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BI GING

QU TRNH LC TCH VT L
Ging vin bin son: GVC. ThS. Trn Vn Tin
Tn mn hc : Qu trnh Lc tch vt l S VHT : 5 (75 tit) Ti liu hc tp: + Sch, gio trnh chnh: 1. Bi ging QU TRNH LC TCH VT L, Trn Vn Tin 2. Tp Cc hnh v, s , cu to thit b ch nh trong Bi ging, Trn Vn Tin 3. Procds de Sparation, tp 2, 655 trang, Jean-Pierre Wauquier NXB TECHNIP Paris, 1998. (Ch : Bi ging ny c bin son theo cun Procds de Sparation. Cc hnh v, s , cu to thit b ch nh trong Bi ging, sinh vin tra trc tip theo s th t ca hnh trong cun Procds de Sparation.) + Sch tham kho: 1. Nguyn Bin. Cc Qu trnh, Thit b trong Cng ngh Ha cht v Thc phm, tp 4: Chng luyn, Hp th, Trch ly, Kt tinh, Hp ph, Sy. NXB KH&KT H Ni, 2002. 2. Nguyn Bin. Tnh ton Qu trnh, Thit b trong Cng ngh Ha cht v Thc phm, tp 1&2. NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 2001. 3. Nguyn Bin, Vn i, Long Thanh Hng, inh Vn Hunh, Nguyn Trng Khung, Phan Vn Thm, Phm Xun Ton, Trn Xoa. S tay Qu trnh v Thit b Cng ngh Ha cht, tp 1&2. NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 2004.

Chng m u : TNG QUAN V MN HC QU TRNH LC TCH VT L


1. S tt c cc loi qu trnh trong nh my lc du (Hnh 1.1a) 2. S tt c cc loi phn xng trong nh my lc du (Hnh 1.2) 3. Vai tr ca Cng ngh Lc du trong nh my lc du Du th c to thnh t hn hp phc tp gm rt nhiu cc hp cht, phn ln l hydrocarbon. thu c cc sn phm du m p ng c cc tiu chun k thut thng mi, u tin cn phi thc hin mt qu trnh phn ring du m nguyn khai thnh nhiu phn on khc nhau. Cc phn on ny, tip sau phi c tinh luyn lm sch, hay phi tri qua cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc, c bit l nhm phc v cho cc nhu cu ca ngnh ha du sau ny. Nguyn l c s ca mt cng on phn ring c minh ha trong Hnh 1.1. Hn hp ban u (du th hoc hn hp khc, A, B, C...) c phn ring ra thnh cc cu t khc nhau hay cc phn on khc nhau nh nhng tnh cht c trng, v d bng khong nhit si. Mt cng on nh vy thng thng i hi s tiu tn nng lng (un si trong chng luyn hay lm lnh trong kt tinh) hay i hi s tr gip ca mt tc nhn phn ring chn lc (dung mi trch ly, hp th, cht hp ph). Trong cc trng hp ni ring ca lc du th, cc qu trnh lc tch vt l bo m c 3 chc nng chnh sau: Cc qu trnh phn on

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Qu trnh chng ct kh quyn cho php phn on du th thnh cc phn on khc nhau: kh du ha lng LPG, xng, kerosen, gazol, fuel... c cho v d trn Hnh 1.2. Vi cc qu trnh chuyn ho ho hc, trong hu ht cc trng hp, sau khi thc hin qu trnh, dng sn phm thng phi tri qua mt cng on phn on nhm mc ch thu c cc sn phm c cht lng p ng cc tiu chun k thut nghin cu. Cc qu trnh tun hon li Hu ht cc cng on chuyn ha ha hc u c c trng bi s chuyn ha tng chng khng hon ton, tip li l mt cng on phn ring tch ring v tun hon li cc cu t cha c chuyn ha, v h s chuyn ho tu thuc qu trnh thng nm trong khong 10-90% (Hnh 1.3). Nh vy, s cn thit gia tng ch s octan IO ca cc ngun xng c s nhm sn xut ra cc loi xng khng ch, dn n vic phi tin hnh cc qu trnh ng phn ha cc n-parafin thnh cc iso-C5 v C6. Cc n-parafin khng c chuyn ha khi i ra khi qu trnh ng phn ha s c tch ra bi cc ry phn t c kch thc 5Ao v c ti tun hon, nhm t kt qu ng phn ha hon ton cc parafin ny. Cc qu trnh lm sch - Lm sch cho nguyn liu trc khi phn ng: tch cc loi tp cht (nh H2S, mercaptan c trong hn hp kh trn ry phn t 13X) m chng c phn ng ph vi xc tc trong nguyn liu u l rt cn thit cho cc cng on h lu, v trong cc cng on c xc tc, cht xc tc rt nhy phn ng vi cc tp cht c trong nguyn liu. - Lm sch hon thin cht lng to sn phm (tch aromatic, parafin sn xut du nhn, tch aromatic cho nhin liu). - Lm sch p ng yu cu l mt vi sn phm thu c phi c tinh khit cao ng dng cho cc nhu cu ca ha du (v d sn xut H2, i/n-parafin, BTX ... tinh khit). - Lm sch nhm tch trit cc tp cht c hi c trong cc cht thi l kh, nc t nh my ra mi trng (nh hp th H2S bng dung mi amin). Gio trnh ny cp ch yu n qu trnh phn ring cc hn hp ng nht. Cc hn hp ny cn c tch thnh cc nhm cu t hay thm ch thnh cc cu t tinh khit nh cc qu trnh lc tch vt l (hay qu trnh truyn cht) kh phc tp. Cc qu trnh ny, ty tng trng hp, s i hi t mt hay mt tp hp cc cng on tinh ch li mt cch chn lc mt vi cu t trong phn on ban u.

Chng 1 : NG DNG QU TRNH CHNG CT, HP TH TRONG CNG NGH LC DU


1.1. CHNG CT KH QUYN DU TH 1.1.1. Cc quy trnh cng ngh ca phn xng chng ct kh quyn du th 1.1.1.1. Quy trnh cng ngh thng dng Chng ct kh quyn l 1 cng on cn bn ca quy trnh cng ngh lc du, cng on ny ra i t cui th k XIX. V n l cng on u tin trong quy trnh cng ngh lc du, nn chng ct kh quyn lun phi x l lng ln nht nguyn liu v n ng vai tr quyt nh trong vn hnh nh my lc du. Nng sut ca cng on thay i t 300.000 n hn 10 triu tn du th/nm. Gi thnh ca 1 phn xng chng ct kh quyn nng sut 10 triu tn du th/nm vo thi im nm 1994 l khong 120-150 triu USD. Trn phng din tng qut, t nguyn liu l du th, qua phn xng chng ct kh quyn, ta s thu c cc phn on sn phm du th nh sau: a. Mt phn on kh (C1-C4) v xng (C5-C10,11, ts=30-180oC) phn on hn hp kh-xng ny, thng thng sau khi c x l hydro ( tch S, N, O...), v sau khi c tch ring kh ra khi xng, chng s l nguyn liu cho cc cng on: a.1. X l kh: -tch ring C1-C2 lm kh t dng trong nh my - tch ring C3 v ring C4 l cc dng kh ho lng (v. 5.3). a.2. Sn xut xng: tu thuc yu cu m phn on xng c th c phn on nhm mc ch sn xut cc sn phm sau: + Xng ng c t: Phn on xng ly trc tip t du m c tr s octan rt thp: t 30-60, trong khi yu cu v tr s octan cho xng ng c t nht phi ln hn 70. Do vy phi dng 4 bin php khc nhau nng cao cht lng xng nh sau: - Dng cc ph gia ch: tetrametyl ch hoc tetraetyl ch c tc dng ph hu cc hp cht trung gian hot ng (peroxyt, hydroperoxyt) v do lm gim kh nng b chy kch n tc l lm tng kh nng chy iu ho, kt qu l tr s octan ca xng c nng cao. Tuy nhin, lng ph gia ch khi cho vo xng cng ch lm tng nhiu nht t 6 n 12 n v octan, trong khi n li rt c, do vy bin php ny hin nay b loi b. - Dng cc ph gia khng cha ch nh cc hp cht cha oxy (gii php tm thi): metanol (RON=127-136, rt c, khng dng na), etanol (RON=120-135), MTBE (Metyl Tert-Butyl Ete, RON=115-123), ETBE (Etyl Tert-Butyl Ete, RON=110-119), TAME (TertAmyl Metyl Ete, RON=111-116), ... Trong cc loi trn, etanol c s dng nhiu nht chu M (10-22%), tip n l MTBE (ti 15%). V d: ch vi 10% etanol ho vi 90% mt loi xng c RON=87, s cho hn hp xng mi c RON=90-92; cn vi 15% MTBE ho vi 85% cng vi loi xng c RON=87, s cho hn hp xng mi c RON=91-92. - Pha trn xng c tr s octan cao nh xng alkyl ho, izome ho, ... vo xng c tr s octan thp. - Hin i ho cc nh my lc du (gii php lu di) bng vic trang b cc phn xng sn xut xng c tr s octan cao nh phn xng RC (xng ti to xc tc, IO=95), FCC (xng cracking xc tc, IO=92), ...

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+ Xng ng c my bay: y l loi xng cao cp, c tr s octan bng 100 tr ln. Thng n l hn hp xng pha trn ca xng cracking xc tc vi cc thnh phn c tr s octan cao. + Xng lm dung mi: dng lm dung mi ho tan trong cng nghip sn, cao su, keo dn...; ngoi ra cn dng lm dung mi trch ly cht bo (du m ng thc vt) trong cng nghip hng liu, dc liu... Thng thng xng dung mi c ly trc tip t du m l xng parafin (hexan, heptan, octan...) c hm lng aromatic thp (<5%). Cn loi xng dung mi aromatic (benzen, toluen, xylen,... t 40 n 99%) phi ly t phn on nng ca qu trnh reforming. + Xng lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ho du: gi l phn on naphta. * Phn on naphta ca du h naphtenic (cha nhiu naphten v aromatic), c dng sn xut cc loi hydrocacbon thm (BTX). Thng thng naphta l cc phn on hp sn xut mt cht tinh khit: - Phn on 60-85oC cha nhiu metyl cyclopentan, cyclohexan s cho hiu sut thu benzen cao nht. - Phn on 80-100oC cha nhiu naphten C7 s cho hiu sut thu toluen cao nht. - Phn on 105-140oC cha nhiu naphten C8 s cho hiu sut thu xylen cao nht. * Ngc li, phn on naphta ca du h parafin (cha nhiu parafin), li c dng rt tt lm nguyn liu sn xut cc loi hydrocacbon olefin: etylen, propylen, butadien... b. Mt phn on kerosen hoc du ho (C11-C15,16, ts=180-250oC) Phn on kerosen, tu thuc mc ch sn xut loi sn phm no m khong phn on c th l hp hay rt rng (ts=140-300oC). Thng thng n c s dng ch yu cho 2 mc ch: - Dng lm nguyn liu sn xut nhin liu phn lc (ts=160-300oC, C11-C17,18, l ng dng chnh) - Du ho dn dng (ts=144-277oC, loi t lu hunh). c. Mt hoc hai phn on gasoil hay diesel (C16-C20,30, ts=250-350oC) Tu thuc mc ch sn xut loi sn phm no m khong phn on c th l hp hay rt rng (ts=230-380oC). Thng thng n c s dng ch yu cho 2 mc ch: - Dng lm nguyn liu sn xut nhin liu cho ng c diesel (ts=230-310oC, C15C20,21 cho diesel nh. Vi diesel nng, ts=310-380oC, c th ln ti C30). - Ngoi ra cn dng lm nhin liu du t dn dng FOD. d. Mt phn on mazut l cn ca thp chng ct kh quyn (C20+, ts=350+ oC) tch di y thp Phn on ny c th c s dng: - Hoc lm nhin liu t trc tip cho cc l t cng nghip, - Hoc lm nguyn liu cho thp chng ct chn khng tip theo vi mc ch tch trit phn on gasoil nng ra khi phn on gudron. e. Mt phn on gasoil chn khng (hay du nhn C21-C35,40, ts=350-500,600oC) tch nh v gn nh thp chng chn khng

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Phn on ny c th c s dng : - Sn xut cc sn phm trng bng cc phng php hin i nh caracking (thu xng), hydrocracking (thu kerosen, diesel). - Sn xut du nhn. f. Mt phn on gudron (C35,40-C60,80, ts=500,600+ oC) tch y thp chng chn khng Phn on ny c th c dng sn xut nha ng (bitum, l ng dng quan trng nht), than cc, b hng, nhin liu t l. Mt phn xng chng ct kh quyn thng c thit k sao cho n c kh nng x l c nhiu loi du th c tnh cht gn nhau nh: - ngun nguyn liu du th thng xuyn ca nh my; - ngun du nh hn cht t, m v n ngi ta phi tnh n vic thit k cc vng nh thp v l cp nhit c kch thc ln hn (do lng hi nhiu hn); - ngun du nng hn, m nh n ta s tnh thit k y thp v b phn trao i nhit c kch thc ln hn (v lng hi t). Trong c 3 trng hp, nng sut x l ch bin thc t cho mi trng hp s khng nh nhau nhm gim thiu thit k d (nng cao hiu nng ca thp). Cng mt loi l, nng sut x l i vi du nng s ln hn v vi du nh s nh hn. Cng on chng ct kh quyn cn c thit k sao cho trong trng hp cn thit vn c th hot ng c mt cch hon ho nng sut bng khong 60% nng sut thit k danh ngha. Hnh 5.1. biu din s phn xng chng ct kh quyn du th. Qu trnh phn ring thng din ra duy nht 1 thp, hot ng di p sut t 1-3 bar, p sut lm vic cng thp cng tt. Vic trch dng sn phm c thc hin nh thit b strippeur. Cc thp strippeur c un si gin tip (khi ta mun thu sn phm kh khng cha nc) hay thng thng hn, chng uc un bc hi bng hi nc trc tip, cc phn nh bc hi c quay tr li thp chnh ti v tr pha trn a trch dng lng. Thp chng ct kh quyn, trong thc t hot ng nh mt thp hp th c hi lu, n c t 1-3 dng hi lu tun hon cho php ta thu hi c 1 lng nhit kh cao. Du th c un nng s b trong chui thit b trao i nhit th nht nh s dng nhit thu hi t cc sn phm v t dng hi lu tun hon n nhit khong 120-160oC, ti nhit ny du th s c kh mui. Cng on ny c thc hin p sut kh ln (khong 12 bar) nhm hn hp du th v nc vn cn trng thi lng ti nhit mong mun. Du th tch mui c un tip trong chui thit b gia nhit th hai ri c a vo l un t c nhit khong 330-390oC cp liu trng thi ha hi mt phn cho thp chnh. Dng nguyn liu vo thp theo kiu tip tuyn hoc kiu trc cnh nhm to thun li cho vic phn gii phn hi. Cc quy trnh cng ngh s dng trong phn xng chng ct kh quyn l kh ging nhau. Thp chng ct kh quyn (thp chnh) cao khong 50m, thng c khong t 20-50 a chp quy c (v c c phn a m), cn thit b strippeur c t 4-10 a cng loi vi thp chnh. a s thit b u c ch to t thp carbone thng, ngoi tr cc vng b t nng nhit cao phi ch to bng hp kim. Mt phn ca thp thng thng c ph lp thp c 12% crom. Trong cc vng chu n mn trng thi lnh nh nh thp, thit b hi lu phi ch to bng vt liu qu hoc phi ph cc hp kim c bit.

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Thp thng c thit k vi cc a c in kiu chp. S ng hoc vch chy chuyn c xc nh ty theo tm quan trng ca lu thng lng-hi trong vng xem xt. Hiu xut trao i cht ca a thng l tt nht vng nh thp v trung bnh trong vng nm gia vng trch gazol v vng nhp liu (s phn on c tinh luyn k nht nm pha nh thp). a thng c ch to t thp hp kim (12% Crom). Trong cc vng phn on hoc vng ra ngy nay i khi ngi ta s dng a kt cu dng m. Thit b gia nhit s b bng khng kh nng c th c thc hin bng trao i nhit vi khi l. Khi l c th i ra trng thi tng i lnh nu cht t c kh lu hunh. Mt phn gia nhit s b cng c th thc hin c nh dng tc nhn nng khng phi hydrocarbon (nc ngng, nc mui). Hiu sut gia nhit t c t 80-90% khi s dng nhit ca thp v t 90-95% khi s dng nhit ca l. ng knh ca thp thay i ty theo tng vng xem xt. Vng nh v y thp c ng knh nh nht cn cc vng trao i nhit thng c ng knh ln nht m bo c 1 lng lng ln cho bm v cho hi lu. ng knh trung bnh khong 9m i vi thp x l 1000 t/h (tng ng 8 triu t/n vi 11 thng hot ng). 1.1.1.2. Kt cu ngng t nh thp Vn tit kim nng lng l rt quan trng trong qu trnh chng ct. Trc ht cn phi tn dng ht lng nhit do sn phm nh thp mang ra bng cch cho n trao i nhit vi du th lnh. Cc thit b trao i nhit nh thp thng c gi l "Thit b trao i nhit du th/hi nh thp", chng i hi k thut v s gim st rt c bit, s r r du th trong ng truyn nhit s dn n lm gim cht lng sn phm nh. Qu trnh ngng t n nh thp c m t trong Hnh 5.1: Qu trnh ngng t kp nh thp c tin hnh nh sau (Hnh 5.5): - Qu trnh ngng t th nht c thc hin bng cch trao i nhit vi du th sao cho ch ngng t ng mt lng sn phm (hydrocacbon nh) cn thit hi lu, ch khng ngng t nc. Khi lng hi lu l trng thi nng, khng cha nc (v n c nhit cao hn nhit ngng t hi nc) nh vn n mn trong nh thp c khng ch. - Qu trnh ngng t th hai c thc hin vi khng kh hoc vi nc lm lnh. Nh vy naphta c to thnh v nc acid c thu hi ring bit sau khi lng. Trong mt vi trng hp, qu trnh ngng t th hai ny c thc hin bng cch trao i nhit vi du th lnh theo phng php ngc dng ton b lng hi cn ngng t. 1.1.1.3. Cc quy trnh cng ngh khc Mi s c s dng ty thuc vo lng v cht sn phm mong mun v vo kh nng cung cp du th. Php, sau chin tranh th gii th hai, cc nh my lc du thung s dng cc loi du th c nh, t pha trn (du Hassi-Messaoud, du Zarzaitine ca Algrie). T sau nm 1960, ngun cung cp du th phi thay i nhiu (du ca Trung ng), v do vy du th s dng bt u c pha trn. Trong nhng nm 1970-1980, ngun cung cp du th c m rng thm t ngun du th bin Bc v du th ca cc nc Lin X c. S bin i ny dn n s mm do, uyn chuyn hn trong vic thit k v khai thc s dng cc phn xng ch bin du. Bn cnh , do nhu cu sn phm khng ngng gia tng cc nc cng nghip pht trin, nng sut nh my thay i t 1-3 triu t/nm ln n 5 triu t/nm ri n tn 10

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triu t/nm (iu ny tng ng vi thp chng ct c ng knh n 10m). Tuy nhin trong cc nc chm pht trin th vn cn c cc phn xng vi nng sut thp, chng 300.000500.000 t/nm. Vi tt c nhng iu , dn n vic c xu hng sp nhp mt cch c h thng thp chng ct chn khng vo cng cng on chng ct kh quyn du th v s tin ti vic st nhp cc dy chuyn ca hai b phn li vi nhau thnh mt. Cc cng on sn xut kh, chng ct xng v strippeur hi nc cng s c sp nhp lun vo trong cng on chng ct kh quyn. Hin nay, mt dng s dy chuyn cng ngh tin tin c cc thp chng ct tin bc hi (kiu prflash) c p dng mt s nh my lc du. Thp tin bc hi c mc ch lm bc hi trc cc phn nh nht v nht l lm bc hi hi nc, ngun gc gy n mn nh thp. Nh vy thp tin bc hi lm gim nh nhim v ca l t bng cch lm bay hi trc trong thp tin bc hi 1 lng xng, v nhim v ca thp chnh cng nh nhng hn khi khng c lng xng trn i qua. S tht l lng ph nhit, tht l tha khi cc sn phm rt nh nh xng i hi iu kin si bay hi ch nhit 150oC vy m li gp tt c t cu t rt nh n rt nng thnh 1 hn hp un si chng trong l n 350oC ri vo thp chnh, tip thp chnh li phi lm vic phn ring hng trm cu t ra thnh nhiu phn on. Nay nh thp tin bc hi, vi 2 ch nhit khc nhau, vic tit kim nhit v tch lc d dng cc phn on s thun li hn s 1 thp chnh rt nhiu. Mt s s khc pht huy li ch trn bng cch lp t an xen vo trong chui thit b trao i nhit mt s thp tin bc hi, nh c th tch loi trc c nhiu phn on xng (bng sng ch ca Elf/Technip) Vn thu hi nng lng dn n nhiu ci tin quan trng, c bit ngi ta ch nhiu n vic gia tng b mt trao i nhit ca cc thit b trao i nhit v thc t n c tng gp 2 k t nhng nm ca thp k 70 khi xy ra cc cn khng hong du m trn th gii. Hnh 5.6. 1.1.2. n mn v mi mn Du th x l trong cc phn xng chng ct kh quyn c cha mt lng quan trng cc tc nhn n mn nh: - Mui khong. - Cc hp cht lu hunh. - Acid hu c (acid naphtenic). Chng ta s quan tm ln lt n cc loi n mn khc nhau xy ra trong cc cng on chng ct kh quyn du th, ng thi nu r nguyn nhn, hu qu v phng php x l. 1.1.2.1. n mn ho hc do mui Cn phn bit hai loi n mn: n mn do mui tinh th v n mn do acid HCl hoc H2S sinh ra do s thy phn mui. a. n mn do mui tinh th T nm 1975, cc qu trnh lu tr du th khc nhau quan tm n vic x l du th c hm lng mui cao. Ngy nay, hm lng mui trong du th khi nhp v nh my

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thng trong khong 100-300ppm (0,01-0,03%). S gia tng ca hm lng mui, thng km theo hin tng lm gim hiu nng hot ng ca cc cng on chng ct, dn n vic to thnh cc cn mui trong ng ng v trong thit b trao i nhit un nng s b trc thit b tch mui. Cc cn mui ny dn n n mn bn trong. Phng php x l l bm mt phn nc ca qu trnh tch mui ln pha trc thit b gia nhit s b ha tan mui. b. n mn do acid t thy phn mui Mc du ci tin hiu qu ca qu trnh tch mui, hm lng cn clorua khi ra khi thit b tch mui l ngun to ra HCl do hin tng thy phn ha mui nhit cao trong l (iu l do S b phn hy to thnh H2S, khi c ln nc v nhit cao n s tc dng vi st theo phn ng: Fe + H2S --> FeS + H2 Sulfure st to thnh 1 lp ph b mt bo v thit b, nhng khi c HCl do mui to thnh khi thy phn: MgCl2 + 2H2O --> Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl n s tc dng vi HCl: FeS + 2HCl -->FeCl2 + H2S v H2S li tip tc ph hy Fe. Lng HCl sinh ra ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng cn MgCl2 m n chim t 10-20% tng khi lng mui. Cn clorua ny trong thc t s b thy phn n 95% 350oC, trong khi cn CaCl2 (10%) cng nhit ny ch b thy phn 10%. 1.1.2.2. n mn do S nhit cao S tn ti di dng hp cht v c v hu c c trong du th v sinh ra trong qu trnh x l. S n mn thp C thng thng do S xy ra rt mnh trong vng nhit khong 300420oC v tc n mn tng ng c th vt qu 1mm/nm. Khi tc n mn t n 0,3mm/nm, s c cc nguy c v nghn tc do cn FeS, km theo kh nng chy n thit b. Phng php bo v l dng cc loi thp hp kim trong vng nhit trn vi thnh phn 5%Cr v 0,5%Mo nht l i vi cc ng truyn nhit trong l t. vng c tc chy cao, s n mn cng c gia tng, do phi s dng thp hp kim 12% Cr v thm ch c th dng n 15%. 1.1.2.3. n mn do acid naphtenic (nhm COOH vi vng C5, C6) Cc acid naphten l cc hp cht c khi lng phn t thay i, chng rt n mn trong khong nhit 220-420oC. T nhit 420 tr ln, chng b phn hy v hin tng n mn cng bin mt. S n mn tr nn km nhit di 300oC v tr nn nghim trng k t 350oC. V vy s n mn din ra trong ton b l, trong cc ng ng trao i nhit v y thp. N cng r nt hn khi tc lun chuyn lu cht tng cao. x l, nn dng loi thp hp kim Cr v Mo. 1.1.2.4. S mi mn S mi mn ch yu din ra trong cc ng ng vn chuyn lu cht v cc ng ng pha nh thp khi tc lun chuyn lu cht tr nn cao v khi c nhiu khuu ng trn ng ng.

