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I HC NNG
TRNG I HC S PHM
KHOA HO
******











BI GING MN:

HA K THUT

















TRN TH NGC BCH

2
Chng I: NGUYN TC CA NN SN XUT HA HC

M u: i tng ca ho hc cng nghip
Sn phm ca cng ngh ho hc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong s pht trin
ca mt quc gia. T nhng sn phm s dng trong sinh hot n cc sn phm cng
ngh cao u c sn xut t nhng nh my ho hc.
Qu trnh sn xut ho hc qui m cng nghip ph thuc rt nhiu yu t.
Ngoi vic nghin cu ng hc cc chuyn ho ho hc c bn chn la cu to thit
b, xc nh cc tnh cht nh bn ho, bn nhit, bn c hc ca thit b, n cn gip
la chn nguyn liu v t chc lc lng lao ng ph hp.
T chc mt qu trnh sn xut phi tnh n yu t kinh t, tnh kinh t ph thuc
- Cht lng v gi thnh ca nguyn liu,
- Nng lng tiu tn cho mt n v sn phm
- Trnh c kh ho, t ng ho qu trnh sn xut.
Mt cch tng qut nhim v ch yu ca cng nghip ho hc l:
- T nguyn liu u iu ch, tng hp thnh cc cht c gi tr khc nhau
- Nghin cu qu trnh sn xut hon chnh t hiu qu tt nht m khng gy
nhim mi trng. Khng ngng ci tin thit b p ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca
sn phm.
- Xc nh cc ch k thut tng nng sut, cht lng sn phm n nh.
- Xc nh hiu qu kinh t v gii quyt hng lot cc vn kinh t, k thut.
Nhng ch tiu quan trng c trng cho hiu qu kinh t ca mt qu trnh CN ho
hc:
- Tiu hao nguyn liu, nhin liu cho mt n v sn phm thp nht.
- Hiu sut v cht lng sn phm cao nht.
- Gi thnh h.
Phng hng hin nay ca ngnh ho hc th gii: gii quyt, p/ trin cc mi lin
quan:
- t ti a nng sut vi mt thit b sn xut.
- C kh ho cc qu trnh lao ng.
- T ng ho v iu khin t xa, thay cc qu trnh gin on thnh qu trnh lin tc
- S dng tng hp nguyn liu.
- Lin hip cc x nghip sn xut ho hc lin quan
p ng cc nhu cu t ra trn, thc t sn xut ho hc phi tun theo mt
s cc nguyn tc c bn sau

1.1. TNG TC PHN NG HA HC
Sn xut ha hc l lm bin i thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu to ra cc
sn phm nh cc phn ng ha hc. V vy, tc ca qu trnh sn xut ph thuc vo
tc ca cc phn ng ha hc. Tng tc ca cc phn ng ha hc tc ng
n gi thnh sn phm.
Gi s trong mt h xy ra phn ng ha hc gia hai cht A v B ta c phng trnh:
mA +nB =qD
Phng trnh tng qut biu th tc phn ng: v =

l s bin thin nng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng/n v thi gian.
- Vi phn ng mt chiu din ra trong h ng th:
dC
dt
3
V =k.
m
a
C .
n
b
C C
a
- Nng cht A
C
b
- Nng cht B
k - Hng s tc phn ng
m, n - H s t lng ca cc cht tng ng
- Vi phn ng thun nghch v din ra trong h ng th:
V =V
1
- V
2
=k
1
m
a
C .
n
b
C - k
2
q
d
C
- Nu phn ng ha hc xy ra trong h d th (gia kh - lng, kh - rn, lng - rn) th
ngoi yu t nng , tc phn ng cn ph thuc vo din tip xc ca cc pha.
V =k.AC.F A C - Cc yu t nng
F - Din tch tip xc
Ngoi cc yu t trn trong phng trnh tc cn c cc yu t khc nh chiu
chuyn ng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng trong thit b (ngc chiu, cng chiu...).
tng tc ca phn ng ta phi tng h s tc k. H s ny ph thuc vo
nhit v cht xc tc ca phn ng.
k =k
0
.e
-
RT
E
E - Nng lng hot ng ha hc ca phn ng
T - Nhit tuyt i
R - Hng s kh
Khi dng xc tc th nng lng hot ng ha hc ca phn ng (E) s gim do lm
tng h s tc ca phn ng (k). Nhit tng cng lm tng h s tc phn ng.
1.1.1. Tng nng cc cht tham gia phn ng
* Cc nguyn liu ban u cn phi lm giu, tc l loi b bt tp cht.
* Khuch tn sn phm ra khi vng phn ng
Lm gim tc phn ng nghch, hoc h thp nng cn bng tng chnh
lch gia nng thc v nng cn bng.
Cc phng php thng c dng nh sau:
- Sn phm th kh: Dng phng php ngng t hp th s/phm ra khi vng p/ ng.
- Sn phm th lng: Tu theo tnh cht ca sn phm m c th thc hin tch sn
phm bng phng php kt tinh, cho bay hi hoc hp th vo cht rn.
- Sn phm th rn: Tho sn phm ra lin tc tng nng cc cu t ban u
1.1.2. S dng xc tc thch hp
Dng xc tc lm gim nng lng hot ha E nn tng hng s tc k v vy
lm tng vn tc phn ng. Trong thc t, hu ht cc qu trnh sn xut ha hc u s
dng cc cht xc tc lm tng tc . Rt nhiu qu trnh nu thiu cht xc tc,
trong iu kin bnh thng phn ng ha hc xy ra rt chm, thm ch hu nh khng
xy ra, nhng khi c mt xc tc thch hp, nhit thch hp th phn ng xy ra
nhanh gp hng triu ln
Cng nghip sn xut cc hp cht hu c cng cn c xc tc. Ngoi cc xc tc
ha hc cn c cc xc tc vi sinh.
1.1.3. Tng nhit phn ng
Nh trn gii thch khi tng nhit s tng hng s tc ca phn ng.
Trong sn xut ha hc hu ht cc phn ng u din ra nhit cao hn nhit
thng, c khi rt cao.V mt l thuyt nhit tng, tc phn ng tng, nhng nhit
cao nhiu cht b phn hy, s n mn thit b rt nhanh, tiu hao nhiu nng lng
cho qu trnh sn xut nn s tng nhit cn ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t sn xut.
1.1.4. Tng din tch tip xc
4
Nhiu qu trnh ha hc din ra trong h d th, trong trng hp phn ng
din ra trn ranh gii tip xc gia hai pha,v vy tng din tch tip xc gia chng s
lm tng mnh tc ca qu trnh.
- Cht rn thng c p, nghin.
- Cht lng a vo thit b di dng dng chy hoc ti chy trn trn cc vt m
- Khuy trn.

1.2. THC HIN CC QU TRNH LIN TC TUN HON KN
Trong sn xut c nhng qu trnh gin on, lin tc, tun hon
Qu trnh lin tc l qu trnh c thc hin khng mang tnh chu k: nguyn liu
c a vo ng thi sn phm c ly ra khi thit b mt cch lin tc, cc iu
kin phn ng trong thit b lun lun n nh.Qu trnh lin tc c cc u im sau:
- Nng sut lm vic ca thit b cao, gim c gi thnh sn phm.
- Do gi n nh iu kin lm vic ca thit b nn d dng t ng v c kh ha.
- Gim c chi ph xy dng trn mt n v sn phm.
i vi nhng qu trnh hiu sut chuyn ha thp, cn a cc cht ban u cha
phn ng quay tr li iu kin phn ng ban u tn dng trit nguyn liu, hiu
sut chuyn ha. Qu trnh nh vy gi l qu trnh lin tc tun hon kn,

1.3. LIN HIP GIA CC X NGHIP V NH MY
Trong sn xut ha hc, c th sn phm ca nh my ny l nguyn liu ca nh
my khc hoc nguyn liu ca nh my ny l ph phm ca nh my kia, v vy, s
lin hip s lm gim bt chi ph vn chuyn, bo m an ton sn xut, gp phn chng
nhim mi trng, t lm gim gi thnh sn phm. Do vy cc nh my ha cht
thng xy dng cnh nhau to ra mt khu cng nghip ha hc rng ln gm nhiu
ngnh sn xut.
V d: lin hip ha cht Vit Tr, lin hip ha cht phn m Bc Giang, lin hip cc
nh my Bin Ha, cm cng nghip kh in m Ph M...

1.4. C KH HA V T NG HA QU TRNH SN XUT
Thc hin c kh ha, t ng ha qu trnh sn xut ngoi mc ch tng nng
sut lao ng, tng hiu qu s dng cc ngun nguyn liu cn bi nguyn nhn sau:
- Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong thit b thng iu kin t
0
cao, P cao n nh v
nghim ngt, con ngi rt kh hoc khng iu khin trc tip th cng c.
- Cc nguyn liu cng nh cc sn phm u l nhng cht c th nh hng trc tip
hoc gin tip n sc khe c khi cn gy chy, n lm thit hi n ca ci v tnh
mng.
C kh ha, t ng ha qu trnh sn xut l mt yu cu tt yu khch quan khng
phi ch v mc ch kinh t m cn v an ton i vi con ngi.

1.5. TN DNG CC PH THI CN CHNG NHIM MI TRNG
Bn cnh vic x l cc cht c hi c hi cho sc khe, ngi ta phi tm cch
bin cc cht ph thi thnh sn phm c ch cho con ngi.
V d : Trong sn xut axit sunfuric giai on t pirit st to kh SO
2
sinh
ra mt khi lng rt ln Fe
2
O
3
, qu trnh lm sch kh SO
2
cng thu c bi x, oxit
kim loi asen v selen.
- S dng ph thi lm gim gi thnh ca sn phm chnh, chng nhim mi tr ng
5
-Trong sn xut ha hc hin i dng rt nhiu cht xc tc qu, sau mt thi gian lm
vic cc cht ny mt hot tnh, ngi ta tm cch ti sinh li phc hi hot tnh ca
chng v tip tc dng.
- Chng nhim mi trng khng ch s dng cc ph thi ch bin thnh cc sn
phm c ch m cn phi chuyn ha cc cht thi ca nh my thnh nhng cht khng
hoc t lm hi mi trng.
Cng nghip ha hc hng ngy, hng gi ang cung cp cho con ngi nhng
cht mi, nhng sn phm tiu dng phc v nhu cu cuc sng ngy cng cao, nhng
cng tng ngy, tng gi ang a vo mi trng khi lng ln cc cht c, u c
chnh s sng ca con ngi. Chng nhim mi trng tr thnh mt nguyn tc ca
cng nghip ha hc v phi l mt tiu ch u tin c xt duyt trc khi xy dng
mt nh my, x nghip






























6
Chng II: SN XUT AXIT SUNFURIC


2.1. VAI TR CA AXIT SUNFURIC
Axit sunfuric l mt ha cht c s dng rng ri nht trong nn kinh t quc
dn v cng l mt sn phm c khi lng ln ca cng nghip ha hc.
- L mt cht lng khng mu. N chuyn sang mu vng en khi c ln tp cht
+ Tan trong nc theo mt t l bt k v to nhit mnh to ra cc hyrat
+T trng 1,84g/cm
3

+Cht hot ng mnh, ho tan phn ln cc kl v oxyt kl. Ht nc mnh to cc
hyrat.
- Ngi ta thng oxi ha SO
2
trn xc tc rn thnh SO
3
, nn c gi l phng php
tip xc. Sn xut c H
2
SO
4
nng trn 98%.
- c s dng nhiu sn xut phn bn, ch bin nhin liu lng, tng hp hu c,
sn xut thuc nhum, dng trong ngnh luyn kim, m in v.v.

2.2. NGUYN LIU SN XUT AXIT SUNFURIC
Lu hunh v cc hp cht cha lu hunh u c th lm nguyn liu sn xut
H
2
SO
4

2.2.1. Lu hunh
S l nguyn liu tt nht sn xut ra kh SO
2
. Dy chuyn sn xut axit sunfuric
i t lu hunh n gin hn i t cc ngun nguyn liu khc v nhit t chy lu
hunh thp v qu trnh tinh ch kh SO
2
n gin hn. S thng c khai thc t cc
m
2.2.2. Qung pirit
- Thnh phn ch yu ca qung pirit l pirit st FeS
2
, ngoi ra cn c pirit ca kim loi
mu, cc hp cht ca niken, ng, silic, cacbonat, canxi, cc oxit nhm, bc v vng.
- Hm lng lu hunh trong qung dao ng t 40 - 50%.
2.2.3. Thch cao: CaSO
4
ngm nc hoc CaSO
4
khan. Ngy nay t s dng
2.2.4. Cc hp cht cha lu hunh khc
Sn phm ph thi v kh thi m trong thnh phn c cha SO
2
u c s dng
sn xut axit sunfuric va kinh t va gip gii quyt cc vn v mi trng

2.3. QUI TRNH SN XUT
2.3.1. Sn xut SO
2
Axt sulfuric c sn xut t lu hunh, xy v nc theo cng ngh tip xc.
Trong giai on u lu hunh b t to ra ixt lu hunh.
(1) S(rn) + O
2
(kh) SO
2
(kh)
Sau n b xi ha thnh trixt lu hunh bi xy vi s c mt ca cht xc
tc xt vanadi (V).
(2) 2SO
2
+O
2
(kh) 2SO
3
(kh) (vi s c mt ca V
2
O
5

Cui cng trixt lu hunh c x l bng nc (trong dng 97-98%
H
2
SO
4
cha 2-3% nc) sn xut axt sulfuric 98-99%.
7
(3) SO
3
(kh) +H
2
O(lng) H
2
SO
4
(lng)
Bn cnh , SO
3
cng b hp th bi H
2
SO
4
to ra leum (H
2
S
2
O
7
),
cht ny sau b lm long to thnh axt sulfuric.
(4) H
2
SO
4
(lng) + SO
3
H
2
S
2
O
7
(lng)
leum sau phn ng vi nc to H
2
SO
4
m c.
(5) H
2
S
2
O
7
(lng) + H
2
O(lng) 2 H
2
SO
4
(lng)

2.3.2. Tinh ch hn hp kh SO
2
Lm sch v lm kh hn hp kh SO
2
2.3.3. Oxi ho SO
2
bng xc tc V
2
O
5

2.3.3.1. C s l thuyt
- Phn ng gia SO
2
v O
2
iu kin thng v nhit cao hu nh khng xy ra
- Mt khc SO
3
li khng bn nhit cao, d b phn hy thnh SO
2
v O
2
. Nh vy
phn ng oxi ha SO
2
bng O
2
l mt qu trnh thun nghch v ta nhit.
2SO
2
+O
2
2SO
3
H <0
Trong thc t sn xut ngi ta duy tr nhit khong 450
0
C khi dng xc tc l
oxit vanadi (V
2
O
5
).
- Xc tc:
Thi k u ngi ta dng Pt lm cht xc tc, Pt c hot tnh cao, nhng khng
kinh t. Nhng nm gn y ngi ta dng vanadi oxit V
2
O
5
v c hot tnh cao hn, trn
thm Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
, K
2
O, CaO v V
2
O
5
.
- Nng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng:
Nng ca O
2
trong hn hp kh tng tc ca phn ng tng cn bng
chuyn dch v pha to thnh SO
3
, ng thi hiu sut chuyn ha SO
2
thnh SO
3
cng
tng.
Trong sn xut, oxy ha SO
2
trn xc tc vanaioxit t
0
~ 450
0
C, hm lng ca
oxy trong hn hp kh 11% cn SO
2
l 7% th chuyn ha ca SO
2
c th t c
98%.
2.3.3.2. Thit b oxi ha
Ti cng ty supephotphat Lm Thao c thit b kiu ny.

