tng , III.ieu che va viet phng trnh phan ng dung ng 1/. ieu che : a/ Trong cong nghiep : lay t kh thien nhien, kh dau mo. b/ Phong th nghiem : - Nghien cu sgk e CH3COONa + NaOH t tra li . CH4 + Na2CO3 Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 +
0

Hoat ong 6: Yeu cau HS tra li cau hoi : Tm nhng ng dung co lien quan en tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan ?

4Al(OH)3 2/ ng dung : - T C1 en C20 c ng dung lam nhien lieu - Nhieu Ankan c dung lam dung moi va dau boi trn may - ieu che chat sinh han - Nh tac dung cua nhiet va cac phan ng oxy hoa khong hoan toan HCHO, ru metylic , axitaxetic v..v 3/ Cung co : * ot chay 0,1 mol CxHy 0,1mol CO2 va 0,2mol H2O . Xac nh day ong ang cua A. Viet chng trnh chung. * Lam bai tap 7/ 114 SGK * Viet phan ng Isobutan + Cl2 theo t le mol 1 : 1

THI HOC K I
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Kiem tra anh gia viec hoc tap va tiep thu kien thc cua hoc sinh trong suot hoc k I 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen ky nang nhan biet , viet phng trnh phan ng , hoan thanh chuoi , viet ong phan - Giai bai toan lien quan en C% , CM - Giai bai toan lap CTPT cua hp chat hu c . 3. Thai o :

Ren luyen tnh can than , t m 4. Trong tam : Khong gii han II. PHNG PHAP : - Trac nghiem : 30% - T luan : 70% III. CHUAN B : e kiem tra MA TRAN E KIEM TRA HOA 11 BAN KHXH&NV (NAM HOC 2006-2007) n v kien thc Toc o phan ng va can bang hoa hoc S ien li Nhom nit Nhom cacbon ai cng ve hirocacbon Hirocacbon no Tong Mc o nhan biet TNKQ TL Mc o thong hieu TNKQ TL 1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 ) Mc o vandung TNKQ TL 1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 ) Tong 2cauTNK Q 3cauTNK Q 2cauTNK Q TL : 1cau 2cauTNK Q 2cauTNK Q TL : 1 1cauTNK Q TL : 2 12cau TNKQ(3) 4cau TL(7)

1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 )

1(2)

1(0,25 ) 1(0,25 ) 1(2) 2(3) 4cau (1) 1cau (2) 3cau 2ca (0,75) u (3)

5cau 1ca (1,25) u (2)

I. TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN : Cau 1 : Cho can bang sau : N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H < 0 . Can bang se chuyen dch theo chieu thuan khi : a. tang nhiet o , giam ap suat c. tang nhiet o , tang ap suat b. giam nhiet o , giam ap suat d. Giam nhiet o , tang ap suat Cau 2 : Cho cac day chat sau ay , day nao ch gom cac chat ien li : a. NaCl , CaCO3 , KOH , Ba(OH)2 b. Na2SO4 , H2SO4 , NaOH , MgSO4 c. AgNO3 , BaSO4 , CaCl2 , MgSO4 d. Al(OH)3 , KCl , Na2CO3 , HNO3 Cau 3 : Dung dch Ba(OH)2 co nong o 0,005 mol/lit . PH cua dung dch o la : a. 12 b. 11 c.10 d. Khong xac nh c Cau 4 : Khi cho KOH vao dung dch H3PO4 , e tao thanh 2 muoi KH2PO4 va K2HPO4 th t le mol x = KOH : H3PO4 la a. 1:1 b. 1 < x < 1,5 c. 1< x < 2 d. 2 < x < 3

E THI HOC KY I ( Ban XH&NV )

Cau 5 : Khi b nhiet phan day muoi nao sau ay cho san pham la oxit kim loai + NO2 + O2 : a. Cu(NO3)2 , Hg(NO3)2 , Ca(NO3)2 b. Mg(NO3)2 , NH4NO3 , Zn(NO3)2 c. Mg(NO3)2 , Cu(NO3)2 , Zn(NO3)2 d. NaNO 3 , AgNO3 , Al(NO3)3 Cau 6 : Cacbon tac dung c vi day cac chat nao sau ay : a. H2O , O2 , Cu , H2 , HNO3 c. H 2O , O2 , Al , H2 , HNO3 b. O2 , Al , H2S , HNO3 d. H 2O , O2 , Al , H2 , HCl Cau 7 : Isobutan khi tac dung vi Cl2 ( k:as ) teo t le mol la 1:1 . So dan xuat monoclo co the tao ra la : a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Cau 8 : Mot ankan A co dA/He = 21,5 . CTPT cua A la : a. C6H14 b. C5H12 c. C6H12 d. C 5H10 Cau 9:Ch dung mot thuoc th Ba(OH)2 e nhan biet c cac chat trong day nao sau ay : a. (NH4)2CO3 , (NH4)2SO4 , Al(NO3)3, Na2CO3 b.(NH4)2CO3 , NH4Cl , Al(NO3)3 ,NH4NO3 c. (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3 , Mg(NO3)2 , Na2CO3 d.(NH4)2CO3 ,NH4NO3 , Al(NO3)3, Na2CO3 Cau 10 : oi vi dung dch axit yeu CH3COOH 0,1M , nhng anh gia nao ve nong o mol ion sau ay la ung : + a. [H ] = 0,1M b. [H+]=[CH3COO-] c. [H+]>[CH3COO-] d. [H+] < 0,1M Cau 11 :Cho 5,6 lit CO2 ( ktc ) hap thu het trong 70g dung dch NaOH 25% . muoi c tao thanh sau phan ng la a. NaHCO3 b. Na2CO3 c. NaHCO 3 va Na2CO3 d. ap an khac o t , xt Cau 12 :Cho phan ng hu c sau : C2H5OH + HBr C2H5Br + H2O thuoc loai phan ng a. Tach b. The c. Cong d. Chay I. T LUAN : Cau 1 : Hoan thanh chuoi phan ng : N2 NH3 NO NO2 HNO3 H3PO4 CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 Cau 2 : a) The nao la ong ang ? ong phan ? cho v du minh hoa ? b) Viet cac ong phan ng vi cong thc phan t C 5H12 va goi ten theo danh phap quoc te ?. Cau 3 : Cho 40,8g hon hp gom Fe , FeO tac dung het vi dung dch HNO 3 loang , sau phan ng thu c 6,72lit kh NO ktc . a. Xac nh % khoi lpng cac chat trong hon hp au ? b. Tnh V dung dch HCl ( PH = 1 ) can dung e hoa tan het hon hp tren ? Cho H :1 , Fe:56 , O:16 , He:4 , Cl:35,5 , N:14

AP AN : I . TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN : moi cau 0,25 CA U a b c d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

II. T LUAN : Cau 1 : Moi phng trnh phan ng 0,25 iem :

0,258 = 2 iem .