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1.1.3. Tch mui trong du th 1.1.3.1. Nhng tc hi ca mui: n mn ho hc v n mn c hc a. mui ca du th, s nhim mn t nc bin Qu trnh tch mui trong du th l mt phn on rt quan trng trong nh my lc du v n s quyt nh n s hot ng tt hay khng tt ca cc qu trnh x l sau ny. Phn ln cc ging du khi khai thc s cho du th c ln mui, ch yu l mui NaCl, nhng chng cng c km theo cc mui kim loi kim th. mui ny c mang n t nc ca va hay t nc thm nhim; mui ph thuc vo v tr cu trc ca ging du v vo tnh cht vt l ca cha. Hn na mui cn thay i theo tui ca ging du Mt khc vic xut nhp, vn chuyn du th s lm mui ca du th tng ln. Trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn, s giu thm v mui bin c th ln n 10-18 ppm (Bng 5.4). Nh vy, nc bin l nguyn nhn chnh gy nn mui trong du th. Du th sau khi tri qua qu trnh x l tch mui mt phn ti m du, ri li b giu thm v mui trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn trn bin, s c a v nh my lc du. Ti y n s tri qua phn on tch mui trc khi a vo cng on chng ct kh quyn. Ngoi ra cn cc cht nhim khc hin din trong du th l cn khong cht, cht han g, sulfur st,...tc hi ch yu ca nhng cht nhim bn ny l chng c th gy ra cc h nh tng bn vng rt kh ph hy. Mui trong du th ch yu l mui Chlorure m s phn b chng gn ng nh sau: NaCl: 70-80% khi lng MgCl2: 20-10% khi lng CaCl2: 10% khi lng Cc mui ny hin din di dng tinh th hoc di dng ion ha trong nc c trong du th (khi n nh my lc du, hm lng nc trong du th l <1% khi lng). Bng cch lng gn n gin ta c th thi loi c mt cch l thuyt tt c cc mui b ion ha, nhng do nht ca mt vi loi du th, 1 phn mui s vn tn ti trong du sau khi lng gn. i vi mui tinh th, vic tch chng c th tin hnh bng cch ra nc: cc tinh th s b ion ha sau b hydrat ha; thun li ca cc mui b hydrat ha l ch chng c ha tan cao trong nc. iu ny chng t tm quan trng ca vic thm nc khi ta mun tch mui trong mt loi du th. b. Nhng tc hi ca mui 1. Mui lm ng cu cc thit b gia nhit s b. Khi hm lng mui vt qu 40ppm, sau khi ra khi thit b tch mui v bt u vo cc TB gia nhit, ta c th quan st thy s gia tng cn trong cc chm ng. 2. Thng thng hm lng HCl trong du th x l khong 15-20ppm (tuy nhin n c th thay i t 3ppm i vi du bin Bc n 60ppm i vi mt s loi du Ai cp, vi hiu sut qu trnh tch mui khng i). Cc mui Chlorure ca kim loi kim th (MgCl2, CaCl2) t thy phn to thnh HCl, gy ra hin tng n mn trong ng ng pha nh thp chng ct kh quyn. Ngi ta thy rng nng Cl trong nc nh thp khng c vt qu 10ppm, nu khng th s b n mn mnh. Phng php x l l trung ha acid bng dung dch xt long. Xt c th trung ha n 90-95% acid, phn cn li c trung ha bng ammoniac c bm vo pha trn nh thp, v hon ton trung ha ht acid khi cho thm

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cht c ch n mn. Cht c ch n mn ny gm c hai phn: mt phn to mng ng vai tr ngn cn s tip xc c hc gia kim loi v nc n mn, mt phn trung ha nhm hon tt tc ng ha hc ca ammoniac. Cc cht c ch tan trong hydrocarbon (bm vo trong dng xng nh) thng c dng hn cc cht c ch ha tan trong nc c khuynh hng ngc li l gia tng s tip xc nc/kim loi. Mt khc, cn phi trnh lm ngng t H2S, v khi s c s to thnh bn en (sulfua st). Qu trnh ny c bit hay xy ra trong mi trng nc kim nh (pH=8-9). Cng cn phi trnh s to thnh nc acid (pH=4-5). Gi tr pH tt nht l trong khong 6 0,3 (H. 5.7 v 15). Bn cnh cc bin php chng n mn thng thng (thm xt vo trong du th sau khi kh mui to mi trng kim chng n mn v thm cht c ch chng n mn vo nh thp), qu trnh tch mui s l qu trnh chnh yu loi tr s n mn TB. 3. Qu trnh tch mui khng tt s lm cn chng ct kh quyn c nhiu Na. Na cn do bm thm NaOH vo trung ho khi qu trnh tch mui khng tt. T s dn n cc hu qu nh: + Gia tng vn tc ng cu l t ca cm chng chn khng v trong cc phn xng cracking nhit, lm gim thi gian hot ng. + u c cht xc tc trong cc qu trnh xc tc, c bit khi cracking cc nguyn liu nng. 4. Nu x l tch mui khng tt, s lm tht thot 1 lng ln hydrocarbon vo trong nc thi ca thit b tch mui, gy ra nhim mi trng. 1.1.3.2. C ch ca qu trnh tch mui loi b tt c cc tp cht m chng ta va nu trn, ta ra du th bng nc v phn ring nc ra ny bng qu trnh tch mui tnh in. Qu trnh tch mui bao gm 3 giai on nh sau: Khuych tn mui trong du th vo trong nc (qu trnh ra: dng nc ly mui ra khi du); Kt t cc git nc (bng thit b kt t tnh in); Gn lng. a. Khuych tn mui l qu trnh khuych tn cc tinh th mui c trong du th vo trong nc. Mc tiu ny c th thc hin c vi tt c cc loi tinh th mui; yu cu l nh tng ncdu th phi mn (Hnh 5.8). Hn hp nc-du th thng c to thnh khi i qua vanne trn t u vo thit b tch mui. tng cng khuych tn cc tinh th mui vo trong nc ngi ta thng phun mt phn nc vo trong vanne phi trn v mt phn nc vo trong ng y ca bm nguyn liu. b. Kt t Nh tng nc-du th, hn hp ca hai cht lng khng ha tan vo nhau, c to thnh t 1 pha lin tc (du th) v mt pha phn tn (nc dng git c kch thc t 110m). Asphalt v cc ht rn rt nh (v d sulfur st) b hp ph ln b mt tip xc ncdu to thnh mt lp film c th quan st c di knh hin vi. Chnh cc tc nhn ny lm n nh nh tng. Hnh 5.9 biu din mt ct ca mt thit b tch mui vi s phn b ca nh tng nc-du th v s phn b in trng trong thit b vi: - in trng khong 200 V/cm, gi l in trng chnh, hot ng gia b mt tip xc nc-du th v in cc th nht, E1;

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- in trng ph hot ng gia in cc th nht v in cc th hai c cng kh cao (khong chng 1000 V/cm), E2.Nh vy, s kh khn ca qu trnh kt t nc lin quan n hm lng asphalt ca du th c x l, v n s hin din ca cc cht bn v cn. Qu trnh kt t xy ra nh trng tnh in. Qu trnh c thc hin nh lc hp dn gia cc git nc vi nhau, do c phn cc ca cc phn t nc v s khuy trn to ra bi in trng. Ngoi ra, cc tc nhn ph nh tng cho thm vo cng gip thm qu trnh kt t. c. Gn lng Qu trnh lng c quy nh bi nh lut Stock:
2 2 r ( 1 2 )g 9 2 - Vd: vn tc lng (m/s); r: ng knh git nc (m) - 1: khi lng ring ca pha phn tn, nc, (kg/m3) - 2: khi lng ring ca pha lin tc, du th, (kg/m3) - 2: nht ng lc ca pha lin tc (Pa.s); g: gia tc trng trng, m/s2 Thit b tch mui thng c tnh vi nht ng lc khong 2 mPa.s v vi thi gian lng t 20-30 pht.

Vd=

1.1.3.3. Cc tin b k thut tch mui hin i Hnh 5.10.a m t s cng ngh n gin mt thit b tch mui bng phng php tnh in (qu trnh, iu khin, kim tra). Ty theo lng mui c trong du cn x l v hiu nng t c ca TB, ta c th kt hp thm giai on tch mui th hai to thnh dy tch mui. (Hnh 5.10.b). Mt dy chuyn cng ngh nh vy c ba li im: - Thit b tch mui i hi thi gian bo tr ng k (phi tin hnh chi ra thng k do cn lng xung y thit b), gii php hai giai on cho php vn hot ng mt giai on trong sut thi gian lm v sinh ny. - Lu lng nc c th gim ng k tng ng vi qu trnh tch mt giai on (F=1000 t/h, nc bm chim 3-8% l gn 30-80 t/h nc) - Tch rt trit mui trong du. 1.1.3.4. Cc thng s iu chnh thit b tch mui Di y l 7 thng s iu chnh chnh thit b hot ng trong iu kin p sut trong pha lng khong 10-12 bar: Mc b mt tip xc nc/du th; Nhit tch mui; T l nc ra; im phun nc ra; Bn cht nc ra; S gim p sut trong vanne trn; Bn cht v t l ph nh tng. a. Mc b mt tip xc nc/du th Mc nc lng biu th trong thc t l 1 in cc c in th 0 kt hp vi in cc thp nht ca thit b tr thnh 1 in trng chnh E1. Mi dao ng ng k ca mc nc s lm thay i in trng s cp v lm ri lon s kt t in. V vy ta nn gi mc b mt tip xc nc/du th lun khng i theo quy nh ca nh ch to.

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b. Nhit tch mui Ty thuc bn cht du th, mi loi du khc nhau s c nhng nhit tch mui khc nhau. Bng 5.6 gii thiu mt vi gi tr nhit tch mui ca 1 s loi du th m chng c cng 1 gi tr tiu chun lng. Chng hn du nh Saharien c nhit tch mui ch l 50oC cn du Arabe nh hoc du Forcados li phi tin hnh tch mui nhit chng 140150oC. c. T l nc ra Lc kt t in ph thuc vo nht ca du tc l ph thuc vo t l nc ra. i vi du th nng c oAPI<30, gia tng lc kt t in ta cn phi tng lng nc ra. T l nc ra thay i theo bn cht ca du th v nhit ca qu trnh tch mui (Bng 5.7). Trong thc t ngi ta ch iu chnh nhit tch mui v t l nc ra cho cc loi du th rt nht v chng thng xuyn l nguyn liu ch bin ca cng on. Bng 5.8 gii thiu 1 s gi tr nhit tch mui v t l nc ra ng vi cc khong khi lng ring khc nhau. Bng 5.7 V 5.8. d. im phun nc ra Thng thng nc ra c phun ton b hoc mt phn vo b phn y ca bm nguyn liu, vo trc cc thit b gia nhit s b t pha trc thit b tch mui, nhm gia nhit trc du th, v vo van trn (Hnh 5.7). iu ny l rt cn thit khi tin hnh tch mui nhit cao v nu khng n d c nguy c b ng cn trong thit b gia nhit s b du th pha trc ca thit b tch mui). Mt vi nh my lc du p dng thnh cng vic phun nc vo ng ht ca bm du th lnh. e. Bn cht ca nc ra Ngi ta thng s dng nc ra cho qu trnh tch mui l nc ngng ca thp chng ct kh quyn v chng ct chn khng, cc loi nc ngng ny trc chu qu trnh stripping hi nhm loi cc kh NH3 v H2S trong nc. Nc ca qu trnh cracking xc tc tch loi hi cng c th c s dng. Loi nc ny thng thng cha rt nhiu phnol (nng phnol trong nc thay i t 100300ppm). Tuy nhin iu ny li c nhc im l phnol s tun hon li vo du th. Nc mm c th c s dng b sung. Nhng v n c nhiu oxy nn ch s dng tt sau khi trn vi nc ca qu trnh. iu ny cho php thi loi oxy nh phn ng vi cc sulfure c trong nc ca qu trnh. Lu rng nc bin khng b bo ha mui ngha l n cng c th ra c mui trong du v v vy theo l thuyt n cng c th l mt loi nc ra. Nhng do cc nguy c v n mn ca n qu ln nn ngi ta khng s dng n. (Nht vn s dng nc bin lm tc nhn lnh cho thit b trao i nhit). f. gim p trong van trn Vic iu chnh nghim ngt vanne trn l iu kh. Trong thc t, mt s gia tng ng k p sut tng phn c th gy ra nguy c to cc nh tng bn rt kh x l. Nhng theo l thuyt, qu trnh ra du th l tt chng no s phn tn nc cng mn, ngha l gim p cng nhiu. V vy cn phi kt hp thch ng gia: gim p, nhit v t l

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nc sn c. Trong thc t, gim p ti u c xc nh theo thc nghim t 1,5 bar i vi du th nh n <0,5 bar i vi du th nht. g. Bn cht v t l cht ph nh tng hon thin cng on tch mui tnh in ngi ta phi s dng thm 1 cht gi l ph gia gii nh tng. T l s dng thng 3-10 ppm ty thuc loi du th: t l ln nht c s dng cho du th nht hay du th asphalt, nhng cng c th dng cho mt s loi du acid (chua). Cui cng, phng vic xy ra cc ri lon c th d kin trc (vic thay i loi du th, x l li du thu hi do b nh tng ha qu nhiu ...), ngi ta cn phi gia tng t l cht gii nh tng nhm m bo an ton. 1.1.3.5. Hiu qu ca thit b kh mui a. Tch loi mui cho du thng thng Hiu qu ca qu trnh tch mui trung bnh khong 85-95%. Hm lng nc trong du tch mui thng thng nh hn 0,2%V, vi du nng c th ln ti 0,4-0,5%V. Hm lng hydrocarbon trong nc thi ca thit b tch mui theo tiu chun khng c vt qu 200ppm (200g hydrocarbon/tn). Trong qu trnh thu hi du c th xy ra qu trnh to cc nh tng bn, hu qu dn n lm gim hiu sut tch mui v gim cht lng nc thi do mt hydrocarbon. Cn tng cng hm lng cc cht ph gia gii nh tng gim s mt mt hiu sut ca thit b. Kt lun ta cn phi khng ch hiu nng ca qu trnh theo cc thng s o sau, sao cho chng cng thp cng tt: Hm lng nc trong du trc tch mui Hm lng mui trong du trc tch mui Hm lng nc trong du tch mui Hm lng mui trong du tch mui Hm lng clorua trong nc nh thp DA Hm lng hydrocarbon trong nc thi Hm lng Na trong phn cn thp DA <1%, <100-300ppm, <2000 ppm (0,2%), <40 ppm, <10 ppm, <200 ppm (0,02%). min.

b. Tch loi mui cho du nng Cc c tnh chnh ca du nng nht: thng s c bn ca du nng. du nng 20oC>150-34.000 cSt, du nhn 40oC>140 cP, diesel 20oC>5,16 cP. T trng: du th c xem l du nng khi oAPI <20 (0,932 kg/m3). Hm lng thnh phn nh l rt thp: phn cn 200oC thung chim khong 95% (ch c 5% hm lng cc cu t nh). Hm lng asphalt: v d vi du Venezuela, khong 11%. Hm lng S: hm lng ny rt cao v thng khong >5% khi lng. Bng 5.9 Do du nng t trng xp x 1 nn qu trnh tch mui v kh nc cho du nng i hi cc cng on x l thch hp, rt phc tp v tn km. nht ca du nng kh cao do cn phi bo qun chng nhit rt cao trong sut qu trnh x l, iu ny khin cho gi thnh x l tng cao. Mt iu na l cn phi lm cho cho du nng chy c bng cch trn vi xng, hay gazol vi nng tng i cao, trong mt vi trng hp c th t ti 30%.

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Ta cng s dng cc cht gii nh tng bm vo trong du vi liu lng thay i nhng thng c th t ti 100ppm. Thi gian lu ca du nng trong thit b tch mui khong t 1-1h30. 1.1.4. Cht thi, tiu th nng lng v cc vn lin quan 1.1.4.1. Cc cht thi Cc phn xng chng ct kh quyn to ra tng i t cht thi v vic x l chng khng gp kh khn no c bit. a. Dng lng Cht thi lng c to thnh ch yu t: - Cc loi nc ca qu trnh tch loi mui (chim 3-8%) v nc ngng t nh thp (~2%). tn dng lng nc ny v cng gim thiu lng nc thi ra mi trng, cc loi nc trn s qua cng on stripper. Nc c loi hi acid s c s dng li cho thit b kh mui. Cn nc m acid hoc m mui s phi x l tip (bng qu trnh sinh ho) sau mi l cc dng cht thi lng thi ra mi trng, tt nhin chng cng phi m bo cc quy nh nghim ngt v mi trng. b. Dng kh Cc cht kh khng ngng thot ra nh thp s c a v l t lm nhin liu v c t chy trong l nh vo 1 thit b t c bit. Dng kh thi duy nht l khi l, c thi ra ngoi kh quyn qua ng khi c chiu cao c tnh ton theo cc quy nh nghim ngt. Cc qui c v vic thi kh SO2 ra mi trng s dn n vic cn phi tch H2S ra khi kh khng ngng ny trc khi a chng vo l t. 1.1.4.2. Tiu th nng lng Trong thc t, cc nh my lc du tiu th rt nhiu nng lng: 7-9% lng du th cho nhu cu nng lng. Cc cng on chng ct kh quyn v chng ct chn khng chim khong 20-30% nhu cu ny, trong khong 2/3 dnh cho chng ct kh quyn v 1/3 dnh cho chng ct chn khng. Cn tng cng vn thu hi nhit lng bng cc thit b trao i nhit (t 1970, tng b mt thit b trao i nhit tng gp i). * Chi ph nng lng chun Cac chi ph nng lng chun cua qua trnh chng ct kh quyn du th nng sut 1000 t/h la: Lo : 100-400 MW nhit. in nng : 4-6 MW. Nc lam lanh : 2000 m3/h. 1.1.4.3. Khng ch v iu khin qu trnh Vic thit k, khai thc v bo tr cc phn xng chng ct kh quyn, chn khng, phn ring kh v xng l rt quan trng bi chng l cc phn xng u tin so vi cc phn xng cn li khc trong nh my lc du. Chng cn phi p ng rt nhanh chng vi cc thay i v loi du th, vi cc thay i v iu kin vn hnh ca cc phn xng nm sau chng. Do chng c trang b cc thit b khng ch qu trnh cho php thc hin nhanh chng v hiu qu cc thng s iu khin khc nhau ca phn xng. iu ny thng c

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thc hin bi cc phn mm my tnh. Cc phn mm ny thng c lp t trong h thng kim tra trung tm. Trong s cc chc nng quan trng cn khng ch l: - Khng ch cht lng sn phm. Cht lng sn phm c iu khin nh cc thit b phn tch lin tc v chng tc ng trc tip ln lu lng ca sn phm v t l hi dng cho stripping. - Khng ch dng hi lu ni bng dng hi lu tun hon. Cho php thu hi 1 lng nhit thch hp cho mt qu trnh phn on khc, ng thi ti u ha lng nhit ly ra vi cc mc nhit khc nhau. - Khng ch qu trnh ng cu trong thit b trao i nhit. Bng cch o nhit vo/ra ca cc thit b. Php khng ch ny cho php ta d tm cc thit b b ng cu v ti u ha qu trnh thu hi nhit t cc phn xng. 1.1.4.4. Bo tr Cc phn xng mi nht gn y thng c thit k lm vic 2-3 nm lin tc khng ngh. Trong sut thi gian ny, cn phi theo di, kim tra cht ch s n mn v s ng cu trong cc thit b trao i nhit. Cc kt cu ri cho php ta tin hnh v sinh, bo dng thit b trao i nhit hoc sa cha n. i vi cc phn xng c nng sut ln hn 8 triu t/nm, thit b trao i nhit cng nh thit b tch mui i khi b phn chia thnh hai cm ging nhau km theo hai l t ring bit. Cc cm thit b nh vy cho php phn xng vn hot ng vi nng xut thp hn trong khi vn c th chi ra v sa cha cm cn li. 1.2. CHNG CT CHN KHNG PHN CN CA CHNG CT KH QUYN Chng ct chn khng nhm mc ch phn ring phn cn chng ct kh quyn y thp chng ct kh quyn thnh: 1. Cc phn on ct dng lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh chuyn ha khc, sn xut cc sn phm c gi tr cao hn (xng FCC). 2. Do khng c cc qu trnh chuyn ha pha h ngun, cc phn on ny c dng lm nhin liu Fuel nng, ngoi tr phn nh nht c a v cc kho cha phi trn sn phm gazol, cn phn cn chng ct chn khng c th c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut bitum. 3. Ngoi ra, vi mc ch c bit, chng ct chn khng du th cho php thu c cc du c s dng sn xut du nhn. - Chng ct chn khng c p dng cho qu trnh phn on cc nguyn liu c nhit si qu cao p sut kh quyn. - Nng sut ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng gim 50-70% so vi qu trnh chng ct kh quyn (Hnh 5.1: 44,33%). - Ty thuc vo hng s dng tip theo ca phn ct m thp chng ct chn khng c th c hoc khng c cc vng phn on. - C nhiu cng ngh c p dng ty theo vic c s dng hi nc hay khng lm gim p sut hi ring phn ca hydrocarbon (P=Pa+Pb, nu c thm hi nc (Pvap) th Pa hoc Pb s gim) : * Chng ct chn khng "kh": l qu trnh chng ct chn khng khng s dng hi nc. Do n phi hot ng di p sut rt thp (10-15mmHg nh) v cn thit phi s dng bm pht (ejecteur) kch thch (booster) t trc thit b ngng t u tin (do P