8
1
2
3
1
2
3
SO
3
SO2
1
2
3

Hnh II.4. Thp oxi ho
1 - Cht xc tc; 2- Sn xc tc; 3 - ng trao i nhit
2.3.4. Hp th SO
3
: SO
3
+H
2
O =H
2
SO
4
H <0
- khc phc hin tng SO
3
hp th nc to thnh m axit sunfuric, ngi ta dng
oleum hp th (dung dch SO
3
trong H
2
SO
4
m c). Oleum ha tan SO
3
t do to
thnh dung dch axit sunfuric.
- Thng dng hai thp hp th t lin nhau hp th hon ton SO
3
trong hn hp kh
(99%). Lm ngui kh SO
3
n 30
0
C, gi nhit trong thp khng qu 60
0
C, bng cch
lm ngui dung dch ti.
Qui trnh sn xut xt sunfuric lu hunh







Bi
Tc M H
2
SO
4
Hi nc

Oleum



Lu hunh
Oxi ha
Hp th SO
3
Oxi ha SO
2
thnh

SO
3
Tinh ch hn hp kh SO
2
SO
2
Nghin
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
98%
9
Chng III: TNG HP AMONIAC V SN XUT AXIT
NITRIC


3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Nit c trong thnh phn ca cc cht protit
- C th ni nit l nguyn t ca s sng.
- Hp cht ch yu tng hp protit trong thc vt l NH
3
v cc mui ca HNO
3

- ng dng quan trng nht ca hp cht cha nit: phn bn v thc n gia sc.
- NH
3
v HNO
3
cn c s dng trong cng nghip sn xut cc sn phm trung
gian, thuc nhum, thuc tr su, cht do, dc phm, si ha hc...
Trong t nhin khng c nhiu m cha hp cht ca nit phi tm nhng
phng php tng hp .
Phng php h quang
nhit cao ca ngn la h quang, N
2
kt hp trc tip vi O
2
to thnh NO
N
2
+O
2
= 2NO AH >0 L phn ng thu nhit.
Tip theo: 2NO +O
2
= 2NO
2
AH <0
Hp th NO
2
bng nc ta c HNO
3

3NO
2
+H
2
O = 2HNO
3
+NO
Khi tri c sm st, di tc dng ca hin tng phng in trong khng gian
xy ra qu trnh tc dng trc tip gia N
2
v O
2
v sao, sau nhng trn ma ln c
nhiu sm st th la li mau pht trin hn. (bn cnh vic ph v ni ba)
Phng php xianamit
Phng php amoniac
L phng php ph bin nht chuyn N
2
n cht trong khng kh cc hp cht ca
N
2
.
N
2
+3H
2
2NH
3
AH <0 (Xc tc thch hp, t
0
~ 450
0
C)
Trong chng ny s trnh by chi tit hn qu trnh chuyn N
2
n cht trong
khng kh cc hp cht ca N
2
qua con ng NH
3
.

3.2. SN XUT AMONIAC
Nguyn liu u tng hp amoniac l H
2
v N
2
, khng c sn trong t nhin
- iu ch t nc v khng kh, sau hn hp vi nhau theo t l thch hp
- To ng thi hn hp kh cha c H
2
v N
2
theo t l thch hp.
3.2.1. iu ch hiro v Nit ring
3.2.1.1. iu ch nit
Khng kh l ngun nguyn liu v tn cung cp N
2
, kk cha 78% N
2
, 21% O
2

, cn li l mt t cc kh tr v C.
Thc hin bng cch: ha lng khng kh t
0
thp v P cao, sau cho khng kh
lng bay hi. V N
2
c nhit si thp hn nn bay hi trc, cn O
2
bay hi sau. Bng
cch bc hi phn on, c th ly ring c N
2
dng nguyn cht cn O
2
dng cho
cng ngh hn ct v trong cc bnh vin.
3.2.1.2. Sn xut kh hiro: trong cng nghip
- in phn nc : 2H
2
O = 2H
2
+O
2
(Phng php ny rt tn in nn t dng)
- Chuyn ha kh metan hoc ng ng ca n: chuyn ha metan thnh hyr bng cc
tc nhn v xc tc thch hp nhit t 800
0
C - 900
0
C.
10
CH
4
+2H
2
O = CO
2
+4H
2

CH
4
+CO
2
= 2CO +2H
2

2CH
4
+O
2
= CO +4H
2

CO sinh ra li b chuyn ha tip thnh CO
2
bng hi nc nh xc tc Fe
2
O
3
,
nhit 470 - 520
0
C: H
2
O +CO =CO
2
+H
2

- Tch H
2
t kh sinh ra trong qu trnh ch to than cc
Ha lng cc sn phm nha v cht hu c c trong kh than cc, hp th NH
3
c
trong kh, phn kh cn li cha ch yu l H
2
.
* Sau khi c H
2
v N
2
ngi ta hn hp chng vi nhau theo t l phn ng v a
vo thp tng hp NH
3
.
3.2.2. iu ch ng thi H
2
v N
2
- Phng php kh than t
To ng thi hn hp H
2
v N
2
i t cc cht u l khng kh, nc v than bng
cch cho hn hp khng kh - hi nc i qua than nng s thu c mt hn hp:
H
2
: 40%; O
2
: 0,2%
N
2
: 18 - 20% CH
4
: 0,5%
CO : 31,7% H
2
S : 0,1%
CO
2
:

8 %
Loi b cc kh CO, CO
2
, H
2
S, bi c hn hp kh H
2
v N
2
l ch yu
3.2.2.1. Tch bi
Hn hp kh ra khi cc l kh ha cha nhiu bi, tro v c du my. Dng thit
b lng bi li tm, ra qua nc, qua lc in gi tp cht c hc trn li.
3.2.2.2. Tch H
2
S
H
2
S c trong hn hp kh s lm ng c cht xc tc ca giai on chuyn ha
CO v tng hp amoniac phi loi b tht trit .
3.2.2.3. Chuyn ha CO thnh CO
2

Trong kh cha rt nhiu CO, ngi ta dng hi nc chuyn ha CO CO
2

ng thi thm H
2
cho hn hp kh.
CO +H
2
O =CO
2
+H
2
AH <0 (Xc tc l Fe
2
O
3
nhit 450
0
C - 500
0
C)
3.2.2.4. Tch CO
2
Dng nc hp th CO
2
. Mun hp th hon ton cn dng cc dung dch
kim.
2.2.2.5. Tch CO
Qu trnh chuyn ha CO thnh CO
2
l qu trnh thun nghch nn trong hn hp
kh vn cn mt lng nh CO. Dng dung dch mui axetat ng trong dung dch
amoniac hp th trit hn CO.
Sau khi qua cc giai on tinh ch, hn hp kh cn li cha ch yu l H
2
v N
2
.
3.2.3. Tng hp amoniac
3.2.3.1. C s l thuyt:
Qu trnh tng hp NH
3
din ra theo phng trnh :
3H
2
+N
2
=2 NH
3
AH <0
L phn ng thun nghch, ta nhit, gim th tch v cn xc tc. Do vy cc iu
kin ca phn ng nh t
0
, P, C s c nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng
- Nhit : thng duy tr nhit ca phn ng ny khong 450
0
C do
Khi tng dn nhit , tc phn ng giai on u tng dn, h nhanh t n
trng thi cn bng.
+Nu tng nhit qu, hiu sut chuyn N
2
NH
3
gim do nhit cao NH
3
b
phn hy tr li H
2
v N
2
. Cn bng chuyn dch v pha tri.
11
+ nhit thp di 400
0
C tc phn ng nh, nn khng c li cho sn xut.
- p sut: Trong sn xut, thc hin phn ng ny p sut thp 100 - 150at, hoc trung
bnh 250 - 600at hoc p sut cao 600 - 1000at
Phn ng theo chiu thun l qu trnh lm gim P ca h, nn khi tng P phn
ng s chuyn dch cn bng v pha to thnh NH
3
, H chuyn ho cng cao hn.
Sau khi to thnh NH
3
cn c tch ra cn bng lun chuyn theo chiu thun.
V H chuyn ha nit thnh NH
3
thp, H
2
v N
2
cha tham gia phn ng phi
quay tr li thp tng hp nhiu ln nn t l gia H
2
v N
2
c gi ng t l 3:1.
- Cht xc tc
Phn ng ny nu khng c xc tc thch hp th d t
0
cao v P cao phn ng
cng hu nh khng xy ra.
Xc tc c th l Fe, Pt, Mn v.v... Trong cng nghip thng dng cht xc tc l
st. Dng ban u ca xc tc l hn hp oxit FeO v Fe
2
O
3
c thm cc cht ph khc
nh Al
2
O
3
, CaO, SiO
2
, K
2
O ... Trc khi cho hn hp kh H
2
v N
2
i qua xc tc, xc
tc phi tri qua mt qu trnh gi l "hon nguyn" bng cch cho mt dng kh H
2
i
qua xc tc nhit cao, cc oxit st s b kh oxi to thnh cc nguyn t kim loi
phn b trn b mt cc oxit khc. Chnh nhng tp hp nguyn t nh vy ng vai tr
xc tc cho phn ng.
Fe
3
O
4
+4H
2
=3Fe +4H
2
O
3.2.3.2. Thp tng hp amoniac























Hn hp nit - hiro a vo thp tng hp t trn xung di qua khng gian
gia hp ng xc tc v v thp ri vo b phn trao i nhit i ngoi cc ng dn
NH
3
ra khi thp, tip tc i theo ng trung tm ln pha trn hp ng xc tc i
vo cc ng t trong khi xc tc, ti y hn hp kh N
2
v H
2
c t nng ti
450
0
C nh nhit ta ra trong phn ng. Tc ng ny cn c tc dng iu chnh nhit
N H
3
H
2
+N
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Hnh III.1. Thp tng hp NH
3

p sut trung bnh
12
ca khi xc tc khng b t nng qu cao. Sau khi t c nhit nh trn
hn hp kh H
2
v N
2
i qua cc lp xc tc to thnh NH
3
. Sn phm thu c qua
cc h thng ng dn xung y thp v ra ngoi ha lng NH
3


3.3. SN XUT AXIT NITRIC (HNO
3
)
HNO
3
c dng rt nhiu sn xut phn m, thuc n. HNO
3
m c
dng iu ch cc hp cht nitro dng trong cng nghip sn xut cc cht mu v
nhiu hp cht khc. L mt axit v c cc k quan trng trong i sng
Khi dng phng php h quang in cho nit tc dng trc tip vi oxi to
thnh NO tn nhiu in nng phng php ny khng pht trin rng ri. T khi
tng hp c NH
3
t N
2
v H
2
th ngi ta u sn xut HNO
3
t amoniac. Qu trnh
ny bao gm cc giai on: oxi ha NH
3
thnh NO, oxi ha NO thnh NO
2
, hp th
NO
2
thu c dung dch HNO
3
nng khong 50%. Mun c HNO
3
c ta phi
c c.
3.3.1. Oxi ho amoniac
Qu trnh oxi NH
3
bng oxi c th din ra theo cc phn ng sau:

4NH
3
+5O
2
=4NO +6H
2
O (*)
4NH
3
+4O
2
=2N
2
O +6H
2
O
4NH
3
+3O
2
=2N
2
+6H
2
O
sn xut axit nitric, ngi ta tm cch tc ca phn ng (*) xy ra
nhanh chng v hn ch cc phn ng khc n mc thp nht. t c iu
ta dng cht xc tc thch hp nht l platin. Trong thc tin sn xut ngi ta s
dng hp kim platin vi roi v palai, (Pt - 95%, Rh - 3%, Pd - 2%)
Xc tc c ko thnh si, ri dt thnh li tng b mt tip xc. Cng
cc li xc tc theo tit din ca thp oxi ha. Ty theo qu trnh oxi ha p sut
cao hay p sut thng th c 3 - 4 li, p sut 10at dng 16 - 19 li platin.

Hn hp kh NH
3
phi sch khng lm bn xc tc Pt. Phn ng oxi
ha NH
3
trn xc tc cng ch xy ra nhit cao. Ngi ta duy tr nhit t 800 -
900
0
C, vt qu nhit ny s gy mt mt khi lng ca platin.
hiu sut chuyn ha ca NH
3
thnh NO cao ngi ta thng dng d oxi
so vi phng trnh, c th l oxi ln hn 1,7 ln so vi NH
3.

3.3.2. Oxi ho NO
2NO +O
2
=2NO
2
AH <0, nhit thng, khng cn xc
tc
Di 150
0
C phn ng xy ra hon ton theo chiu thun to thnh NO
2
. Trn
150
0
C hu ht NO
2
b phn hy, cn bng chuyn sang tri. Nhit cao hn (800
0
C)
s oxi ha NO thnh NO
2
khng xy ra. (l phn ng thin nghch)
Tng p sut, phn ng oxi ha NO thnh NO
2
s chuyn dch theo chiu thun
iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh oxi ha ny l n xy ra khp khng gian ca
dy chuyn sn xut: trong cc thp hp th, trn ng ng dn ...
13
3.3.3. Hp th NO
2

NO
2
v N
2
O
4
tc dng vi nc
2NO
2
+H
2
O = HNO
3
+HNO
2

N
2
O
4
+H
2
O = HNO
3
+HNO
2

Axit nitr HNO
2
khng bn v b phn hy:
3HNO
2
=HNO
3
+2NO +H
2
O
Phn ng tng qut ca qu trnh hp th s l:
3NO
2
+H
2
O =2HNO
3
+NO
- tng tc ca qu trnh hp th NO
2
ta phi tng din tip xc ca kh vi cht
lng do y l qu trnh d th L-K. Bng cch to ra cc thp c cc a nm ngang,
kh s chui qua cc a t y thp i ln cn cht lng s chy t nh thp xung cc
a.
- Lm lnh cht lng trong thp hp th n t
0
khong 75
0
C hp th tt
Hp thu NO
2
iu kin thng ch thu c axit nitric long khong 50%.
Khi tng P ca thp hp th n 6 - 8at th c th thu c HNO
3
nng khong
62%.
3.4. SN XUT HNO
3
C
3.4.1. C c HNO
3
long
3.4.2. Ch to HNO
3
c t N
2
O
4
lng
Tin hnh qu trnh hp th N
2
O
4
lng trong thit b c P=50at 75
0
C.