Cau 2 : ( 2 ) a) * nh ngha ong ang 0,25 Cho v du 0,25 * nh ngha ong phan 0,25 Cho v du 0,25 b) * Viet c 3 ong phan 0,5 * Goi ten 3 ong phan 0,5 ( neu thieu 1 ong phan tr 0,15 , thieu 1 ten tr 0,15 ) Cau 3 : Goi x , y la so mol cua Fe va FeO trong hon hp au . Phng trnh phan ng : Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 0,25 x x 3FeO + 10 HNO3 3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5 H2O 0,25 y 1/3y ta co he : 56x + 72y = 40,8 x = 0,15 0,25 x + 1/3y = 0,3 => y = 0,45 0,25 => mFe = 8,4g %Fe = 20,59% 0,25 mFeO = 32,4g => %FeO = 79,41% 0,25 c) phng trnh phan ng : Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 0,15 0,3 FeO + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2O 0,45 0,9 => nHCl = 0,3 + 0,9 = 1,2 mol PH = 1 => [H+] = 10-1 HCl H+ + Cl0,1M 0,1M => VHCl = 1,2/0,1 = 12 lit 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25

BAI 27 :

XICLOANKAN

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet : - Cau truc , Cong thc chung , ong ang , ong phan , danh phap cua mot so mono xiclo ankan - Tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc va ng dung cua xiclo ankan - So sanh s giong va khac nhau ve cau tao , tnh chat cua xicloankan vi ankan . HS hieu : - V sao cung la hirocacbon no nhng xicloankan lai co mot so tnh chat khac vi ankan ( cong m vong oi vi xicloankan co 3 , 4 vong ) 2. Ky nang : - Viet phng trnh phan ng chng minh tnh chat hoa hoc cua xiclo ankan - Viet c cac CTCT cua xicloankan , goi ten cac cong thc o . 3. Trong tam : - Cau truc , ong phan , danh phap cua mot so mono xiclo ankan - Tnh chat vat ly , tnh chat hoa hoc va ng dung cua xiclo ankan

II. PHNG PHAP : Quy nap am thoai trc quan III. CHUAN B : - Tranh ve mo hnh mot so xiclo ankan - Bang tnh chat vat ly cua mot vai xiclo ankan IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Viet phng trnh phan ng cua n- pentan : * Tac dung Cl2 dan xuat mono clo * Tach H2 * Crakinh 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1: vao bai Ankan va xicloankan giong va khac nhau nh the nao ? Hoat ong 2 : - Quan sat bang 6.2 , hay cho biet ac iem ve cau tao phan t cua xicloankan ? - Cho biet CT chung cua xicloankan n vong ? -Tren c s o lap day cua xiclo ankan ? Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

I/Cau truc ,ong phan ,danh phap : 1/ Cau truc phan t cua - HS nghien cu mot so mono xicloankan cong thc phan Cong thc phan t va cau t ,cong thc truc mot so mono xicloankan CTCT va mo hnh khong nhanh nh sau: C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 rut ra khai niem C H 6 12 ve xicloankan

Hoat ong 3 : Gv giup Hs oc ten cua cac xicloankan .

HS nhan xet rut ra qui tac goi ten monoxiclo ankan

- Viet tat ca ong phan xicloankan cua C5H10 ? goi ten ?

* xicloankan la nhng hiro cacbon no mach vong. * Xicloankan co 1 vong ( n vong ) goi la mono xicloankan * Cong thc chung la CnH2n ( n 3) 2/ ong phan va cach goi ten monoxicloankan : a/ Quy tac : So ch v trten nhanh Xiclo+ten mach chnh + an - Mach chnh la mach vong . - anh so sao cho cac so ch v tr cac mach nhanh la nho nhat b/ Th du : Mot so xicloankan ong phan ng vi cong thc phan t C6H12

- Gv goi ten mot

so xiclo ankan khac . - HS nghien cu rut ra nhan xet qui luat bien oi Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi

Hoat ong 4: Cho biet nhiet o soi , nhie o nong chay , mau sac , tnh tan cua cac xiloankan - Tnh chat vat l cua mot so xicloankan ? - Vi ac iem lien ket cua xicloankan d oan tnh chat hoa hoc cua xicloankan ?

II/ Tnh chat :


- cac xicloankan co 3 , 4 canh kem ben nen co kha nang tham gia phan ng cong m vong . - HS viet phng trnh 1/ Tnh chat vat ly - Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi tang dan theo chieu tang cua M - eu khong mau khong tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung moi hu c 2/ Tnh chat hoa hoc : a/ Phan ng cong m vong cua xiclopropan va xiclobutan + H2
,80 C Ni
0

CH3-CH2- CH3 Propan

HS viet phng trnh

+ Br2 BrCH2 CH2 CH2Br (1,3 dibrompropan ) + HBr CH3 CH2 CH2Br (1 Brompropan ) Xiclobutan ch cong vi hydro :

- GV hng dan HS viet phng trnh phan ng cua xiclopropan va xiclobutan : cong ,the , chay

Hng dan HS viet phng trnh Rut ra s khac nhau va giong nhau gia xicloakan vi ankan ?

- eu la HC no , phan ng ac trng la phan ng the - Xiclopropan va xiclobutan co phan ng cong m vong . - HS viet phng trnh

+H2 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 butan Xicloankan vong 5,6 canh tr len khong co phan ng cong m vong trong nhng ieu kien tren

Ni ,120 0 C

b/ Phan ng the : tng t ankan + Cl2


as

+ HCl cloxiclopentan
0

+ HBr Bromxiclohexan C/ Phan ng oxyhoa:

+ Br

Hoat ong 6: GV hng dan HS viet phng trnh phan ng va ng dung cua , xicloankanda tren phan ng tach

HS viet phng trnh

CnH2n + 32n o 2 nCO2 + nH2O H< 0 C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O H = -3947,5kj Xiloankan khong lam mat mau dung dch

III/ ieu che va ng dung :

1/ ieu che : Ngoai viec tach trc tiep t qua trnh chng cat dau mo , xicloankan con c ieu che t ankan , th du :
CH3[CH2]4CH3 + H2 2/ ng dung : Ngoai viec dung lam nhien lieu nh ankan , xicloankan con c dung lam dung moi , lam nguyen lieu ieu che cac chat khac , th du :
, xt t
0

t 0 , xt

+ 3H2

3. Cung co : Neu s giong va khac nhau gia ankan va xicloankan ?

Bai28

TAP

LUYEN

ANKAN VA PHAN NG HU C
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cung co :cac kien thc ve ankan va xicloankan 2. Ky nang : - Ren luyen k nang viet CTCT va goi ten cac ankan - Ren luyen k nang lap CTPT cua hp chat hu c , viet ptp co chu y van dung quy luat the vao phan t ankan . 3. Trong tam : Giai cac bai tap van dung . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai gi m neu va giai quyet van e hoat ong nhom III. CHUAN B : - GV : - Ke san bang nhng cha ien d lieu - He thong bai tap bam sat noi dung luyen tap - HS : - Chuan b cac bai tap trong chng 6 trc khi en lp - He thong lai cac kien thc a c hoc . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap

2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua giao vien

Hoat ong cua hoc sinh

Hoat ong 1 : Gv neu nhng van e c ban a c hoc Cho cac to thoa luan nhom . -Phan ng chnh trong hoa hu c ? -ankan la g ? CTTQ ? -Co nhng loai ong phan nao ? -Tnh chat hoa hoc ac trng cua ankan va xicloankan la g ? -So sanh s giong va khac nhau ve tnh chat hoa hoc cua ankan va xicloankan ?

I.KIEN THC CAN NAM : Hs a cac v du minh hoa , phan tch , khac sau va cung co kien thc a c hoc . 1.cac phan ng chnh trong hoa hu c : The , cong , tach . 2.Ankan la hirocacbon no mach h , co CTTQ la CnH2n+2 ( n1) 3.t C4H10 tr i co ong phan mach cacbon . 4.Tnh chat hoa hoc ac trng cua ankan va xicloankan la phan ng the , rieng xicloankan vong nho co phan ng cong m vong . 5.So sanh ankan va xicloankan :
Cau tao Tnh chat hoa hoc Giong nhau Ch co lk n -eu co phan ng the -Co phan ng tach hiro -Chay toa nhieu nhiet Khac nhau Ankan : h Xicloankan : vong -Xiclopropan , xiclobutan co phan ng cong m vong

-ng dung cua ankan ? Hoat ong 2 : GV hng dan hoc sinh hoan thanh cac bai tap trong sgk . Bai 1 : Viet CTCT cua cac ankan sau : Pentan , 2-metylbutan , isobutan , cac chat tren con co ten goi nao khac khong ? Bai 2 : Ankan Y mach khong phan nhanh co CTG nhat la C2H5 . a) Tm CTPT , viet CTCT va goi ten Y? b) Viet ptp cua Y vi clo khi chieu sang , ch ro san pham chnh cua phan ng ? Bai 3 : ot chay hoan toan 3,36 lit hon hp kh A gom metan va etan thu c 4,48 lit kh CO2 ( kc ) . Tnh %V moi kh trong hon hp A ?