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thp, kh ngng t, nh hi nc ca ejecteur, P tng cao. Hnh 5.20). Thng dng sn xut du nhn v c th c sn xut nguyn liu cho FCC, HDC. * Chng ct chn khng "t": l qu trnh chng ct chn khng c km theo bm hi nc vo trong nguyn liu trong l un v bm hi stripping vo y thp, c tc dng hn ch qu trnh to cc. p sut ton phn ng k hn (40-60 mmHg nh, do c hi nc, P ln d ngng t hn). Mt thit b tin ngng t c t trc h thng to chn khng. (Hnh 5.21). Thng dng sn xut nguyn liu cho FCC, HDC. * Chng ct chn khng "bn t": l qu trnh chng ct chn khng ch c s dng bm hi vo y thp, khng c strippeur. Thng cng cn s dng bm pht ejecteur t trc thit b ngng t u tin pha nh, iu ny cho php nng cao p sut ca qu trnh nh c thm hi nc n gi tr thch hp thc hin qu trnh ngng t. Cc qu trnh iu ch bitum thng s dng trng hp ny. 1.2.1. Cc phn on sn phm Cc nh ngha c chng dng trong chng ct chn khng (H.5.20, 22): Cc cht khng ngng t: l cc hp cht khng ngng t c cho d i qua h thng to chn khng. Hydrocarbon nh ca qu trnh craquage: l cc hydrocarbon to thnh t qu trnh craquage nguyn liu trong l. Ta tm thy chng pha nh thp cng vi cc sn phm khng ngng t v hi nc bm vo trong qu trnh. LVGO (light vacuum gas oil): gazol chn khng nh: 350-390oC MVGO (medium vacuum gas oil): phn ct chn khng trung bnh: 390-450oC HVGO (heavy vacuum gas oil): phn ct chn khng nng: 450-550oC Nguyn liu sau khi qua cc thit b trao i nhit v l t, khi vo thp gm c cc thnh phn nh sau: * Phn hi, gm cc cu t nh, d dng bay ln trn, sc vo lng trn cc a. * Phn lng qu bc hi, (chim 3-5 % nguyn liu) gm cc cu t kh nng b cun theo, khi gp lng hi lu lng ngay trn a tip liu, n ngng t li v mt phn ln, c cho: - Tun hon tr li di vng nhp liu, ngay pha trn a stripping u tin, hoc ty trng hp c th c tun hon li v l, gi l overflash. - Tun hon li phn du cn ny ln pha trn vng ra nhm bo m tt lu lng lng ti t m (i khi m c s dng). Gii php ny ngy cng b loi b v n h tr cho qu trnh ng cn trong vng ny. - N c th c ly ra nh 1 phn on ct vi mc ch ti trn vo trong cn chng ct kh quyn hoc c s dng nh l cht tr chy ca nhin liu nng, gi l slop cut. * Phn lng nng khng bay hi chy xung y thp (l cn chn khng: RSV). - Lu rng xu hng hin i l lm sao gim ti a lng cn chn khng, c ngha l phi tng n ti a phn ct chn khng nng, mun vy im cui phn chng c th phi vt qu 585oC. - Qu trnh sn xut cc loi du nhn c s i hi phi thc hin vic phn thnh nhiu on (4 on) v phi phn on tht tt thu c cc phn on khc nhau r rt, c cc khong nht tht phn bit. - Qu trnh sn xut bitum c thc hin vi cc loi du th c chng. 1.2.2. Phn xng chng ct chn khng

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Hnh 5.22 gii thiu s cng on chng ct chn khng t phn cn ca chng ct kh quyn c cc iu kin lm vic km theo. Cn kh quyn (RDA) c lu tr khong 150oC nhm bo m nht khng b ng vn ( l khi 2 thp chng kh quyn (DA) v chng chn khng (DSV) khng lm vic lin tc). Sau un nng cn trong cc thit b trao i nhit v trong l ln n nhit ti a khong 365-415oC trc khi i vo thp. Trong trng hp chng ct chn khng t, chm ng ca l thng c trang b b phn bm pht hi nc lm long nhm hn ch m c, nht do gim c qu trnh cc ha. S lng trch dng c c nh bi s i hi ca cc cng on pha h ngun. Thng c 3 phn on c trch ra t thp: LVGO (gazol chng ct chn khng nh), sp nhp vi gazol chng ct kh quyn sn xut ra cc sn phm thng mi. MVGO (phn ct chn khng trung bnh) v HVGO (phn ct chn khng nng), Nhng phn on ny to thnh nguyn liu cho cc cng on h ngun. Ngoi ra vic trch MVGO v HVGO cn nhm thu hi nhit lng c gi tr nhit ng k t dng hi lu tun hon. Thc t vic thu hi nhit y ch c ngha: nh nhit ca cc dng trch ngang thn thp l khc nhau v kh ln so vi nhit nh thp, chng c dng lm tc nhn nng thch hp un nng cc lu th khc (du th nguyn liu chng hn). Do vy chng s ngui i v khi tr li thp v s l cht lng hi lu. Nu cc cng on h ngun l cc cng on chuyn ha (chuyn ha nhit hoc chuyn ha xc tc), th s lng ca dng trch thng l 3 (v sau cn lm nguyn liu). s lng dng trch l 4 nu cc phn ct c dng sn xut du nhm c c nhiu sn phm du gc c nht khc nhau. Hnh 5.23; 5.24 1.2.3. Cc s thp chng ct chn khng cho cc mc ch khc nhau 1.2.3.1. Chng ct chn khng chun b nguyn liu cho cc cng on xc tc kiu FCC hoc hydrocraquage a. Thp khng c vng phn on Trong trng hp c bit thp c th khng bao gm vng phn on, ngha l khng xc nh im u v im cui ca chng ct chn khng, do vy khng c cc a u v cui ca on c cc nhit tng ng vi cc im . Thp c hnh dng nh Hnh 5.20 v 5.21: 1 hoc 2 vng ra c nhp liu bi dng hi lu ni ca a trch dng HVGO v i khi cn bi s hi lu tng phn ca phn on du cn v qu bc hi (slop cut v overflash) 1 vng trao i nhit pha trn trch dng HVGO 1 vng trao i nhit pha trn trch dng LVGO nh thp c mt lp m lc tch c th c ti bi mt phn ca dng hi lu tun hon lnh LVGO. b. Thp c cc vng phn on (Hnh 5.25) Cc cu hnh c th c th rt nhiu v ph thuc vo mc ch ca giai on h ngun (khng dng thp ny sn xut nguyn liu chuyn ho). Khi mt cng on h ngun t ra cc iu kin v im cui ca phn ct l ln hn im cui ca phn on HVGO, ta

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phi d on vng phn on nm khong gia dng trch HVGO v phn on du cn (vng y). Nhp liu cho vng ny khi c to thnh bi dng hi lu ni di HVGO. Cng nh vy, nu gazol c trong nguyn liu cn phi ci thin gi tr hoc nu cng on h ngun t ra hm lng thnh phn nh hay im u ca chng ct chn khng th vng phn on gia dng trch LVGO v MVGO cn phi c xc nh v tr (vng nh). Cui cng, i khi thp chng ct cng c trang b vng phn on gia MVGO v HVGO (MVGO hng n cng on hydrocraquage cn HVGO hng n cng on FCC) (vng gia). c. y thp y ca thp c trang b t 4-6 a qui c dng clapet i vi chng ct chn khng t nhm m bo cho qu trnh stripping. i vi chng ct chn khng kh, y thp c trang b cc chican nm ngang (a to li i ch chi). Thi gian lu y thp ca cn chng ct chn khng phi c gim thiu theo kh nng c th c nhm trnh khi qu trnh to cc. iu ny cng ng i vi a trch dng HVGO. d. Chng ct chn khng hai giai on Trong mt vi trng hp, nhm thu c cc phn on rt nng, ngi ta c th d kin n gii php chng ct chn khng hai giai on. Thp chng ct u tin thng l thp kh, cn thp th hai l thp t v do m c ca lu th y thp nn phi bm hi nc nhm va cp nhit, va lm long cn y thp u tin. Sn phm t y thp th nht s lm nhp liu cho thp th hai. 1.2.3.2. Chng ct chn khng sn xut cc loi du c s Cc thp chng ct chn khng sn xut cc loi du nhn c s c trang b cc thit b strippeur cho trch dng cc phn ct. Thp chng ct c b sung cc vng phn on gia mi dng trch. Thng l dng thp t, c 4 phn on trch ngang. (Hnh 5.24 v 5.25) 1.2.3.3. Chng ct chn khng sn xut bitum Cc thp chng ct chn khng sn xut bitum c b tr cng on stripping y thp v do vy c xem nh t nht l bn t. Cc thp ny hot ng chn khng ln v chng rt nng v nht nn d b phn hy v nhit. 1.2.4. Cu to mt s b phn quan trng ca thp chng ct chn khng 1.2.4.1. m v b phn phi lng Thp chng ct chn khng trong thc t hin nay tt c u trang b m cho cc vng phn on v vng trao i nhit, nhm hn ch tn tht p sut. Vng y thp c trang b cc a kiu van c in. C hai loi m c s dng. Loi m vrac (xp m ngu nhin) to thnh t cc vng v li kim loi. Loi m ny c s dng cho cc vng trao i nhit (photo 5.5, 6, 7, 8) Loi m cu trc (xp m theo cu trc trt t) c to thnh t chng cc li kim loi un cong v c l (photo 5.9). Loi m ny hu hiu hn v t tin hn v nht l c s dng trong cc vng phn on, tuy nhin vic s dng chng ngy nay c khuynh hng ph bin cho ton b phn thp pha trn vng ra. Cc

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vng ra c th c to thnh t cc loi li kim loi th hn (photo 5.10). 1.2.4.2. Bm chn khng v thit b ngng t kiu bm pht Trong chng ct chn khng c mt h thng to chn khng nh cc bm pht. Cc thit b bm pht c chc nng ht v nn li kh bng cch tng tc dng hi nc (cht lng pht ng) c p sut trung bnh hoc p sut thp (thng>6 bar) khi n pht qua ng tuye. (Hnh 5.26). Pha hi khi ra khi bm pht, n b ngng t mt phn trong thit b trao i nhit vi nc lm lnh. Phn kh khng ngng i qua tip cc jecteurs ni tip pha sau v cui cng i v l t. (Hnh 5.27). Pha lng c thu hi li trong cc chn ng ca cc thp baromet, sau s i n bnh lng gn tch hydrocarbon ra khi nc acid bng phng php lng gn. hydrocarbon c s dng li cn nc acid c a v thit b strippeur loi nc acid m c, cn nc x l acid s c s dng li. 1.2.5. Cc im lu c bit i vi chng ct chn khng 1.2.5.1. Cc kh khng ngng Cc cht kh khng ngng l hn hp ca khng kh v cc hydrocarbon nh (C1, C2) ha tan trong nguyn liu hoc trong cc sn phm craquage, chng l kh c gi tr thp, c thu hi p sut thp (p sut ca bnh lng gn ca chng ct chn khng l t 0,1-0,2 bar). S thm nhp ca khng kh t l vi din tch b mt xung quanh thp, vi s lng cc khp ni, mt bch, l dt ... vi qu trnh lu tr nguyn liu (b kn kht, p sut, nhit bo qun... Cui cng, lng cc cht khng ngng ca qu trnh craquage ph thuc trc tip n cht lng ca nguyn liu v ca nhit lm vic trong thit b craquage (425540oC). Cc kh khng ngng ny c s dng trc tip lm nhin liu t cho l un si cn kh quyn. Chng c t chy trc tip trong khoang ca l t nh cc m t c bit t lm tn tht p sut. Lng kh t thay i v tng cng vi s tng nhit chy ca l v vi s tng kch thc ca thp. Nh vy c th trong mt gi ta t n 1 tn kh i vi mt qu trnh x l khong 500 tn cn chng ct kh quyn mt gi, iu ny th hin mt phn khng nh lng nhin liu cung cp cho l, cho d kh nng sinh nhit (nhit tr) ca kh ny nh. Lu c bit l khi kh b ln H2S, cn phi x l kh khng ngng ny trc khi s dng chng lm nhin liu t l. 1.2.5.2. Cc cht thi Phn xng chng ct chn khng cng tng t nh phn xng chng ct kh quyn, n sn sinh ra t dng cht thi v vic x l chng khng gp kh khn no c bit. a. Dng lng: nc acid t ngng t hi stripping b. Dng kh: kh thi duy nht l khi l 1.2.5.3. n mn Cc lu nu trc y i vi cng on chng ct kh quyn vn c gi tr i vi qu trnh chng ct chn khng, cho d s n mn trong qu trnh chng ct chn khng l t quan trng hn do thp lm vic iu kin chn khng kh cao. Vic s dng thp hp kim cho cc ng trao i nhit v bc lp ph cng bng thp hp kim cho y thp l v nhit

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lm vic cao hn 260-300 C. Cng nh vy, lng ammoniac bm vo nh thp (ch chng 1-10 ppm ca nguyn liu) nhm lm gim acid ca nc nh thp. 1.2.6. Cng on chng ct kh quyn v chng ct chn khng kt hp Cc cng on chng ct kh quyn v chng ct chn khng kt hp ng b ngy cng c p dng. Phn cn i ra khi y ca thp kh quyn, sau khi i qua l t, s l nguyn liu trc tip cho thp chng ct chn khng. Thit b nh vy s trnh c cc cng on lm lnh, a v b la tr, sau li bm, ri un nng li phn cn kh quyn trc khi vo thp. Tng b mt trao i nhit v t l gi u t s c gim xung. iu s lm li c v mt nng lng khong 20% so vi s dng 2 phn xng ring r. Tuy nhin, da trn quan im l thuyt, s vn hnh cc cng on chng ct kh quyn v chng ct chn khng l thng xuyn vi nhau (khng c l do vn hnh cm ny m khng c cm khc) cng c iu bt li. Mt h thng cc cng on nh vy dn n s ph thuc ln nhau gia hai cng on, iu ny c th dn n bt li khi ta kh cc cho l ca cng on chng ct chn khng (ngng hot ng khi kh cc) trong khi m l chng ct kh quyn, li khng cn kh cc (nhng cng phi ngng hot ng theo). Tuy vy, i vi cc cng on c nng sut ln, m trong c nhiu thit b kp c lp t nhm lm d dng qu trnh bo dng, lm v sinh lun trong lc vn hnh, th vic hot ng lin tc nhiu nm ca cng on, khng cn ngh v l do bo dng, l c th c thc hin. 1.3. CHNG CT XNG V PHN ON CC HN HP KH 1.3.1. Cc phn on sn phm - Phn xng ny thc hin qu trnh phn tch naphta tng (hoc xng tng) n t phn xng chng ct kh quyn v c nhiu sn phm khc nhau nh sau: (H 5.29) Kh t (fuel gas: C1 et C2), Kh ha lng (C3 v C4: nhin liu hoc cht t), Xng nh a v b cha xng phi trn (khi c nhiu iC5 v iC6 c IO cao) hoc a n phn xng ng phn ha (chuyn ha nC5,6 thnh iC5,6), Xng nng (c IO~40) a v phn xng rformage xc tc. - Phn xng ny cng cho php thu c, ty thuc bn cht Du th v iu kin lm vic, hp cht iC4 ng quan tm nh Isobutan dng lm nguyn liu cho phn xng alkyl ha: iC4 + (C3= ,C4= , C5= ) iC7 , iC8 iC4 + C4H8 iC8H18 (isooctan IO=100) - Phn xng ny cng c x l trc bng qu trnh x l hydro, nhm loi b cc hp cht lu hunh c trong xng tng. - Phn xng ny phn on cc hn hp kh ca phn xng chng ct kh quyn (m n c mt lng rt nh: 1-2% kh/100% du th), nhng ng thi n cng c th c s dng x l cc kh v xng n t cc phn xng khc nh cc phn xng x l bng hydro, phn xng hydrocraquage v phn xng rformage xc tc. Tuy nhin thng thng, cc phn xng ny u c cc phn xng n nh ring khi nng sut phn xng ln. Cn v phn phn xng craquage xc tc tng si (FCC), sau khi thc hin FCC xong, n lun c mt cng on hon chnh chng ct xng v phn on kh v s lng cc cht ny l kh nhiu.
o

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1.3.2. Phn xng chng ct xng v phn on kh 1.3.2.1. S cng ngh thng dng (H 5.29) S ny thng c chn la trong trng hp phn xng ny ch x l xng tng ca phn xng chng ct kh quyn du th. Phn xng bao gm mt dy cc thp hot ng cc p sut khc nhau. Cc p sut ny c chn la theo cch sao qu trnh ngng t c th c thc hin nh thit b lm lnh bng khng kh hay lm lnh bng nc. S ny bao gm 4 thp nh sau: - Thp u tin ca phn xng l thp n nh ha hay l thp tch butan. Thp ny thu c phn on nh bao gm tt c cc hp cht nh hn butan, k c butan, cn phn on y gi l xng tng c n nh. Phn on y ny c p sut hi va thp c th lu tr c. - Phn on nh sau khi c ra bng amine, s n thp th hai gi l thp tch ethan, thp ny s tch cc kh du ha lng (GPL: propan v butan) thu c y ra khi cc thnh phn d bay hi nht (methan, ethan, H2S, v.v.). - Kh du ha lng c phn on trong thit b tch propan, tch propan thu c nh ra khi butan thu c y thp. Vi kh ha lng ca phn xng rformage xc tc, do n c nhiu C2+ nn n thng c ha trn vi nguyn liu ca thit b tch ethan. - Cui cng, xng tng c n nh thng c phn on thnh 2 phn on xng nh v xng nng trong thit b phn on xng. Cc iu kin lm vic ch yu Thp Tch butan Tch propan Tch ethan Phn on xng Nhit si Pa, oC -0.5 -42.1 -88.5 36.1 (C5) S a 30-40 30-50 10-20 20-30 Ch s hi lu 3-6 4-5 0.2-0.5 1-4 p sut nh, bar 14 15 25 0.2 Nhit , oC nh/y 75/200 45/95 50/100 80/140

1.3.2.2. S c thit b hp th v thit b tch hi (H 5.30) - S cng ngh c in (H 5.29) m chng khng c cc phn xng chuyn ha, thng hay gp nht trong cc nh my lc du n gin l kiu hydroskimming (qu trnh chng ct trc tip n gin). - i vi cc nh my lc du phc tp hn, cn phi quan tm n vic thu hi propan v butan (trong propan chim rt t, ch yu l butan) trong cc dng kh thi ca cc phn xng chuyn ha hay phn xng x l bng hydro ca nh my lc du. S cng ngh loi ny rt a dng. Mt trong nhng s c m t trong Hnh 5.30. Nguyn l vn hnh l hp th propan v butan c trong cc hn hp kh khc nhau nh vo xng lm dung mi. 1.3.2.3. Cc kiu s khc Cc kiu s di y c th c thm mt vi thp c chc nng chuyn bit i khi cng c s dng: S cng ngh c lm lnh (cryognique), c ng dng cho vic thu hi cc olefin c cha trong cc kh n t cc phn xng chuyn ha. S cng ngh c thit b tch isobutan (thu hi isobutan cho phn xng alkyl

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ha), thit b tch isopentan, thit b tch isohexan nhm b xung IO cao cho xng khi phi liu xng thng phm v.v. Cc thp trch ly cc hp cht thm hoc trch ly cc cht dng sn xut hp cht thm (m chng c chuyn ha thnh aromatic trong phn xng rformage xc tc) i khi cng c lp t nhm tha mn nhu cu v aromatic pha xng mt s nc. Cn phi lu rng cc hp cht thm ny c ch s octan rt cao v rng cng thc pha ch xng v vy s kh khn hn v phi pha ch gia ci rt cao vi ci rt thp l kh t c ch s octan yu cu (tri li i vi gazol, vic gim hm lng aromatic li s ci thin c ch s ctan). Cui cng, phn xng x l kh c th c trang b thm cc cng on ph nh ra kh (hp th H2S) bng diethylamine (DEA), lm mm kh GPL (chuyn ha mercaptan R-SH thnh disulfure R-S-S-R), by loi lu hunh v thit b sy (tch m H2O) nhm tha mn nhu cu v cc tiu chun k thut thng mi. 1.4. CU TRC BN TRONG CA THP CHNG CT, HP TH Qu trnh chng ct thc hin trong nh my lc du trong thc t s dng rt a dng cc thit b loi thp. l do cc iu kin lm vic rt khc nhau: - p sut tri di trong khong t p sut chn khng khong 1,33*103 N/m2 (10 mmHg hay 0,013 at) trong cc thp sn xut asphalt (chng chn khng bn t sn xut bitum) cho n vi chc bar trong cc cng on x l kh. - Nhit thay i r nt t di 0oC trong cc cng on thu hi c lm lnh kh du ha lng v vt qu 500oC u vo cc thp phn on ca qu trnh craquage xc tc (FCC). - Cc i hi ca qu trnh phn on i khi khng nhiu, ch cn vi a l thuyt trong cc thit b strippeur trong phn xng chng ct kh quyn, nhng cng c th t n hng trm a l thuyt trong cc cng on thu hi propylen trong cc hn hp kh b cracking. Cho d cc sn phm tt c hu nh u l hydrocarbon, nhng s hin din ca 1 s tp cht nh H2S, acid cn, a n vic cn thit phi s dng cc hp kim c bit chng li s n mn. Vic chn la cc vt liu ch to c vai tr rt quan trng, c bit vi cc kt cu bn trong thp nh l cc loi m cu trc c b dy nh khong chng 1/10-2/10 mm. Cc loi vt liu thng c dng l thp thng thng, thp hp kim c 11-13 % Cr, cc loi thp khng b oxy ha c Ni, Cr v.v. Hai loi cu to quan trng bn trong thp phn on l m v a. 1.4.1. a Trong sut mt thi gian di xut pht t khi im ca ngnh cng nghip lc du cho n cui nhng nm 1970, a l cu to bn trong duy nht c thit k cho thp chng ct. Hot ng ca a da trn nguyn tc thc hin tip xc gia dng hi i ln pha nh thp vi pha lng nm b mt khu vc hot ng ca a. Ty theo s lu thng ca cc pha, ta phn bit 3 nhm a chnh: a loi chy ngc dng a vch ngn hay a loi chy mng a loi chy cho dng c ng chy chuyn, c s dng rng ri nht. 1.4.1.1. a loi chy ngc dng khng c ng chy chuyn