14
Chng IV: CNG NGH IN HO


4.1. I CNG V CNG NGH IN HA

NHNG KHI NIM C BN
- Qu trnh in ho: nhng qu trnh ho hc xy ra di tc dng ca dng in mt
chiu.
- Dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch in ly to nn hin tng in phn; l
qu trnh phn hu cc cht in ly v to nn cc in cc nhng cht mi.
- Thit b thc hin qu trnh in phn c gi l thng in phn.
Qui c: - Ant l cc dn dng in t mch ngoi vo thng in phn.
- Catt l cc m dng in t thng in phn i ra.
Khi dng in mt chiu i qua dung dch in ly, cc anion chy n ant, cn cc
cation chy n catt, v phng in trn cc in cc ny.
Qu trnh in phn ch xy ra khi in p cung cp cho thng in phn ln
hn mt tr s gi l in p phn hu. Mi cht in ly c mt tr s in p phn
hu nht nh. in p phn hu bng hiu i s cc th ant v catt. Th ant v
th catt gi chung l th in cc, chnh l hiu in th gia in cc tng ng v
dung dch.
Th in cc cn ion phng in tnh theo l thuyt, thng thp hn thc t

4.2. NHNG NG DNG CA QU TRNH IN HA
- Dng iu ch hyr v xi, xt clo, cc hp cht cha xi ca clo; tng hp cc
hp cht v c nh axit peroxidisunfuaric v mui ca n l cc pesunfat dng
iu ch nc oxi gi, cc hp cht peroxit, pemanganat; i oxit mangan...
- Thy luyn cc kim loi nh ng, niken, km, coban, caimi.... v c cc kim loi
bt; n cng c dng in phn mi trng nng chy nhm iu ch cc kim
loi kim v kim th, cc kim loi him v t him...
- Sn xut cc ngun in ho (pin, acquy) v m in.
* u im: - Cng ngh n gin;
- S dng nguyn liu v nng lng ton din hn;
- To c nhiu sn phm c gi tr, c sch cao;
* Nhc im: tiu hao nhiu nng lng do chi ph nng lng chim mt t l
tng i cao trong gi thnh sn phm. Chnh v vy m mc s dng cc phng
php in ho ph thuc nhiu vo trnh in kh ho v gi in nng tng
nc.
4.2.1. Cng ngh in phn iu ch xut - clo: dng ph bin hai phng php
- Phng php catt rn hay mng ngn
- Phng php catt thu ngn (catot lng)
4.2.1.1. Phng php catt rn.
a/ Mui v iu ch nc mui.
Mui l nguyn liu chnh iu ch xt - clo bng phng php in phn
v phi m bo mt s cc tiu chun.
NaCl 97,5% Mg
+2
0,05%
Cht khng tan 0,5% K
+2
0,02%
Ca
+2
0,4%
2
4
SO

0,84%
15
Nc mui c iu ch vi nng 310 - 315 g/l NaCl.
- Ion
2
4
SO

lm tng qu trnh n mn anot


- Ion Ca
+2
, Mg
+2
l nhng ion c hi cho qu trnh in phn do Ca
+2
, Mg
+2
tc dng
vi kim, to thnh cc hyroxit kh tan, kt ta trn mng ngn, bt kn cc l mng,
cn tr qu trnh in phn, v vy cn phi loi b chng (theo 3 phng php ph
bin)
* Phng php xa xt
Dng Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH v BaCl
2
kt ta cc tp cht
CaCl
2
+Na
2
CO
3
=CaCO
3
+2NaCl (loi Ca
2+
)
Thc hin t
0
cao CaCO
3
kt ta tinh th ln, ho tan gim d dng cho qu
trnh lc.
MgCl
2
+2NaOH =Mg(OH)
2
+2NaCl
MgSO
4
+2NaOH =Mg(OH)
2
+Na
2
SO
4

Kt ta cc ion Mg
+2
bng cch trn nc mui mi iu ch vi nc mui hi lu
t cng on in phn sang, lng xt trong nc mui hi lu tha kt ta cc ion
ny.
* Phng php sa vi xt
* Phng php sa vi sunfat
kt ta hon ton cc ion Mg
+2
v Ca
+2
, xt v xa cn phi cho d v nhit
ca nc mui c tng n 40-50
o
C. Sau , trung ho xt d bng HCl. Hm
lng xt sau khi trung ho phi khong 0,05 - 0,1g/l; cn xa l 0,2 -0,3g/l.
b/ in phn.
* C s l thuyt ca qu trnh in phn.
Ant graphit v catt st c dng li chia thng in phn lm hai phn:
Khng gian ant v khng gian catt. Mng ngn aming ph trn catt pha i din
vi ant.
- Anot cn c bn c hc, bn ho hc trong mi trng axit v dn in ln.
iu quan trng l c qu th Clo nh, qu th oxy ln. Thng dng graphit
bi qu th clo khng ln v kh bn. Tuy nhin anot graphit b ph hu do s oxy
ho ca oxy thot ra trn ant khi ant b chy tng phn cn mt s b ri rng
thnh nhng mu nh v vy thay th bng anot m platin cho php gim in th,
gim tiu tn nng lng.
- Catt: Vt liu lm catt phi c qu th hyro thp c dn in cao , bn c
ho cao, d gia cng. Thp c s dng tho mn cc yu cu trn.
- Mng ngn: Dng vi aming hoc si aming.
Khi dng in mt chiu i qua thng in phn cc anion ch yu l OH
-
, Cl
-
,
chy v ant, cn cc cation, ch yu l H
+
v Na
+
chy v catt phng in.
Nhng ion no c th phng in thp hn th phng in trc.
Trn catt in th phng in ca Na
+
ln hn ca H
+
nhiu; do , ch c ion
H
+
phng in theo phn ng in cc.
H
+
+e =H
Catolit d Na
+
v OH
-
tr thnh dung dch xt.
Trn ant graphit, mc d OH
-
c th thun nghch thp hn Cl
-
, nhng qu th ca
oxi cao lm cho th phng in ca Cl
-
tr nn thp hn ca OH
-
cht t, do , Cl
-

phng in
2Cl
-
- 2e =Cl
2

Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh in phn cn xy ra cc qu trnh ph:
* Trn Catt ch c H
2
thot ra, khng c phn ng ph
16
* Trn ant c phn ng ph in cc v oxy thot ra
2OH
-
- 2e =H
2
O +1/2O
2

- Cl
2
to ra trn ant s ho tan trong anolit v b thu phn theo phn ng:
Cl
2
+H
2
O HOCl +HCl (a)
Axit hypoclorit (HOCl) to thnh, chu hai qu trnh phn ly c chung mt sn phm
l OCl
-

HOCl H
+
+OCl
-

HOCl +OH OCl
-
+H
2
O (b)
- in th phng in ca OCl
-
trn ant thp hn ca Cl
-
rt nhiu, nn d dng
phng in to thnh

3
COl theo phn ng: 6OCl
-
+6OH
-
- 6e =

3
2ClO +4Cl
-
+3O +
3H
2
O (c)
Oxi to thnh n mn ant graphit: C +O =CO
2CO +O
2
=2CO
2
- Axt hypoclorit c trong dung dch cn tc dng vi xt trong catolit to thnh nhiu
sphm
HOCl +NaOH =NaOCl +H
2
O (d)
NaCl +2HOCl =NaClO
3
+2HCl
2NaOCl =NaClO
2
+NaCl
NaClO
2
+NaCl =NaOClO
3
+NaCl
Trong trng hp khng c mng ngn, xt catotit s t/dng vi axit ca anolit theo
p/:
HClO
3
+2HCl +3NaOH =NaClO
3
+2NaCl +3H
2
O (e)
Qua cc phn ng (b), (c), (d) v (e) trn ta thy ngun gc ca cc phn ng
ph xy ra trong khng gian ant l do ion OH
-
t khng gian catt sang. Do ,
hn ch cc phn ng ph, cn phi dng mng ngn khng cho cc sn phm catolit,
ch yu l OH
-
, trn ln vi anolit. V vy dung dch mui n phi lin tc chy t
khng gian ant sang khng gian catt. Ngoi ra, mng ngn cn c tc dng gi cho
H
2
v Cl
2
khng hn hp c vi nhau to thnh mt hn hp n.
* iu kin in phn:
- Mc d dng mng ngn, vn khng ngn c cc phn ng ph, c bit, khi
mc phn hu mui n to thnh xt vt qu 50% th hiu sut dng in gim
xung nhanh. Do trong thc t, ngi ta ch duy tr phn hu mui n khong
45-55%. Mui khng b phn hu s theo dung dch xt ra ngoi thng in phn.
- Nng mui n trong dung dch phi gn bo ho (khong 310-315g/l).
- Nhit in phn tng i cao, khong 85-97
o
C tc dng hn ch cc qu trnh
ph ging nh dung dch mui m c. Ngoi ra, nhit v nng dung dch
mui cng cao th qu th phng in ca cc ion v in tr ca dung dch cng
gim.
c/ Thng in phn.
17

Hnh IV.3. Cu to thng in phn
1. Thanh ng; 2. Ant graphit; 3. Ch; 4. Lp bo v; 5. Catt (li st);
6. Khung catt, 7. Thanh Catt; 8. ng dn dung dch kim; 9. Cht cch nhit; 10.
Np, 11. y
Thng in phn phi kn trnh khng cho khng kh lt vo lm long kh
hyro v clo to thnh hn hp n.
trnh mt in, thng in phn c t trn chn cch in v nc mui
a vo thng cng nh dung dch kim a ra khi thng u qua b phn ngt dng
c bit.
d/ Lu trnh cng ngh in phn.
4.2.1.2. Phng php catt thy ngn.
a/ iu ch nc mui.
- Nc mui c chun b tng t nh trong phng php catt rn.
- Ngoi cc tp cht cn loi b ging nh trong trng hp in phn vi catt rn
(canxi, magi, sunfat) trong in phn vi catt thy ngn, phi loi c cc kim loi
nng nh crm, molipen, vanadi...v chng dn dn to nn hn hng c hi n qu
trnh in phn.
- Trong anolt t phn xng in phn a v c clo ho tan, lm cho dung dch c
tnh cht n mn cn phi kh ht clo ho tan.
- Sau khi kh clo, dung dch c ho tan mui rn v tinh ch tp cht tng t nh
trn.
b/ C s l thuyt qu trnh in phn theo phng php catt thy ngn
* Qu trnh in phn
- Sn phm c nng cao hn khi in phn theo phng php catt rn c mng
ngn.
- Thng in phn dng graphit lm ant v dng thu ngn lu ng lm catt. Nc
mui c lin tc a vo thng in phn.
Khi cho qua dung dch NaCl dng in mt chiu, trn ant graphit xy ra s
phng in ion Cl
-
v c kh clo thot ra (ging nh in phn trong thng catt rn)
2Cl
-
- 2e =Cl
2
Trn catt thy ngn, qu th ca H
+
rt cao nn th phng in ca n trn
catt thy ngn l rt ln: 1,7-1,85 V trong khi th phng in ca Na
+
trn catt thy
ngn ch 1,2 V nn Na
+
phng in: Na
+
+1e
-
=Na
Na kim loi va gii phng c Hg ha tan to ra hn hng:
Na +nHg =Na(Hg)
n

18
Hn hng c phn hy trong thit b c bit to ra NaOH v H
2
theo
phn ng:
Na(Hg)
n
+H
2
O =NaOH +1/2 H
2
+nHg
Trn ant graphit, ngoi clo l sn phm chnh, cn c qu trnh phng in
ca OH
-
to thnh cc sn phm ph l O
2
, CO
2
nh thng in phn vi catt rn.
Trong cng nghip, in p thc ca qu trnh in phn giao ng trong khong 4,4
~4,8 von

Hnh IV.5. S h thng in phn mui n s dng catt thu ngn.
A- Thit b in phn: B - Thit b phn hy hn hng C- TB b sung mui
1. Ca dung dch mui vo 6. Ca dn hn hng vo 12. Ca b sung
mui
2. Ca dung dch mui ra 7. Ca tho dung dch xt ra 13. B ha tan.
3. Ca thu clo 8. Ca thu hydr 14. B iu ha
4. Ant rn 9. Ca dn nc vo 15. Bm dung dch
mui
5. Catt thy ngn 10. B cha thy ngn 1b. QT phn hy hn
hng
11. Bm hon lu Hg
Thu ngn, theo y nghing ca thang in phn, lin tc chy vo thng
phn hu hn hng. Nc nng c lin tc a vo y phn hu hn hng, to
thnh xt v H
2

NaHg
n
+H
2
O =NaOH +1/2H
2
+nHg
Thc t, qu trnh ny gm cc phn ng sau:
NaHg
n
e Na
+
+nHg
H
2
O +e 1/2H
2
+OH
-

Na
+
+OH
-
NaOH
P/php ny c th iu ch c dd xt sch, c nng cao, khong 650-760g/l
NaOH.
4.2.1.3. So snh hai phng php in phn.
* u im: Phng php in phn vi catt thu ngn c u im ln l iu ch
c xt sch c nng rt cao, gp 5-6 ln nng xt khi iu ch bng phng
php in phn mng ngn. V vy tit kim c nhiu hi nc v nng lng c
c xt.
* Nhc im:
- Tiu hao nhiu in nng. E cn sn xut 1 tn NaOH ~ 1,3 ln so vi pp Catt
rn.
19
- Vn u t rt cao, cao hn phng php mng ngn ti 40%.
- Phi dng Hg l kim loi qu, him, ng thi li c hi.
Do c nhiu nhc im nh vy, nn nu khng cn xt sch (nh trong cng
nghip sn xut si nhn to) th in phn mng ngn s dng thch hp hn, kinh t
hn.
4.2.2. C c v iu ch xt rn
4.2.2.1. C c xt.
Xt iu ch bng in phn theo phng php mng ngn, c ba thnh phn
ch yu:
NaOH: 100-140g/l; NaCl: 160-200g/l; Nc: ~900g/l
tan ca mui s gim nhiu khi tng nng xt trong dung dch. Do cn phi
c c nng cao nng ca xt v loi c mui n trong dung dch. Vi dung
dch xt khong 40-50%, nhit h t 100
o
C xung 20
o
, tan ca mui trong dung
dch gim 2/3.
tan ca mui trong dung dch xt c c
tan ca mui nhng
nhit khc nhau (g/l)
Hm lng xt
trong dung dch (%)
100
o
C 20
o
C
T trng hm lng mui
20
o
C so vi 100
o
C (%)
42 48,3 18,4 38
50 46,6 13,9 29,9



Hnh IV.7. tan ca mui n trong dung dch xt nhng nhit khc nhau
- Giai on I: c c qua ba ni lin tip cho ti nng 25-26% NaOH (khong
340g/l)
- Giai on II: dng hi th cp ca ni u giai on th nht c c tip dung dch
xt n nng 42-50%.
4.2.2.2. Sn xut xt tinh th:
Xt tinh th thun li khi cn bo qun v vn chuyn i xa.
Dung dch xt c nng khong 50% c bm vo thit b truyn nhit.
Nhit c tn dng nhit tha bng hi th ca cc thit b c c, dung dch xt
c c c qua ba giai on:
- Giai on I: a dung dch xt ti nng 65%. Gia nhit bng hi th ca thit b
c c.
20
- Giai on II: a nng xt ln 70-72%. Thc hin p sut 8 atm, v nhit
380
0
C.
- Giai on cui: p sut thp. Ti y, dung dch hon ton ht nc, hm lng
cht rn t c 99%.
Xt nng c a vo thit b kt tinh lin tc kiu trng quay. Trong lng
trng chia thnh cc khu vc ring c nhit khc nhau. Xt kt tinh trn ngoi ca
trng, c dao gt gt ri xung my nghin, ri t a i ng thng.


































21
Chng V: SN XUT PHN BN HA HC

Trong sn xut nng nghip hin nay thng s dng hai loi phn bn ch
yu l phn ln v phn m.
A/ Phn ln: l nhng hp cht cha nguyn t photpho. Cht lng hay hiu qu ca
phn ln c nh gi bng hm lng P
2
O
5
cha trong n m cy c th hp th
c. Hm lng ny thng nh hn hm lng tng s P
2
O
5
c trong n theo l
thuyt.
Cc loi phn ln hin nay thng dng:
- Supephophat kp thnh phn chnh l Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
- Phn ln nung chy, hay cn gi l phn ln thu tinh thnh phn chnh l Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
Nguyn liu chnh sn xut cc loi phn ln l apatit. Nc ta c m apatit
ln v cht lng cao Lo Cai.
B/ Phn m: l nhng hp cht cha nguyn t nit.
Phn m gm cc loi sau: ure - CO(NH
2
), (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, NH
4
NO
3
, NH
4
Cl,
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
.
Ngoi nhng hp cht ch cha nit hoc photpho nh trn cn c hp cht
cha c hai nguyn t, loi phn bn thng gi l phn hn hp, v d nh
amophot, l cc mui amoni phophat.

5.1. SN XUT PHN LN
Supephtphat l loi phn ln c dng ph bin. Ty theo mc ha tan
m ngi ta chia phn phtphat thnh 2 loi: loi ha tan trong nc v loi khng
ha tan
- Loi ha tan trong nc gm supephotphat n v kp.
- Loi ha tan trong axit gm prexipiat amopht nng chy.
Phtpht l lp khong cha phtpho ch yu dng fluorapatit v cc tp cht
khc. Hm lng P
2
O
5
trong qung phtphat khong 20-30%.
Mun iu ch phn phtpho d dng ngm thu c th s dng bt k
loi t no phi tin hnh chuyn mui phtphat khng ha tan thnh mui ha tan
hoc d dng ngm thu. l mc ch ch yu ca k thut phn ln
- Supephtphat n Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.CaSO
4.
2H
2
O: cn cha CaSO
4
, iu ch qua 1 giai
on.
- Supephtphat kp Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.