-Ankan la thanh phan chnh trong cac loai nhien lieu va la nguon nguyen lieu phong phu cho CN hoa chat . II.BAI TAP : Bai 1 : CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH3 Bai 2 : a) Ankan co CTPT ( C2H5)n C2nH5n V ankan nen : 5n = 2n.2+2 => n = 2 Vay CTCT cua Y la : CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2

CH2Cl b) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 + Cl2 + HCl CH3 CH CH2 Bai 4 : khi 1gam CH4 chay toa ra CH3 55,6KJ . Can ot bao nhieu lit kh CH4 Cl ( kc ) e u lng nhiet un 1 lit Bai 3 : goi so mol CH4 la x , so mol H2O ( D = 1g/cm3) t 25C len C2H6 la y 100C . Biet muon nang 1gam nA = 0,15 = x + y nc len 1C can tieu ton 4,18J va nCO2 = 0,2 = x + 2y gia s nhiet sinh ra ch dung e giai he => x = 0,1 , y = 0,05 lam tang nhiet o cua nc . => %V CH4 = 66,67% , %V C2H6 =

Bai 29 :

ANKEN

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cho Hs biet : -Cau tao , ong ang , ong phan cua anken . -Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua anken . -phan biet anken va ankan bang phng phap hoa hoc . Cho HS hieu : - Tnh chat hoa hoc cua anken . -V sao naken co nhieu ong phan hn ankan -V sao anken co phan ng tao polime . 2. Ky nang : -Viet ong phan cau tao , ong phan hnh hoc va goi ten anken -Viet phan ng chng minh tnh chat hoa hoc cua anken . -Van dung kien thc a hoc e nhan biet . -tiep tuc cuang co k nang giai bai tap ve lap CTPT , bai tap ve hon hp cac hirocacbon . 3. Trong tam : Viet ong phan , goi ten anken . II. PHNG PHAP : Hoat ong nhom am thoai III. CHUAN B : -Mo hnh phan t etilen , mo hnh ong phan cis , trans cua but-2-en ( hoac tranh ve ) -Ong nghiem , nut cao su kem theo ong dan kh , kep ong nghiem , en con , bo gia th nghiem . -Hoa chat : H2SO4ac , C2H5OH , cat sach , ddKMnO4 , ddBr2 . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Khong co 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Viet ong phan cua C3H6 ngoai xiclo ankan con co anken cung co ct chung CnH2n Hoat ong 2 : T Ct cua etilen va khai niem ong ang Gv yeu cau HS viet CTPT mot so ong ang cua etilen -Viet CT tong quat cua anken Hoat ong 3 : Viet tat ca CTCT cua anken ng vi CTPT C2H4 , C3H6 , C4H8 - Gv cho Hs khai quat ve cac loai ong Hoat ong cua tro Hs viet tat ca ong phan - V du : C3H6 , C4H8 , C5H10 ... - CT chung : CnH2n Neu nh ngha day ong ang cua etilen . Noi dung I. ONG ANG , ONG PHAN , DANH PHAP : 1. ong ang : - Etilen (C2H4), propilen(C3H6),butilen(C4H1 0) eu co mot lien ket oi C=C , chung hp thanh day ong ang goi la day ong ang cua etilen - CT chung la : CnH2n ( n 2)

- Nhan xet s khac nhau gia cac ong phan . -Tren c s nhng CTCT HS a viet trong phan danh phap

2. ong phan : a) ong phan cau tao : - ong phan v tr lk oi : CH2=CH-CH2-CH3

phan cua anken GV thuyet trnh neu van e : *Do trong phan t co 1 lk oi nen anken ( n4 ) con co them ong phan v tr lien ket oi . -Gv dung s o sau e mo ta khai niem ong phan hnh hoc . R1 R3 C=C R2 R4 ieu kien : R1 R2 , R3 R4 Hoat ong 4 : - Gv yeu cau HS phan biet 2 laoi danh phap ? -Gv goi ten mot so anken .

Hs nhan xet : Anken co 2 loai ong phan : mach cacbon va ong phan v tr . - Hs len bang viet ong phan .

CH3-CH=CH-CH3 - ong phan mach cacbon : CH2=C-CH2-CH3 CH3 CH2=CH-CH-CH3 CH3 b) ong phan hnh hoc : CH3 CH3 C=C H H Cis Trans

- HS nghien cu sgk phan biet danh phap thong thng va danh phap IUPAC . - Hs nhan xet , rut ra quy luat goi ten cac anken theo danh phap thong thng .

-Gv gii thieu cach goi ten cac anken theo danh phap thay the .

- HS goi ten

- GV a ra mot so CTCT cua anken . -Hs van dung goi ten mot so anken .

Hoc sinh hoat ong nhom Hs nghien cu va rut ra nhan xet .

Hoat ong 4 : Gv cho Hs xem mo hnh phan t etilen

3.Danh phap : a) Ten thong thng : Ten ankan an + ilen V du : CH2=CH-CH3 CH2=CCH3 Propilen CH3 CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 b) Ten IUPAC : a. Quy tac : - Chon mach chnh la mach C dai nhat co cha lk oi - anh so C mach chnh t pha gan lk oi hn . So ch nhanh ten nhanh ten C mach chnh so ch lk oi en b. V du : CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 Eten Propen CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 But 1 en CH3-CH=CH-CH3 But 2 en II. CAU TRUC : -Hai nguyen t C mang lk oi trang thai lai hoa sp2 . -Lk oi gom 1 lk va 1 lk

Hoat ong 6: Gv hng dan HS nghien cu sgk va tra

- Nghien cu va rut ra nhan xet .

li cac van e lien quan en tnh chat vat l : - Trang thai - Quy luat biet oi nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi , khoi lng rieng - Tnh tan

-Hai nhom nguyen t lk vi nhau bi lk oi C=C khong quay t do quanh truc lien ket . -Phan t etilen , 2 nguyen t C va 4 nguyen t H eu nam tren mot mat phang . goc 120 III. TNH CHAT VAT LY 1.Nhiet o soi , nhiet o nong chay va khoi lng rieng : - Nhiet o soi , nhiet o nong chay va khoi lng rieng cua anken khong khac nhieu so vi ankan tng ng va thng nho hn so vi xicloankan . -T C2 C4 : Chat kh -Nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi tang theo M. -Cac anken nhe hn nc . - Anken co ten lch s la olefin -hau nh khong tan trong nc -La nhng chat khong mau .

3. Cung co : Cau tao , ong phan va cach goi ten cua anken co g khac so vi ankan ? 4. Bai tap ve nha : 1,2 /134 sgk .

Bai 29 :

ANKEN
( tt )

I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet trc *. Trong tam : - Tnh chat hoa hoc cua anken - S giong va khac nhau trong tnh chat hoa hoc gia anken va ankan . II. PHNG PHAP : Hoat ong nhom am thoai neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : Dung cu va hoa chat ( tiet trc ) IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Viet tat ca ong phan anken ng vi CTPT C5H10 , C6H12 , goi ten ? 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : Vao bai Anken co nhng tnh chat hoa hoc g giong va khac ankan ? Hoat ong 2 : D oan tnh chat hoa hoc cua anken ? lien ket noi oi cua anken kem ben vng nen trong phan ng de b t ra e tao thanh lien ket vi cac nguyen t khac . Hoat ong 3 : Gv neu van e : phan ng cong vao anken noi rieng va hirocacbon khong no noi chung c xet Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung

-Hs da vao cau truc , ac iem cau tao phan t anken , d oan trung tam phan ng -lien ket oi la trung tam phan ng .