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Cc a loi ny khng c ng chy chuyn, trong s lu thng ca cc dng c thc hin ngc dng, tng i t c dng. Nguyn l hot ng ca chng l: lng v hi ln lt xen k i qua cc l c trong khu vc hot ng ca a. Cc loi a l c nh vy c th c hiu sut rt tt khi hot ng nng sut thit k nhng c linh ng rt nh (khi hot ng khng ng vi nng sut thit k) ch nguyn liu t (lu lng hi nh), tt c lng c xu hng chy trc tip qua l c m khng lu li trn b mt ca a, iu ny lm gim thi gian tip xc gia cc pha v do tc hi n hiu sut a. ch nguyn liu nhiu (lu lng hi ln), lng c mt b mt a b thi i v khng th chy qua l c c na, iu ny c th hin bi hin tng ngp lt thp. Cc a loi chy ngc dng b ch c trang b cho cc thp c ng knh tng i nh (<1,8m) do cc nguy c bt n nh lin quan n s phn b lng trn b mt a km. 1.4.1.2. a vch ngn hay a loi chy mng Cc a vch ngn cc k n gin, c dnh cho cc trng hp nguyn liu rt bn, d ng cn v cho php lm vic vi lu lng ln. Qu trnh tip xc pha l nh s i ln ca pha hi qua gia mt mng cht lng chy xung t vch ngn gp. Ty theo hnh dng ca vch ngn, mng lng c th l mt phng thng ng hoc l hnh tr. Hiu sut ca cc a loi ny rt km (khong 15%-50% hiu sut ca a c ng chy chuyn c in) v tc dng tng h gia pha lng v hi gim, nhng linh ng li l ln nht. 1.4.1.3. a loi chy cho dng c ng chy chuyn Trong cc a kiu c in c trang b ng chy chuyn, s tip xc c thc hin cho dng gia lng chuyn ng ngang qua b mt khu vc hot ng v hi i t di ln xuyn qua cc l a. Lng sau khi c tip xc vi hi s chy xung ng chy chuyn, ng ny c hai chc nng: Bo m s gii phng pha hi tip tc di chuyn ln a pha trn, Hng pha lng xung a pha di v bo m nhp liu u n cho a tip sau. ng chy chuyn cm xung gn st a pha di, sao cho ngn cn hi i vo trong ng. cao ca u vo ca ng chy chuyn bo m mc cht lng trn a, nh vy cho php s tip xc tt gia pha lng v pha kh trn a. Ta phn bit 3 loi a chy cho dng c ng chy chuyn a. a chp (photo 5.1). Trong cc a ny, cc ng hi c c nh trn khu vc hot ng. Pha trn mi ng hi c ph mt chp m thn chp chm trong lng. iu ny khin cho hi i qua a phi sc vo trong lng. S tip xc ny c bo m bi chiu cao ca ming ng chy chuyn pha trn so vi chn ca thn chp. Ngay c chn chp cng di ming ca ng hi. Cc a loi ny c a chung v c linh ng ln cho php s dng khng gp phi ri ro. Tuy nhin gi c ch to cao hn nhiu so vi cc loi a chp khc (mc hn 70100%, song vn r hn a m cu trc). Do vy ngy nay cc a chp ch c dnh ring s dng cho cc khu vc rt c bit m lun cn phi bo m c tnh thng xuyn ca qu trnh tip xc lng-hi. T lu a chp l loi a chnh c s dng trong nh my

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lc du. Nhng ngy nay loi a ny ta ch cn gp trong cc loi thit b c nht. Hin chng khng cn c chn la khi thit k mi hay khi cn ci tin li cc phn xng lc du. b. a c l (photo 5.2a) a l 1 tp hp cc l c. N l loi n gin nht, d lm sch nht, c nng sut cao v hiu qu tt do b mt hot ng l ln nht ng thi cng l loi r nht. Tuy nhin, linh ng ca n li rt thp (d b ngp lt, mc d vn c ng chy chuyn) v rt kh n nh p sut trong thp. Ngy nay chng ta gp cc a ny trong cc cng on khng yu cu linh ng cao. c. a van (photo 5.2b) a c cu to nhm gi cho c cc u im ca a c l, c bit u im c nng sut cao v hiu qu tt, ng thi khc phc tnh linh ng km ca a c l. a ny c cc b phn lm bt cc l khi lu lng hi khng cn trnh khi hin tng r r lng qua l ch thp. Ngi ta chia a van thnh hai loi: - a van c chn: s di chuyn ca chng b khng ch, gii hn bi cc vu hay bi hnh dng mu, mc ra cc chn nm trong l. a ch c mt chi tit lp trn mi l, iu ny khin gi thnh gim. Photo 5.3. - a van c hp: np l ch di chuyn c bn trong 1 ci hp c bt c nh. N c u im hn v hn ch c s ma st ca cc chi tit (chn hay vu ma st vi l a) nh vy trnh c s bin dng ca l Photo 5.4. Vi nng sut nh nhau, cc a van thng c gi t hn 20-50% so vi a c l. Xu hng hin nay l phi tn dng ti a cc khong trng ca vt liu, c bit l thit k cc khu vc hot ng ti cc b mt ln nht v ti a ha nng sut ca khu vc hot ng ny bng cch ci thin lu thng lng v phn phi dng hi. Hnh 5.31. 1.4.2. m Cng vi s gim dn nhu cu v nhin liu nng, nhm mc ch gia tng nguyn liu cho cng on FCC (tc l lm sao thu c ti a lng DSV v gim ti thiu lng RSV) , khi k thut v phn chng i hi phi c nghin cu su hn vic chng chn khng phn cn chng ct kh quyn. Khi m mi c ch nghin cu v pht trin t cui nhng nm 70. Nhit vng nhp liu ca cc thp chng ct chn khng cng thp cng tt trnh b phn hy nhit ca nguyn liu. Do vy phi gim p sut lm vic trong vng nhp liu. Mun vy phi gim p sut nh thp nh h thng thit b to chn khng nh. Tuy nhin khi p sut nh qu thp th li kh ngng t sn phm nh, do vy p sut nh thp nht phi c gii hn ti 10mmHg (0,013 at). Do vy, mun p sut trong vng nhp liu thp th bin php cn li l phi lm gim tn tht p sut ngay trong chnh thp chng ct. Phng n tt nht gim tn tht p sut bn trong thp l hn ch ti a vic lp t cc b phn khng tht cn thit bn trong thp. Cu hnh a trong thc t gy tn tht p sut kh ln trong khi m li hn ch c nhiu s mt mt p sut. Do vy, ngy nay m l cu hnh trao i pha hay c s dng nht, nhm mc ch tng b mt trao i gia pha lng v pha kh (tc l s nng cao c hiu nng trao i pha) v gim c tn tht p sut bn trong thp. So vi cc loi thp khc, linh ng trong thp m l hp l. Tuy nhin gi thnh ca m li l cao nht.

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m lm vic ch c hiu qu trong phm vi gia lng nguyn liu ti thiu v ti a ( linh ng nm gia 2 gi tr ny) Lng nguyn liu ti thiu. Nu di gi tr ny hiu sut s gim, v s chy ri yu s khng bo m tt hiu qu qu trnh trao i pha. Lng nguyn liu ti a. Khi vt qu gi tr ny, m s khng cho lng lng t chy c na, iu ny s nhanh chng dn n hin tng ngp lt thp. m c phn chia thnh 2 nhm ty theo cu to ca chng: Loi m vrac, c sp xp ngu nhin trong thp, Loi m cu trc c sp xp trt t theo thit k. 1.4.2.1. m vrac m vrac c s dng rng ri t lu trong cng nghip lc du. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm ph: m vng v m yn nga. Loi m vng thng thng nht l m Raschig, vt liu bng kim loi, khng khot l rnh, dng hnh tr c ng knh bng vi chiu cao. Nhc im chnh ca m ny l s phn b km pha lng v pha hi gia cc b mt trong v ngoi. N khng cn c s dng trong cc thit k hin i v nhc im ny c khc phc bi m vng Pall (photo 5.5). B mt ca cc m vng Pall c khot cc rnh lm gia thn m, cho php s lu thng tt hn ca cc pha v tng c nng sut v hiu sut i vi cng mt lng vt liu m s dng. Cc m vng ny cn c ci tin bng cch gim t l chiu cao/ng knh (m vng CMR, photo 5.6), iu ny cho php nh hng u tin trc ca m theo hng thng ng (m v tr ng hn nm) v do i vi mt hiu sut cho, nng sut s tng ln (mc d sp xp ngu nhin nhng cc vng m d v tr ng hn v tr nm, s d lu thng lng hi hn). Loi m yn nga Berl v nht l m yn nga Flexisadle (photo 5.7) i khi cng c s dng. Vt liu ch to chng l gm, iu s lm tng phn rng ca m, ngha l va lm tng b mt tip xc li va lm gim khi lng m, dn n tng hiu sut trao i pha. Hnh dng thng thng ca loi m yn nga cn c ci tin thnh cc loi m yn nga kim loi (m IMTP) c hiu nng gn bng vi hiu nng ca m CMR. (photo 5.8). 1.4.2.2. m cu trc (photo 5.9) Cc loi m cu trc thng c cu to t cc l kim loi ni, un np gn, g c b mt c x l sao cho tng c tnh thm t. iu ny lm tng b mt tip xc v s chy ri ca pha lng v hi, cho php t h s chuyn khi tt hn. B dy ca chng rt nh (0,1-0,2 mm) khin chng rt d b n mn nu vt liu ch to khng tt. Mt trong nhng nhc im chnh gp phi khi s dng cc loi m cu trc l hu nh khng c kh nng chi ra chng v c bit l khng kh cc c cho chng. i vi thp loi a ngi ta c th dng tc ng c hc, ha hc hay dng vic t chi ra, lm sch a, nhng cc ng dng ny li khng dng c cho m cu trc v cu to v mng ca cc l kim loi ca chng khng cho php. Khi cc iu kin lm vic c khng ch tt nhm trnh cc nguy c ng cn hay to cc, th m, c bit l loi m cu trc, s c u th hn v nng sut v hiu sut v cho d gi thnh ca chng cao, chng vn l gii php tt nht nn dng.

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1.4.2.3. Cc loi m li (photo 5.10) m li l mt kiu m cu trc c bit. l s lp ghp vng chc cc thanh kim loi c dp v lp rp sao cho to thnh mt mng li. Cc thanh ny thng dy t 12mm, cho php tng cng rt ln sc bn ca chng i vi s n mn v s mi mn so vi cc l m cu trc c in. Nhc im ch yu ca m li ny l b mt tip xc tng i nh v hu nh khng th x l b mt ca chng nhm tng cng cc qu trnh chuyn khi gia pha lng v pha hi. m li ch cho hiu sut trung bnh v c s dng cho nhng vng lm vic d ng cu hay d b mi mn m cc loi m cu trc c in khng x l c. 1.4.2.4. Cc b phn ph: b phn phi, gi , b tch git lng ko theo B phn phi: S vn hnh tt ca mt loi m ph thuc rt ln vo s u n ca qu trnh phn b pha hi i t di ln v pha lng i t trn xung. Do tr lc gia m l ln nht nn lng lun c xu hng chy ra thnh thp, cn hi li i ln tm thp (do sc cng b mt ti thnh thp ca lng l ln hn ca hi nn lng d bm vo thnh hn hi v chng y hi vo gia thp). Nh vy, cng di thp, hiu sut tip xc lng hi li cng gim. Do vy cn phi chia m thnh nhiu tng v cui mi tng cn phi c cc thit b phn phi li lng v hi. Cc b phn phi lng c hai loi: * B phn phi lng trng lc (photo 5.11) Vi cht lng chy t do qua cc l m mi l l mt im phn b nm pha trn tng m. * B phn phi lng c p sut (photo 5.12) Nh cc ng phun sng m chng phn chia u lng trn m. Thit b phn phi kiu ny t hiu qu hn v tnh u n phn b cng nh v linh ng. Gi : (photo 5.13) m c bng nhiu cch khc nhau ty theo chng l m vrac hay m cu trc. B tch git lng ko theo hi: (photo 5.14) Chc nng ca chng l gim lng lng cun theo trong dng hi. Chc nng ca chng l rt quan trng khi cn bo v h thng chn khng, my nn hay n gin trnh nhim, trnh s pha tp, lm mt tinh khit mt phn on nh bi cc git lng nng b ko theo. Ch : Cho d cc b phn ph trn y c nhng chc nng hu ch v chng loi tr nhng tc ng xu cho thp, nhng cng nn hn ch vic lp t cc b phn ph cng t cng tt v tnh cht phc tp (trong tho lp, sa cha), v lm tng tn tht p sut cng nh s lm gi c ca c h thng tng. 1.5. NG DNG CC LOI THP CHNG CT TRONG CNG NGH LC DU 1.5.1. Chng ct kh quyn T kh lu nay cc nh my lc du x l ngy cng nhiu cc loi du th khc nhau nh: du th nng, du th thu hi, du th nh v hn hp lng ngng ... l v th trng du th ngy cng rng. Cht lng v gi c khc nhau dn n vic phi chn la v nhp nhiu loi khc nhau. V i khi do cc vn v n mn hoc do s ng cu khi x l cn dn n vic cn phi phi trn nhiu ngun du th khc nhau. Do vy vic thit k, ch to v vn hnh ca nh my i hi cc thit b phi c linh ng cao. Cc loi thp chng ct kh quyn thng thng c t 30 n 50 tng a v cu to thn ca chng thng bao gm 5 vng (Hnh 5.32). 1.5.1.1. Vng tch hi y thp

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Vng stripping y thp c chc nng loi b trit cc thnh phn nh m chng cn tn ti trong phn cn chng ct kh quyn. Dng lng vo vng stripping c to thnh ch yu t phn khng ha hi ca nguyn liu, thm vo l phn du cn i xung t vng ra. Hiu sut ca vng stripping l rt quan trng vn hnh tt qu trnh chng ct chn khng. Trong thc t, c trng hp thp chng ct chn khng b nhp liu qu nhiu phn nh, l do thp chng kh quyn khng tch trit phn sn phm trng ca n. Trong mi trng hp, cn dng hi qu nhit (stripping kh cha t hi nc), nhm trnh s ha hi qu d di ca hi nc nu l hi nc bo ha, do nhit hi stripping lun nh hn nhit y 370oC (lm hi n cc kt cu bn trong thp). Vng ny hot ng theo nguyn tc gim p sut ring phn ca hydrocarbon bng cch bm pht hi nc qu nhit vo thp (bnh thng ch c hi hydrocarbon nh, gy nn p sut ring phn ln nn hydrocarbon d b tan trong cn RDA, lm tht thot hydrocarbon nh. Khi bm hi nc qu nhit c nhit thp hn nhit y, hi nc s nhn thm nhit ca cn y v tr nn qu nhit thm na (hi qu nhit l hi kh, cha t hi nc nn d ko hi hydrocarbon nh theo), ng thi do n to thnh hn hp cht lng khng tan ln vi hydrocarbon, hi nc qu qu nhit ny s ko phn ln hi hydrocarbon nh bay ln a trn, lm gim lng hydrocarbon c mt trn tng a , v vy s lm gim p sut ring phn ca hi hydrocarbon, t lng hydrocarbon b tan trong cn y gim i, dn ti gim hn lng sn phm nh tht thot theo cn y. Lu lng pha hi bin thin rt ln gia phn y vng (ni ch c t hi: ch yu l hi nc qu nhit kh) v phn nh vng (ni c nhiu hi: hi hydrocarbon b tch ra khi cn y v ton b lng hi nc c trong vng). Vng stripping thng c trang b 3-6 a. Cc a c l khng c dng do n c nhc im thiu linh ng, nn n khng thch hp vi s bin i mnh ca dng hi. Cc a chp ngy nay c thay th bi cc a van. Nguy c ng cu khng nhiu v cn khng qu nht nh y thp chng chn khng. 1.5.1.2. Vng nhp liu Nhp liu cho thp chng ct c thc hin trong vng ny di dng hai pha. Vng ny c thit k sao cho qu trnh phn tch ring 2 pha l tt nht vi s gim p sut l t nht (nguyn liu vo do bm nn c p sut ln, trong thp li c p sut thp, s lm ho hi d di 1 phn lng, lm mt cn bng ca thp). Cc vng nhp liu khai thc, tn dng nng lng ng hc ca chnh dng nguyn liu (nh vn tc ln) bng cch to dng xoy cho dng nguyn liu. C hai kiu nhp liu: Kiu c in nht l bm du th vo theo phng tip tuyn vi thn thp, Mt gii php khc l s dng cc b phn phn phi c cnh dn liu i vo thp theo phng hng trc, iu ny cho kt qu rt tt. Trong mi trng hp, cn phi s dng cc kt cu vng chc, bn vi s va p, chng c hin tng rung v chng b mi mn. 1.5.1.3. Vng ra Vng ny nhm mc ch ra, thu hi li vo pha lng c nhiu nht cc cu t nng, bn c trong nguyn liu vo thp. Nhim v ny c thc hin bi s tip xc gia du ra GO nng trch t a pha trn vi pha hi i ln t vng nhp liu. Loi m vrac trc kia thng c s dng nhng ngy nay, m cu trc kiu li li l s chn la tt nht.

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1.5.1.4. Vng phn on Hiu nng ca thp ph thuc rt nhiu vo cu trc ca cc vng phn on. Trc kia, cu trc kiu a thng c dng hn v gi c ca chng kh hp l. Vic s dng m trong thc t b hn ch v chi ph cho cc b phn ph nh b phn b v thu gp phn lng l kh ln (nhiu tng m). Tuy nhin ngy nay ngi ta s dng m cu trc nhiu hn v hiu nng trao i pha ca m rt tt. Khi tn trang li 1 thp chng ct kh quyn bng cch s dng m, nng sut ca 1 s vng phn on c th tng ln ti 20-50%. 1.5.1.5. Vng hi lu tun hon Trong vng ny cn phi ch chn im trch dng hi lu tun hon trung gian gia mt vi dng trch sn phm ti khu vc c nhit cao thu hi nhit lng c hiu qu nht. Cc vng hi lu tun hon c c trng bi cc lng lng rt ln, v bi s bin i ln v dng hi: gim mnh t v tr thp ln cao (dng hi ln nht vng thp do c nhit cao v nh nht vng cao). Cc vng ny thng thng c s lng a l thuyt nh (2 n 3) v c khong cch gia cc a rt ln (0,65-0,90m) v mc ch ca vng ny khng phi l trao i pha m l thu hi nhit nn cn phi c 1 lng lng ln tp trung ti vng ny. Vng ny l khu vc l tng s dng cc m cu trc kiu li c nng sut ln. 1.5.1.6. Thit b tch hi trch dng Cc thit b strippeur thng l cc thp c kch thc nh c 4-6 a. Chc nng ca chng l hiu chnh im chp chy ca sn phm trch dng (khi sn phm trch dng mang theo nhiu cu t nh, im chp chy s thp v trong qu trnh bo qun, cu t nh s d bay hi lm mt cht lng sn phm. Do vy nu loi trit c cc cu t qu nh th im chp chy thc t s lun cao hn, ng hn v t b thay i hn khi bo qun. Hn na n s nng cao hiu sut thu hi sn phm nh trong thp chng ct kh quyn). Ngoi tr thit b strippeur kerosen, c ti un si bng hi nc gin tip do sn phm d b nhim nc nu un trc tip (v nhit si ca chng l gn nhau hn so vi cc sn phm nng khc). Cc thit b strippeur khc thng c cp nhit trc tip bng hi sng, iu lm cho hiu sut tch ch tng i trung bnh do c th ln nc trong sn phm. 1.5.2. Chng ct chn khng sn xut nguyn liu cho qu trnh FCC Thp chng ct chn khng dng cho mc ch ny thuc loi t, khng stripping bng hi nc, Hnh 5.33. N cho php ta nhn bit d dng cc thp chng ct chn khng thc t trong nh my lc du, l cc thp c ng knh ln nht, thng t 6-11m gia thn thp v nh i nh v y. Ngoi tr cc phn xng sn xut du nhn c s, mc ch ca thp chng ct chn khng thng thng l thu c ti a cc phn ct trung t phn cn chng ct kh quyn lm nguyn liu cho cc phn xng craquage xc tc. Do vy hiu nng ca qu trnh chng chn khng i hi phi m bo thu c phn cn c mt vi c tnh c trng nht nh ( nht, xuyn kim, v.v.) v phn ct khng tch c (phn m n cn nm li trong cn chng ct chn) phi l t nht c th c, khi phn on cn chng ct chn khng s l 1 phn on sn phm c tinh lc ti a. i vi mt cht lng nguyn liu cho, phn b ha hi (phn ct trung ng quan tm) l hm s ca nhit v ca p sut trong vng ho hi:

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- Nhit trong thp b hn ch bi cc hin tng craquage nhit do c th to ra cc trong cc ng ca l un v cn sinh ra cc hn hp kh qu nh khng ngng t c. V vy ngi ta tm cch ti thiu ha p sut trong vng ho hi h thp nhit lm vic. - Tuy nhin p sut nh cng phi c khng ch khng qu thp nhit ngng t kh khng ngng khng qu thp theo nhm ngng t c kh khng ngng. Do vy h thng to chn khng nh thp phi m bo to c p sut ti thiu l ~10 mmHg. Nh vy gim n ti thiu p sut trong vng ho hi, phng n cn li l phi gim thiu phn tn tht p sut ca cc cu trc bn trong thp. Cc thp chn khng thng c nhiu b phn trch dng. Cc b phn ny trc ht l nhm ti u ha vic thu hi nhit nng ca cc dng hi lu tun hon v cn nhm thu c cc sn phm ring bit. Cht lng phn on cc sn phm trong thp ny khng i hi nghim ngt hn so vi trong chng ct kh quyn v trong chng ct chn khng du nhn v sn phm s l nguyn liu cho cc phn xng craquage tip sau. Cc cng on chng ct chn khng loi ny thng gm c mt vng stripping y thp, mt vng ho hi, mt vng ra v 2 hoc 3 vng hi lu tun hon ty thuc vo s lng phn ct nh ly (L, M, HVGO). 1.5.2.1. Vng tch hi y thp Vng ny kh ging nh trong thp chng ct kh quyn. Cht lng ca hi stripping (hi nc qu nhit) phi c bit c lu bi v p sut nh trong vng ho hi s lm tng hin tng ha hi t ngt nu c nhiu nuc trong hi stripping. Ch cn vi chc lt nc cng lm tn hi nghim trng cc cu trc bn trong ca vng ny. Nhm gim thiu cc s c nh vy, cn phi s dng loi a van c trang b cc by ni lt, bp bnh cho php i qua 1 lng hi ln bt thng. Nguy c v ng cu trong vng ny l rt cao do nhit y rt cao, do vy vng stripping i khi cng c trang b mt bm tun hon bm trc tip cn y thp vo vng ny nhm gi nhit chng 340oC hn ch hin tng craquage nhit. Ngoi ra thi gian lu y thp phi c hn ch. Lu lng hi stripping thng trong khong 0,15 n 0,20 kg hi cho 1kg cn chng ct chn khng. 1.5.2.2. Vng nhp liu Cng nh cc thp chng ct kh quyn, ta cn phi d kin mt b phn tng cng qu trnh phn tch pha lng v hi. Tuy nhin tn tht p sut gy nn bi b phn ny phi cng nh cng tt nhm trnh tng cao p sut dn n tng nhit trong vng ny to nguy c thc y qu trnh cc ha trong thp. 1.5.2.3. Vng ra Mc ch cng ging nh trong thp chng ct kh quyn. iu kin vn hnh ca vng ny l kh nghim ngt v nguy c to cc l rt d xy ra. Cht lng ca phn ct chn khng s ph thuc vo hiu nng ca vng ny, c bit hm lng kim loi (Ni, V), nu b ko theo DSV, s nh hng n s lo ha ca xc tc ca cng on FCC. Vic s dng loi m cu trc kiu li rt c quan tm cho vng ny nh vo kh nng lu gi km cht lng ca chng (lng du ra lun phi m bo lm t u m nhng n phi chy nhanh, thi gian lu ca cht lng trn m l thp nht, iu s hn ch c qu trnh to cc (cc to thnh ch yu l do s c mt ca cc hydrocarbon nng c trong pha lng b chy).