2H
2
O: khng cha CaSO
4
,iu ch qua 2 giai on.
5.1.1. Sn xut Superphotphat n theo phng php axit
Superphotphat n c hm lng P
2
O
5
hu hiu khong 14-20%.
nc ta hin nay c nh my Lm Thao (Ph Th) do Lin X c gip
xy dng sn xut Supephophat n theo phng php ny.
5.1.1.1. C s l thuyt
Cho H
2
SO
4
tc dng vi fluorcanxi apatit Ca
5
F(PO
4
)
3
. y l qu trnh d th
nhiu pha xy ra ch yu vng khuch tn. C th chia thnh 2 giai on:
* Giai on 1:
u tin phn ng tin hnh trn b mt cc ht qung, d H
2
SO
4
do to
thnh H
3
PO
4
t do, sunfat canxi kt tinh tch ra di dng khan v nm li trong phn
ln
Ca
5
F(PO
4
)
3
+5H
2
SO
4
=3H
3
PO
4
+5CaSO
4
+HF
22
Phn ng ny din ra vi tc rt nhanh so vi tc ca phn ng sau.
Thng kt thc sau 20 n 40 pht k t khi trn qung apatit vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
.
Nhng yu t nh hng:
- Nng H
2
SO
4
nh hng r rt n qu trnh phn hu qung trong iu kin
khuy trn lin tc. Nng H
2
SO
4
thch hp l 62 - 68%, thp hoc cao hn u
khng thun li.
- Nhit phn ng duy tr khong 110-120
0
C t
0
ban u ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
dao
ng t 60 - 70
o
C tu thuc thi tit tng ma v nng H
2
SO
4
.
- Thi gian lu ca hn hp phn ng: vi nng axit nh trn th thi gian lu 2-4
pht.
- nh ht qung: tng din tch tip xc, nghin qung d= 0,15mm.
Nu phn ng thc hin hon ton th chng 70% apatit b phn hy giai on u
ny.
* Giai on 2:
H
3
PO
4
sinh ra tip tc tc dng vi qung apatit to thnh mui canxi photphat,
l giai on quyt nh cht lng ca phn ln superphotphat.
7H
3
PO
4
+Ca
5
F(PO
4
)
3
+5H
2
O =5Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
. H
2
O +HF
giai on 2, lc u phn ng xy ra rt nhanh, khi nng Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
tng
ln th tc chm dn v kt thc sau khi supe trong kho 6-25 ngy m tu thuc
vo nguyn liu, t
0
35-45
0
C. Bi v mng mono canxi phtphat to thnh bao quanh
ht apatit lm gim s khuch tn ca H
3
PO
4
v s kt tinh pha rn mi (Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
.
H
2
O) xy ra chm.
+Sau khi mt lng H
3
PO
4
t do cn tha phi qua gia on trung ho.
Dng bt xng, bt vi hoc NH
3
kh:
CaCO
3
+2H
3
PO
4
=Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
3
+CO
2
+H
2
O
NH
3
+H
3
PO
4
=NH
4
H
2
PO
4

* Supephtphat n phi m bo cc yu cu cht lng sau:
P
2
O
5
khng di 14-19%
m khng qu 13-15%
H
3
PO
4
t do (tnh theo P
2
O
5
)

5-5,5%
5.1.1.2. Qu trnh sn xut superphotphat

5.1.2. Sn xut superphotphat kp
Trong thnh phn ca superphotphat
kp khng c CaSO
4
. Hm lng P
2
O
5
hiu
qu cao, tn ti ch yu di dng Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
v mt t H
3
PO
4
t do.
Cc phn ng c bn xy ra khi sn xut
superphotphat kp:
7H
3
PO
4
+ Ca
5
F(PO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O =
5Ca(H
2
PO
4
).H
2
O +HF + Mg(H
3
PO
4
)
2
+
2CO
2
Fe
3
O
3
+ 3H
3
PO
4
+ H
2
O = 3FePO
4
.2H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 2H
3
PO
4
+ H
2
O =2AlPO
4
.H
2
O
* iu kin: Nng H
3
PO
4
m c, t
0
80-
90
0
C. Hiu sut phn hu 70%
Qua qu trnh 25 ngy, apatit cn li tip tc



1 2
4
3
Apatit
H
2
O 75%H
2
SO
4
68% H
2
SO
4
Vo kho

Hnh V.I. S d sn xut superphotphat
theo phng php lin tc

23
b phn hu, hiu sut chuyn ho tng ln 77-83%. Sau sn phm c em
nghin v to ht.
5.1.3. Sn xut phn ln thu tinh
Thnh phn chnh ca phn ln ny l hn hp ca canxi photphat v magie
photphat, ngoi ra cn c mui canxi silicat. y l loi phn c tnh kim, t ha tan
trong nc nhng ha tan nhiu trong axit citric 2% do d c axit trong r cy
hp th. Hm lng P
2
O
5
khong 20-25%.
5.1.3.1 .C s l thuyt:
Nguyn liu chnh sn xut phn ln nung chy l apatit v cc loi
(olivin, secpangtin v lmit) c nung chy bng than cc nhit 1450 -
1500
0
C trong cc l cao tng t l luyn gang
2Ca
5
F(PO
4
)
3
+SiO
2
+H
2
O =3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+CaSiO
3
+2HF
Nguyn t F trong tinh th qung apatit tch ra khi nguyn liu, ton b
sn phm chy lng. Dng mt tia nc lnh c p sut cao lm lnh t ngt s to
ra Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
c cu to tinh th ging thy tinh, c bit d ha tan trong mi trng
ca ng t chua.
nc ta c nhiu c s sn xut loi phn ny nh cng ty phn ln Vn
in, phn ln Ninh Bnh, X nghip phn ln Bc Giang
5.1.3.2. Qu trnh sn xut
- Giai on 1: em trn cc nguyn liu theo t l tnh ton sn. T l thng l:
MgO : P
2
O
5
= 2 : 3 ; MgO +CaO : SiO
2
= 1,8 : 2,7
Cho phi liu vo l nung t
0
=1450-1500
0
C, phi liu s chy lng v xy ra phn
ng
2Ca
5
F(PO
4
)
3
+SiO
2
+ H
2
O = 3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ CaSiO
3
+ 2HF
Nu trong phi liu c cha than, s xy ra phn ng ph:
2Ca
5
F(PO
4
)
3
+ 10C + 6SiO
2
= 6CaSiO
2
+ P
4
+10CO
Lm lnh t ngt sn phm nng chy bng dng nc c p lc 3-4atm to ht
tinh th
- Giai on 2: Sy v nghin ht tinh th thnh sn phm dng bt.
- Giai on3: Thu hi kh fluor bng cch dng sa vi hp th.

5.2. SN XUT PHN M
- Phn ln phn m c s dng dng rn, trong khong 80% dng phn n
v 20% dng phn phc hp. Loi phn n ch yu l NH
4
(NO)
3
, (NH
2
)
2
CO.
Nguyn t dinh dng tn ti trong chng l ion amn (NH
4+
), nitrat (NO
3
-
), v nhm
amin (NH
2
).
- Tt c cc loi phn m u ha tan trong nc, thc vt hp th tt, d ngm su
vo t.
Thc t mi loi phn m u sn xut t amoniac, m gi amoniac chim
khong 60-75% tng gi thnh. Do chi ph sn xut mt tn phn m cc loi u
gn bng nhau.
5.2.1. Sn sut amoni nitrat
Amoni nitrat cha 35% nit, l mt trong nhng loi phn m thng dng.
N c th dng cho bt k loi t no v bt k loi cy ci no. Nhc im c bn
ca loi phn ny l:
- C kh nng gy n rt mnh kh bo m an ton trong qu trnh sn xut, tng
tr v vn chuyn.
24
- D ht nc v khi thay i nhit , d chuyn mt phn thnh dng tinh th, d
vn cc.
Thng sn xut theo hai phng php: phng php bc hi v khng bc hi.
Nguyn tc sn xut da vo phn ng
NH
3
+HNO
3
= NH
4
NO
3
+Q AH <0
L phn ng d th, ta nhit nn tn dng nhit to ra c c NH
4
NO
3
.
Qu trnh sn xut gm 4 giai on
5.2.1.1. Giai on trung ho:
tng b mt tip xc ngi ta xp
trong thng trung ho nhng tm m. Dng
vi phun NH
3
qua lp HNO
3
tm trn cc tm
m
- Nhit phn ng: 110 - 135
0
C
Khi ra khi thit b nng NH
4
NO
3
t 63-
64%
5.2.1.2. Giai on c c
Sau khi ra khi thit b trung ho phi
tin hnh c c nhit 150
0
C, P= 9atm
nng cao nng chun b cho giai on kt
tinh.
Cui gia on ny nng NH
4
NO
3
t 82-
84%
5.2.1.3. Giai on kt tinh to ht
Trc khi qua thit b kt tinh dung dch
NH
4
NO
3
c chy qua thit b c c th 2
nng cao nng ln 98%.
Phun dung dch NH
4
NO
3
nhit t= 160
0
C t thit b c c qua thp to ht. Cc
tia dung dch NH
4
NO
3
lng phun xung gp lung khng kh lnh c ht t di
ln bng qut gi, nhit h xung trong khong 60-90
0
C. Ra khi thit b gp
khng kh cc ht m kt tinh.
5.2.1.4. Sy
Lm gim m ca ht NH
4
NO
3
xung cn 0,9-1%. Phng php thng
dng l thi lung khng kh lnh -10
0
C ngc chiu vi NH
4
NO
3

* Yu cu cng ngh:
- Nng HNO
3
45-50%; amoniac 60-80%, p sut 2,5- 3,8 atm.
5.2.2. Sn xut Amoni sunphat
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
cha 21% N
2
, t ht m v kt khi, nhng bn nhiu nm s lm cho
t b chua. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
c sn xut theo phn ng:
2NH
3
+H
2
SO
4
= (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

5.2.3. Sn xut Ure
Ure [(NH
2
)
2
CO] c dng tinh th hoc dng ht. N l loi phn m c gi tr
nht v c s dng rng ri nht, cha 46% nit. Ure ha tan nhiu trong nc, mt
phn to thnh amn cacbamat. Trong iu kin nhit v m thng thng ur
khng ho nc, cn khi m khng kh cao (95%) th ur ho nc mnh. N t
vn cc, khng chy n.
Ure sch l nhng tinh th khng mu. Ure k thut c mu trng hi vng
Ure cn dng iu ch nha formandehyt, sn xut cht do, keo dn, si
tng hp.
Hnh V.2. Thit b trung ha HNO
3
bng NH
3

1. V ; 2. Vng trung ha ; 3. Dd NH
4
NO
3

3
2
1
HNO
3
NH
3
Hi nc
dd
HNO
3
25
Nguyn tc sn xut c da theo phn ng
CO
2
+2NH
3
=CO(NH
2
)
2
+H
2
O
Trn thc t qu trnh ny gm 2 giai on
- Giai on 1: iu ch cacbamatamon
2NH
3
+CO
2
=NH
2
COONH
4
(Cacbamat)
- Giai on 2: Kh nc nhit cao
NH
2
COONH
4
=CO(NH
2
)
2
+H
2
O
Nc to thnh, lc u lm tng mc chuyn ho v n to thnh pha lng.
Nhng khi lng nc sinh ra nhiu phn ng s chm li v vy trong qu trnh phn
ng ngi ta cho tho nc ra lin tc tng nng ure to thnh. Cng ty phn
m Bc Giang p dng qu trnh sn xut ny.




































26
Chng VI: CNG NGHIP SILICAT

Phn ln cc tnh cht qu gi ca vt liu silicat c c l nh phn t ca
chng c cu trc c bit bi nhm t din SiO
4
. c trng i vi cu to ny l s
lin kt rt bn vng gia ion Si
4+
v ion O
2
-
lm cho silicat c tnh cng rn v kh
nng kh nng chy. Ngoi ra vt liu silicat cn c bn ha, bn nhit, r tin li
d kim.

6.1. SN XUT THU TINH
6.1.1. Nguyn liu
* Nguyn liu chnh:
- Ct (SiO
2
): l thnh phn ch yu ca cc loi thy tinh, chim 60 - 70%. Trong ct
cn cha cc oxit khc nh CaO, MgO, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
. Nu hm lng ca Fe
2
O
3
cao
s lm cho thy tinh c mu lm gim truyn nh sng. Thy tinh thng i hi
ct cha Fe
2
O
3
0,2%, thy tinh cao cp 0,1%.
- Hn the (Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O): nhit cao hn the b phn hy cung cp cho thy
tinh B
2
O
3
. Oxit ny lm gim h s gin n ca thy tinh, tng bn ha, bn
nhit. N thng c dng cho thy tinh trong phng th nghim, bng n.
- Al
2
O
3
lm tng bn ca thy tinh, nhng cng lm cho qu trnh nu chy kh
khn v gim s gin n ca thy tinh.
- Na
2
CO
3
: cung cp Na
2
O

cho thy tinh. C tc dng h thp nhit nu v kh bt.
Nu Na
2
O

nhiu s lm gim bn c hc.
- BaO v PbO: lm cho thy tinh c trng lng ring ln, chit sut cao, nh p do
c dng trong vic sn xut thy tinh quang hc. Hm lng PbO cao c th to
ra ngc thch nhn to lm trang sc.
* Nguyn liu ph:
L cc nguyn liu a vo thu tinh gip qu trnh nu nhanh v c tc dng
nh l cht kh bt, kh mu, nhum mu hoc tng cng mt tnh cht ring bit
no .
- Cht kh bt: L cht c th gii phng khi thu tinh cc bt kh. Cc cht kh bt
thng dng l mui nitrat, oxyt asen, sunfua, cc mui fluor v amoni
V d: NaNO
3
=Na
2
O +N
2
+O
2

- Cht nhum mu: Gm 2 loi
+Cht nhum mu phn t: l cc oxyt v c mang mu
Mn
2
O
3
: Cho mu tm Selen : Mu hng
Coban : Mu en n xanh m Oxyt st : Mu vng, xanh
lc
Oxyt Cu, Cr : Mu vng
+Cht nhum mu phn tn keo
Gm cc hp cht ca Au, Cu, Sb (Antimon) nm trong thu tinh dng phn
tn keo thu tinh, sau khi to hnh th em gia cng ln th hai vi cc cht nhum
mu trn v s cho cc mu sc khc nhau
Cu
2
S, Sb
2
O
3
: Cho mu
Au : Cho mu ta
- Cht gy c: Ch yu l cc hp cht cha Fluor nh CaF
2
, Na
2
SiF
6

AlF
3
to cho thu tinh c mu trng nh sa, nh mu ca s.
27
- Cht kh mu: Trong ct cha nhiu ion Fe
2+
s cho mu t nhin ca thu tinh l
mu xanh lc v ion ny gy mu rt mnh. nhum mu trc ht phi kh mu
Fe
2+
bng cch chuyn FeO Fe
2
O
3
dng cht oxy ho NaNO
3
.
6.1.2. Qu trnh nu thu tinh
u tin phi trn cc nguyn liu theo ng t l v o trn nguyn liu
phn tn ng u vo nhau.
6.1.2.1. Giai on to silicat: 600-1000
0
C
Khi nhit tng dn, nc trong nguyn liu b tch ra, to ra cc mui kp.
CaCO
3
+Na
2
CO
3
=Na
2
Ca(CO
3
)
2