IV. TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1. Phan ng cong

Viet phng trnh phan ng ( a biet lp 9 ) T o viet ptp tong quat . - Hs chia 3 tac nhan

a)Cong hiro : ( Phan ng hiro hoa ) to CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3CH3

vi 3 tac nhan H2 Br2 HX - GV gii thieu c che cong , ieu kien phan ng va goi ten san pham Hoat ong 4 : -Gv lam th nghiem : C2H4 + Br2 -Phan ng co xay ra khong ? hien tng g ? viet ptp ?

lam 2 nhom : *Tac nhan oi xng *Tac nhan bat oi xng -Hs len bang viet cac phng trnh phan ng dang tong quat . HS quan sat th nghiem , neu hien tng Viet PTP .

Ni ,t CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2

b) cong halogen : ( Phan ng halogen hoa ) a) thc nghiem : sgk b) Giai thch :

CH2=CH2 + Cl2 ClCH2 CH2Cl CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 + Br2 CH3 CH CH CH2CH3 Br Br

- Gv gi y e HS viet ptp anken vi hiro halogenua , H2SO4 . * C che phan ng cong axit vao anken : S o chung : C=C + H A - C C H A Phan ng xay ra qua 2 giai oan lien tiep : * Phan t H A b phan cat d li : H+ tng tac vi lk tao thanh cacbocatoin con A- tach ra * Cacbocation la tieu phan trung gian khong ben , ket hp ngay vi A- tao san pham . Chu y : -HCl phan cat d li -Cacbocation la tieu phan trung gian khong ben . -Phan mang ien tch dng tan cong trc . Gv gii thieu quy tac maccopnhicop Hoat ong 5 : -Gv at van e : anken co kha nang tham gia

- Hs viet phng trnh phan ng -Da vao sgk neu san pham chnh . -Hs viet ptp cong nc vao anken . Hs nhan xet va rut ra hng cua phan ng cong - Hs neu quy tac maccopnhicop - Van dung viet phng trnh phan ng do gv a ra

-Anken lam mat mau cua dung dch brom Phan ng nay dung e nhan biet anken . 3. Phan ng cong nc va axit a) cong axit : halogenua (HCl , HBr , HI ) , H2SO4 CH2=CH2 + HClk CH3CH2Cl CH2=CH2 + H-OSO3H CH3CH2OSO3H b) cong nc : to CH2=CH2 + H-OH HCH2 CH2OH c)Hng cua phan ng cong axit vao anken : HCH2-CHClCH3 CH2=CH-CH3 sp chnh ClCH2-CHHCH3 Sp phu * Quy tac Maccopnhicop : Trong phan ng cong HX ( axit hoac nc ) vao lk C=C cua anken , H ( phan mang ien tch dng ) cong vao C mang nhieu H hn , Con X- ( hay phan mang ien tch am ) cong vao C mang t H hn .

phan ng cong hp lien tiep nhau tao thanh nhng phan t mach rat dai va co phan t khoi ln . - GV viet s o va phng trnh phan ng trung hp etilen - Hng dan Hs rut ra khai niem .

-Hs nhan xet , viet s o va phng trnh phan ng trung hp cac anken khac . -Hs rut ra cac khai niem : phan ng trung hp , polime , monome , he so trung hp .

-Gv lam th ngiem , viet phng trnh phan ng , neu y nghia cua phan ng Lu y : nen dung KMnO4 loang - Gv viet PTP , hng dan can bang theo phng phap thang bang electron . Hoat ong 6 : -Gv gii thieu mot so phng phap ieu che anken . - GV bo xung s kch thch qua mau chn .

-Hs viet phng trnh chay -Nhan xet t le so mol H2O va so mol cua CO2 nCO2 = nH2O

4. Phan ng trung hp : peoxit ,100 300o C nCH2=CH2 100 atm [- CH2 CH2 ]n -Phan ng trung hp la qua trnh cong hp lien tiep nhieu phan t nho giong nhau hoac tng t nhau tao thanh phan t ln goi la polime . -Chat au goi la monome -So lng mac xch trong mot phan t polime goi la he so trung hp , k hieu n

-Hs quan sat hien tng 5. Phan ng oxi hoa va nhan xet . : a) Oxi hoa hoan toan : 3n to CnH2n + O2 nCO2+ 2
nH2O

- Hs tm hieu cac ng dung cua anken .

b) Oxi hoa khong hoan toan : Anken lam mat mau dd KMnO4 Dung e nhan biet anken 3CH2= CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3CH2 CH2+ 2MnO2 +2 KOH

V. IEU CHE VA NG DUNG : 1. ieu che : H 2 SO4 ,170o C CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O to C4H10 C2H4 + C2H6 2.ng dung : a) tong hp Polime : PVC , PVA , PE ... b) Tong hp cac hoa chat khac : etanol , etilen oxit , etilen glicol , anehit axetic ...

Bai 30 :

ANKAIEN

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Cho hoc sinh biet - Khai niem ve ankaien : CT chung , phan loai , 8ong ang , ong phan danh phap . - ac iem cau truc cua he lien ket oi lien hp - Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua butaien va isopren Cho hoc sinh hieu : - V sao phan ng cua ankaien xay ra theo nhieu hng hn so voi anken . - thanh phan cua cao su . 2. Ky nang : Viet phan ng cong , phan ng trung hp cua butaien va isopren 3. Trong tam : Tnh chat va ng dung cua butaien II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai gi m neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : Mo hnh phan t but 1,3 ien , t lieu ve cao su . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Hoan thang chuoi phan ng : C4H10 C2H6 C2H4 C2H5OH C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H4Cl2 * Lam bai tap soo/126 sgk 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 :Vao bai - Hc khong no : cha 1 , 2 lien ket oi hoac lien ket ba - Ankaien la mot trong nhng HC khong no Hoat ong 2 : - Gv lay v du mot so ankaien - Gv hng dan HS viet mot so Ct ankaien . -Yeu cau Hs viet ong phan cua C5H8 ( ankaien ) * Lu y :trong cac loai tren th ankaien lien hp co nhieu ng dung trong k thuat . Hoat ong 3 : -D oan tnh chat hoa hoc cua ien ? - Gv cho biet t le % san pham cong 1,2 Hoat ong cua tro Noi dung I . NH NGHA , PHAN LOAI : 1. nh ngha : -Ankaien ( iolefin ) la nhng hirocacbon mach h co 2 lien ket oi trong phan t . - ien mach h co CT chung la CnH2n-2 ( n 3 ) 2. Phan loai : - v du : CH2=C=CH2 ( anlen ) CH2=CH-CH=CH2 CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2 -ien ma 2 lk oi cach nhau mot lien ket n goi la ien lien hp . II. TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1. Phan ng cong : a) Cong hiro : CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2 Ni ,t o CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2=C-CH=CH2 + 2H2

- Hs khai quat , a ra CT chung . ieu kien cua ch so n ? - Hs viet CTCT , t o rut ra : *Khai niem hp chat ien *Ct tong quat cua ien - Can c vao v tr gia 2 lien ket oi , phan loai ankaien .

- D oan tnh chat cua ankaien . - Tren c s phan tch cau tao phan t buta

va 1,4 . - Do ankaien co nhieu hn anken mot lien ket oi nen t le cong gia ankaien va tac nhan co the la 1,2 hoac 1,4 . - Gv lu y Hs viet san pham chnh theo quy tac Maccopnhicop .

1,3 ien va isopren -Hs viet cac phng trnh phan ng cua chung vi : H2 , X2 , HX .