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Chiu cao ca tng m thng nm trong khong 0,6-1,5m. 1.5.2.4. Cc vng hi lu tun hon Cc vng ny c c trng bi nhp liu lng rt nhiu v s bin i lu lng hi ln. V vy nn phn chia chng ra thnh nhiu vng, nhm thu c hiu qu thu hi nhit ti a v tn tht p sut l nh nht (v t a). Cc vng hi lu tun hon lun lun c trang b m nhm hn ch tn tht p sut. Cc tng m c kt cu kt hp: lp li ri n lp m vng (Hnh 5.35), iu ny cho php ti u ha ng thi 2 yu t trao i nhit tt/tn tht p sut nh. i khi cc phn ct nng v nh c cc ng dng khc nhau, khi cn phi ch n vic tch chng ra khi nhau cng trit cng tt v do vy cn phi thit k lp t thm mt vng phn on gia hai dng hi lu tun hon (Hnh 5.37). 1.5.3. Phn xng phn on c s FCC Thp phn on ny (Hnh 5.38) tng t nh thp chng ct kh quyn du th nhng c 2 im khc bit ch yu: Nhp liu c ha hi hon ton, qu nhit 480-540oC, n trc tip t thit b phn ng FCC, Mt phn on kh ln i qua thp cng vi hi xng cha ngng t. Cho d c s dng cc cyclone c hiu qu phn tch cao, nhng trong nguyn liu lun lun c cha cc vt bi xc tc, m chng c th tng ngy cng nhiu khi c bt trc v vn hnh thit b. Cho d cht lng qu trnh phn on ny khng i hi nghim ngt nhng s tn tht p sut trong thp li l mt tiu chun quan trng khi m s tn tht ny c nh hng n p sut ca thit b phn ng FCC v do nh hng n chn lc ca phn ng. Cc loi sn phm thng thng bao gm: Cc sn phm hi nh thng c to thnh t cc kh (C2-, C3, C4) v xng nh. Mt dng trch xng ph trung gian i khi c ly ra pha trn phn on naphta nng. Mt phn on naphta nng Mt phn on gazol nh (LCO, light cycle oil) Mt phn on gazol nng (HCO, high cycle oil) Mt phn on cn du Slurry Stripping nc acid Nc ngng t pha nh thp phn on kh quyn (Hnh 5.1), c bit vi nc trong thp phn on c s FCC, cn phi c tch loi H2S v NH3, trc khi chuyn n cng on x l sinh hc. Qu trnh x l ny thng c tin hnh trong thp stripping nhp liu bng hi sng y thp (Hnh 5.27). 1.5.3.1. Vng kh qu nhit Thp ny c im c bit l s dng vng kh qu nhit hay vng lm lnh nhanh. Vng ny lm lnh nhanh nguyn liu ha hi bng cch cho tip xc vi dng du qu lnh c lu lng ln lm lnh. Vng kh qu nhit phi c thit k rt chc chn bn vng trc cc hin tng mi mn (do cc ht xc tc b ko theo) v nguy c to cc (do nhit rt cao) nu nh c mt phn nguyn liu khng b lm lnh trit . Vng ny s dng 1 tng li ( dy nh

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nht l 1,5 mm) c ti bng thit b phn b trng lc chc chn, c u im l tn tht p sut s nh. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, nu s cung cp dng du lm lnh khng n nh, s gy ra qu trnh to cc nhanh chng trong ton vng. V vy cn phi c 1 thit b an ton d phng t ng bm trong trng hp lu lng dng du b gim. i khi mt phn nh cn bn (slurry) c lm lnh s c bm li trc tip vo y ca thp nh l du lm lnh. 1.5.3.2. Vng nhp liu, vng ra, vng phn on v vng hi lu tun hon V c bn, cc chc nng, nhim v v cc yu cu v vn hnh ca cc vng ny cng ging nh cc vng tng t trong thp chng ct kh quyn. Cc vng phn on, vng ra v vng hi lu tun hon ca cc thp hin i hoc ci tin, ngy cng c trang b ton b bng m. 1.5.4. Phn xng x l kh ca qu trnh FCC Phn xng ny c nhim v phn ring trit cc phn on kh nh v xng nh sinh ra t qu trnh FCC i ra khi nh thp phn on c s (Hnh 5.40). N thng bao gm cc thp sau: Thit b kp: thp hp th c s/thp strippeur hay l thp tch ethan c kt hp vi nhau trong cng mt thp. Thp tch butan, Thp phn on C3/C4. Cc thp ny lm vic di p sut tng i cao. Cc iu kin lm vic trong thp l ph hp vi thp a v n cho hiu sut cao. m cu trc c nhiu nhc im trong ng dng ny (do l m mng li lm vic P cao). Trong trng hp phn xng ny c thm thp phn on xng nng khi xng nh th khi n l thp duy nht c th c trang b loi m cu trc (p sut lm vic xp x pa). 1.5.4.1. Thp hp th c s Thit b hp th c s nhm mc ch hp th (cng vi xng l cht hp th) mt lng ch yu kh GPL trong hn hp kh n t thit b phn tch hi p sut cao HP. Thp thng c trang b khong 30 a. Thp c 1 hoc 2 dng hi lu tun hon nhm mc ch thu nhit hp th. Nhp liu vo gn nh thp bng xng FCC kh butan trong b ngng t nh thp phn on c s FCC v xng nh thu c y thp kh butan s cho php ci thin vic thu hi kh GPL v ch cn s dng mt dng hi lu tun hon. 1.5.4.2. Thp tch hi Thit b strippeur loi b cc phn on nh nht (ethan, hydrogen) v H2S t xng cha n nh. N thng c trang b khong 30 a lm bng vt liu 410S. Khu vc ny thng c un si li bng gazol nh (LCO-l tc nhn nng) n t thp phn on c s FCC. 1.5.4.3. Thp hp th ph Hn hp kh ra khi nh ca thit b hp th vn cn cha mt lng khng nh kh GPL (C3,4). Nhm thu hi lng kh ny, ngi ta tin hnh ra bng du hp th gi l du ngho (ngho GPL), thng thng l gazol nh LCO, trong thit b hp th ph. Thp ny thng c lp loi m vrac.

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1.5.4.4. Thp tch butan Thp tch butan cho php iu chnh p sut hi ca xng FCC. Thp ny c trang b khong 40 a. Thp kh butan c un si li bng gazol nng HCO n t thp phn on c s FCC. Mt s ng dng khc ca thp chng ct 1.5.5. Phn xng phn on c s ca qu trnh to cc Thp phn on c s ca qu trnh to cc (Hnh 5.41) rt ging vi thp phn on c s FCC. 1.5.6. Phn xng phn on c s ca qu trnh gim nht 1.5.7. Phn xng phn on cc dng thi ca qu trnh alkyl ha 1.5.8. Phn xng phn on x l cc dng thi ca qu trnh reforming

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Chng 2 : NG DNG QU TRNH TRCH LY TRONG CNG NGH LC DU


Nguyn tc trch ly : Trch ly lng-lng l mt k thut phn tch da vo ha tan khc nhau (hay cn gi l s ha tan c chn lc) ca cc cu t trong nguyn liu lng ng nht vo trong mt dung mi thch hp. Nguyn liu l mt cht lng cha cc cu t cn tch. Dung mi mi l mt cht lng th hai c tc dng ko cc cu t cn tch m chng l cc cu t d ha tan vo dung mi mi nht. Nh vy trong nguyn liu ch cn li cc cu t khng th ha tan vo trong dung mi mi. Sau qu trnh trch ly, h tn ti hai pha khng tan ln. Vic phn tch hai pha c thc hin bi qu trnh gn lng. Tip theo l qu trnh tch dung mi ra khi cc pha cha n hay cn gi l qu trnh hon nguyn dung mi. Mt qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi thng i hi hai giai on chnh b tr ln nhau: giai on trch ly ni ring v giai on hon nguyn hoc ti sinh dung mi thng bng qu trnh chng ct. Cc trng hp phi s dng qu trnh trch ly: Thng thng chng ta phi s dng n qu trnh trch ly khi qu trnh chng ct khng m bo c v mt k thut: - Trng hp cc dung dch ng ph - Trng hp cc dung dch c nhit si rt gn nhau. - Mt khc do mi lin h cht ch gia ha tan v bn cht ha hc, trch ly bng dung mi c bit p ng tt i vi trng hp phn tch cc cu t theo cc h ha hc v ha tan ca cc h khc nhau l khc nhau (V d kh aromatic sn xut du nhn, sn xut nhin liu; kh asphalt sn xut du DAO). Cc phng thc trch ly: Qu trnh trch ly c th c p dng theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau: - Trch ly mt giai on, ging nh qu trnh ho hi trong chng ct v ch cho php phn tch s b, n gin, tinh khit ca cc sn phm khng cao. - Trch ly cho dng cng nh trch ly ngc dng n gin thng c quan tm hn do tit kim c dung mi nhiu hn, v c th cho pha rafinat c cc ch tiu k thut yu cu nhng c hiu sut gii hn. - Qu trnh trch ly ngc dng c hi lu, ngoi hoc ni, t ti c cc tinh khit v hiu sut mong mun i vi c hai pha rafinat v extrait. Cc ng dng trch ly trong cng nghip du kh: Trong lnh vc du m, qu trnh trch ly c p dng t lu v mt mc rt ln. Chng ta s tm hiu trong chng ny 3 ng dng quan trng ca k thut trch ly, l: Qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht thm tn ti trong du c s c tnh nhn nhm iu ch cc loi du nhn Qu trnh kh asphalt ca phn cn chng ct chn khng, thu hi trit cc loi hydrocarbon (gi l du DAO) m chng khng bay hi c trong thp chng ct chn khng (do chng c nhit si cao hn du DSV cht t). (tip du DAO nu dng ch bin du nhn th cng s phi tri qua cng on trch ly cc hp cht thm nu trn). Qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht thm BTX (Benzen, Toluen, Xylen) trong cc loi nhin liu nh trch ly Aromatic t xng, kerosen m bo cc quy nh hin hnh v trong tng lai ca nhin liu v cht t.

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2.1. TRCH LY KH AROMATIC T DU C TNH NHN SN XUT DU G C Du c s l cc loi du nhn c tnh nhn c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut du gc. Cc loi du c s ny c th l: - Phn ct distilat ca qu trnh chng ct chn khng, - Du trch t cn chng ct chn khng (du DAO-Des-Aphalt-Oil) l du c kh asphalt bng trch ly vi dung mi C3, C4, C5. Du gc l cc loi sn phm du nhn ca nh my lc du qua cc qu trnh ch bin v c y cc tnh cht nht. Du nhn thng phm l cc loi sn phm du nhn ca nh my phi trn du nhn. Chng c phi trn t cc loi du gc v ph gia theo nhu cu th trng, nhm p ng mt s tiu chun thit yu no ca ng c. Cc h hydrocarbon cu thnh cc loi du c s l: Cc hp cht parafin (n-parafin c mch thng), Cc hp cht parafin mch nhnh v parafin c 1 vng naphten (i-parafin v naphten 1 vng) l cc loi hydrocarbon cn cho du thng phm, Cc hp cht polynaphten (naphten a vng), Cc hp cht aromatic. Mi lin h gia cc tnh cht dng lm du gc v cu trc ca cc hydrocarbon c trong cc phn on du c s c nu trong Tableau 7.1. Mt c tnh c bn rt quan trng ca du nht l tnh n nh t b thay i ca nht khi nhit thay i. o c tnh ny, ngi ta s dng ch s nht VI, l mt thang o quy c c trng cho s thay i nht ng hc ca mt phn on du m theo nhit . Ch s nht VI cng cao, s thay i nht theo nhit cng nh, du nhn lm vic cng tt. Ch s nht VI ca cc h hydrocarbon cu thnh cc phn on du c s c dng cho qu trnh sn xut cc loi du gc nh cc qu trnh trch ly thng thng bng dung mi l: Hydrocarbon Parafin Rafinat (dung dch lc tch aromatic, naphten) Du kh parafin Phn ct Distilat Du naphten Extrait (dung dch trch cha ch yu aromatic) VI 140-180 105-120 95-105 75-95 40-65 <30

Nhm mc ch sn xut cc loi du nhn c cht lng cao, ngi ta cn phi tch cc hydrocarbon naphten nhiu vng v cc aromatic c ch s nht thp ra khi cc hp cht n-parafin mch thng, mch nhnh v parafin c 1 vng naphten c ch s nht VI cao. Cc hydrocarbon khc nhau ny c cc nhit si xp x nhau v khng th phn tch c chng bng qu trnh chng ct, m phi dng qu trnh trch ly lng/lng nh s gip ca dung mi chn lc.

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Sn phm qu c ch s nht cao do cha nhiu n-parafin v i-parafin, naphten 1 vng c gi l du lc (rafinat), chng l phn ln du cn li sau khi tch gn ht naphten a vng v aromatic. Sn phm th hai gm phn ln naphten a vng v aromatic c ch s nht nh gi l du trch (extrait). Nguyn liu: Cc phn ct distilat n t cc cng on chng ct chn khng hoc du DAO kh asphalt n t cng on kh asphalt. Dung mi c cho tip xc vi nguyn liu trong thp trch ly trong hn hp nguyn liu/dung mi c chia vo 3 vng: Vng trn (vng trn u vo ca dung mi), c to thnh t rafinat hn hp c cha khong 15-20% dung mi Vng trch ly (bao gm vng gia u vo nguyn liu vi u vo ca dung mi), n c to thnh t hn hp ca extrait hn hp (95%) vi rafinat hn hp (5%) Vng di (vng di u vo ca nguyn liu), c to thnh t extrait hn hp m thnh phn ca n c khong 80-85% dung mi vi 15-20% extrait Dung mi cha trong rafinat v extrait hn hp c tch ra bng chng ct v chng c tun hon li v thit b trch ly. Du lc Rafinat loi tr dung mi s i tip qua cc qu trnh x l cn thit nhm thu c du gc. Du trch Extrait loi tr dung mi c th c em bn nguyn trng thi cho cc ng dng c bit, hoc c chuyn v cc b cha fuel, hoc c dng lm nguyn liu cho cracking. Hiu sut ca qu trnh trch ly tnh theo dung dch lc thay i trong khong 50-85% th tch nguyn liu, ty theo loi dung mi s dng, nguyn liu, thit b trch ly v nghim ngt ca qu trnh x l. Bng 7.2 cho ta bit c tnh tiu chun ca distilat (nguyn liu), rafinat v extraits thu c. Bng ny minh ha cho ta giu cc hp cht aromatic ca du trch extrait so vi du lc rafinat (84% aromatic trong extrait so vi 25% aromatic trong rafinat). thm ca cc sn phm c o bng im aniline (im aniline o c cng nh th sn phm cng c nhiu hp cht aromatic). Rafinat v extrait cng c phn bit vi nhau bi: T trng: extrait c t trng xp x bng 1,0 (extrait c thu hi y ca thp trch ly) trong khi t trng ca rafinat khong 0,85 nht: rafinat c to thnh ch yu t cc mch parafin do t nht hn so vi cc vng aromatic phc hp ca extrait Nhit im chy: cc hp cht parafin to nn rafinat c im chy cao Lu hunh: hm lng lu hunh trong rafinat nh hn trong extrait, bao gm cc hp cht lu hunh loi benzothiophnique Mu sc: rafinat c mu vng cn extrait c mu xanh l cy sng (mu ca extrait th hin tnh d b oxy ho ca Aromatic). Bng cch loi cc hp cht aromatic, qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi do ci thin r rng cht lng ca du c s dng cho sn xut du nhn. 2.1.1. Cc thng s nh hng n qu trnh trch ly Hiu qu ca qu trnh trch ly thng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t, thng s m chng ta c th gp chng thnh 2 nhm: Nhm cc thng s bn ngoi qu trnh c nh hng gin tip nh hng ca loi dung mi nh hng ca phng thc v loi thit b trch ly

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nh hng ca bn cht nguyn liu

Nhm cc thng s bn trong qu trnh c nh hng trc tip nh hng ca t l dung mi nh hng ca nhit trch ly nh hng ca gradient nhit 2.1.1.1. Nhm cc thng s bn ngoi qu trnh c nh hng gin tip n hiu qu ca qu trnh trch ly a. Loi dung mi Bng 7.3 lit k cc loi dung mi c s dng nhiu nht trong cng nghip. Trong , cc dung mi c dng nhiu nht cho trch ly aromatic l cc dung mi sau: furfural, phnol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon hay cn gi l NMP Bng 7.4 cho tn s s dng cc loi dung mi khc nhau trong 50 nm va qua. Cc tiu chun v mi trng v v tnh c hi trong nhng nm gn y dn n gim mnh vic s dng dung mi phnol (m n tng c s dng rt mnh m vo nhng nm 1930). Bng 7.5 thit lp s so snh gia 3 dung mi chnh v ch r furfural v NMP p ng cc tiu chun v c tnh k thut ca mt dung mi tt dng cho trch ly cc hp cht aromatic. a s cc dung mi mun c chn lc cao ha tan d dng aromatic th cu trc phn t ca dung mi phi gn ging vi cu trc phn t ca aromatic, ngha l n c cha 1 vng benzen hoc cyclopentan nh sau: HC C O O CH C C H

Hai c tnh quan trng nht ca mt dung mi trch ly l chn lc v kh nng ha tan ca n. chn lc cao ca 1 dung mi l kh nng chn lc ch trch ly 1 h hydrocarbon duy nht (aromatic) t trong 1 hn hp nguyn liu nhiu h hydrocarbon (parafin-naphtenaromatic). V d: Furfural v NMP u trch ly chn lc aromatic nhng: Furfural c chn lc cao hn NMP v n ch trch ly ring aromatic, cn NMP th ngoi aromatic, n cn trch ly c naphten v parafin. Kh nng ha tan ca 1 dung mi l lng cu t cn tch ln nht (aromatic) c trch ly (ha tan) bi mt n v khi lng dung mi. V d: Furfural v NMP u trch ly ha tan aromatic nhng: Furfural c kh nng ha tan thp hn NMP v lng aromatic m 1kg Furfural ha tan c l thp hn lng aromatic m 1kg NMP ha tan c (do NMP ho tan km chn lc, n ho tan c 1 phn parafin v naphten).

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Mt dung mi trch ly tt l va phi c chn lc cao: ch trch ly ring cc cu t aromatic (khng trch ly naphten v parafin nhm trnh mt mt du gc theo dung mi) v va phi c kh nng ha tan ln: ha tan c nhiu lng cu t aromatic ny, nhm gim lng dung mi tiu tn. Ngoi 2 c tnh quan trng trn, dung mi cn phi p ng mt s yu cu sau: 1. Nhit trch ly phi cao dung mi ha tan c cng nhiu aromatic (v 1 t naphten) 2. Thu hi dung mi mt cch d dng bng phng php chng ct (dmi thng nng hn du nhng nhit si li thp hn) 3. Dung mi d bay hi, c p sut hi nh nhm trnh s dng thit b lm vic p sut cao 4. Dung mi c t trng ln phn tch nhanh chng pha du gc nh (pha R cha naphten 1 vng v parafin) vi pha dung mi nng (pha E cha naphten a vng v aromatic) 5. Dung mi khng to nh tng phn tch nhanh chng pha du gc nh vi pha dung mi nng 6. Dung mi phi n nh khng b phn hy nhit hoc phn hy ha hc 7. Dung mi phi c tnh thch ng, c th lm vic tt vi nhiu loi du gc 8. Dung mi phi d tm vi gi c chp nhn c 9. Dung mi phi khng n mn cc kim loi thng dng ch to thit b 10. Dung mi phi khng c i vi mi trng v phi an ton. b. Phng thc trch ly v loi thit b trch ly Hnh 7.2 th hin hiu nng (thng qua ch s nht VI) t c nh cc phng thc trch ly khc nhau. Ta thy phng php trch ly ngc dng lun cho hiu nng cao nht v v vy n c s dng rt thng dng. Hnh 7.3 trnh by cc kiu thit b trch ly c s dng thng xuyn nht trong cng nghip Trc y, qu trnh trch ly bng furfural thng c thc hin trong cc thit b loi thp m. Khuynh hng hin nay l s dng thp trch ly tip xc a quay RDC (Rotating Disc Contactor Hnh 7.5) do n c hiu qu cao, c nhiu u im hn so vi cc thit b trch ly khc: S bc l thuyt cao (ln n 10, so vi t 5-7 i vi cc thp thng thng) dn n hiu qu trch ly cao s cho cht lng 2 pha rt cao B mt phn pha gia 2 pha lc (cn gi l pha du gc) v pha trch (cn gi l pha dung mi) l rt phn bit Hiu sut thu hi pha lc (lu lng pha lc thu c) ln hn t 3-5% so vi loi thp m c. Bn cht nguyn liu Bn cht ca nguyn liu c nh hng rt quan trng n qu trnh trch ly. Ni chung, nguyn liu cng nht v c t trng cng cao th qu trnh trch ly s cng kh khn, hiu qu ca qu trnh trch ly cng thp. l do nguyn liu nht cha nhiu cc phn t mch vng phc tp lm cho vic xm nhp ca dung mi vo trong nguyn liu b hn ch. V na, khi t trng ca cc nguyn liu cng cao s cng gn vi t trng ca furfural, iu lm cho tc phn tch gia pha du v pha dung mi b yu i.