* 600 800
0
C mui kp to silicat v thot CO
2

Na
2
Ca(CO
3
)
2
+2SiO
2
=Na
2
SiO
3
+CaSiO
3
+2CO
2

* 720 - 900
0
C
Na
2
CO
3
+SiO
2
=Na
2
SiO
3
+CO
2

Na
2
Ca(CO
3
)
2
+Na
2
CO
3
+3SiO
2
=2Na
2
SiO
3
+CaSiO
3
+3CO
2

* 912
0
C: CaCO
3
b phn hy
CaCO
3
=CaO +CO
2

* 1010
0
C: CaO +SiO
2
=CaSiO
3

* Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nu:
- Nhit : Nhit tng qu trnh nu c rt ngn. 1300
0
C nu thu tinh thng
thng ht 15 gi, nu 1400
0
C th ch cn li 5 gi.
Nhng nhit qu cao s nh hng n vt liu chu la lt ni v ni nu
thu tinh. Thng thng sn xut thu tinh gia dng nhit nu 1400-1500
0
C
- Kch thc ht nguyn liu: phi m bo, ht to qu qu trnh nu s kh khn.
- Thnh phn ho hc: Cc oxyt kim loi kim v kim th c nhit nng chy
thp, nu hm lng cc oxyt ny thp th qu trnh nu s c d dng nhng li
nh hng n tnh cht ho l ca thu tinh. Cc oxyt Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3,
SiO
2
lm tng
c cc tnh cht ca thu tinh nhng li lm tng nhit nu. Do qu trnh hn
hp phi liu theo mt t l sao cho m bo c cht lng sn phm ng thi
khng ch nhit nu va phi.
6.1.2.2. Giai on to thy tinh:
Bt u t 900
0
C n 1200
0
C: Trong khong nhit ny cc mui silicat chy
lng thnh mt khi trong sut, nhng cn nhiu bt kh v thnh phn thy tinh cha
ng nht.
6.1.2.3. Giai on kh bt:
Nhit khong 1400 - 1500
0
C
giai on ny cc bt s c thot ra ht do nhit tng lm nht ca
cht lng gim v cc cht kh bt pht huy tc dng (cc kh nh O
2
, CO
2
thot ra).
Cui giai on kh bt, bng mt thng ta khng th nhn thy cc bt trong thy
tinh.
6.1.2.4. Giai on ng nht
Sau khi giai on kh bt kt thc, ngi ta vn phi gi thy tinh trong mt
thi gian nht nh nhit cao. Do nhit nh vy nht ca thy tinh rt
thp to iu kin khuych tn cc thnh phn ca nguyn liu ng u cc hng
6.1.2.5. Giai on lm lnh
trng thi qu lng khng th gia cng thu tinh thnh sn phm c phi
h thp nhit ca xung 1100 - 1300
0
C c nht m bo cho qu trnh to
hnh.
28
6.1.3. L nu thu tinh
6.1.3.1. L lm vic gin on
6.1.3.2. L lm vic lin tc

6.2. SN XUT XIMNG POOCLNG
6.2.1.Mt s khi nim
Nhng loi ximng ngy nay ang s dng c nhng thnh phn ha hc rt
khc nhau v c s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh xi mng chu nhit,
ximng chu axit, kim, nc mui, ximng x v.v
Ximng Pooclng l loi chu nc, sn xut t hai nguyn liu chnh l vi
v t st nung n 1450
0
C, sau lm lnh v nghin mn dng ch yu trong xy
dng.
Thnh phn ha hc ximng Pooclng: gm bn loi oxit ch yu:
CaO : 63% - 67% Al
2
O
3
: 4 - 7%
SiO
2
: 21% - 24% Fe
2
O
3
: 2,5 - 4%
Nu xt v thnh phn khong th trong ximng Pooclng bao gm canxi silicat,
canxi aluminat v canxi ferit
Nu k hiu: CaO = C; SiO
2
=S; Al
2
O
3
=A; Fe
2
O
3
=F
th thnh phn khong c trong ximng l:
Canxi silicat : C
3
S, C
2
S, C
3
S
2

Canxi aluminat : C
3
A, C
5
A, CA, CA
2

Canxi ferit : C
4
AF
,
C
2
F, C
3
A
3
F, v.v
Ngoi ra cn c khong cha oxit kim loi kim.
* C
3
S: Quyt nh cht lng ximng. C
3
S ng rn nhanh cho cng chu nn
cao. C
3
S ch hnh thnh trong qu trnh nung luyn trn c s cc khong khc to
thnh pha lng.
6.2.2. Nguyn liu sn xut ximng
- vi: vi chim khong 75 - 80% khi lng nguyn liu.
- t st: chim khong 20 - 35% phi liu
- Ph gia: tng cng hoc hn ch mt s tnh no ca ximng
+Ph gia khong ho: C tc dng nh xc tc nhng sau nm li trong ximng.
+Ph gia iu chnh: iu chnh tc kt dnh v thi gian ng rn ca sn
phm
+Ph gia thu: Tng tnh bn nc trong mi trng kho ca ximng: x l cao
+Ph gia y: C tc dng lm cht n, gim gi thnh ca sn phm: gch, , vi,
tro.
Cc nguyn liu c trn ln v nghin mn n kch thc 0,06 - 0,07mm ri
a vo l nung theo phng php t hoc phng php kh theo mt t l tnh
ton
6.2.3. Nung luyn Clinke
6.2.3.1. Cc phn ng ho l:
- Phng php kh: nguyn liu c nghin ring tng loi hoc nghin chung thnh
dng bt ri trn ln vi nhau, cho thm mt t nc c th ng bnh hoc v
vin.
- Phng php t: nghin nguyn liu cng vi nc to thnh hn hp dng bn
(pat) sau rt vo l nung.
Di tc dng ca nhit cao cc oxyt trong nguyn liu ban u phn hy v
tc dng vi nhau to thnh nhng hp cht mi gi l cc khong silicat. Cc khong
29
t
0
cao (1450
0
C) nm trong pha lng. Khi lm lnh kt li thnh nhng ht gi l
clinker nghin mn xi mng tc dng vi nc sau mt thi gian s ng
rn.
- Trong khong nhit t 500 - 600
0
C cc khong st mt nc.
Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
+2H
2
O
- nhit khong 900
0
C cc khong khan phn hy thnh cc oxt:
Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
+2SiO
2

- t
0
C ~ 1000
0
C to ra Al
2
O
3
.SiO
2
v ~ 1200
0
C 1300
0
C to ra 3Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
do tng
tc gia cc axit tng ng.
- Ti nhit trn 900
0
C vi cng b phn hy.
CaCO
3
CaO +CO
2
AH >0
Trong khong t 800 1250
0
C hu ht cc khong quan trng trong thnh phn
ca clinke ximng c to thnh. Ring khong C
3
S(3CaO.SiO
2
) c to thnh
rt chm do kt qu phn ng ca C
2
S

vi CaO. Qu trnh ny ch din ra vi tc
nhanh khi c mt ca pha lng. Pha lng l do C
5
A
3
v C
4
AF nhit 1450
0
C b
chy lng to thnh. Khong C
3
S l thnh phn quan trng quyt nh tnh cht ca
ximng. Nhng khong ny ch c to thnh nhit cao. Do vy nhit nung
luyn clinke c nh hng n cht lng
6.2.3.2. L nung clinker
a. L ng:
L mt hnh tr ng, rng, chiu cao c kch thc gp 3 4 ln ng knh.
L c chia lm 3 vng: vng sy, nung, lm sch. Nguyn liu a vo l ng
dng kh.
b. L quay:
Loi l quay l mt ng kim loi hnh tr rng, t nghing mt gc t 3
0
5
0
.
Chiu di ln hn ng knh t 30 40 ln.
Ton b chiu di l c t trn mt h thng b c con ln, t trn tr l
bng b tng. L lm vic theo nguyn tc ngc chiu: nguyn liu vo u cao (u
lnh) clinke ra u thp (u nng ca l), nhin liu v kh i vo u thp. L chia
lm 6 vng:
Vng sy v t nng chim 50 60% chiu di
Vng phn hy chim 20 23% chiu di
Vng ta nhit chim 5 4% chiu di
Vng kt khi chim 10 15% chiu di
Vng lm lnh chim 2 4% chiu di
Phi liu c np vo l, chuyn ng theo chiu di ca l, ch yu l trt
trn b mt trong ca l. Thi gian vt liu lu trong l vo khong 3 6 gi.

Nguyn liu
1
2
3
Khng
kh
Clenke
Nhin
liu

30
Hnh VI.3. L quay nung xi mng
1. B phn np nguyn liu ; 2. L quay ; 3. Phn lm ngui sn phm
Vt liu ra khi l nung nhit 100 200
0
C. y mi l bn thnh phm,
ngi ta tip tc , thm ph gia, nghin v ng bao chng m d vn chuyn n
ni tiu th.
6.2.4. X l Clinke v to ximng
- : Clinker ra khi l c a vo kho , c tc dng cc CaO t do cn li
trong clinker ht hi m to ra Ca(OH)
2
lm n th tch . Khi clinker b nt n d
dng cho qu trnh nghin
- Nghin: Trong qu trnh nghin ngi ta cho vo cc ph gia nh CaSO
4
.2H
2
O, x
l cao. mn cng cao th cng nn cng ln kt dnh v ng rn cao
31

Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut xi mng theo phng php l quay






vi
My p hm
Kt cha
My nghin bi
My ng bao
Xyl cha xi mng
My nghin bi
Kho Clinker
B phn lm lnh Clinker
L quay
B cha bn (pat)
Bm
B ba bn
My cn
t st
Kho cha sn phm
My ba
Ph gia iu chnh
(Thch cao)
Cha
p
Than
Kt cha
My sy nghin
lin hp
My p
Thi bng p lc
kh nn
Cha
p
Ph gia thy
Ph gia y
32
Chng VII: CNG NGH SN XUT GANG THP


7.1. MT S KHI NIM V GANG V THP
Gang thp hay cn gi l kim loi en rt thng gp trong i sng. Kim loi
en chim 95% tng s lng kim loi dng trong ch to dng c, my mc v xy
dng.
Thnh phn chnh ca gang v thp l st v cc nguyn t khc nh C, Si, Mn,
P, S. Gang v thp ch khc nhau v t l gia Fe v thnh phn C cha trong n
Thp cha < 2% C; Gang cha 2-6%C
i vi thp hm lng P,S rt nh v nu hm lng 2 nguyn t ny cao th
thp d b ph hu trong mi trng n mn.
7.1.1. Cc loi gang
7.1.1.1. Gang xm
Nu b ra ta thy vy en lng lnh trn mt nn trng, vy en l garaphit.
Nhit nng chy l 1200
0
C 1300
0
C. Gang xm d c.
7.1.1.2. Gang trng
Nu b ra th ch thy mt nn trng, c th coi nh thp rt gi. Hm lng
cacbon chim t 3 4%. Gang trng kh c, thng luyn thp.
7.1.1.3. Gang hp kim
Ngoi C cn cha cc kim loi khc gia tng mt s tnh cht ring bit
7.1.2. Cc loi thp
7.1.2.1. Thp cacbon
Thp cacbon ch cha 1% C, rt t cc kim loi khc. y l loi thp rt cng
thng dng lm mi khoan, ch to cng c. Tnh cht ca loi thp ny do hm
lng C quyt nh
7.1.2.2. Thp hp kim:
Cha cc nguyn t Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo... chu c nhit, t b n mn

7.2. LUYN GANG
7.2.1.Nguyn liu
7.2.1.1. Qung st
- Qung: Bao gm cc qung st Fe
2
O
3
v cc qung Fe
3
O
4
qua giai on ch bin s
b nh nghin, p, sn, luyn vin.P, S thng ln trong qung, sau khi luyn cn li
trong gang lm gim cht lng ca gang v thp. Ngoi ra cn s dng st vn, st
ht, x l cao.
7.2.1.2. Nhin liu
- Gm than cc, antraxit, than g, kh thin nhin, kh l cc, du diezel.
- C hai nhim v: cung cp oxit C lm cht kh cc oxit kim loi v chy cung cp
nhit.
7.2.1.3. Cht tr dung
Cc cht a vo nguyn liu lm h nhit nng chy ca phi liu, tc dng
vi bn qung to thnh x v kh c cc hp cht ca S. Cht tr dung thng
dng l vi.
7.2.2. Cc qu trnh ho hc xy ra trong l cao
7.2.2.1. S phn hy ca cc mui cabonat
- Phn hy CaCO
3
: CaCO
3
= CaO +CO
2

33
- Phn hy FeCO
3
: FeCO
3
= FeO +CO
2

3FeO +CO
2
= Fe
3
O
4
+CO
7.2.2.2. S kh cc oxit st thnh Fe di tc dng ca CO.
- Kh gin tip: 3Fe
2
O
3
+CO = 2Fe
3
O
4
+CO
2

Fe
3
O
4
+CO = 3FeO +CO
2

FeO +CO = Fe +CO
2
Fe nng chy ho tan C, P, S v cc kim loi khc to thnh gang
- Kh trc tip FeO bng C rn:
Fe
2
O
3
+C
r
=FeO +CO
k

FeO +C
r
=Fe +CO
k

* Qu trnh kh gin tip hiu sut cao hn, v kh nng tip xc tt hn
7.2.2.3. S oxi ha ca than cc
C +O
2
(kk) =CO
2
AH <0
7.2.2.4. S to x
nhit t
0
cao cht tr dung tc dng vi cc oxit trong bn qung hoc bn
c to ra trong qu trnh to gang thnh nhng hp cht d chy lng c t trng
thp hn t trng ca st, do ni ln trn mt ca lp gang
7.2.2.5. S kh lu hunh trong l cao
Mt s hp cht ca S d bay hi nh SiS, SO
2
, H
2
S bc ra khi gang cng kh
l.
Nhng hp cht nh FeS b loi b ni l theo phn ng:
FeS +CaO =CaS (x) + FeO
7.2.3. L cao luyn gang


Hnh VII.1. L luyn gang

7.3. LUYN THP
7.3.1.C s l thuyt
- Trong thp, Fe chim hm lng cao nht ngoi ra cn c C, Si, Mn, P,S.
Hm lng ca C nh hn 2%. Nhim v ca qu trnh luyn thp l h thp hm
lng ca cc nguyn t ny n mc cn thit bng cch oxi ha chng thnh nhng
hp cht v chuyn vo x.
34
u tin cung cp cho thp lng mt lng oxi cn thit oxi ha Fe thnh
FeO
2Fe +O
2
=2FeO
Tip theo, FeO khuch tn vo khi gang lng thc hin qu trnh oxi ha cc
nguyn t khc thnh x h thp hm lng ca chng v khi gang chuyn thnh
thp.
FeO +Mn = Fe +MnO
2FeO +Si = Fe +SiO
2

FeO +C = Fe +CO
5FeO +2P = 5Fe +P
2
O
5

Cc oxit c to thnh s bin thnh x.
* FeO d, mt phn ln tan trong thp v c nh hng xu n cht lng
thp. kh FeO ta li a vo thp mt lng va Mn hon nguyn ht FeO
d.
* c c thp dn dng ch cn iu ha cc thnh phn sn c trong gang
trn c s cc phn ng ha hc trn.
7.3.2. Cc phng php luyn thp
7.3.2.1. Phng php l chuyn
- Nguyn liu l gang lng va mi ra khi l.
- Khng dng nhin liu t m da vo nhit ca cc phn ng ha hc cng vi
nhit ca gang lng ban u.
- Thi gian luyn: 30 pht
- Tng l: gch chu axit (SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
)
- Cht to x: t st, ct.
Thi gian luyn ngn nn khng iu chnh c qu trnh nu, thp c cht lng
khng cao
a. L Betxme
b. L Tomat
* u im: vn u t xy dng nh, thi gian nu thp nhanh.
* Nhc im: nhit luyn khng cao, khng kp iu chnh t l cc cht c trong
thp nn cht lng thp khng cao.
7.3.2.2. Phng php luyn thp Mactanh
Khng kh v kh t c dn vo l t chy trn mt nguyn liu, ta nhit
lm ton b vt liu chy lng, khi xy ra cc phn ng nh nu phn trn. Mt
lp x c to thnh trn mt thp. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca lp x c nh hng
ln n cht lng thp. Oxi thng qua lp x c tc dng oxi ha cc tp cht c
trong gang.
Thi gian nu mt m thp ko di nhiu gi
nn c thi gian phn tch, iu chnh thnh
phn ca thp theo mun. L Mactanh c cng sut
ln v nhit luyn thp cao nn to ra thp c cht
lng cao hn so vi cc l chuyn.
7.3.2.3. Phng php h quang
* Phng php ny da trn c s nhit ta ra ca
ngn la h quang nu chy nguyn liu
- Nguyn liu: thp c, gang rn.
Hnh VII.5. L h quang
quang
lo Thep
in cc
Np lo
Cun th
cp bin th
lo
35
- H in cc xung gn kim loi v ng mch in h quang. Di tc dng ca
nhit h quang pht ra, nguyn liu b nu chy.
FeO c trong kim loi oxi ha cc tp cht C, Si, Mn, P, v.v nh trong l
Mactanh. kh S c trit , gn cui thi gian nu cho vi, hunh thch (CaF
2
)
v bt than cc vo l. nhit cao nh c CaO m C,S b kh trit hn theo
phng trnh:
FeS +CaO +C = Fe +CaS +CO
Cng t
0
cao C trong than cc tc dng vi CaO:
Cao +3C = CaC
2
+CO
Nh c nhit cao, giai on cui ngi ta c th cho thm cc kim loi khc
vo to ra thp hp kim.
- L in h quang rt thun tin trong vic ch to cc loi thp c cht lng cao v
nu li cc thp c ch to cc cng c mi.
- Nhc im: nng sut khng cao v gi thnh thp cao, nu in nng t.
nc ta, cc nh my c kh u c cc l in h quang nh t 0,5 -1 tn thp/
mt m.





