Hoat ong 4 : -Gv hng dan Hs viet pt phan ng trung hp - Phan ng trung hp cua anken va ankaien co iem g giong va khac nhau ? Chu y : Phan ng trung hp chu yeu theo kieu cong 1,4 tao ra polime con mot noi oi trong phan t .

ankaien cung lam mat mau dd KMnO4

Hoat ong 5 : -Gv neu phng phap ieu che buta 1,3 ien va isopren trong cong nghiep

CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3 b) Cong halogen CH2Br-CHBr-CH=CH2 - Hs t viet phng trnh CH =CH-CH=CH + Br2 2 2 phan ng cong BrCH2-CH=CHhalogen va goi ten san CH Br 2 pham . - nhiet o thap u tien tao thanh -Hs rut ra nhan xet : san pham 1,2 *Buta 1,3 ien va nhiet o cao tao isopren co kha nang thanh san pham tham gia phan ng cong 1,4 . cong c) Cong hiro * nhiet o thap u halogenua : tien tao thanh san -Cong 1,2 : pham cong 1,2 , CH2=CH CH = CH2 + HBr nhiet o cao u tien CH2 = CH CHBr CH3 tao thanh san pham - Cong 1,4 : cong 1,4 . CH2=CH CH = CH2 + HBr *Phan ng cong HX CH3 - CH = CH CH2Br theo quy tac 2) Phan ng trung Maccopnhiop . hp : -Hs nhac lai khai niem Tham gia phan ng trung hp chu yeu phan ng trung hp , ieu kien e co phan theo kieu cong 1,4 : n CH2=CH-CH=CH2 ng trung hp . xt ,t o , p - V p trung hp cung [-CH2 CH = CH CH2 - ] la phan ng cong Polibutaien ( cao su nen cung co kieu 1,2 buna ) va 1,4 . xt ,t o , p CH2=C-CH=CH2 CH3 -tng t HS viet ptp [-CH2 C = CH CH2 vi isopren . -] CH3 Poliisopren - Hs t viet ptp chay . 3. Phan ng oxi hoa : a) phan ng chay : to 2C4H6 + 11O2 8CO2 + 6H2O b) Phan ng oxihoa khong hoan toan : ankaien cung lam mat mau dd KMnO4 .
Ni ,t o

- Hs viet phng trnh phan ng .

III . ieu che , ng : 1.ieu che : - Tach t cac ankan

-viet them : 2C2H5OH C4H6 + H2 + H2O -Hs tm hieu sgk rut ra nhan xet ve ng dung quan trong cua buta 1,3 ien va isopren .

tng ng CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH2=CHCH=CH2 CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 CH2=C-CH=CH2 CH3 2. ng dung : sgk

Bai 31 :

ANKIN

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Hs biet : -Khai niem ong ang , ong phan , danh phap va cau truc phan t cua ankin -Phng phap ieu che va ng dung cua axetilen Hs hieu : S giong nhau va khac nhau ve tnh chat hoa hoc gia ankin va anken . 2. Ky nang : -Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa tnh chat cua ankin -Giai tch hien hng th nghiem . 3. Trong tam : ong ang , ong phan , danh phap va cau truc phan t ankin . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai hoat ong nhom III. CHUAN B : -Tranh ve hoac mo hnh rong , mo hnh ac cua phan t axetilen . -Dung cu : Ong nghiem , nut cao su kem ong dan kh , cap ong nghiem , en con , bo gia ong nghiem . -Hoa chat : CaC2 , dd KmnO4 , dd Br2 IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Neu khai niem , viet mot so CTCT cua tecpen . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai - Viet tat ca ong phan cua C3H4 ? Ngoai ankaien con co ong phan cha mot lien ket ba trong phan t . Hoat ong 2 : -Gv cho biet mot so ankin tieu bieu : C2H2 , C3H4 -Gv trnh bay CTCT , Noi dung I. ONG ANG , ONG PHAN , DANH H C C H PHAP : 1.ong ang -Ankin la nhng hirocacbon mach h co mot lien ket ba trong phan t . -Day ong ang cua - Hs lap thanh day ong ang cua ankin . axetilen co cong thc chung la CnH2n-2 -Hs rut ra nhan xet ( n2 ) V du : Hoat ong cua tro

mo hnh phan t cua ankin

- Hs viet cac ong phan va phan loai cac ong phan va viet c .

- Viet cac ong phan cua ankin ng vi CTPT C5H8 ? -Hs rut ra quy tac goi ten : tng t goi ten anken , thay uoi en thanh uoi in . - Ten thong thng : Goc ankyl + axetilen - HS viet CTCT mot so v du do GV a ra .

HC CH , CH3-C CH 2. ong phan : -T C4 tr i co ong phan v tr nhom chc , t C5 tr i co them ong phan mach cacbon . CH C CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 C C CH2 CH3 CH C CH CH3 CH3

Hoat ong 3 : - Gv hng dan Hs goi ten theo danh phap IUPAC va danh phap thong thng . - Gv cho mot so ten goi e hoc sinh viet CTCT . - Cac ankin co lk ba au mach goi la cac ank 1 in . Hoat ong 4 : -Gv hng dan HS nghien cu SGK va tra li cac van e co lien quan en tnh chat vat l : Trang thai , quy luat bien oi nhiet o nong chay , nhiet o soi , khoi lng rieng , tnh tan Hoat ong 5 : - GV lam th nghiem ieu che C2H2 roi cho

- Hs quan sat hien tng va nhan xet : mau cua dd Br2 , dd KMnO4 sau phan ng - Hs viet ptp : * Axetilen + H2 * Axetilen + Br2 * Axetilen + HCl * Axetilen + H2O * Propin + H2O

2. Danh phap : a.Ten thong thng : R C C R Ten goc R , R + Axetilen V du : CH3- C CH : metyl axetilen b. Ten IUPAC : So ch nhanh ten nhanh ten mach chnh so ch lien ket ba in V du : CH3- C C CH3 : but 1 in II. TNH CHAT VAT L : SGK III. TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1.Phan ng cong : a) cong hiro: Ni ,t o HC CH + 2H2 CH3CH3 Pd / PbCO3 HC CH +H2 = CH2 b) Cong brom : C2 H 5 C
+ Br2 20o

qua dd Br2 , dd KMnO4 .

CH2

- Gv hng dan hs viet nhng ptp kho

C C2H5

C2H5 C=C C2H5


Br2 C2H5 C C C2H5

- Gv lu y Hs phan ng cong HX , H2O

- Hs viet phng trnh

c) Cong nc ( hirat

vao ankin cung tuan phan ng . theo quy tac Maccopnhicop .

hoa ) HC

CH + H OH

[CH2=CH
HgSO4 , H 2 SO4 80o

OH ]

-T ac iem cau tao phan t ankin , Gv hng dan HS viet ptp

- Hs viet phng trnh phan ng .

Hoat ong 6 : -Gv phan tch v tr nguyen t hiro lien ket ba cua ankin -lam th nghiem C2H2 + AgNO3 /NH3 Phan ng nay dung e nhan biet cac ankin co lk au mach . -Viet ptp chay cua C2H 2 Cho Hs viet ptp tong quat .

-Hs viet ptp chay cua ankin bang CTTQ -Nhan xet t le so mol cua CO2 va H2O . -Tren c s hien tng quan sat c th nghiem tren Hs khang nh ankin co phan ng oxi hoa vi KMnO4 . - Viet ptp ieu che C2H2

CH3 CH = O - Phan ng cong HX , H2O vao cac ankin trong day ong ang cua axetilen cung tuan theo quy tac Maccopnhicop . d) Cong HX : CH CH + HCl to ,H + CH2 = CHBr CH2 = CHCl to ,H + CH3 CHCl2 Nhng : CH CH + HCl
HgCl2 CH2 = CHCl 150o 200o C 2. Phan ng the ngt H cua ank 1 in bang ion kim loai AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O [Ag(NH3)2]+OH- + NH4NO3

HC CH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH Ag C C Ag + 2H2O +
4NH3

- Tm hieu ng dung Hoat ong 7 : cua C2H2 trong sgk . Gv yeu cau Hs viet cac ptp ieu che C2H2 t CaCO3 va C - Gv neu phng phap chnh ieu che axetilen trong CN hien nay la nhiet phan CH4 1500C

-Gv cho hoc sinh xem mot so hnh anh ve ng dung cua axetilen .