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Mt v d minh ha: vi t l dung mi khong 290%V so vi nguyn liu (2,9/1) v vi nhit trch ly ging nhau, ta thu c cc kt qu nh sau (so snh: nc 20oC =1 cSt=1 mm2/s=1 cP=10-3 Ns/m2): nht ca nguyn liu VI ca sn phm 2 o 110 20 mm /s 40 C 2 o 60 mm /s 40 C 107 2 o 97 140 mm /s 40 C 2.1.1.2. Nhm cc thng s bn trong qu trnh (lin quan n ch , iu kin lm vic) c nh hng trc tip n hiu qu ca qu trnh trch ly d. T l dung mi T l dung mi c nh ngha l %V dung mi/100%V nhp liu cho thit b trch ly. T l dung mi cng tng, cng tch trit lng aromatic, hiu qu trch ly cng tng, iu ny c th hin bi (Bng 7.6 v Hnh 7.6): Ch s nht ca pha du s tng, l do s gim cc phn t aromatic v naphten a vng b lng dung mi ln tch trit ra khi pha du Lng pha du s gim (do aromatic v naphten a vng b tch nhiu) S gia tng hm lng aromatic ca pha trch (c o bng im aniline) Trong thc t, ngi ta phi quan tm n vic gim t l dung mi n mc ti thiu, do gi nng lng lin quan n vic hon nguyn dung mi. e. Nhit trch ly Gia tng nhit trch ly s lm tng ha tan cc phn t aromatic vo trong furfural v n c cc hiu qu ging nh khi tng t l dung mi. Tuy nhin nu tng nhit trch ly ln nhiu, s lm c naphten v thm ch parafin cng ha tan vo dung mi, lm gim lng pha du thu c. Ch l tng nhit trch ly c tc dng km chn lc hn so vi tng t l dung mi. iu ny c th hin r khi so snh hai Hnh 7.6 v 7.7 Trn Hnh 7.7 dc ca ng chia ct gia pha lc v pha trch l rt ln khi tng nhit trch ly so vi khi tng t l dung mi trn Hnh 7.6. iu ny th hin s gim chn lc ca furfural khi nhit tng ln. S gia tng nhit trong qu trnh trch ly cn b hn ch bi nhit trn ln, l gi tr nhit khi c 2 pha tan hon ton vo nhau, tr thnh h ng nht. nhit trn ln, qu trnh trch ly khng cn ngha na. Nhit trn ln vo khong 120-145 oC ph thuc vo bn cht ca nguyn liu. Hiu qu ca s gia tng t l dung mi v tng nhit trch ly kh ging nhau, do vy cn phi ti u ha vic s dng hai thng s ny cho nhng trng hp sau: Nhit cao/t l dung mi thp Nhit thp/t l dung mi ln

c s dng khi: c s dng khi: Ch c s dng mt lng dung mi Cho php c s dng mt lng tun hon thp dung mi tun hon ln khi lng nguyn liu li kh nhiu vi 1 lng nguyn liu t hn Kt qu: Kt qu Hiu sut trch ly km hn Hiu sut trch ly cao hn

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nhng tiu th nng lng li thp nhng tiu th nng lng ln

f. Gradient nhit Gradient nhit trong thp trch ly hay l chnh lch nhit gia y v nh ca thit b trch ly c nh hng ng k n hiu qu ca qu trnh. Thng thng chng tun theo quy lut nh sau: Nhit nh thp nn cao cho php dung mi ha tan tt aromatic v naphten a vng trong pha du, nh lm tng c VI ca pha du i ra nh, Nhit y thp nn thp hn nh v chn lc ca furfural i vi cc phn t aromatic tng khi nhit gim, furfural s ch ha tan chn lc aromatic m khng ko naphten 1 vng , nh vy khng b mt mt naphten 1 vng i ra theo dung mi. Cc nhit trch ly thay i rt nhiu theo loi du th, nht ca nguyn liu x l v cht lng mong mun. Chng c th l 100oC nh thp v 60oC y thp i vi nguyn liu l phn ct distilat t du Arabe nh v l 135 oC nh v 105 oC y i vi nguyn liu l phn ct distilat nng ca du th bin Bc. 2.1.2. S cng ngh phn xng trch ly bng furfural Hnh 7.9 trnh by s vi cc thit b chnh nh sau: C1: Thp tch loi khng kh cho nguyn liu C2: Thp trch ly C3: Thp thu hi dung mi c trong pha lc ( thu du gc) Cc thp thu hi dung mi c trong pha trch ( thu du trch) C4,5,6,8: C7,9: Cc thp chng ct ng ph v tch loi nc 2.1.2.1. C1-Thp tch loi khng kh cho nguyn liu Nguyn liu l phn ct distilat hay DAO n t kho lu tr c bm n thp tch loi khng kh C1 sau khi c a n nhit khong 100oC bng cch cho trao i nhit vi phn trch i ra khi thp C6. Thp C1 c ni vi h thng to chn khng v hot ng Pt=0,1 bar (Pck=0,9 bar). Thp c mc ch tch m v khng kh c trong nguyn liu (furfural rt nhy vi s oxy ha v vi s c mt ca nc l nhng tc nhn lm gim r rt hiu nng ca qu trnh trch ly). 2.1.2.2. C2-Thp trch ly Nguyn liu vo khong gia thp, c t trng chng 0,85. Nhit ca nguyn liu c hiu chnh nh vo thit b trao i nhit E18. Dung mi vo nh, do c t trng ln (1,1598 20oC) dung mi i xung s gp dng du nht i ln. iu chnh y thp n nhit mong c, ta cho tun hon li mt phn pha trch: dng trch y thp c lm lnh trong thit b trao i nhit E15 v c quay li thp. Thp trch ly C2 hot ng di p sut d 6 bar nh thp pha du ra nh t di chuyn n thp C3. p sut y thp gn bng 10 bar (6bar + chiu cao ct lng) cho php tho phn trch hn hp m khng cn dng bm. p sut hot ng trong thp trch ly thc t khng c nh hng n cht lng ca qu trnh trch ly lng-lng. 2.1.2.3. C3-Thp thu hi dung mi c trong pha du

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Phn du hn hp c chuyn v l F1 i qua thit b trao i nhit E30 (trao i gia du hn hp vi du gc i ra khi cng on). N c nng ln nhit khong chng 200oC khi ra khi l ha hi hu nh tt c furfural trong vng bc hi ca thp C3. Furfural c tch loi trong vng tinh ct bng hi ca thp C3. Dung mi kh (cha t nc) c thu hi trong bnh B2 (bnh kh). Dung mi t b thm nhim nc t vng tinh luyn bng hi ca C3 c chuyn v bnh B1 (bnh t). Thp C3 c to chn khng v lm vic p sut tuyt i khong 0,2 bar nh thp. 2.1.2.4. C4,5,6,8-Cc thp thu hi dung mi c trong pha dung mi Gn ging nh dng du, dng dung mi di chuyn cng kh phc tp vi mc ch gim s tiu th nng lng lin quan n vic ha hi hon nguyn furfural. thc hin iu ny, dng dung mi c to thnh t 4 giai on ha hi k tip nhau v c kt thc bng qu trnh tinh ct bng hi nc. Dung mi hn hp, c cha t 85-90% furfural c tho ra khi y ca thp trch ly nh trng lc. N c nng ln n nhit khong 165 oC nh 2 thit b trao i nhit E10 v E11 nhm thu hi nhit lng ca dung dch trch (Ar) ra khi thp C6 v ca hi nh ca thp C5 ri vo ha hi trong thp C4. Hi furfural nh C4 ch c ngng t mt phn trong E9 v sau c chuyn n y thp furfural C9 (khong 20% furfural c trong dung mi hn hp c thu hi trong C4). Phn dung mi hn hp y C4 sau c bm n l F2, y dung mi c un n khong 225 oC bc hi trong thp C5. Hi dung mi nh C5 c ngng t trong E11 v a v thp furfural C9 (khong 60% furfural c trong dung mi hn hp ban u c thu hi nh thp C5). Phn dung mi hn hp y C5 sau c ha hi trong C8 m thp ny c ni vi h thng to chn khng v c Pt nh khong 0,3bar. Nhit trong C8 khong 170oC. Furfural t nh C8 (khong 10%) sau khi ngng t c a v bnh B2 cung cp cho hi lu v thp furfural C9 Qu trnh thu hi furfural trong dung mi kt thc trong C6, n vn hnh ging nh thp C3. Hi furfural n t vng ha hi ca C6 c chuyn v bnh B2 sau khi ngng t. Hi b thm nhim nc n t vng tinh ct bng hi ca C6 c ngng t v thu gom trong bnh B1. 2.1.2.5. C7,9-Cc thp chng ct ng ph v tch loi nc Furfural (thu hi nh thp C4) b nhim nc do ha tan mt phn furfural vo nc. Nc c mt trong furfural c hiu qu m i vi cht lng ca qu trnh trch ly, do nn tch loi chng khi dung mi. S ca qu trnh phn tch nc/furfural c trnh by trong Hnh 7.10 v hon tt bng gin cn bng lng-hi ca nc/furfural (Hnh 7.11) Dung mi cn ti sinh cha trong B2 c hm lng khong 95% furfural v 5% nc, c chng ct trong thp C9. Furfural tinh khit thu hi y thp. nh thp hn hp ng ph (35% furfural/65% nc) c lm lnh, ngng t ri vo lng gn trong bnh B4. Nhit ca bnh B4 (40oC) l rt quan trng v phi kh thp nhm thu c kt qu lng tt gia pha nc v furfural. Pha furfural (90% furfural/10% nc) t B4 c quay li thp C9 lm dng hi lu t. Pha nc (10% furfural/90% nc) trong bnh B4, c chuyn v thp tch loi nc C7. Hn hp ng ph nh C7 c lng gn trong bnh B4 cng mt cch nh hn hp n

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t thp C9. Nc cn cha furfural<25 ppm ra y thp C7 s c a i x l tip. Thp C7 lm vic 100oC v Pa. 2.1.3. S cng ngh phn xng trch ly bng NMP Cc tnh cht vt l c bn ca N-methylpyrrolidon hay NMP c nu trong Bng 7.5, cn cng thc ha hc khai trin nh sau: C4H6ONCH3 H 2C H 2C N CH3 NMP c cc u im so vi furfural nh sau: n nh ha hc hn, do vy khng b phn hy v nhit v ha hc Bn oxy ha hn, cht lng dung mi n nh hn do c t lin kt kp t b li cun vo trong pha lc v pha trch v CL km hn Furfural Kh nng ha tan tt hn i vi cc aromatic v th tn t dung mi hn Nh vy nhit trch ly thp hn, s tit kim c nng lng c tnh t hn Nhng n cng c cc nhc im sau y: T trng thp hn: 1,040/1,162 do vy (dmi-dnhn) s nh, kh phn ring chn lc km hn, nn hiu sut tch Aromatic l thp hn Nhit si cao hn: 202/162, tn nhit hon nguyn v ts(dnhn-dmi) nh hn S cng ngh trch ly bng NMP c cho trong Hnh 7.12, chng ta s nu mt s im khc nhau ca n i vi phn xng trch ly bng furfural. 2.1.3.1. Khu vc nhp liu nguyn liu Do NMP n nh hn nhiu so vi furfural, v vy giai on tch khng kh cho nguyn liu l khng cn thit v nguyn liu distilat c nhp trc tip vo trong thp trch ly dui s iu chnh nhit v lu lng. 2.1.3.2. Khu vc nhp liu dung mi Kh nng ha tan ca NMP l rt ng k i vi cc hp cht aromatic, nhng cng ng k i vi cc hp cht parafin v CL ca n km furfural nn n ha tan c naphten v parafin, iu ny c hu qu lm gim hiu sut phn du lc. iu chnh kh nng ha tan ca NMP, ta thm vo mt lng nh nc (0,8-3,2 %) v dung mi lu chuyn trong cng on thc t l hn hp NMP v nc. t c s vn hnh tt, cn phi lm vic ch nng nc khng i, iu ny c ngha l phi kim tra thng xuyn nng nc trong dung mi, bi v nc i theo trong nguyn liu cng s i theo trong dung mi. Mt khu vc sy lm vic gin on c nhim v loi nh k lng nc d c trong dung mi. nhy ca nc i vi dung mi dn n vic phi thay th hi stripping (i vi cc phn xng s dng furfural) trong cc khu vc thu hi dung mi bng kh N2 i vi cc phn xng s dng NMP. CH2 C O

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Dung mi c bm phun vo nh thp theo lu lng v nhit : T l dung mi/nguyn liu s dng trong trch ly bng NMP l 1,5 l nh hn so vi trng hp trch ly bng furfural (3-12) do kh nng ha tan ln hn ca NMP Nhit bm phun dung mi thp hn t 10-20oC so vi khi dng furfural (tit kim nng lng) c cng mt ch s nht VI cn tm v cng mt hiu sut thu du lc. 2.1.3.3. Khu vc thu hi dung mi trong du lc v trong dung mi trch Nhit si v nhit ha hi cao hn ca NMP c hu qu l nhit trong cc khu vc thu hi dung mi (310-340oC) l cao hn so vi trng hp s dng furfural (200-225 o C), do vy tiu th nng lng ng k hn so vi s dng furfural. 2.1.3.4. Khu vc sy NMP Sau qu trnh lm lnh n khong 50oC, NMP cn cha chng 30% nc c tm thi lu tr trong b cha. Khi b cha t c mc quy nh, khu vc kh nc s c khi ng. H thng thit b kh nc bao gm ch yu mt thp chng ct. Nguyn liu cho thp ny (NMP cha t 15-30% nc) c gia nhit s b n 170oC t c s phn tch tt nc-NMP. Nc c cha vi chc ppm NMP c thu hi nh thp. NMP c cha 1520% nc c thu hi y thp v c chuyn n li b lu tr. iu ny gii thch rng hm lng NMP ca b lu tr NMP m c th thay i t 15-30% nc. V lu lng nc b pyrolle ha l rt nh (0,1kg/m3 nguyn liu distilat x l) v v hm lng NMP ca nc nh hn 50 ppm, nn dng nc ny c chuyn n cng on x l nc cn ca nh my lc du m khng c tc ng ng k n DCO (demande chimique en oxygen). 2.2. TRCH LY KH ASPHALT T CN CHNG CT CHN KHNG THU HI DU DAO 2.2.1. Cu trc nguyn liu, mc ch, nguyn l qu trnh 2.2.1.1. Cu trc nguyn liu Nguyn liu ca cng on kh asphalt l cn ca thp chng ct chn khng. Cn chng ct chn khng c xem nh mt h keo ca cc hp cht c khi lng phn t ln m cc hp cht ny c xp thnh 3 h phn bit gn nh tan ln trong nhau: Phn on mi trng du l pha nh nht ca phn cn v bao gm cc hp cht parafin, cycloparafin, v aromatic nh. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca chng khong 700. Cc phn t ny thng gm chng 50 nguyn t C v c cc nguyn t S v N, tr kim loi ra. Phn on nha c cu trc phn t c to thnh t cc hp cht aromatic ngng t c mch vng bo (cycloaliphatique) di bo m c ha tan ca chng trong mi trng du. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca nha khong 1000. Cc phn t ny thng gm chng 100 nguyn t C v c cc nguyn t S, N, Ni v V. Mi trng du v nha thng c nhm li di tn gi l malten. Phn on Asphalt c cu trc thm a vng ngng t, c dng phng, cha khong chng t 6-20 vng aromatic. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca n khong 1000 n 2000. Phn t ca chng thng cha trn 100 nguyn t C v c cc nguyn t S, N v kim loi (Ni v V di dng porphyrine). Cc mch nhnh ca asphalt rt ngn bo m s gi ha tan ca asphalt trong mi trng du qua trung gian ca nha, sao cho v mt tng th ta c

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th ni l asphalt ha tan trong mi trng du, nhng thc cht trn phng din vi m th asphalt li tn ti di dng cc ht nh (c kch thc khong vi Ao) c bao bc bi nha v l lng trong mi trng du. Nh vy cn chng ct chn khng l 1 hn hp gm 3 cht k trn v trn phng din v m, n l mt hn hp ng nht, n nh v tt c cc hp cht asphalt ca chng u c (gi) ha tan, khng li bt k cn no qua lc. Do vy khng th tch asphalt v c nha ra khi mi trng du bng phng php lng lc m phi s dng phng php trch ly. 2.2.1.2. Mc ch ca qu trnh Mc ch ca cng on kh asphalt l tch cc hp cht asphalt v cc loi nha c trong cn chng ct chn khng ra khi mi trng du nhn. Qu trnh kh asphalt phi lun lun c xem nh l mt cng on lc du trung gian, nht thit phi c, n ng b trong s cng ngh lc du v n lm tng gi tr cho cc sn phm ca qu trnh l cc phn on asphalt+nha v phn on du nhn. Lm tng gi tr cc phn on du nhn: - Sn xut du gc (Bright stock-du sng), parafin v xi (cire). Hin thi l ng dng quan trng nht. - iu ch nguyn liu (cc phn ct trung bnh c cht lng cao) cho cng on cracking xc tc, nhm gia tng cc cc sn phm nhin liu nh. Lm tng gi tr cc phn on asphalt: - Sn xut nha ng - S dng nh l thnh phn ca cht t rn trong cng nghip - Lm nguyn liu cho cc cng on chuyn ha nh cng on gim nht, cng on to cc... 2.2.1.3. Nguyn l ca qu trnh kh asphalt Cng on kh asphalt c thc hin trong thit b trch ly. Trong dung mi l cc kh hydrocarbon nh ha lng (C3,4,5), nhit mi trng v p sut kh quyn, trong khi tip xc trc tip vi nguyn liu, n s ha tan tt mi trng du v nh gip cho s kt ta ca phn on asphalt trong nguyn liu c d dng. Nhng ty theo cc mc ch khc nhau m dung mi c s dng cng khc nhau (H 7.15): - sn xut du nhn cht lng cao: khi khng c cng on x l tp cht bng hydro cho du kh asphalt th propan l dung mi tt nht v n cho du c cht lng cao tuy nhin hiu sut thu hi du (lng du) khng cao. l do propan ha tan rt chn lc ch mi trng du iu cn c ngha asphalt v nha s t kt ta rt thun li, rt nhiu. - nng cao sn lng du nhn: cn phi c thm cng on b tr x l tp cht bng hydro cho du kh asphalt th s dng pentan lm dung mi l tt nht (v do pentan ha tan khng chn lc, n ha tan ton b du v c nha ngha l s cho lng du nhiu mc d du km cht lng. Nhng tip du s cn qua cng on x l tp cht nng cao cht lng, nh vy thu c rt nhiu du). - iu ch nguyn liu (l du kh asphalt) cho cng on cracking FCC hay cracking hydro HDC (hydrocraquage), khi khng c cng on x l bng hydro cho du kh asphalt, th s dng hn hp propan v butan lm dung mi kh asphalt l tt nht v ta cn nhiu lng nguyn liu ng thi ch cn cht lng ca nguyn liu l trung bnh cng c.

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Chng ta phn bit 3 giai on c bn sau y trong qu trnh trch ly kh asphalt (Hnh 7.20): Kh asphalt (kt ta asphalt): vng gia Kh nha (kt ta nha): vng cao Lng gn asphalt: vng thp a. Kh asphalt Ti khu vc gia thp, khi dung mi tip xc vi nguyn liu, dung mi s ha tan du v 1 phn nha (ty chn lc ca dung mi) to thnh pha dung mi-du-nha, tch ra khi pha asphalt ri i ln trn. Nh vy l dung mi ph v cn bng tn ti bn trong h keo gia mi trng malten (du v nha) v pha asphalt bng cch ha tan maltne, cn li pha asphalt s t kt ta li v lng xung di. b. Kh nha Qu trnh kh nha ra khi du sn phm da trn vic to ra dng hi lu ni (bng to chnh lch ln nhit gia vng nh v vng gia thp: ~20oC, to chnh lch khi lng ring, dn n i lu ca 2 dng bn thp) cho php ci thin vic tch pha dung midu ra khi cc hp cht nha t pha dung mi-du-nha i ln t vng kh asphalt. Hn hp dung mi-du-nha c un nng nh thit b bng cc ng xon rut g. Di tc dng ca s gia tng nhit , dung mi s ha tan rt tt vo du ri i ra khi nh thnh sn phm du gc. Cn cc thnh phn nha b kt ta trng thi l lng trong mi trng dung mi-du s lng xung. c. Lng Qu trnh lng asphalt gm qu trnh ra ngc dng bng dung mi tinh khit i t di ln. Vng lng nm gia vng nhp liu v y ca thp trch ly. Qu trnh lng asphalt cng thun li khi dng hi lu ni l nh nht. iu ny thc hin c bng cch gim thiu chnh lch nhit vng nhp liu v vng y thp trch ly. 2.2.2. u im ca trch ly kh asphalt so vi chng chn khng sn xut du nhn, ngi ta c th s dng 2 loi nguyn liu l du kh asphalt bng phng php trch ly hoc du l phn ct chn khng thu c bng phng php chng chn khng. so snh cht lng ca 2 loi du nguyn liu ny, trong Bng 7.8 ta c s liu phn tch ca cc phn on thu c bng qu trnh chng ct chn khng-DSV, vi qu trnh kh asphalt bng pentan phn cn chn khng du Kirkuk-DAO. Vi hiu sut cho (v d 21,6~21,9 %khi lng), phn ct chng chn khng nhiu tp cht (Ni+V=6 ppm khi lng; CConradson=4% khi lng) hn nhiu so vi du kh asphalt tng ng (Ni+V<1 ppm khi lng; CConradson=0,8% khi lng) v cng nng hn ( ln hn). Vi cng hm lng tp cht (v d Ni+V=24-29 ppm khi lng), hiu sut du kh asphalt cao hn khong 50% khi lng so vi hiu sut ca phn ct chn khng tng ng (Bng 7.8 v Hnh 7.16). S so snh cc phn tch cu trc thu c bng ph cng hng t ht nhn ca du kh asphalt bng butan, c ngun gc t du th Arabe nh vi phn ct chn khng ca cng mt loi du th cho thy (trong Bng 7.9) rng trong du kh asphalt c nht cao hn do cha nhiu hydrocarbon no hn v t aromatic hn so vi phn ct chn khng.