36
Chng VIII: TNG HP MT S HP CHT HU C C BN


8.1. SN XUT RU ETYLIC (C
2
H
5
OH)
Ru etylic c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip v i sng nh dng
lm dung mi, dng trong ngnh y hc v cng nghip thc phm. CC PHNG
PHP SN XUT
8.1.1. Phng php ln men
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
x
+xH
2
O
Enzim
xC
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
C
6
H
12
O
6
Nm men

2 C
2
H
5
OH +2CO
2
(2)
8.1.1.1. Qu trnh dch ha
Mc ch: Amilaza l loi enzim chuyn ho tinh bt. Bnh thng tinh bt khng
trng thi ho tan nn tc dng ca men amilaza ln n rt kh khn, qu trnh dch
ho lm ph v cu trc ca ht tinh bt v chuyn v trng thi ho tan, gip cho s
tc dng ca amilaza ln n hiu qu hn
- Thng nu t
0
~145
0
C (ng/ liu cha nghin k) hoc t
0
~130
0
C (ng/ liu nghin
k)
- Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh dch ha:
Khi un tinh bt vi nc ln ti 40
0
C, ht tinh bt bt u trng n, khi nhit
cao hn th tch ca ht tinh bt tip tc tng, mi lin kt gia cc phn t ca ht
tinh bt yu dn v ti mt lc no th cc phn t tinh bt tan ra, hin tng ny
gi l h ha.
Photpho trong mi lin kt tinh bt b t ra dng t do v to thnh axit photphoric.
8.1.1.2. Qu trnh ng ha
- Do nm men khng c kh nng chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ru. Chng ch c kh
nng s dng ng v chuyn ng thnh ru. V vy sau khi dch ha v trc
khi ln men, tinh bt cn c chuyn thnh ng. S chuyn ho tinh bt thnh
ng c th xy ra nh xc tc ha hc (axit, baz) hoc men amilaza (ca thc
mm hoc nm mc).
+Chun b dch amilaza t thc mm:
Thc phn loi lm sch ngm ny mm sy nghin phi ch
dch men
+Hin nay ngnh vi sinh vt hc pht trin mnh v c ng dng trong nhiu
ngnh cng nghip, ngnh sn xut ru p dng qu trnh ng ha nh dch
amilaza t nm mc.
* ng ha khi cho ngi ta tin hnh nh sau:
- Lm lnh khi cho n nhit thch hp cho s hot ng ca men amilaza.
- Trn dch men vi khi cho lm long v ng ha
- Lm ngui dch ng ha n nhit ln men v bm sang b phn ln men.
8.1.1.3. Qu trnh ln men ru
- L qu trnh bin ng thnh ru etylic di tc dng ca nm men.
- Nhit ln men 25 - 30
0
C. Hai phn ng (1) v (2) xy ra trong khong 50
gi. T 1 tn ng cc cho khong 280 kg etanol v 260 kg CO
2
(sn xut nc kh
v nn vo chai, dng trong i sng v sn xut). Hn hp phn ng cha 8-12%
etanol.
Ln men l giai on cui cng v ch yu nht ca qu trnh sn xut ru. Trong
qu trnh ny, cc cht men ca nm men thc hin qu trnh thy phn ng phc
37
tp thnh ng n gin, cn cc ng n gin nh glucoza, fructoza c th ln
men trc tip v nhanh.
Ngoi ru etylic cn to thnh mt s sn phm ph nh glixerin, axit succinic,
axetaldehyt, metylic v mt hn hp amilic, butilicgi chung l du fulzen. Thng
95% ng chuyn thnh ru v CO
2
, cn 5% ng bin thnh cc sn phm ph
khc.
- Ln men chnh: Tc ln men nhanh, 90-95% tng lng ru to thnh giai
on ny - - Ln men ph: Tc ln men chm, ng tip tc c chuyn ha
thnh ru v cc sn phm to hng thm cho ru thnh phm.
Cc ch tiu k thut ca dm chn c nh gi bng cc ch s sau:
+ ln men: L ng sau khi ln men. c tnh theo % saccaromet.
+ axit: L ch tiu nh gi tinh khit ca qu trnh ln men. Trong qu trnh ln
men axit tng ln 0,2% do s hot ng sng ca nm men. Nu axit tng ln
qu mc cho php chng t c s hot ng ca vi khun v gy c ch s hot ng
ca nm men.
+ ru ca dm chn l % ru thu c trong qu trnh ln men.
8.1.1.4. Chng ct v tinh ch ru etylic
- Chng ct: Mc ch chnh l tch ru etylic cng cc tp cht d bay hi ra khi
dm chn, sau khi chng ct ta thu c cn th.
- Tinh ch: tch ru etylic trong cn th ra khi cc tp cht d bay hi khc
Ru vang (do ln men t nc qu), ru cn l loi ru khng chng ct.
8.1.2. Phng php thu phn g
G c thy phn bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long (0,3-1%) nhit 160-
180
0
C v p sut 12 atm. Trong qu trnh thy phn cc polisaccarit chuyn thnh
monosaccarit
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O nC
6
H
12
O
6

xenluloz glucoz
Trong g c khong 50% xenluloz, sau khi thu phn to thnh glucz theo
phn ng trn, tin hnh ln men to thnh ru.
8.1.3. Phng php tng hp
- Sn xut ru bng phng php tng hp cho hiu sut thu hi cao v nng
ru cao
Thng tng hp ru etylic theo phng php hydrat ho olefin. Ru tng
hp c s dng lm cao su tng hp, axit acetic, hng liu, dc phm v nhiu
cht khc.
* Nguyn liu: l etilen
Etilen l sn phm ca qu trnh cracking v nhit phn du m. Ngi ta
dng cc phn ct du m (xng, du ho), hoc kh thin nhin, kh ch bin du m
c cha etan, propan, butan... nhit phn trn 700
0
C, sau chng phn on p
sut thp tch ring cc olefin
8.1.3.1. Hidrat ho gin tip c axit sunfuric tham gia
Nguyn liu: hn hp c 47-50% th tch etilen, 50 - 52% etan v 1% cht khc.
+ Giai on 1: Etilen tc dng vi axit sunfuric to thnh etyl sunfat axit v este ietyl
sunfat.
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C
2
H
5
OSO
2
OH
2C
2
H
4
+ H
2
SO
4
(C
2
H
5
O)
2
SO
2

iu kin ti u ca phn ng: p sut ring phn ca etilen l 15at, t
0
=70-
85
0
C v nng axit sunfuric 97 -98%.
38
+ Giai on 2: Thy phn este bng nc.
C
2
H
5
- O - SO
2
-OH + H
2
O C
2
H
5
OH +H
2
SO
4
(C
2
H
5
O)
2
SO
2
+2 H
2
O 2C
2
H
5
OH +H
2
SO
4

Trong qu trnh cn c sn phm ph l ietyl ete. gim sn phm ph, ta
tch nhanh ru ra khi vng phn ng, hay cho d nc tin hnh phn ng thu
phn ete.
C
2
H
5
OC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O 2C
2
H
5
OH (t
0
thch hp l 90-100
0
C)
Cn tnh ton t l H
2
O/H
2
SO
4
sao cho sau khi thy phn nng H
2
SO
4
50-
60%.
8.1.3.2. Phng php hirat ha trc tip etilen
iu kin: t
0
=280-300
0
C; P =70at; xc tc H
3
PO
4
/silicagen hoc alumino silicat.
Trong xc tc cha 35% H
3
PO
4
t do v c kh nng lm vic trong 400-500 gi, sau
gim hot tnh phi thay mi. y l phng php n gin v c pht trin
nhanh.
CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2
O C
2
H
5
OH AH =- 46,2 Kj/mol.
Phn ng tin hnh trong pha hi. Do H
3
PO
4
d bay hi v n mn mnh thit
b, gn y ngi ta s dng xc tc vonfram oxit WO
3
.
T l hi nc/olefin l 0,6/1 n 0,7/1. Mc chuyn ha sau mi qu trnh
~ 4,5% theo etilen hoc 7% theo nc. Hiu sut xc tc theo ru 200 kg/m
3
h. Sn
phm thu c l dung dch ru 15%. Tuy mc chuyn ha sau mi ln nh
nhng do tun hon etilen nn hiu sut chung ca ru t 95%.
8.2. SN XUT ACETYLEN
- Acetylen l mt sn phm quan trng trong ngnh cng nghip tng hp hu c
- dng nguyn cht acetylen c mi ete nh, khi chy to nhit mnh nn thng
dng ct, hn kim loi.
- L nguyn liu sn xut cc hp cht hu c CH
3
CHO, CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
5
OH, E
nha
8.2.1. Phng php Cacbua canxi: thng sn xut acetylen hn ct kim loi
CaC
2
+2H
2
O =C
2
H
2
+Ca(OH)
2
+130Kj
8.2.2. Phng php i t RH loi paraphin: C 2 phng php, nhit phn oxi ho
v cracking
8.2.2.1. Nhit phn oxy ho
Nguyn liu ban u l kh thin nhin qua cc qu trnh nhit phn thu c C
2
H
2

2C
2
H
4

nhit
CH=CH +3H
2
hoc C
2
H
6

nhit
CH=CH +H
2

iu kin: l tng t
0
v gim p sut nhit cng cao, hiu sut chuyn ho C
2
H
2

cng ln
Tuy nhin nhit 1400-1500
0
C C
2
H
2
s b phn hu
C
2
H
2

nhit cao
2C +H
2

khc phc nhc im ny thng tin hnh phn ng vi vn tc ln.
Nguyn liu ch trong khu vc phn ng 1/1000 giy, sau lm lnh nhanh
acetylen to thnh khi b phn hu.
8.2.2.2. Phng php cracking:
2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+3H
2

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
2
+H
2

C 2 loi cracking: cracking nhit v cracking in

39
8.3. SN XUT VINYL CLRUA (CH
2
=CHCl)
VC l bn sn phm quan trng ca cng nghip sn xut cht do,
polymevinylclorua v cc polime ng trng hp. VC dng ch yu trng hp
thnh polivinyl clorua (PVC), dng sn xut si ha hc clorin, sn chu n mn
v.v
CC PHNG PHP SN XUT
8.3.1. Phng php i t axetilen
Thc hin phn ng cng vi HCl, t
0
C =140 -210
0
C, p sut 1,5at trong pha kh
CH CH + HCl CH
2
=CHCl (Xc tc 5-10% HgCl
2
/than hot tnh)
8.3.2. Phng php i t etilen
8.3.2.1. Sn xut trong pha kh:
CH
2
=CH
2
+ Cl
2
CH
2
Cl - CH
2
Cl
T
0
phn ng 100
0
C, 1,2 -iclo etan (Kp: 83,5
0
C) c lm lnh tun hon li
thit b, mt phn c ct tch ra dng sch.
- Tip theo: ehiro ha 1,2-iclo etan trong thit b ng 400 -500
0
C, p sut 1-4
MPa
CH
2
Cl - CH
2
Cl CH
2
=CHCl +HCl
to thnh VC (Kp : - 13,4
0
C), tch ra cng vi nc tun hon. Sau chuyn ha
hiro clorua bng etilen v oxi hoc khng kh, 300
0
C c mt CuCl
2
/cht mang
Al
2
O
3
.
CH
2
=CH
2
+2HCl +0,5O
2
CH
2
Cl - CH
2
Cl +H
2
O
Phn ng s dng lng ln HCl sinh ra oxi ha etilen. 1,2-iclo etan
quay tr li thit b nhit phn.
8.3.2.2. Sn xut trong pha lng
CH
2
Cl -CH
2
Cl +NaOH
dd
CH
2
=CHCl + NaCl +H
2
O
Nu d kim: CH
2
Cl -CH
2
Cl +2NaOH CH CH +2NaCl +H
2
O
Nu d nc, iclo etan b phn hy: CH
2
Cl -CH
2
Cl +2H
2
O CH
2
OH - CH
2
OH +
2HCl iu kin: phn ng tin hnh vi t l icloetan : NaOH 42%: metanol = 1 : 1,1
: 0,26. Mi trng ng th v metanol ha tan iclo etan. t
0
=60 -70
0
C, T phn ng 4
-5 gi, P= 3-4at. Qu trnh tin hnh trong thit b lm vic gin on. Phng php
ny c nhc im l qu trnh lm vic gin on, thit b phc tp, kh t ng ha,
hao tn nhiu nguyn liu















40
Chng IX: K THUT NHIN LIU

Nhin liu l tn gi chung ca cc cht chy hu c dng rn, lng, kh, c
trong thin nhin hay nhn to, dng lm ngun cung cp nhit hoc lm nguyn liu
trong cng nghip ha cht. Nhin liu thin nhin gm c than cc loi, g, du m
v kh thin nhin.