Phan ng nay dung e nhan biet cac ankin co lk ba au day . 3. Phan ng oxi hoa : 3n 1 CnH2n-2 + O2 2 nCO2 + (n-1) H2O H<0 -Ankin cung lam mat mau dd KMnO4 III. IEU CHE VA NG DUNG : 1. ieu che : -Nhiet phan CH4 : 1500o 2CH4 CH CH + 3H2 -T canxicacbua :
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 +

C2H2

2.ng dung :

- Lam nhien lieu : 5 C2H2 + O2 2CO2 + H2O 2 H = -1300KJ -Lam nguyen lieu e tong hp mot so hp chat hu c .

Bai 43 :

ANKEN , ANKAIEN VA ANKIN

LUYEN TAP

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : Hs biet : -S giong nhau va khac nhau ve tnh chat gia anken , ankin va ankaien -Nguyen tac chung ieu che cac hirocacbon khong no dung trong cong nghiep hoa chat Hs hieu : Moi lien quan gia cau tao va tnh chat cac loai hirocacbon a hoc . 2. Ky nang : Viet phng trnh phan ng minh hoa tnh chat anken , ankaien va ankin So sanh 3 loai hirocacbon trong chng vi nhau va vi hirocacbon a hoc . 3. Trong tam : Viet phng trnh phan ng , giai cac bai tap co lien quan . II. PHNG PHAP : am thoai Hoat ong nhom III. CHUAN B : Gv chuan b bang kien thc can nh IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Ket hp trong qua trnh luyen tap . 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong 1 : - Viet Ct tong quat cua ankin , ankaien , anken ? I. NHNG KIEN THC CAN NH : 1.Cau truc : R1 R3 C=C R1 C C R2 R2 R4 R1 R3 C=C R5 R2 C=C R4 R6+ 2. Tnh chat vat l :

- Neu nhng tnh chat vat l c

ban cua anken , ankaien , ankin ?

-Neu nhng tnh chat hoa hoc c ban cua anken , but 1,3 ien , ankin ? -Viet cac phng trnh phan ng minh hoa ? -Neu nhng ng dung c ban cua 3 loai tnh chat tren Hoat ong 2 : Bai 1 : ien cac so thch hp vao bang sau

-C1 C4 : the kh -C5 : the long hoac ran . -Khong tan trong nc , nhe hn nc . 3. Tnh chat hoa hoc : * Cong hiro * Cong halogen * Cong HA * Trung hp * Oxi hoa 4. ieu che va ng dung . II. BAI TAP : Bai 1 :
Hirocacbon CTPT So ngt H t hn anka n So lk So vo ng T so +V

Ankan Monoxicloank an Anken Ankaien Ankin Oximen Limonen

CnH2n+
2

0 2 2 4 4 6 6

0 0 1 2 2 3 2

0 1 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 1 2 2 3 3

CnH2n CnH2n CnH2n-2 CnH2n-2 C10H16 C10H16

Bai 2 : a) mentol ( mui bac ha ) co CTPT C10H18O , ch cha mot lien ket oi . Hoi co cau tao mach h hay mach vong ? b) vitamin A co CTPT C20H30O co cha mot vong 6 canh , khong cha lien ket ba . Hoi trong phan t co may lien ket oi ? Bai 5 : Hoan thanh s o phan ng sau :

Bai 2 : a) mentol co CTPT C10H18O 2.20 + 2 18 Co +v = =2 => +v = 2 , 2 =1 , v=1 b) CTPT cua vitamin A la C20H30O 2.20 + 2 30 co +v= = 6 => +v = 6 2 v=1 => = 5 Bai 5 :
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH= CH CH3 +H2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2= CH CH2 CH3 +H2 CH3 CH= CH CH3 CH3 C C CH3 +H2 CH3 CH= CH CH3 CH2= CH CH= CH +H2 CH2= CH CH2 CH3 CH C CH2 CH3 +H2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH= C= CH2 +H2 CH3 C

C CH3 + Br2 CH3 CBr = CBR CH3


CH2 CH CH = Br Br CH2 CH = CH Br

CH2 CH2=CH CH = CH2 + Br2 CH2 Br

Bai 6 : Khi ot chay hoan toan mot HC the kh ( k thng ) th thay the tch cac kh tao thanh sau phan ng ung bang the tch` cac kh tham gia phan ng ( cung t va p ). Hay cho biet HC co the nhan nhng CTPT nh the nao ? Bai 7 : Hon hp gom 2 chat ke tiep nhau trong day ong ang cua etilen . Cho 3,36 lit ( kc ) hon hp khi81 tren phan ng hoan toan vi Br2 trong CCl4 th thay khoi lng bnh cha nc Br2 tang them 7,7gam . a)Xac nh CTPT cua 2 anken o ? b)Xac nh %V cua hon hp au ? c)Viet CTCT cua cac anken ong phan co cung CTPT vi 2 anken o ?

CH

NH4NO3

C CH2 CH3 + AgNO3 + NH3 AgC C CH2 CH3 +

Bai 6 : y y )O2 xCO2 + H2O 4 2 y y 1+x+ = x + => y = 4 4 2 Vay hirocacbon the kh co the la : CH4 , C2H4 , C3H4 , C4H4 CxHy +(x + Bai 7 : 3,36 = 0,15 mol 22, 4 Goi CTTQ chung cua 2 anken la CnH2n a) CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2 0,15 0,15 Khoi lng bnh Br2 tang len chnh la khoi lng cua 2 anken . 7, 7 MA = = 51,3 n=3,66 0,15 V 2 olefin ke tiep nhau nen co CTPT la C3H6 va C4H8 b)Goi so mol cua C3H6 , C4H8 lan lt la a, b mol ta co he : a + b = 0,15 a = 0,05 42a + 56b = 7,7 b= 0,1 %VC3H6= 33,33% , %VC4H8 = 66,67% b) Cac CTCT co the co So mol cua hon hp A =

Bai 8 : Nhiet phan 2,8 lit etan ( kc ) 1200C roi cho mot na hon hp kh thu c suc qua bnh ng nc Br2 d thay kl bnh nay tang 1,465 gam. Cho na kh con lai phan ng vi dd AgNO3 trong NH3 th thu c 0,6 gam ket tua vang . Biet rang phan ng nhiet phan tao ra etilen , axetilen la phan ng khong hoan hoan , cac phan ng tiep sau o la hoan toan . Xac nh %v hon hp cac kh thu c sau phan ng

Bai 8 : So mol cua C2H6 = 0,125 mol Nhiet phan C2H6 ta co : C2H6 C2H4 + H2 , C2H6 C2H2 + 2H2 va C2H6 d x x y 2y C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H2 + 2Br C2H2Br4 x x y 2y C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 AgC CAg + 2NH4No3 y y 2.0, 6 y= = 0,005 mat khac 28x + 26y = 240 1,465.2 = 2,93 x = 0,1 mol ? nH2 = x + 2y = 0,11 nC2H6 d = 0,02 mol tong so mol hon hp kh thu c : 0,235 mol

=> %V cac kh .