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Bng vic phn tch (nh phng php sc k lng) nguyn liu v cc sn phm ca qu trnh kh asphalt bng propan phn cn chng ct chn khng du Arabe nh, ta thy rng cc hp cht parafin, naphten v cc cu trc aromatic nh tp trung hu ht trong du kh asphalt, trong khi nha v asphalt li nm nhiu trong nha hc n, iu lm cho 2 sn phm c n nh rt cao. ng thi cn c th lm tng gi tr ca nha hc n khi dng n lm nguyn liu cho cc cng on cracking nhit nh cng on gim nht (Bng 7.10 v Hnh 7.17) Tm li, qua cc s liu phn tch trn, ta thy l du kh asphalt bng phng php trch ly l nguyn liu tt sn xut du nhn tinh khit. 2.2.3. Cc thng s nh hng n qu trnh kh asphalt l cp chng cn kit, bn cht dung mi, t l dung mi, nhit trch ly 2.2.3.1. Cp chng cn kit Cp chng cn kit trong thp chng chn khng ca cng 1 loi nguyn liu cn kh quyn c th hin bng hiu sut phn cn chn khng thu c y thp, c minh ha trong Bng 7.12 (v Bng 7.13). Trong trng hp 1, hiu sut phn cn chn khng l 18,2 %V l ln hn so vi trng hp 2: 16,5 %V, iu c ngha trng hp 2 c cp chng cn kit l ln hn, n tch phn du nh trit hn do vy lng cn y ca n ch cn t hn, cn khi lng ring v cn Carbone Conradson li cao hn. Ngoi tr bn cht nguyn liu, cp chng cn kit ca nguyn liu cng c nh hng ng k n cht lng sn phm du kh asphalt. cng iu kin vn hnh (bn cht v t l dung mi, gradient nhit trong thp trch ly), khi cp chng cn kit cng ln ngha l nguyn liu u c hm lng thnh phn nh trong cn thp (16,5/18,2), iu s lm gim hiu sut thu du kh asphalt (27/38), n s lm gim cht lng du kh do c khi lng ring thp (22,4), nht cao (33,5) (cn CC gim i nhiu (0,8) l do hiu sut thp). 2.2.3.2. Bn cht dung mi Thng s c nh hng nht n qu trnh l bn cht dung mi. N quyt nh rt ln n hiu sut v cht lng ca pha du nhn trch ly c. Dung mi parafin cng nng (C7) th hiu sut pha malten cng cao, hu qu l du kh s cha nhiu nha lm gim cht lng du. Nh vy, butan v pentan c kh nng ha tan nha mm v cng, trong khi propan kt ta (ngha l khng ha tan) khng ch asphalt v nha m cn mt phn ng k mi trng du, do vy propan c xc nhn l dung mi tt cho qu trnh sn xut du nhn. nh hng ca bn cht dung mi n qu trnh c s ha trong Hnh 7.18, Bng 7.11 v Bng 7.14 gii thiu cc hiu nng t c khi dng dung mi propan v pentan tinh khit, i vi nguyn liu c hm lng asphalt trong khong 1-18 % khi lng. Cng tng t, Hnh 7.19 minh ha nh hng ca bn cht cc loi dung mi t C2 n C7 n hiu sut pha malten khi nguyn liu l cn chng ct kh quyn du Poso Creek v cn chng ct chn khng du Arabe nh (vi t l dung mi/nguyn liu=10 27oC). Vic la chn loi dung mi nh hay nng dn n p sut lm vic s khc nhau (khong 30/40 bar i vi C3/C4 v 20/40 bar i vi C5/C6), p sut ny c c nh v khng phi l mt bin s hot ng (t tc ng n chn lc ca qu trnh). 2.2.3.3. T l dung mi

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chn lc ca cng on kh asphalt s c ci thin ng k bng cch tng t l dung mi. y l 1 bin s c bn lm tng cht lng ca du. Cng nhiu lng dung mi th lng du ha tan trong dung mi s cng nhiu, hiu sut thu hi ln cht lng du kh s cng tng. nh hng ca t l dung mi n chn lc ca qu trnh trch ly c s ha trong Hnh 7.23. 2.2.3.4. Nhit trch ly Tc ng ca nhit trch ly n chn lc ca qu trnh l lin quan n kh nng ha tan ca dung mi. S gia tng nhit s lm tng kh nng ha tan ca dung mi vo trong Asphalt (Hnh 7.24), lm cho hiu sut thu hi du kh b gim nhng cht lng du li tng. Trong Bng 7.15 minh ha tc ng ca nhit lm vic n chn lc ca qu trnh trch ly trong trng hp s dng cn Rospomare cng t l dung mi. c c chn lc ti u cho qu trnh trch ly, mt gradient nhit nh sau cn phi c ch : Nhm mc ch to dng hi lu ni ng k trong vng gia thp n nh gia tng hiu sut thu du kh asphalt, do vy khong chnh lch nhit nh-nhit nguyn liu phi>20oC) Nhm to thun li cho qu trnh lng asphalt, nhit ca vng lng phi l thp nht v l gn bng nhit ca nguyn liu, do vy khong chnh lch nhit nguyn liunhit y phi <5 oC) 2.2.4. S cng ngh phn xng kh asphalt sn xut du nhn Cho d tng lng cc loi sn phm du m ch chim chng 2% tng lng cc sn phm to ra t du th, nhng cc tiu chun k thut v cht lng yu cu i vi du nhn i hi k thut sn xut rt cao v phc tp. thu c du nhn t du th, ta phi thc hin mt lot t 5-6 cng on. Hai cng on u tin l cc qu trnh chng ct kh quyn v chng ct chn khng. Phn cn chng ct chn khng sau c x l bng cng on kh asphalt (bng dung mi C3), t y ta c c du kh asphalt rt nht. Tip du ny phi tri qua cng on trch ly (dng dung mi furfural hoc NMP) tch loi cc hp cht aromatic thu c du c ch s nht thch hp. Sau du phi tri qua qu trnh kh parafin (bng dung mi MEK-toluen) cho php ta thu c ch tiu yu cu v im chy. Giai on cui cng l giai on hon thin bng hydro chnh mu v mi cho du bng cch tch loi cc tp cht nh cc hp cht lu hunh, oxy v nit) H 7.14. Nha hc n, sn phm ph ca qu trnh kh asphalt c th dng phi trn bitum (trn vi cn chng ct chn khng hoc vi phn trch c aromatic). Cht lng ca bitum c th t c bng qu trnh pha lng v oxy ha (thi khng kh). Chng ta s m t chi tit mt cng on kh asphalt cng nghip nhm sn xut du gc Bright Stock v nha ng bng cch pha long nha hc n. 2.2.4.1. S lu chuyn ca dng du kh asphalt: Hnh 7.25, 7.26 2.2.4.2. S lu chuyn ca dng nha hc n: Hnh 7.25, 7.27 2.2.5. Qu trnh kh asphalt cung cp nguyn liu cho cc cng on chuyn ha

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Vic ng dng qu trnh kh asphalt cho cn chn khng nhm thu c du kh m du kh ny s dng lm nguyn liu cho cc cng on chuyn ha cracking xc tc FCC hay cho cng on cracking bng hydro ngy cng c pht trin. Hnh 7.15 gii thiu mt s ng dng ca qu trnh kh asphalt. Ty thuc loi dung mi s dng m 2 sn phm ca qu trnh: du kh asphalt v nha hc n s c nhng ng dng khc nhau. 2.3. TRCH LY KH AROMATIC T CC PHN ON DU M NH HON THIN CHT LNG SN PHM 2.3.1. Mc ch Qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht aromatic cho cc phn on du m nh nhm: - Hoc l lm tng cht lng, gi tr ca phn on (lc du) - Hoc l thu hi, sn xut cc hp cht aromatic (ha du). Trng hp th nht: Qu trnh loi cc hp cht aromatic nhm mc ch sn xut nhin liu nh c cht lng c ci thin hn, v d: * Sn xut kerosen c im khi cao * Sn xut gazol c ch s ctan cao * Sn xut du nhn c ch s nht cao. Trong trng hp ny, cc hp cht aromatic c tch ra khng c ng dng cho ha du do lng ca chng nh v cng do vy, vic hon nguyn dung mi l nhm thu hi dung mi s dng li ch khng nhm nng cao tinh khit ca aromatic. Trng hp th hai: Qu trnh trch ly nhm mc ch chnh l sn xut cc hp cht aromatic tinh khit. Qu trnh trch ly ny lin quan ch yu n cc sn phm nh benzen, toluen, cc hp cht ng phn xylen v ethyl benzen. Tp hp cc hp cht aromatic ny v sau c gi l BTX. lm tinh khit cc hp cht aromatic ny trng thi hn hp vi cc hp cht parafin v naphten, qu trnh chng ct khng thc hin c, do s gn nhau v nhit si ca cc cu t v do s hin din ca cc hn hp ng ph. Chnh qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi c xc nhn nh l k thut phn tch thch hp tt nht v kinh t nht. Trong chng ny, chng ta quan tm ch yu n trng hp th hai: l qu trnh trch ly nhm mc ch chnh l sn xut cc hp cht aromatic tinh khit 2.3.2. Cc ngun nguyn liu cha nhiu BTX Hn 90% sn phm BTX trn th gii c ngun gc t cc cng on chuyn ha cc phn on du m v ch yu c t qu trnh reforming xc tc v t qu trnh cracking hi cc phn on naphta. 2.3.2.1. Ngun BTX t qu trnh reforming xc tc Mt phn on C6-C8 ca dng sn phm qu trnh reforming xc tc c thnh phn cu to thng nm trong cc gii hn cho trong bng sau: H hydrocarbon Cu t C6 Benzen T.si oC P.kq 80.1 % khi lng 1-8

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C7 Toluen C8 Xylen (O-M-P) Orto-Xylen Meta-Xylen Para-Xylen EthylBenzen C9 (mesitylen) C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 110.6 144.4 139 138.3 136.2 150-160 36 50-68 80-98 110-125 140-150 8-24 30-50

Aromatic

Parafin

Naphten+Olefin

0,1-6 0,6-6 1,5-11 1-7 0,5-2 0-1 0,5-2

Ta thy lng cc hp cht aromatic chim t 80% n 90% khi lng ca phn on. Ch ring cc hp cht xylen (ortho, mta v para) chim hn mt na v hm lng aromatic tng dn t C6 n C8. Cc tp cht c bn ca aromatic l cc hp cht parafin, cn cc hp cht naphten v olefin ch chim rt t. Kho st s phn b cc tp cht theo s nguyn t C, ta thy nng ca chng gim ng k khi i t C6 n C8. Mt vi cng on reforming hin i sn xut ra nhiu dng sn phm m t ta c th tch bit ra bng phng php chng ct n gin mt phn on C8 bao gm ch yu cc hp cht xylen m sau khi x l hon thin, chng s t tinh khit mong i. Cn trong trng hp nu benzen v toluen c d kin lm sn phm tinh khit, qu trnh trch ly bng dung mi li dng phn on C6-C7 lm nguyn liu. 2.3.2.2. Ngun BTX t qu trnh cracking hi Sau giai on kh lu hunh bng hydro v hydro ha s b cc hp cht olefin, thnh phn phn on C6-C8 ca dng sn phm cracking hi nm trong gii hn m t trong bng sau: H hydrocarbon Aromatic Cu t Benzen Toluen Xylen C9 (mesitylen) C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 % khi lng 25-50 14-23 10-17 0,1-6 0,2-2 6-27 1-6 0,5-4 0-1

Parafin+naphten

Ta thy cc hp cht aromatic cng l cc cu t ch yu nhng ngc li vi dng sn phm ca reforming xc tc, nng ca chng gim dn t benzen n xylen. Cc tp cht i km theo cc hp cht aromatic cng l cc hp cht parafin v naphten.

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Lu rng khi mc ch ch l nhm lm tng gi tr ca benzen th qu trnh chng ct trch ly phn on C6 tch ring benzen s l c li hn so vi qu trnh trch ly thng thng. 2.3.3. Tnh cht ca dung mi Cc dung mi thng dng dng cho ng dng ny l cc dung mi hu hiu hn cc dung mi dng cho qu trnh tch loi cc hp cht aromatic n gin (nh trnh by trong mc 2.1), l: B 7.26 * Hoc l cc hp cht glycol nh di-, tri-, v tetra-ethylenglycol (vit tt DEG, TEG v TETRA), * Hoc l cc hp cht amide nh N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP), N-formylmorpholine (NFM), * Hoc l cc dn xut oxy ca cc phn t lu hunh nh dimethylsulfoxyde (DMSO) hay tetramethylensulfone (sulfolan). Cc loi dung mi trn c cc tnh cht thng thng ca cc loi dung mi cng nghip nh: n nh nhit v ha cao, n mn v tnh c nh, tnh sn dng cao v gi c hp l (5-35 F/kg). 2.3.3.1. Kh nng ha tan v chn lc Cc dung mi c cu trc phn t c cu thnh t mt gc hay mt vng hydrocarbon kh ngn v t mt nhm phn cc. Cu trc ny to cho dung mi mt mt: c tnh cht trn ln gia chng vi nc nh nhm phn cc v mt khc: c tnh cht chn lc i vi cc hydrocarbon aromatic nh gc hay vng hydrocarbon. Trong thc t i vi mt hydrocarbon cho trc, dung mi c ha tan ngoi vic ph thuc ch yu vo bn cht ha hc ca hydrocarbon, m chng cn ph thuc vo kch thc phn t ca hydrocarbon. C th khi xt n: * Cc h ha hc khc nhau ca hydrocarbon, i vi cc cu t c cng s nguyn t C ta lun c ha tan trong dung mi ca chng gim dn theo th t sau: aromatic>diolefine>olefin>naphten>parafin * Cn trong cng mt h ha hc, ha tan gim khi khi lng phn t ca hydrocarbon tng ln. so snh hiu qu ca cc dung mi khc nhau, ta t chng trn gin : chn lc-kh nng ha tan, Hnh 7.30, cho h 3 cu t dung mi-benzen-hexan 25oC. Trn honh , kh nng ha tan ca dung mi c din t bng h s phn b ca benzen ban u, phn %V. Trn tung , chn lc c din t bng t l h s phn b ca benzen v hexan. Ta thy c s phn tn kh rng ca cc im, vi khuynh hng r nt tun theo quy lut nghch bin gia chn lc v kh nng ha tan. Hai dung mi c s hi ha ca 2 tnh cht l DMSO v sulfolan. Hoc mt hn hp ca hai dung mi, v d NMP v EG cng c cc tnh cht trung gian ca cc cu t ny v chng nm trn ng cho ca 2 tnh cht. Cc mi tn c trn gin ch ra rng hai tiu chun trn ca dung mi c th b thay i: Hoc bi s gia thm nc: s thm nc vo dung mi s lm gim kh nng ha tan ca dung mi v lm tng chn lc ca dung mi, Hoc bi s thay i nhit : tng nhit s ci thin kh nng ha tan ca dung

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mi nhng li lm gim tnh chn lc ca n. Trong qu trnh trch ly, nhit v hm lng nc trong dung mi l hai thng s c nh hng quyt nh i vi giai on trch ly ni ring v cng c nh hng quan trng i vi cc cng on h ngun (hon nguyn). V vy chng cn c ti u ha cho mi qu trnh. Cc iu kin vn hnh ca cc loi dung mi chnh trong thp trch ly c gii thiu trong Bng 7.27. 2.3.3.2. Cc tnh cht vt l khc Theo nh cc tnh cht vt l chnh c nu trong Bng 7.26, ta c th nhn thy ni chung cc dung mi u cn cc tnh cht sau: 1. Nhit kt tinh kh thp trong qu trnh bo qun chng khng b kt tinh. i vi cc dung mi nh sulfolan, DMSO v NFM c nhit kt tinh cao, i hi phi c cc ng ng hi trong cc thng cha lu tr. 2. Nhit si cao hn r rt nhit si ca xylen (140oC), l cht thng t bay hi nht trong cc hp cht aromatic c trch ly. Nh vy, qu trnh ti sinh dung mi t phn trch c thc hin bng phng php chng ct t nhin v do rt tit kim. 3. T trng gn hoc cao hn 1,1, iu ny bo m s khc bit v t trng vi cc hydrocarbon ca nguyn liu (khi lng ring 20oC khong 0,660-0,880 g/cm3), to iu kin tt cho s i lu cc dng trong thp trch ly v qu trnh lng phn ring cc pha. 4. nht c th l cao nhit thng, c bit i vi cc dung mi glycol (61.9 mPa.s/20oC), tuy nhin lun lun nh hn 2,5 mPa.s nhit s dng trong thp trch ly v do nht ny to iu kin cho qu trnh ng hc truyn khi din ra nhanh chng. 2.3.4. S tng qut ca qu trnh trch ly Qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht aromatic BTX cng nghip lun l qu trnh lin tc. N bao gm 7 cng on tiu biu nht c m t trn Hnh 7.31. (Tuy nhin ty tng qu trnh, s lng cc cng on c th thay i). a. Trch ly thc th b. Lm sch cho cc hp cht aromatic c. Ti sinh dung mi hay phn tch BTX/dung mi d. Ra phn lc e. Tch dung mi khi nc ra f. Lm sch dung mi g. Phn on hn hp BTX thnh cc cu t tinh khit 2.3.4.1. Cng on trch ly thc th C chc nng nng cao hiu sut tch cc hp cht aromatic ra khi nguyn liu, ngha l cung cp pha lc gn nh khng c aromatic. l qu trnh trch ly ngc dng n gin ca nguyn liu v dung mi. Phn pha trch th thu c c th cha c loi b ht cc tp cht parafin v naphten v cn phi tri qua qu trnh lm sch b sung. 2.3.4.2. Cng on lm sch cho cc hp cht aromatic C nhim v lm cho cc hp cht aromatic t c cc ch tiu k thut cui cng v tinh khit cao ca chng v hm lng cc tp cht khng phi l aromatic l thp nht. N c thc hin hoc bi qu trnh trch ly li (rextraction) hoc bi chng ct trch ly cho pha trch th.

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2.3.4.3. Cng on ti sinh dung mi Hay l lm tinh khit hp cht aromatic l cng on tch dung mi ra khi cc hp cht aromatic. N bao gm mt qu trnh chng ct n gin hay qu trnh stripping bng hi nc Pa. i lc p sut chn khng khi m n nh nhit ca dung mi i hi. y l 1 cng on quan trng v khi dung mi ha tan c chn lc aromatic d dng bao nhiu th khi tch dung mi ra khi aromatic li s kh khn by nhiu. 2.3.4.4. Cng on ra phn lc th Ca qu trnh trch ly bng nc cng l cn thit, tch dung mi b cun theo pha lc, do ha tan ca dung mi vo trong cc hp cht parafin v naphten l rt nh nhng khng phi bng khng. Nc l 1 dung mi mi s ha tan trit dung mi b cun theo, s cho ta pha lc tinh khit cha cc hp cht parafin v naphten. Tuy nhin cng on ny d thc hin hn cng on trn nhiu. 2.3.4.5. Cng on tch dung mi khi nc ra Bng phng php chng ct. Dung mi thu hi s c tun hon tr li cng on trch ly. 2.3.4.6. Cng on lm sch dung mi Trong ton b cc cng on ca qu trnh trch ly, cc sn phm nng c th c hnh thnh cc cng on khc nhau (do polymer ha cc hp cht cha bo ha, phn hy dung mi hay cc phn ng ha hc khc khng mong mun), v vy hu ht cc qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht thm cn c mt cng on nh lm sch dung mi khi cc sn phm nng. Thng thng mt cng on chng ct chn khng x l lin tc hoc gin on ch khong 1% dung mi trong qu trnh tun hon. 2.3.4.7. Cng on phn on hn hp BTX thnh cc cu t tinh khit Cui cng, hn hp cc hp cht BTX tinh khit phi c phn on thnh cc cu t ring bit l: benzen, toluen v xylen. Qu trnh phn on ny khng c kh khn no c bit v c thc hin bi hai qu trnh chng ct thng thng (c th l 3 nu c nhim nc trong xylen). 2.3.5. Cc qu trnh trch ly hp cht thm trong cng nghip lc du Ta c th phn loi cc qu trnh cng nghip thnh hai nhm, ty theo chng hot ng vi mt dng dung mi duy nht (l dung mi tinh khit hoc dung mi hn hp ng nht ca vi dung mi), hay vi hai dng dung mi khng trn ln nhau gia chng. Phng php 1 dung mi c ng dng trong trng hp: - Dung mi c n nh nhit cao nn khng b phn hy trong qu trnh hon nguyn bng chng ct trch ly. - chn lc ca dung mi sulfolan cao nn ch cn 1 thp trch ly, dung mi cng ko ht aromatic ra khi pha lc (parafin-naphten), - Vic tch dung mi sulfolan ra khi pha lc rt d dng nh nc ha tan tt vi dung mi m khng ha tan vi parafin-naphten. Phng php 2 dung mi c ng dng trong trng hp:

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- Dung mi DMSO c n nh nhit thp, d b phn hy trong qu trnh hon nguyn bng chng ct trch ly (hon nguyn cng Pck) - chn lc ca dung mi DMSO thp hn, n c th ha tan c parafin-naphten nn phi c thm dung mi th 2: C4 C4 ko ht parafin-naphten ra khi pha trch (aromatic-S), - Vic tch dung mi DMSO ra khi pha lc rt d dng nh nc ha tan tt vi dung mi m khng ha tan vi parafin-naphten-aromatic v C4, chn lc ca 2 loi dung mi gim dn theo trt t sau: - C4 (ha tan tt) parafin-naphten>aromatic>DMSO v nc - DMSO>nc>aromatic>C4. 2.3.5.1. Cc qu trnh ch s dng mt dung mi, Qu trnh Shell/UOP Nm 1961, cng ty Hong gia H Lan Shell cng tc vi hng UOP M pht minh ra 1 qu trnh ch s dng mt dung mi sulfolan. So snh vi dung mi glycol, dung mi sulfolan c nng sut ln hn i vi cc hp cht aromatic, nhit si cao hn, n nh nhit tt nht v nhy km hn i vi s oxy ha. S qu trnh Shell/UOP c trnh by trong Hnh 7.32.