9.1. K THUT SN XUT KH THAN
9.1.1. ngha
Kh ho than l qu trnh oxi ho than khng hon ton thnh kh gi l kh than
- u im: So vi nguyn liu rn th kh than c nhiu u im: t chy hon ton,
c nhit chy cao, d iu chnh ngn la, kh chy khng tro bi, d vn chuyn bng
ng ng.
Nhin liu kh c dng ph bin trong l luyn thp, nu thu tinh, l luyn
cc v lm nguyn liu trong tng hp ho hc v.v...
9.1.2. C s ho l sn xut kh than
9.1.2.1. Nguyn l chung
y thc cht l qu trnh oxi ha khng hon ton than thnh kh, nh cc tc
nhn cha oxi nh khng kh, hi nc, kh cacbonic hoc oxi nguyn cht. Qu trnh
ny bin phn hu c ca than thnh cc sn phm kh, ch yu gm CO, CO
2
, H
2
,
CH
4
, N
2
, H
2
S, v.v... nhit n 1200
0
C.
9.1.2.2. Phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh ha kh than
Phn ng vi oxi:
C +O
2
CO
2
(1)
2C +O
2
2CO (2)
Phn ng vi nc (kh ho than t):
C +H
2
O (hi) CO +H
2
(3)
C +2H
2
O CO
2
+2H
2
(4)
Phn ng vi cc sn phm kh va mi sinh ra do cc phn ng trn:
C +CO
2
2CO

(5)
C +2H
2
CH
4
(6)
Ngoi ra cn c cc phn ng ph:
Phn ng ca nguyn liu kh vi CO v H
2

Phn ng ca hai sn phm CO v H
2
to CH
4

Phng php kh ha than t theo chiu thun (kh c thi t di ln, than
lun t trn xung) l phng php c s dng rng ri nht.
9.1.3. Thit b kh ho than
9.2. K THUT LUYN CC
Luyn cc l qu trnh chuyn ho than thnh cc sn phm than cc
- Than cc: Lm nhin liu dng trong cng nghip luyn kim, sn xut phn ln nung
chy
- Nha than cc: Lm nguyn liu v l nhin liu sn xut nhiu hp cht c gi
tr nh toluen, benzen, ru etylic, NH
3
...
Trong than cc hm lng C rt cao nn khi t to nhit lng rt ln, cn thit
cho cc nh my luyn gang thp.
9.2.1. C s ho l ca qu trnh luyn cc
9.2.1.1. Khi nim chung:
41
Thc cht qu trnh cc ho l chng kh than khng c khng kh, t
0
>
1000
o
C.

Than Than cc
Cc phn ng din ra rt phc tp bao gm cc hin tng vt l v ho hc
nh hp th, kh hp th ca hi v kh, hp th pha lng ca trng thi do, cc qu
trnh bin i trng thi lin hp, cc chuyn ho ha hc nh ng vng, ct t
mch...
9.2.1.2. Cc giai on ca qu trnh luyn cc
a/ Sy: Khi t
0
ln n 100-200
o
C, hi m v kh hp ph (N
2
, O
2
, CO
2
, CH
4
) thot
ra.
b/ Nhit phn than: Nhit 200 - 400
o
C l qu trnh bn cc ho. Than bt u phn
hu, to thnh cc hp cht hu c bay hi. Phn rn cn li l bn cc, cn nhiu
cht bay hi.
Khi nhit n 400
0
C cc kh tch ra gn ht v cc ng ng ca metan,
oleifin, du bt u thot ra.
c/ Giai on to trng thi do: Khi nhit t 400
0
C kh than chuyn thnh trng
thi do, giai on ny c s chuyn ho ct mch C ln to thnh cc phn t
thp hn. Nhit ho do ph thuc vo cht lng ca than cc ho
d/ Giai on kt dnh: Khi khi cht lng t c n nht nht nh, t>=
500
0
C khi do bt u kt dnh chun b cho giai on bn cc
e/ To bn cc: Cc sn phm thp phn t tng trng lng phn t nh cc phn
ng trng hp v ngng t.
f/ To cc: Nhit t n 1000-1100
0
C sn phm bn cc chuyn thnh cc s kt
khi cht kht hn v to nn hin tng co li, khi cc to cc vt nt v cc tr nn
xp.
Tu theo loi than v ch cc ho sn phm thu c thng bin ng.
Than m khi t nng s to khi do c kch thc phn t ca cht hu c v
nht tng ng vi kh nng dnh bm cao nht. Than kh to khi do t nht v
kt dnh km. Than gy to ta khi do rt nht, s khuch tn pha lng ca khi do
rt kh, lm gim kh nng kt dnh gia cc ht v khi do. Thng hn hp cc
loi than trn luyn cc.
9.2.2. Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra khi to cc
* Giai on 1 (t
o
<=500
o
C):
- Trc tin l s t mch ca cc hp cht d vng, cng nh s t mch ca cc
nhm cacboxyl, hiroxyl .. thot ra cc phn t kh (N
2
, O
2
, CO, H
2
O, H
2
S, CH
4
,
C
2
H
4
)
- Phn ng kh hiro ca naphten v xicloolefin xy ra t
o
=500
o
C to ra etilen,
butaien, vng thm v.v

C
6
H
12
C
6
H
10
C
6
H
6
+2H
2


CH
2
=CH
2
+CH
2
=CH - CH =CH
2

* Giai on 2: Sn phm c bn (t
o
=500 - 1000
o
C), l hirocacbon thm gi l nha
nhit cao. Hirocacbon thm cn c th to thnh do phn ng kh hiro ca
naphten khi vng ho olefin.
CH
2
=CH - CH =CH
2
+CH
2
=CH
2
C
6
H
8
C
6
H
6
+H
2
Nung 1000
o
C
Khng c khng kh
-H
2
42
Ngng t cc hydrocacbon thm thp thnh cc hydrocacbon thmcao


+


Thc ra qu trnh cn phc tp v xy ra nhiu loi phn ng hn. Sn phm
to ra hng trm loi v ph thuc vo than ban u.
9.2.2. Gii thiu l luyn cc
* Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu dng iu ch than cc cn bo m tiu chun:
W : 6 - 8%; Hm lng P: 0,01%; Hm lng kh ~ 25%
Thnh phn c ht 1 - 3mm hoc 6 - 8mm
* L luyn cc:

Hnh IX.2. L luyn cc
1. Bung cc; 2. Bung t; 3. Rnh nhm ; 4. Rnh vt ; 5. Dn kh v;, 6. Bung
thu hi nhit ; 7. Kh l ra ; 8. Kh t vo ; 9. Ca dn u than; 10. Kh ra khi l
t ; 11. Kh vo l t
9.3. K THUT CH BIN DU M
9.3.1.Ngun gc thnh phn v ngha ca qu trnh ch bin du m
9.3.1.1. Ngun gc
C nhiu kin gii thch khc nhau v ngun gc ca du m. Tuy nhin phn
ln kin u cho rng du m c ngun gc t ng, thc vt, nhng sinh vt
bin v c nhng xc ng, thc vt trn t lin theo cc dng sng ra bin, qua
bin i to nn du m. Nhng vt liu hu c ny tch ng v bin i xy ra
trong khong thi gian t nht l hng triu nm, di nhiu iu kin thay i khc
nhau ca mi trng, nhit , p sut, vi khun hoc ca cc bc x do phng x
trong lng t v.v
9.3.1.2. Thnh phn ho hc
Thnh phn ho hc ca du m v du kh ni chung rt phc tp. Tuy vy u
c mt nt chung l thnh phn cc hp cht loi hirocacbon chim ch yu t 50
n 98%, t C
1
n C
60
, trong C
1
n C
4
nm trong kh, cn C
5
n C
60
nm trong
du. Chng gm n-paraphin, iso - paraphin, xicloparaphin hay naphten, hirocacbon
thm v hirocacbon hn hp. Phn cn li dao ng t 2 n 50% l cc hp cht d
43
nguyn t cha O, N, S, hp cht c kim v nha. Du m trn th gii khc nhau rt
nhiu v thnh phn ho hc, song v thnh phn nguyn t ch yu l C v H li rt
gn nhau, thay i trong phm vi rt hp (C = 83 - 87% v H =11 - 14%).
9.3.1.3. ngha:
Du m cung cp mt lng ln xng cho cc loi ng c, cung cp nguyn
liu cho cng nghip, to ra nhng sn phm phc v cng nghip, nng nghip v
tiu dng nh cc loi si tng hp, cht do, cao su nhn to, cht ty ra tng hp,
thuc tr su, thuc cha bnh, hng liu, dung mi, sn, thuc n v.v.. Vit Nam
du m ang c thm d vng thm lc a v c trn t lin v bt u khai
thc cc m Bch H, Rng, i Hng, Thanh Long .
9.3.2. Ch bin du m
9.3.2.1. Chun v du th trc khi a vo ch bin.
- Tch kh v n nh du: Du di mt t chu mt p sut ln nn c mt phn
kh v xng nh ho tan. trnh mt mt cc cht ny trong qu trnh bo qun v
vn chuyn du th cn tch kh bng cch un nng nh hoc gim p sut, mt phn
kh ho tan v xng nh s tch ra, qu trnh nh vy gi l n nh du.
- Tch nc ln trong du bng cch un nng du th, cho cht chng nh tng vo,
kh nh tng bng in trng.
- Tch cc mui khong v t ct... bng cch lng lc nhiu ln v chit tch.
9.3.2.2. Ch bin gi nguyn cu to (chng ct)
Qu trnh chng ct p sut thng, hoc chn khng ngi ta thu c:
- Xng, ly ra nh thp, dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong.
- Du xng l loi du dng lm nhin liu cho ng c phn lc.
- Du ho c ly trong khong nhit 180 - 280
0
C, dng lm nhin liu cho ng
c, cho cc nhu cu tiu dng, nhng nhiu nht l lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip
ho cht.
- Du nng (du xla) c ly trong khong nhit 250 - 350
0
C, lm nhin liu cho
ng c iezen v dng cracking.
- Mazut c ly ra y thp chng vi nhit trn 275
0
C, chim ti 40 - 50%
lng du m em chng. Mazut s c ch bin tip trong thp chng chn khng
ly thm mt s sn phm.
Qu trnh chng chn khng nhm h nhit si ca mazut, trnh c s phn
hu, p sut chng khong 60 mmHg. Sn phm ca qu trnh l cc loi du bi trn
v nha ng. Du bi trn c nhit si trong khong 250 - 350
0
C, l loi sn
phm c tm quan trng th hai sau xng
- Hc n l phn cn li sau khi chng, c ly ra y thp vi nhit khong
380
0
C, c th s dng trc tip hoc qua ch bin lm nha ng, cht lp.
Ch bin du m theo phng php ny ch thu c 20% khi lng xng du
t du th, do s dng du m cha kinh t.
9.3.2.3. Ch bin kh cu to
Qu trnh chuyn ho ho hc du m t cc cht c phn t lng cao, cu to
phc tp thnh cc sn phm c phn t lng thp, cu to n gin hn nh vo
nhit (Cracking nhit), v xc tc (Cracking xc tc) gi chung l qu trnh
cracking. Gn y cn tin hnh rifoming xc tc v hirocracking sn xut ra
nhiu xng hn v cht lng xng cao hn, ng thi to ra lng ln hn cc sn
phm ho hc.
a) Cracking nhit
44
Phn ng phn hu l phn ng c bn nht ca qu trnh cracking nhit, ngoi
ra cn c cc phn ng ngng t th cp, phn ng ng phn ho, phn ng ng
vng v.v
Trc y trn 60% xng c sn xut bng phng php ny. ng thi,
ngi ta cn thu c nhng hirocacbon th kh (t C
1
- C
4
), chim t l ln
hirocacbon khng no, l nguyn liu qu trong cng nghip ho cht. N khc vi
qu trnh nhit phn l y qu trnh c thc hin nhit trn 700 - 800
0
C
hoc cao hn v p sut thng cao hn cht t to ra hp cht thm v cc
hirocacbon khng no th kh, bn cnh c sn phm lng cha nhiu hp cht
thm nh benzen, toluen.
Cc phng php cracking nhit:
- p sut cao (12 - 70 at) v nhit tng i thp (di 540
0
C);
- p sut thp (2 - 5 at) v nhit di 600
0
C;
- p sut thng v nhit cao(670 - 720
0
C);
Cracking nhit cho sn phm theo t l: Xng 13%, kh 5%, cn 80%, mt mt
2%.
b) Cracking xc tc
Nhng bin i ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh cracking xc tc rt phc tp, c
th nu mt s phn ng chnh xy ra nh sau:
- Phn ng phn hu mch nhng phn t c kch thc ln thnh nhng phn t c
kch thc nh hn. y l phn ng chnh ca qu trnh.
C
n+m
H
2n+2m+2
->C
n
H
2n+2
+C
m
H
2m
- Phn ng ng phn ho l phn ng to ra hirocacbon c cu trc mch nhnh.
y l cu t lm tng tr s octan ca xng.
CH
3
- (CH
2
)
3
- CH
3
->(CH
3
)
2
CH - CH
2
- CH
3
- Phn ng chuyn di hiro: l qu trnh kt hp hiro vo phn t hoc th mt hay
vi nguyn t trong phn t bng hiro di tc dng ca xc tc, v vy lm no c
mt s hydrocacbon khng no, nh lm tng kch thc n nh ho hc cc sn
phm thu c
CH CH +H
2
CH
2
=CH
2
CH
2
=

CH
2
+H
2
CH
3 -
CH
3

- Phn ng ankyl ho v kh ankyl: phn ng ankyl ho xy ra mnh nhit thp,
s lm giu hiu sut kh; cn phn ng kh ankyl ho xy ra mnh nhit cao,
phn ng ny to nhiu kh.
CH
2
=CH - CH
2
- CH
3
+(CH
3
)
2
CH - CH
3
(CH
3
)
3
C - CH (CH
3
) - CH
2
- CH
3
- Phn ng kh hiro - vng ho cc hirocacbon no
CH
3
- (CH
2
)
4
- CH
3
C
6
H
6
+4H
2

- Kh hiro cc naphten: C
6
H
12
C
6
H
6
+ 3H
2

- Phn ng trng hp xy ra t
0
thp, p sut cao, ch yu i vi hirocacbon khng
no.
- Phn ng ngng t xy ra i vi hirocacbon a vng. Phn ng ny l phn ng
to ra cc bm ln b mt xc tc, lm gim hot tnh xc tc.
Ngoi nhng phn ng chnh trn cn c th xy ra mt s phn ng ph khc.
V tc phn ng, so vi cracking nhit, cracking xc tc c tc ln hn
nhiu (n hng trm, hng nghn ln). Nh chn lc ca xc tc cho php qu
trnh xy ra theo xu hng to sn phm mong mun.
Xc tc cracking:
c) Riforminh xc tc
45
T cc loi nguyn liu chng ct trc tip, xng ca qu trnh cc ho, xng
cracking nhit, tin hnh rifominh vi xc tc l MoO
2
/Al
2
O
3
hoc Pt/Al
2
O
3
. Qu trnh
dng xc tc platin cn c tn platfominh, nu thc hin nhit 480 - 510
o
C v p
sut 15 - 30at, th to thnh benzen, toluen, xilen, nu 50at th to thnh xng c ch
s octan cao. Trong qu trnh platfominh, ngoi cc sn phm lng, ngi ta cng thu
c cc sn phm th kh (hiro, metan, etan, propan,)
Qu trnh rifominh to ra sn phm xng c cht lng cao, cha nhiu
hirocacbon thm v paraphin, hirocacbon olephin < 3%, hirocacbon naphten <
10%. Hirocacbon thm c nhit si cao, c ch s octan cao. Hirocacbon thm
nhn c l benzen, toluen, xilen, lm nguyn liu tng hp. Trong kh cha 70-90%
hiro, mt phn hon li thit b phn ng, mt phn dng lm sch sn phm v
s dng cho qu trnh hirocracking, sn xut du nhn.
d) Hirocrackinh
Xc tc hirocracking c dng l:
CoO(2%Co) +MoO
3
(7%)/Al
2
O
3
- SiO
2
tng hp
NiS(6% Ni)/Al
2
O
3
- SiO
2
Tng hp
Ni(7%) t st + HF
Nguyn liu dng l xng nh, xng kh, cn du nng, phn ct nha than v
du sn xut nhin liu cho ni hi.
Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l lm no ho cc sn phm bng hiro, lm bo ha
cc olephin vo hirocacbon thm, sn xut ra c nhiu xng v xng c cht lng
cao.
Hin nay qu trnh rifominh xc tc v hirocracking ang c p dng rng
ri.





