BENZEN VA ANKYLBENZEN
Bai 44 :
I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet - Cau truc electron cua benzen . - ong ang , ong phan va danh phap cua ankyl benzen . - Tnh chat vat ly tnh chat hoa hoc cua benzen va ankylbenzen . HS hieu : - S lien quan gia cau truc phan t va tnh chat hoa hoc cua benzen . 2. Ky nang : HS van dung : - Qui tac the nhan benzen e viet phng trnh phan ng ieu che cac dan xuat cua benzen va ankyl benzen . 3. Trong tam : - S lien quan gia cau truc phan t va tnh chat hoa hoc cua benzen - ong ang , ong phan va danh phap cua ankyl benzen . - Van dung qui tac the nhan benzen e tong hp cac dan xuat cua benzen . II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan am thoai neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B :

GV mo hnh phan t benzen . HS : On lai tnh chat cua hirocacbon no , hirocacbon khong no . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : khong co 2. Bai mi : Bang 8.1 nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi va khoi lng rieng cua mot soa akylbenzen . Aren Benzen Toluen Etylbenzen o-Xilen m-Xilen p-Xilen nPropylbenzen Isopropylbenz en (Cumen) Cong thc cau tao C 6H 6 CH3C6H5 CH3CH2C6H5 1,2-(CH3)2C6H4 1,3-(CH3)2C6H4 1,4-(CH3)2C6H4 CH3CH2CH2C6H5 (CH3)2CHC6H5 Cong thc phan t C 6H 6 C 7H 8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C9H12 C9H12 tnc , o C 5,5 -95,0 -95,0 -25,2 -47,9 13,2 -99,5 -96,0 ts , o C 80 111 136 144 139 138 159 152 D, g/cm3 (20oC) 0,879 0,867 0,867 0,880 0,864 0,861 0,862 0,862

Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : vao bai Aren la g ? co nhng tnh chat g ? trong i song thng gap au ? Hoat ong 2 : - Cho HS quan sat s o nhan xet ve lien ket va cau truc phan t C6H6 ? Do 6 obitan p con lai cua 6 nguyen t C xen vi nhau tao thanh lien ket chung cho ca vong do o lk benzen tng oi ben vng hn so vi lk cac hirocacbon khong no khac .

Hoat ong cua tro

Noi dung

I CAU TRUC , ONG ANG , ONG PHAN VA DANH PHAP : - HS quan sat mo 1 - Cau truc cua phan t hnh va rut ra benzen : a/ S hnh thanh lien ket nhan xet : - Trang thai lai trong phan t benzen : hoa cua C - Xen phu ben cua cac obitan p tao lien ket . Mat phang phan t . - Nguyen t C trang thai lai - Cat truc phan hoa sp2 . t . - Cac obital p cua C xen phu HS hoat ong theo nhom ben tao thanh obital chung cho ca vong ben zen . - Lien ket benzen tng oi ben vng . -Hs quan sat mo b/ Mo hnh phan t : hnh ac va mo hnh rong cua

benzen .

GV hng dan hai kieu CTCT cua benzen

Hoat ong 3 : VD : C6H5CH3 C6H5CH2CH3 C6H5CH2CH2CH3

- HS tm hieu CTCT thu gon cua 1 so ong ang cua benzen :nhan xet : Toluen :Etylbenzen Propylbenzen .
CH3 1 2(o) 3(m) 4(p)

- Phan t benzen co hnh luc giac eu . - Cac nguyen t nam trong mot mat phang cac goc hoa tr eu bang 120 0 . c/ Bieu dien cau tao cua benzen :

GV: hng dan hai cach oc ten cua ankyl benzen

(o)6 (m)5

metylbenzen (toluen) HS goi ten theo Nhom C6H5CH2- la hai cach cac vd nhom benzyl , nhom C6H5 goi la nhom phenyl

2- ong ang ,ong phan va danh phap : a/ ong ang : -Khi thay cac nguyen t hiro trong phan t benzen bang cac nhom ankyl , ta c nhom ankylbenzen , hp thanh mot day ong ang cua benzen - CnH2n-6 (n 6) b/ ong phan va danh phap : - Ankylbenzen co ong phan mach cacbon va ong phan v tr nhom the tren vong benzen . - Goi ten : ch ro v tr cac nguyen t C cua vong bang cac ch cai o, m, p ( ortho , meta, para ) .
CH2CH3

CH3 CH3

Hoat ong 4 :

HS nghien cu Cho HS nghien bang 8.1 nhan cu bang 8.1 xet : nhan xet ?

etylbenzen

1,2-imetylbenzen 0- imetylbenzen (0 xilen )


CH3

3.Cung co : Nhan xet cau truc cua benzen giong va khac g so vi cac hirocacbon khong no khac ? 4. Bai tap ve nha : 1-5 / 193 sgk

Bai 44 :

BENZEN VA ANKYLBENZEN
( tt )

I. MUC TIEU : a trnh bay tiet 59 II. PHNG PHAP : Trc quan , neu va giai quyet van e III. CHUAN B : Hoa chat va dung cu IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : Lam bai tap 4 ,5 sgk 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua thay Hoat ong 1 : - Phan tch ac iem cau tao cua benzen t o d oan tnh chat cua benzen ? - Gv thong bao : Cac aren co hai trung tam phan ng la nhan va mach nhanh . - GV hng dan Hoat ong cua tro - Mach vong , tao he lien ket lien hp v vay nhan benzen kha ben . Noi dung III - TNH CHAT HOA HOC : 1 Phan ng the : a/ Phan ng halogen hoa : - Khi co bot sat benzen tac dung vi brom khan .
H
Br

- HS viet phng trnh phan ng the cua benzen, toluen vi Br 2 ; HNO3 - HS suy luan kha GV bo sung : nang tham gia * Trang thai : brom phan ng cua khan , HNO3 boc aren khoi , H 2SO4 am ac un nong . * ieu kien phan ng : Bot sat , chieu sang . - Hs viet ptp .

+ Br2 HBr

Fe

brombenzen Toluen phan ng nhanh hn : Neu chieu sang th brom the cho H nhanh
CH2 -H

CH2 -Br

+ Br2 bromua

as

+ HBr Benzyl

b/ Phan ng nitrohoa : -Benzen tac dung vi hon hp HNO3 + H2SO4 am ac tao thanh nitrobenzen :
H
NO2

- Anh hng cua nhom the cua nhan thm ti mc o phan

+ +H2O

O-NO2

H2SO4 nitrob

enzen -Nitrobenzen tac dung vi

ng va hng phan ng ?

hon hp H2SO42 va HNO3 boc khoi, un nong


NO2 NO -Toluen phan ng NO2 -H2O nitro hoa de dang mhn benzen va tao initrobenzen thanh san pham - Toluen phan ng de hn : the vao v tr ortho va para . HNO3,H2SO4 CH3
2

NO2

+HO

H2SO4,t0

-H2O

NO2

Hoat ong 2 : GV dung s o mo ta qui luat the nhan benzen HS viet c che cho phan ng the cua benzen vi Br 2 xuc tac la Fe :

+ 0 nitrotoluen nitrotoluen

CH3

CH3

NO2

p-

Hoat ong 3 : GV trnh bay c che the vong benzen Benzen va ankyl benzen khong lam mat mau dung dch brom .

+3H2

t0,a/s

c/ Qui tac the vong benzen : Khi vong benzen aco san : - Nhom ankyl hay (-OH ,-NH2 , -OCH3 . ..) phan ng the vao vong de dang va u tien xay ra v tr ortho vapara. - Nhom NO2 , -COOH , -SO 3H . . .,phan ng the vao vong kho hn va u tien v tr meta . d/ C che phan ng the vong benzen Cac tieu phan mang ien tch dng la tac nhan tan cong trc tiep vao vong benzen : V Du : O2N H + H+ O 2N O H

HS quan sat , H nhanxet : Hoat ong 4 : O2N O H O =N=O + H-O-H * Th nghiem : cho Benzen khong lam H mau dung H NO benzen vao dung mat O + dch KMnO . 4 dch brom . N + O + + H+
2

NO2

* Bo sung : Khi co nhiet o , xuc tac ,xay ra phan ng cong vi H 2 :

2 Phan ng cong : Benzen va ankylbenzen khong lam mat mau dung dch brom . Khi chieu sang ,

Hoat ong 5 : Th nghiem : Cho benzen vao dung dch KMnO4 , HS quan sat , nhan xet :

benzen cong vi clo thanh HS viet phng C6H6Cl6 . trnh chay C6H6 + Cl2 C6H6Cl6 cuabenzen va - Khi un nong , co Ni hoac ankylbenzen . Pt lam xuc tac:
Ni ,t 0

C6H6 +3H2 C6H12 . -Da vao s Gv : nhan manh hng dan cua cac ankyl benzen Gv , HS len bang khi t0 vi d 2 KMnO4 viet ptp . 3 Phan ng oxihoa : th ch co nhom - Benzen khong tac dung vi ankyl b oxihoa KMnO4 - Viet phng trnh - Cac ankylbenzen khi un theo s o SGK . nong vi dung dch KMnO 4 th GV bo sung : Cac nhom ankyl b oxihoa . aren khi chay trong khong kh thng V Du : KMnO4 , H 2O tao ra nhieu muoi C6H5-CC6H5CH3 80 100o C than . HCl OK C6H5-C-OH - neu nhan xet Kalibenzoat O ve tnh chat hoa Axitbenzoic hoc - Cac aren chay trong khong kh thng tao ra nhieu muoi than . khi aren chay hoan toan th tao ra CO 2 ,H2O va toa nhieu nhiet . Hoat ong 6 : 15 Neu hai phng C6 H6 + O2 6CO2 + 3 H2O phap ieu che 2 aren : H= - Chng cat nha - Viet ptp -3273 kJ than a hoac dau ieu che Nhan xet : mo . benzen va Ben zen tng oi de tham - ieu che t cac gia phan ng the , kho ankan hoac ankylbenzen . tham gia phan ng cong va xicloankan . ben vng vi cac chat oxihoa , o goi la tnh thm . IV IEU CHE VA NG - Tm hieu ng DUNG : dung trong sgk . 1 ieu che : - Dung s o tom - Benzen , toluen , xilen . . . tat gii thieu thng tach c bang mot so ng dung cach chng cat nha than cua benzen va a hoac dau mo . aren : - T ankan hoac xicloankan . V Du : xt ,t o C 6H 6 + CH3[CH2]4CH3 4 H 2 4H2 CH3[CH2]5CH3
xt ,t C6H5CH3 + 4 H 2
o

4H2 C6H6+CH2 C6H5CH2CH3

xt ,t CH2

2 ng dung : sgk 3. Cung co : Bai 2,3,5 / 193 sgk 4. Bai tap ve nha : Cac bai tap con lai trong sgk .

Bai45 :STIREN

VA NAPHTALEN

I. MUC TIEU : 1. Kien thc : HS biet : - Cau tao ,tnh chat , ng dung cua stiren va naphtalen HS hieu - Cach xac nh CTCT hp chat hu c bang phng phap hoa hoc . 2. Ky nang : - Van dung viet mot so phng trnh phan ng chng minh tnh chat hoa hoc cua stiren va naphtalen . 3. Trong tam : - Biet cau tao tnh chat , ng dung cua stiren va naphtalen . - Hieu cach xac nh cau tao hp chat hu c bang phng phap hoa hoc II. PHNG PHAP : Dien giang am thoai III. CHUAN B : - Dung cu : Coc thuy tinh 200ml ,ong nghiem ,en con . - Hoa chat :Naphtalen (bang phien) , HNO3 ac . IV. THIET KE CAC HOAT ONG : 1. Kiem tra : * Bai 8/194 * bai 7/193 2. Bai mi : Hoat ong cua Hoat ong cua tro thay -Neu tnh chat -Da vao sgk neu - Viet CTCT ? tnh chat vat l cua stiren . - HS viet CTCT : C 8H8 - T ac iem CH=CH2 cau tao d oan tnh chat hoa hoc Stiren (vinylbenzen cua stiren ? phenyletilen ) GV thong bao : Stiren co phan Noi dung I STIREN : 1 . Cau tao : - La mot chat long khong mau , nhe hn nc, khong tan trongnc . - t0nc :-310C .t0s: 1450C . - CTCT :
CH=CH2

ng cong vao noi oi , phan ng the vao vong benzen : Hoat ong 2 : Gv mo ta th nghiem : Cho stiren vao d 2 nc Br2 giai thch viet phng trnh ?

- Co tnh chat giong aren . Co tnh chat giong anken

- Dung dch nc Br 2 b mat mau : Hoat ong 3 : - Gi y e HS viet phng trnh trung hp va ong trung hp ?

Hoat ong 4 : - Tng t nh etilen HS viet s o phan ng oxihoa cua stiren vi KMnO4 ?

2 Tnh chat hoa hoc : a. Phan ng cong : - Viet phng trnh . C6H5-CH=CH2 +Br2 C6H5-CH Phan ng cong HX theo qui tac Mac- CH2 | cop-nhi cop . | Br Br HS nhan xet : - Phan ng trung C6H5-CH=CH2 + HCl C6H5 CHhp ch co 1 CH3 | monome . - Phan ng ong trung hp co t hai Cl loai monome tr len - Halogen ( Cl2, Br2) , hiro halogenuacong vao nhom . vinyl tng t nh cong vao anken . b/ Phan ng trung hp va ong trung hp : Phan ng ong trung hp : nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 +n CH=CH2 xt ,t o -CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH-CH2 C 6H 5 C6 H5 [- CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH-CH2-]n C 6H 5 Poli(butaien-stiren) c/ Phan ng oxihoa : - Stiren lam mat mau dung dch KMnO4 va b oxihoa nhom vinyl, con vong benzen van gi nguyen . 3. ng dung : e san xuat polime : - Polistiren la mot chat nhiet deo , trong suot ,dung che tao cac dung cu van phong ,o dung gia nh . . . - Poli(butaien-stiren ) hay cao su

- neu ng dung - Hs len bang cua stiren ? viet ptp : 3CH=CH2+2KMnO4+4 Cho HS quan sat H2O naptalen nhan xet C6 H5 CHOHve mui, mau ? CH2OH + 2MnO2 + GV bo sung tnh C6H5 thang hoa. - HS nghien cu SGK Hoat ong 5 : lien he thc te . - GV neu CTCT va cac k hieu tren CTCT naptalen .

HS da vao sgk neu tnh chat vat ly cua naptalen .

buna-S , co o ben c hoc cao hn cao su buna . Hoat ong 6 : - GV neu v tr u tien khi tham gia phan ng the cua naphtalen

- HS viet phng trnh

II NAPTALEN : 1 . Tnh chat vat ly va cau tao : - La chat ran mau trang , co mui ac trng (mui bang phien ) . - Thang hoa ngay nhiet o thng , t 0nc 800C , t0s 2180C , D = 1,025 g/cm 3 (250C) . - Khong tan trong nc , tan trong dung moi hu c . - CTPT : C10H8
8( ) 7( ) 6( ) 5( )
9

- GV gi y HS viet phan ng cong theo hai mc .

1( )
2( ) 3( ) 4( )

10

- Chu kien

2 . Tnh chat hoa hoc : a/ Phan ng the : - Naptalen tham gia cac phan - HS viet phng trnh ng the de hn so vi ben zen , san pham the vao v tr 1( ) : la san pham chnh . ieu
Br

+ +HBr

Br2

CH3COOH (dm)

NO 2

- Viet s o phan ng tng t SGK - Da vao sgk neu ng dung cua naptalen ?

+HNO3

H2SO4

+ cong hiro

H2O. b/ Phan ng ( hirohoa )


2H2 o Ni ,150 C

C10H8 Naphtalen C10H12,tetralin - HS neu ng dung cua naphtalen da vao sgk .


3H2 Ni ,200o C ,35 atm

C10H18 ecalin c/ Phan ng oxihoa : Khong b oxiho bi KMnO4 . Khi co xuc tac V2O5 nhiet cao no b oxihoa bi oxi khong kh tao thanh anhirit phtalic .

O C

O2 (kk) V2O5,350-4500C

C O

Anhi rit phtalic 3 .ng dung : - Dung e san xuat anhirit phtalic ,naphtol, naphtylamin .. . dung trong cong nghiep chat deo , dc pham pham nhuom - Tetralin va ecalin c dung lam dung moi . - Naphtalen con dung lam chat chong gian . 3. Cung co : Stiren giong va khac anken , benzen nh the nao ? 4. Bai tap ve nha : Lam tat ca bai tap trong sgk .

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