46
CHNG X: SN XUT MT S HP CHT CAO PHN T

10.1. SN XUT CAO SU
Cy cao su c ngun gc Nam M, mc hoang di trn mt a bn rng 5-6
triu km
2
, bao gm ton b lu vc sng Amazon v cc vng k cn.
10.1.1. Cao su thin nhin
10.1.1.1. M cao su
M cao su l mt dung dch keo, v thnh phn ho hc gm c:
Cis -1,4 - poliisopren 35 - 40% Cht m 2% ng v inositols
1%
Nha 2% Cht khong 0,5% Nc ~
60%
10.1.1.2. S ch m cao su
M cao su sau khi co, trnh ng t ngi ta cho thm 3% amoniac v 5%
formon hoc hn hp amoiac v axit boric. Formon c cho vo chn co lc ly
m, cn amoniac cho vo thng cha khi thu m.
Lc m v lm ng t m nc:
- Dng ry lc n gin hoc my lc quay trn tch m ng, cnh l, v cy.
- Ch bin m ng t thnh t mng, ht, thanh, crp ri em sy kh sau em
ng bnh, bo qun v tn tr xut i ni ch bin thnh cc sn phm cao su.
10.1.1.3. Ch bin sn phm cao su thin nhin
Nguyn liu: l m nc nng bnh thng hoc c; m kh vn c tnh n
hi.
a. S luyn cao su (cn gi s nhai nhi)
u tin lm cho cao su tr nn mm do ngha l cht t nhng chui di cao phn
t, thnh on ngn c khi lng phn t nh hn, khong 400 000, c mt th
bt nho
- My nhi gm 2 trc bng gang quay ngc chiu nhau. Trc quay chm c vn tc
l v, th trc quay nhanh c vn tc l 1,4v. Thng trc quay chm c vn tc khong
vi vng/pht.
Trc khi cao su vo my nhi, cn lm cho cao su tr nn mm v xp ging
nh mt t crp, ri chui vo gia 2 trc cho my nhai kh. Cao su chn gia 2
trc s b cn thnh mt cun nh ln gia. Sau khi my chy c khong 10 pht
cc cao phn t cao su b cht t thnh tng on v c mt th bt nho nng,
dnh v rt do.
- Khi ra khi my cao su c nhit khong 80 -100
0
C.
b. Nho trn cc ph gia
- Ph gia to hoc xc tin s lu ho, ci thin c, l tnh, phng chng s lo ho
Vi cc my trn hin i, my quay nhanh, nn nhit cao su tng cao, khi ra khi
my nhit cao su 170
0
C v vy cn gim nhit trnh cao su c th bt u b lu
ho, nn cho sang my nhi th 2 c nc chy trong lng hai hnh tr. My nhi th
2 ny c nhim v lm ngui hn hp cao su xung nhit khng kh bn ngoi v
cn cao su thnh l trn lng, c b dy khong 1 -1,5 cm.
c. Gia cng hn hp: Cn mng, dn thnh si hoc thnh ng, c lp xe, dy
v..v.,
d. S lu ho: Nh tc dng ca lu hunh. nhit 120
0
C v p sut cao S chy
lng v kt hp cc chui phn t cao su vi nhau, to ra mt mng li cht hn
47
trc khi nho trn. V vy cao su lu ha cng chc hn v c tnh cht c l cao hn
cao su nguyn cht, hn ch c s lo ho, ci thin c nhiu tnh cht c l ca
cao su, chng rch, mi mn
Vi tm cao su c th lu ho bng khng kh nng 130
0
C, lp xe thng lu
ho nhit 160
0
C, c khi cao hn; giy thng lu ho 200
0
C.








10.1.1.4. Cng nghip cao su m nc (hay cng ngh latec)
Phng php ch bin t m nc thng dng l phng php nhng. Ngi ta
dng nhng khun bng s, thy tinh, nhm, g nh vecni, ri nhng vo m nc
c pha trn thm cht lu ho, cht tng tc lu ho, cht chng lo ho... Nhng
i nhng li nhiu ln c dy thch hp bc ngoi mt khun. Sau em
phi trong khng kh nng 80
0
C. Phng php nhng dng lm nm v cho tr em,
gng tay, dng c y khoa...
10.1.2. Cao su tng hp
Cao su thin nhin ch p ng c 1/3 nhu cu cao su th gii. Cc loi cao su
tng hp, c bit l cao su buna - S, cao su buna N, cao su cloropren cng nh cis -
1,4 -polibutaien v cis - 1,4-poliisopren c ngha quan trng.
10.1.2.1. Nguyn liu
Butaien l mt trong nhng monome ch yu sn xut cao su tng hp.
Trong cng nghip cao su tng hp, ngi ta iu ch butaien bng cch kh hiro
ca butan.
a. iu ch t butan
+ iu ch butilen t butan.
CH
3
- CH
2
- CH
2
- CH
3
CH
2
=CH - CH
2
- CH
3
AH=+117kJ/mol

+ iu ch butaien t butilen:
2CH
2
=CH- CH
2
- CH
3
2CH
2
=CH - CH =CH
2
+H
2
b. iu ch t axetilen: Xc tc Ni, t
0
C =110
0
C v P=30 MPa to ra butaiol - (1,3).
Giai on cui cng butaiol - (1,3) chuyn thnh butadien-(1,3) vi xc tc l Na
poliphotphat 270
0
C trong pha kh: Hiu sut to thnh l 70%...Vi 1,5kg axetilen
c 1 kg butaien.
CHCHCH
3
CHOCH
3
-CH-CH
2
CHOCH
3
-CH-CH
2
-CH
2
CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
2

+2H
2
O
10.1.2.2. Sn xut cao su tng hp
a. Trng hp huyn ph
b) Trng hp dung dch
10.2. CNG NGH SI HA HC
10.2.1. Khi nim chung
Si l vt liu thu c t cht v c hay hu c tng hp hoc thin nhin, c
chiu di gp hng trm, hng nghn ln ng knh. Gm: si thin nhin v si ha
hc.
10.2.1.1. Si thin nhin
CH
3

CH
3
SH

x
x
CH
3

CH
2
- C =CH- CH- - CH
2
C =CH - CH -
CH
3

S
CH
3

SH
CH
2
- C =CH- CH- - CH
2
C =CH - CH -
CH
3


S
+H
2
S
ZnO
+S
48
a) Si bng
b) Len
c) Si t tm
10.2.1.2. Si ha hc
Si ha hc c sn xut ra di hai dng chnh l x v t. sn xut t
chun, c nhiu phng php khc nhau, nhng u theo nguyn tc chung: ko cng
si n mc ti a v cun ln cc ng si - si n nh nhit trng thi cng y -
cui cng "th lng" si cho co t do ri cun vo ng si, si s c hnh xon,
phng, xp, c chun cao.
Tnh cht nhim in ca si cn c lu . Si d nhim in nn thng ht
bi t khng kh lm qun o ta mc chng b bn. Si ha hc (gm si nhn to v
si tng hp) c nhiu ng dng trong may mc v trong k thut.
10.2.2. Sn xut si thin nhin
Si nhn to c ngun gc t nguyn liu t nhin nh xenluloz, protit,
anginat. T xenluloz thu c visco, thng 1m
3
g cho 200kg xenluloz tng
ng cho 151 kg si.
* Sn xut si visco
Nh tnh cht ht m nn qun o si visco hp v sinh, lm vi lt cho qun
o. Si visco d dng pha trn vi cc loi si khc v em li cho loi vi mi ny
u im thong mt v ht m hi. Ngoi may mc, si visco cn c dng trong
cng nghip lm vi mnh cho lp xe, cht n trong vt liu tm, cht do compozit
v nhiu cng dng khc.
a) Nguyn liu
Ch yu l xenluz, g: g b , thng, bch n, cy m .... Nguyn liu ny
nhp vo nh my di dng cc tm ba xenluloz (600 800mm).
Xenluloz trong g lm nguyn liu phi m bo 88% o- xenluloz
(xenluloz khng tan trong dung dch NaOH 18 - 20% nhit phng); khi lng
phn t khong 100000 - 150000, nu phn t lng thp th bn v do ca si
s km.
b) iu ch dung dch ko si
- Kim ha: Cc tm g c xp ng gia cc tm thp c l trong thng kim
ha, cha dung dch NaOH 17,5%, t
0
=20 - 50
0
C, thi gian 10 - 60 pht, trong qu
trnh kim ho xenluloz tc dng vi NaOH b trng mnh v to thnh xenluloz
kim (alkali-xenluloz)
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
2
O



ng thi xy ra phn ng: [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+nNaOH [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]NaOH]
n

Cc hemixenluloz v tp cht polisaccarit tan trong kim. Sau , kim d
c p ht v cc tm alkali-xenluloz c ly ra khi thit b kim ha. Dung dch
kim d c loi cc cht tan v dng li.
- Nghin: Xenluloz kim ha c em nghin trn my nghin lin tc hoc gin
on. B phn ch yu ca my nghin lin tc l hai tht, mt c nh mt quay,
mn quyt nh bng khong cch gia hai tht.
- Nu s b: y l qu trnh oxi ha xenluloz bng oxi khng kh trong mi trng
kim. Qu trnh c tin hnh t
0
=20 - 22
0
C, T=30 - 50 gi. Giai on ny thng
cho thm cc cht xc tc nh MnCl
2
, CuCl
2
, MnSO
4
,CoCl
2
, CoSO
4
. Qu trnh ny
Na
|
n
H
2
O
NaOH
49
lm gim trng hp xung 2 -2,5 ln, do gim nht ca dung dch ko si
giai on sau, lm qu trnh to hnh si thc hin d dng.
- Xantogenat ha: Xenluloz l mt polime kh tan trong dung mi. V vy, phi
chuyn thnh dn xut ete ca xenlulz v xantogenat xenluloz d tan trong kim
long.
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
2
O + nCS
2
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
2
O




Qu trnh thc hin t
0
=22 -30
0
C, T=1 - 2 gi, trong thit b c bit.
+ Khi qu trnh xantogenat ha kt thc, cho tip kim long vo ha tan
xantogenat. Xantogenat xenluloz d tan trong kim long (4 - 7%) to thnh mt
dung dch nht. V tan ca xantogenat tng khi h nhit , nn qu trnh ha tan
ny phi tin hnh nhit 6 -10
0
C trong khong 4 - 5 gi. Dung dch c mu vng
da cam, thng cha 8 -9% xenluloz v 6 - 7% NaOH gi l dung dch visco.
- Nu visco: Dung dch visco mi xantogenat ha khng dng ko si ngay c v
n khng th ha rn nhanh, cn phi gim bn ca visco n nhanh ng t khi
to hnh.
Thc cht ca qu trnh ny l visco trong thi gian 18 - 30 gi t
0
=16 -
18
0
C.
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
2
O [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+nCS
2
+nNaOH





CS
2
v xt phn ng to thnh nhiu sn phm trong ch yu l natri
thiocacbonat.
3CS
2
+6NaOH 2Na
2
CS
3
+Na
2
CO
3
+3H
2
O
Do qu trnh phn hy m bn ca visco gim ( chn cng cao). Dung
dch visco c trn u ng nht v chn v nng , ri c a qua my
lc khung bn nhm tch cc tp cht c hc. my lc ra, dung dch c ui ht
bt kh v cacbon sunfua. Thi gian tch bt ko di khong 10 - 20 gi, m bo
bt khng kh thot ht khi dung dch, nh vy si s khng b t khi ko.
c) Giai on to hnh si:
Khi si chy qua, trong dung dch xy ra cc phn ng sau:
- ng t visco di tc dng ca cht in li
- Phn hy xantogenat di tc dng ca axit.
- Phn hy cc tp cht sunfua c trong visco lm thot ra H
2
S v CS
2
. Cc mui
sunfat tng cng qu trnh ng t v km hm qu trnh axit sunfuric phn hy
xantogenat xenluloz:
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
2
O - C =S + nH
2
SO
4
2 [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+nNa
2
SO
4

Do cc phn ng trn, trong qu trnh ko si, thnh phn v nhit ca dung
dch kt ta lin tc thay i. V vy, phi lin tc gia nhit, ti sinh dung dch v b
sung dung dch mi nhm n nh nhit v thnh phn dung dch kt ta.
n
|
C
|
SNa
=S
|
Na
n
Na
n
|
C S =
|
SNa
+nH
2
O
SNa
|
n
2
50
- Cun si : cun si lin tc hoc gin on.
d) Hon thin si: T ~3 - 4 gi. Si visco sau khi qua cc qu trnh trn, vn cn
trng thi trng v cha khong 80% dung dch ng t, do cn phi c x l
tip tc:
- Ra bng nc 40 - 50
0
C loi axit sunfuric v mui.
- Loi tr S bng dung dch 1 - 2,5% natri sunfit, xt hoc natri sunfat nhit 40 -
70
0
C.
- Ra bng axit yu loi cc mui kh tan.
Vi si dt, cn ty trng loi Fe v cc tp cht c mu bng Na hipoclorua 20 -
25
0
C.
* Sau mi qu trnh trn, cn ra k si bng nc v bng dung dch x phng oleat
0,3%.
* Nc dng trong qu trnh gia cng tinh cn phi sch, thng ngi ta dng nc
mm, khng cha cc ion kim loi nng v cc hp cht hu c.
10.2.3. Sn xut si tng hp
Si tng hp c nhiu tnh cht hn hn si nhn to: bn cao gp 1,5 - 2
ln, c tnh n hi, t trng thp, bn vi tc dng ca vi sinh vt v cc mi trng
n mn. Ngoi ra nguyn liu sn xut si tng hp li nhiu v r.
* Si polieste
a) Nguyn liu
b/ Qu trnh trng ngng:
iu kin t
0
=270-280
0
C, khng c khng kh, xc tc thng dng l amin bc
bn, to thnh polime mch thng, dng si.
nHOOC-C
6
H
4
-COOH +nHO-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH HOOC-[C
6
H
4
-CO-O-CH
2
-CH
2
-]
n
-OH
+(2n - 1) H
2
O
hoc
nH
3
COOC - C
6
H
4
- COOCH
3
+nHO - CH
2
- CH
2
- OH
H
3
COOC[- C
6
H
4
- CO - O - CH
2
- CH
2
-]
n
- OH +(2n - 1)CH
3
OH
Nc hoc metanol tch ra nh mt sn phm ph. Mch phn t tng dn, cho
n khi t c mt khi lng phn t xc nh. Khi polime nng chy c n
qua mt khe h vo nc lm lnh v to thnh ht nh.
c) Giai on ko si
T bunke, cc ht polietilenglicol terephtalat ri xung li nung chy, nhit
270 - 285
0
C, nha nng chy ri xung nn tip nhn ri c bm qua khun
ko. Si nng chy khun ko ra, i qua phng thi khng kh lm ngui, ri vo
thit b ko si.
- Sau khi to thnh, si c ko dn nhit cao (~80
0
C) sao cho t s ko dn ~ 4
- 5 ln.
- Si thng phm hin c dng pha vi bng dt thnh vi poplin, phin, kaki,
simili ... m chng ta thng gi sai l pha nilon, chnh l pha polieste hay ni cho
chnh xc hn l polieste pha bng, pha visco, v tnh theo t l polieste chim trn
di 2/3 khi lng v hon ton khng c mt du vt no ca nilon.
Do tnh cht cch nhit cao polieste c dng nhiu lm cc mt hng ma ng va
m va d git. Polieste nguyn cht dng lm bng chuyn, bng ti trng cao su, vi
cch in



51
TI LIU THAM KHO


1. Trn Th Bnh, Phng Tin t, L Vit Phng, Phm Vn Thng Ha hc
Cng ngh v Mi trng, NXB Gio dc, 1999.
2. Trn Th Bnh, Phng Tin t Ha K thut i cng, T1, NXB Gio dc,
1988.
3. Nguyn Nh Thnh, Phan S Ct Ha K thut i cng, NXB Cng nhn
K thut, 1986.
4. Nguyn Xun Khi - Gio trnh Ha K thut i cng, 2004.
5. Bnh - Cng ngh axit Sunfuric, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2004.
6. L Thanh - Bi ging hc phn Ho hc ng dng- Khoa Ho trng i hc
S phm Hu.

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