Cc qu trnh s dng mt dung mi duy nht mt cch tng qut bao gm 4 cng on chnh sau: 1. Trch ly cc hp cht aromatic bng dung mi sulfolan, 2. Tch nc v parafin-naphten ra khi phn trch bng chng ct trch ly, 3. Ti sinh dung mi cho phn trch bng chng ct thng thng, 4. Ti sinh dung mi cho phn lc bng vic dng nc ra ko dung mi ra.
Nguyn liu c nhp vo mc thp ca thp trch ly, thp ny cng nhn dung mi sulfolan c km theo khong 1% nc nh thp, v y cc hydrocarbon c tun hon li. Thit b trch ly l thit b tip xc bng a quay RDC, hay l mt thp mm xuyn l tng ng vi khong chc bc l thuyt. N hot ng nhit khong 100oC, di p sut t 2-4 bar. T l dung mi c iu chnh sao cho tha mn vi cc tiu chun k thut v hiu sut thu aromatic v thng nm trong khong 3/1 dn 5/1 theo khi lng. Phn trch th c t thp trch ly c chuyn v nh thp chng ct trch ly c khong ba chc mm, hot ng p sut kh quyn vi t s un si tun hon ph hp cho cc hp cht aromatic y thp t c cc ch tiu k thut v hm lng cc hp cht khng aromatic. Hi nh bao gm cc hp cht khng aromatic, mt phn cc hp cht aromatic nh nht v nc b li cun theo do ng ph (c cng nhit si) vi cc hydrocarbon. Sau khi ngng t, pha hydrocarbon c lng v chuyn tr li v thp trch ly. Phn trch c lm sch ht cc cht khng phi aromatic (ch cn Ar v dung mi) c chuyn v thp bc hi cc hp cht aromatic (cng c khong ba chc mm), n c sc hi nc chn thp. Thp hot ng p sut thp (300-400mmHg) nhit y m bo n nh nhit ca dung mi, khong 180oC. Qu trnh iu khin thp c thc hin sao cho nh thu c hp cht aromatic c cc tiu chun k thut thch hp, v y dung mi ti sinh c tun hon v li thp trch ly. Nc thu hi thit b ngng t nh thp bc hi s qua cng on ra phn lc th ko ht dung mi sulfolan ra khi phn lc, sau c x l sao cho tch loi cc vt hp cht hydrocarbon khng aromatic b ha tan v c tun hon tr li trong thp bc hi. 2.3.5.2. Cc qu trnh s dng 2 dung mi

Cc qu trnh s dng hai dung mi, mt cch tng qut bao gm 5 cng on

53 chnh sau: 1. Trch ly (ln 1) cc hp cht aromatic , dng 2 dung mi ng thi (DMSO v C4): li dng tnh chn lc ca DMSO-aromatic v ca C4-naphten v parafin m tch c aromatic ra khi naphten v parafin 2. Trch ly li (ln 2), ch dng 1 dung mi C4: li dng tnh chn lc ca C4aromatic m tch c aromatic ra khi DMSO (thu c phn ln DMSO tinh khit) 3. Tch DMSO b ko theo cc phn lc ra nh ca 2 thp trch ly: li dng tnh chn lc ca nc-DMSO m tch c DMSO ra khi cc phn lc . 4. Tch hn hp nc-DMSO bng chng ct chn khng nhm thu hi trit DMSO (0,3 bar do DMSO d b phn hy v nhit) 5. Thu hi dung mi C4 t 2 phn lc ra khi thp ra bng 2 thp chng ct p sut cao: nh cc thp thu c C4 cho tun hon tr li, cn y cc thp ta thu c cc dung dch trch v lc tinh khit. Cc qu trnh s dng 2 dung mi khc bit vi cc qu trnh trn do cc giai on lm sch cc hp cht thm v ti sinh dung mi khng c thc hin bng chng ct trch ly v stripping m bng trch ly li vi mt dung mi ph. Dung mi ph phi t b trn ln vi dung mi chnh v d dng phn tch c vi cc hp cht hydrocarbon ca nguyn liu bng phng php chng ct.
Cc qu trnh khc nhau c ngh, ni bt nht l vi cc dung mi tetraethylenglycol (Union Carbide), NFM (Snam Progetti), DMSO (IFP) c s dng nh dung mi trch ly v mt parafin c th hoc d bay hi hn hoc t bay hi hn cc hp cht hydrocarbon ca nguyn liu, c s dng nh dung mi trch ly li. Qu trnh DMSO-Butan, s cng ngh c trnh by trong Hnh 7.33, c pht trin bi IFP t u nhng nm 1960 v c cng nghip ha vo nm 1967. Nguyn liu c nhp vo trong thp trch ly khu vc trung gian. DMSO, c gia thm 4-6 % nc c a vo nh v Butan c a vo y thp. Qu trnh trch ly c thc hin nhit trung bnh khong 30oC v p sut 4-6 bar tuyt i nhm gi cho butan th lng. T l dung mi (DMSO/nguyn liu) c khng ch sao cho bo m c hiu sut thu aromatic ty theo thnh phn nguyn liu. Thng t l ny trong khong 3/1 n 6/1. T l Butan/nguyn liu c iu chnh ty theo cc ch tiu k thut tinh khit ca cc hp cht aromatic; t l ny thng khong 0,15/1. Phn lc th n t thit b trch ly c ra bng nc tch loi DMSO ha tan trong , sau c chng ct phn tch butan, butan c tun hon. Phn trch c a n thit b trch ly li cho tip xc ngc dng vi butan cng mt iu kin p sut v nhit nh trong thp trch ly. T l lu lng butan/trch c xc nh sao cho trch ly li c hon ton cc hp cht aromatic v trung bnh bng 0,31/1 theo khi lng. DMSO c ti sinh nh vy c cho tun hon trc tip v thp trch ly. Butan, c mang theo aromatic c ra bng nc loi DMSO bo ha c trong ri c chng ct v c tun hon v thp trch ly li. Nc ra cc hydrocarbon c cha DMSO c chng ct chn khng (200 mmHg) v c tun hon v thit b ra bng nc, nm nh cc thp trch ly. DMSO c thu hi v c ti nhp vo trong dng dung mi. Hiu qu ca s ny l dng DMSO m khng s c nguy c phn hy n. Mt thun li khc ca s ny l n c kh nng trch ly cc hp cht aromatic ca mt phn on rng, do vic phn tch aromatic/dung mi bng chng ct khng cn l vn na. Tuy nhin cn lu rng phn on cng rng th lu lng dung mi trch ly v trch ly li cng ng k i vi mt n v aromatic c trch ly. V vy c mt gii hn kinh t v x

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l cc phn on rng v nu vt qu gii hn ca phn on rng cho php th khng th p dng mang tnh cng nghip i vi trch ly cc hp cht BTX. 2.3.5.3. Cc qu trnh cng ngh in hnh a. Qu trnh Udex Qu trnh Udex c pht trin kt hp bi cc hng UOP v Dow Chemical Co., bng dung mi c c s DEG v c p dng t nm 1952. Trrong khong chc nm, n l qu trnh duy nht sn xut aromatic c ngun gc t du m vi tinh khit ln hn 99,8% v hiu sut trung bnh d 95%. Ngy nay n khng cn c quan tm nh l mt qu trnh c tnh cnh tranh na. DEG trong thc t cho nng sut aromatic tng i thp, dn n s dng cc t l dung mi ln trong qu trnh trch ly, t 6 -20, ty theo nguyn liu. Cc dung mi hiu nng cao hn thay th n. b. Qu trnh Arosolvan ca Lurgi Qu trnh ny thc hin vi dung mi c s l NMP. Trong th h u tin c cng nghip ha vo nm 1962, NMP c cng thm nc (12-14 %) ti u ha hiu qa trch ly ca n. Sau , xut hin mt dung mi hn hp NMP-glycol dn n mt qu trnh tit kim hn v nng lng, do n trnh c s ha hi nc d cng vi cc hydrocarbon trong giai on lm sch phn trch bng chng ct trch ly. T l ca glycol ph thuc vo hm lng aromatic ca nguyn liu v thng nm trong bin 40-50%. Mt c im ca qu trnh l thit b trch ly Lurgi, c thit k trn nguyn l chng cht cc thit b khuy trn-lng v c thun li l d dng c ngoi suy cho n ng knh thp khong 8m. Cc tnh cht tan ca NMP dn n vic tin hnh qu trnh trch ly nhit gn vi mi trng, khong 50oC. c. Qu trnh Tetra ca Union Carbide Qu trnh ny ly tn gi ca dung mi m n s dng: l dung mi tetraethylen glycol cng vi 4% nc. N c bit n vo nm 1968. S thay th DEG bng TETRA c kh nng ha tan ln hn cho php chia hai t l dung mi v nh vy lm tng ln 80% nng sut x l. Vi cc thit b mi, Union Carbide a ra cc cu trc bn trong c bit ca thp. l cc mm xuyn l c nhiu ng chy chuyn kiu MU (Multiple Upcomer) i vi thp trch ly v chng cho php cc lu lng ln hn cc mm thng thng, v cc mm c ng chy chuyn kiu MD (Multiple Downcomer) i vi cc thp stripping cc hp cht khng aromatic. Thp ny trong thc t cn phi c cc cu trc bn trong t l vi cc lu lng lng/hi cao, m c hiu qu. ng nc ra cc hp cht aromatic v phn lc, cng nh qu trnh lm sch dung mi bng hp th, th ph hp vi qu trnh Tetra. d. Qu trnh Morphylex ca Krupp-Koppers Qu trnh ny c hot ng vi dung mi NFM c 4% nc. Qu trnh trch ly c thc hin trong thp c mm xuyn l kiu thng dng nhit cao khong 180oC. S chung ca qu trnh c hai im cng ngun gc so vi cc s trc. Mt ngun gc lin quan n thp stripping cc hp cht khng aromatic c bit nh l thp chng ct trch ly hon ton, ngha l bi s nhp dung mi tinh khit vo nh v do c mt khu vc ct v mt khu vc chng. u im ca s b tr ny l gii hn c s i ln ca cc hp cht aromatic trong phn ct distilat, mt mt iu ny cng gii hn lng nc c ha hi

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cng vi cc hp cht aromatic ny do ng ph, v mt khc gii hn s tun hon hydrocarbon v thp trch ly. Mt ngun gc khc nm ng nc ra cc hp cht hydrocarbon: nc i qua nh ca 2 thit b stripping c s dng cho ra phn lc, ri th nc c ni li vi dung mi c ti sinh n t y thp stripping cc hp cht aromatic nhm hydrate ha li dung mi trc khi tun hon v thp trch ly. 2.3.6. T l thu hi v tinh khit ca cc hp cht aromatic Tt c cc qu trnh trnh by u c th sn xut cc hp cht aromatic c cc ch tiu k thut v tinh khit nghim ngt nht, ty theo tnh hnh x l hon thin ti mt t nhm loi cc hp cht hydrocarbon cha bo ha l cc hp cht kh phn tch nht khi aromatic. Cc d liu cho theo v d trong Bng 7.28 i vi cc trng hp lm vic ca cc qu trnh Udex, Sulfolan, Arosolvan v DMSO, cho thy rng t l thu hi mi mt hp cht aromatic gn nh nhau i vi qu trnh ny so vi qu trnh khc. Ngc li, i vi tt c cc qu trnh, t l thu hi gim kh nhanh t benzen (>99,5%) n xylen (95-96%). T l ny tr nn nh (trung bnh 70%) i vi cc hp cht aromatic c 9 nguyn t C. 2.3.7. Cc d liu kinh t S so snh v kinh t chnh xc cc qu trnh l khng th thc hin c, do cc thng tin ban hnh khng bao gi c lin quan n cng mt trng hp c s. Chng ta v vy s gii hn trnh by trong Bng 7.29 cc d kin u t v tiu th m chng c th c ch trong vic nh gi kinh t s b mt d n. Cc d kin ny c lin quan vi c ng dng gii thiu trong Bng 7.28. Ch c mt hng dn ng ni m ta c th rt ra t y l: qu trnh Udex khng c tnh cnh tranh, nh chng ta nu. kt lun, qu trnh sn xut Benzen v toluen, hay sn xut Benzen, Toluen v Xylen t mt phn on C6-C7 hay phn on C6-C8 ca dng sn phm cracking hi hay ca dng sn phm reforming xc tc cn n cc qu trnh c tri qua chn chnh tt trong cng nghip, c kh nng cp cho cc hp cht aromatic cc ch tiu k thut nghim ngt nht cng vi hiu sut tt nht. Cc qu trnh ny c phn bit vi nhau do bn cht ca dung mi trch ly, chnh dung mi quyt nh n mt kha cnh khong thay i p dng v cc iu kin lm vic. Tuy nhin tht kh khn phn bit c chng trong ln phn tch th nht trn k hoch kinh t. S la chn mt qu trnh cho mt p dng c bit, v vy, phi c da trn s nghin cu su sc, c bit phi lu n tt c cc thng s a phng. 2.4. THIT B TRCH LY LNG LNG 2.4.1. Tng quan Nhm t c hiu qu cao, cu to thit b trch ly cn phi tha mn: Din tch tip xc ln nht gia cc pha (khu vc b mt tip xc), nhm lm cho cc qu trnh trao i pha d dng i vi mt dng hnh hc nht nh, cc iu kin vn hnh, c bit l nhit , c nh hng trc tip (thng qua cc h s phn b) hoc gin tip (t trng, nht...) n hiu qu trch ly. Vic la chn cng ngh v thit k cc cu trc bn trong cho mt h trch ly lng-lng c nh hng bi nhiu tiu chun nh sau: Lu lng tng (quyt nh n ng knh thp D) Cht lng sn phm (quyt nh n chiu cao thp H)

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S khc nhau v t trng gia 2 pha (quyt nh n tc chuyn khi, H) T l cc pha (lng pha nh/lng pha nng, H) c trng ca s phn tn ( n nh, s to thnh nh tng bn..., quyt nh n s phn pha) S c mt ca cc cht rn (sn phm ca s phn hy, cn..., quyt nh n s phn pha) Cc iu kin vn hnh (nhit , p sut..., quyt nh n cu to thp) Khuynh hng ng cu (quyt nh n thi hn v sinh thp) Thi gian lu (quyt nh n nguy c phn hy cc sn phm) Tnh n mn (quyt nh n bn TB) Tnh bt chy ca mt trong cc sn phm (quyt nh n an ton) Din tch v chiu cao ca TB trch ly (quyt nh n mt bng phn xng) Cc quy ch c bit v vn hnh v an ton...

Hin tng trn ngc S trn ngc l mt hin tng din ra dc trc c khuynh hng ko di thi gian lu ca pha lin quan. Trong thc t, khi hin tng ny xy ra, mt phn pha lin quan c khuynh hng quay trn trong thit b trch ly, iu ny lm ko di thi gian lu ca pha trong khi mt phn khc ca pha s b bt buc phi vn chuyn nhanh hn, v tr ca phn pha ny b chim bi v tr ca phn pha b trn ngc. S trn ngc c hai hu qu tai hi n hiu nng ca thit b trch ly: Gim st hiu qu do s trn ngc mt phn ca mt hoc c hai pha Gim nng sut biu kin ca thit b trch ly, mt phn ca dng quay vng v do nhp liu mt cch v ch cho thit b Trong trng hp ca cc sn phm nhy cm, s gia tng thi gian lu ca mt phn sn phm c th gy nn s phn hy ca n. Cc nh ch to thit b thung ch trng vo s gim thiu hin tng trn ngc. (Hnh 7.34a) 2.4.2. H thng thit b trch ly Cc loi thit b trch ly c gp li thnh 2 nhm theo c ch tip xc pha c hay khng c tc ng ca nng lng c hc (khuy trn, a quay ...) trc tip ln hn hp cc pha ang tip xc vi nhau. Nhm khng c tc ng ca nng lng c hc gi l thit b trch ly loi tnh, nhm c tc ng ca nng lng c hc gi l thit b trch ly loi ng. Cc thit b trch ly loi tnh trong ng lc 2 pha tip xc vi nhau l nh chnh lch khi lng ring. Pha c lu lng nh phn tn vo trong lng pha lin tc. Thp ny c thun li l c nng sut ln song hiu qu chuyn khi li thp do b hin tng trn ngc mnh. Loi ny thng c dng khi qu trnh trch ly l n gin, dung mi d dng ko cu t cn tch ra khi pha lc. Nhm mc ch ci thin qu trnh phn tn ca cc pha (tc l tng hiu qu chuyn khi) bng cch hn ch ti a hin tng trn ngc, gia tng thi gian lu ca pha phn tn ng thi ci thin cht lng ca s phn tn, cc thit b trch ly c trang b thm cc kt cu bn trong nh cnh khuy, a quay hay cc c cu dao ng nhn nng lng c hc t bn ngoi, l cc thit b trch ly loi ng. 2.4.2.1. H thng thit b trch ly loi tnh a. My trn dng (Hnh 7.35)

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Cc my trn dng, cn gi l my trn tnh cho php khuy trn cc pha trong mt h thng ng dng. Dng c trn l do cu trc zic zac bn trong ch khng phi do nng lng bn ngoi tc ng. Chng c th c s dng nh cc my trn trong cc h thng trn lng. Chng cho php s phn tn kh tt, tn tht p sut nh v nh vy vn tc chy trong ng s rt u n, iu ny s lm gim thi gian lu. Cc thit b loi ny thng c ng dng trong cc qu trnh trch ly n gin. b. Thp phun to sng (Hnh 7.36) l mt h thng n gin nht, trong pha lin tc chy t do v c cho tip xc vi pha phn tn, pha ny i ngc dng qua pha lin tc. Cc h thng phun to sng n gin (khng c b phn ti phn phi pha phn tn) c dnh cho cc qu trnh trch ly d dng nht, v hiu qu chuyn khi ca chng nh. c. Thp so le (Hnh 7.37) Thp so le nhm ci thin hiu qu cc thp phun to sng. Cc tm so le dng a trn, k tip mt a hnh vnh khn hoc cc a hnh vin phn lp ngc nhau. S tip xc gia pha nng v pha nh c thc hin cho dng. Cc tm so le ny thc hin s khuy trn li ca pha phn tn.

Hiu qu ca mt h thng nh vy cng khng cao lm (0,05-0,2 bc l thuyt mt a thc t, gi tr ny cng ln ngha l hiu sut trch ly ca thp loi ny cng cao, ngha l m bo mt s bc trch ly nht nh, thp s khng cn cao, chi ph u t cho thp s nh), nhng chng c cc khu vc chuyn tip ln v cc cu trc a n gin l l do ng dng chng cho cc h thng c th ng cu v n mn.
d. Thp mm c l (Hnh 7.38) Cc dng thp khng ngn hoc ngn n gin (a, b, c), trong cc dng pha chuyn ng lin tc t u ny n u kia thp, do vy hiu qu tip xc trn ln rt thp. Vi cc thp loi mm, sau mi ngn cc pha li tip xc li vi nhau, nh vy tng s lng cc giai on tip xc qua mi ngn: tip xc-lng phn pha-tip xc-lng phn pha nh vy, hiu qu trao i khi tng ln nhiu. Cc mm ca thp trch ly ny bo m c cc chc nng thu gp, ti trn sau ti phn tn pha phn tn. Hiu qu ca cc thp trch ly ny c ci thin r rng (khong 0,7 bc l thuyt mt mm) v cho d hin tng ng cu v n mn d xy ra, chng vn thng c u tin chn hn l cc thp loi thp so le. e. Thp m (Hnh 7.39)

Vt liu m ch c tc dng lm tng b mt tip xc ca 2 pha. Tt c cc loi m nh: m vng, yn nga, m cu trc u c th c s dng ty theo trng hp.
Trong thi gian u, cc loi m yn nga (selle) bng cramique c s dng rng ri nhng hin nay chng khng cn c s dng na trong cc trng hp c bit cho d chng c u im chng n mn m tt nhng chng li c hn ch l: Tn tht p sut ln v nng sut gim (do h s trng nh, v m dy chim nhiu ch) Tnh d gy v khi sn xut (gy v khi c s gin n cc tng m) v khi lp t

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Cc m yn nga v m vng bng cramique c thay th bi cc m yn nga v m vng bng kim loi (IMPT ca Norton, vng Pall, CMR ca Glitsch, v.v.), chng d s dng hn, vng chc hn v cho php gim thiu kch thc thp.

Khuynh hng hin nay l s dng cc loi m cu trc nhm ci thin hn na hiu nng chuyn khi, tuy nhin vic s dng cng b hn ch do:
Gi thnh kh ln C bn n mn yu hn (m cu trc c cu to mnh mai hn m yn nga v m vng) Kh khn trong vic tho lm v sinh.

m c kch thc cng nh (ng knh m nh) th hiu qu cng cao nhng nng sut cng gim v kh nng ng cu cng gia tng. Hiu sut chuyn khi ca thp m thng kh cao: bng 0,5-4 bc l thuyt/1m m.
Thp m thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau y: X l cc phn on du nhn bng furfural Tch loi H2S khi cc phn on du m Trch ly cc hp cht aromatic t cc phn on C6-C8 (qu trnh Duosol) Trch ly cc hp cht phnol t cc dng thi ca nh my lc du v ca qu trnh cc ha (qu trnh Phnosolvant) 2.4.2.2. H thng thit b trch ly loi ng a. Thit b trn-lng (Hnh 7.40) Trong cc h thng ny, giai on 1 l qu trnh khuch tn pha ny vo pha kia c thc hin nh nng lng bn ngoi (cnh khuy) trong 1 thit b trn, sau n giai on lng phn pha c thc hin trong 1 thit b lng ring. Hiu qu ca mi giai on ca thit b loi ny c th t n 90%. Cc thit b trn-lng c in m 2 giai on l tch bit nhau, s dng n gin nhng chim din tch mt bng ln. Chng c gp nhiu nht trong cc nh my c lu lng x l ln. Cc thit b l tch bit, d vn hnh cho tng qu trnh ring, nh vy vn tc khuy trn ln v vn tc lng cng ln v trong mi trng tnh. Mt dng thit b trn-lng c bit dng cho qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht aromatic, trong cc thit b trn-lng c chng cht ci ny ln ci khc trong cng mt thp (thp trch ly Mehner, Hnh 7.41). Cc thit b trn-lng c nh gi cao v hiu qu tng giai on cao v c linh ng cao (c th ng dng cho nhiu loi nguyn liu). Tuy nhin chng li c nhc im l gi c cao i vi cc h thng nhiu giai on v thng thng i hi phi c mt bng ln. b. Cc h thng quay

b.1. RDC v ARDC (Thit b tip xc a quay v thit b tip xc a quay khng i xng-Rotating Disc Contactor v Asymmetric Rotating Disc Contactor) Thit b RDC (Hnh 7.42) l 1 thp hnh tr trong c gn cc a c nh hnh vnh khn. Gia thp l 1 trc quay c gn cc a trn. Vng hot ng c to thnh khong gia a quay v a c nh. gn nh v y thp l cc vng lng (ni tho sn phm) c phn cch khi vng hot ng gia thp bi mt tm li nhm mc ch hn ch s khuy trong cc vng lng. Thit b ARDC (Hnh 7.43a) l mt s pht trin ca thit b RDC, trong trc c t lch tm nhm to 1 vng lng tng phn cho cc pha tng tng a. Phn

59 nh i vo trong RDC t vng pha di v i qua RDC ngc dng vi pha nng c a vo t vng pha trn. Mt trong cc pha c phn tn vo trong mi ngn nm gia hai vng c nh v kch thc ca cc git lng c iu khin bi vn tc quay ca a.
Trong thit b RDC, ngoi tr cc vng ngoi ra, khng c s ni tip ca qu trnh phn tn v qu trnh kt dnh. S chuyn ng ca cht lng c to thnh t hai thnh phn, s quay v chuyn ng dc chm, c iu khin bi cc a quay v cc a vnh khn. Ngy nay, li c mt s thp RDC c s dng cc trng thi tnh khi RDC hot ng ging thp so le. l v cc l do ch yu sau: Cn gia tng cc i nng sut Tit kim nng lng trong sn xut Trong trng hp hiu qu trch ly ca thp RDC c nh l khng tha mn yu cu, ngi ta c th lp thm mt thp b sung, thng l thp m, hon tt cho thp RDC c nh hn l dng thp RDC quay. b.2. Cc thp trch ly quay khc (Hnh 7.43b, c, d) Cc loi thp trch ly khc c thit k nhm mc ch: t c hiu qu trch ly cao Gim thiu s trn ngc Ci thin s ti trn pha phn tn trong cc bc Cc thp trch ly quay c s dng trong rt nhiu ng dng quan trng: i vi thp RDC: trch ly cc hp cht aromatic (qu trnh Shell, Sulfolan) i vi thp Kuhni: trch ly cc hp cht aromatic (qu trnh IFP, DMSO) Cc thp trch ly khc nh thp Kuhni cng c s dng trong cng nghip ha cht, dc phm, x l nc thi, ... c. Cc thp trch ly lun phin Trong cc thp trch ly lun phin, s phn tn c bo m bi qu trnh khuy nh cc tc ng trc tip n khi lng ca cht lng v nh tc dng ca cc mm c l. Chng ta phn bit hai nhm thit b theo phn ng l: Cc thit b trong cc mm trng thi ng Cc thit b trong cc mm l c nh cn khi cht lng c khuy bi cc xung ng u n. c.1. Cc thit b c mm ng Thit b trch ly Karr (Hnh 7.44) c cu to bi mt dy cc mm c l (55-60% khu vc t do, l ng knh t 7-14mm) c mc vo nhau nh mt trc khuy chuyn ng dc lun phin. cc khong u n, c mt vng c gi vo nhm gim hin tng trn ngc. Nhm hng b c cu ny di ng dc v trnh s tip xc kim loi vi kim loi gia b c cu vi thp, cc vng bng PTFE (vt liu polyme) c ng knh ngoi ln hn so vi cc mm kim loi c t ngoi cng. Cc thp trch ly mm ng c s dng : Trch ly cc hp cht aromatic (qu trnh Union Carbide bng TEG) Trch ly cc hp cht phnol c trong nc thi nh my lc du (qu trnh Chempro)

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c.2. Cc thp xung Trong cc thp trch ly xung, cc cu trc bn trong c c nh cn khi cht lng c trong thp c khuy bi cc xung u n. Cu hnh ny c li im ln v n gim thiu c s lng cc chi tit c kh chuyn ng. Cc thp xung c phn bit vi nhau ch yu bi: B phn bn trong thp c th c to thnh t: cc mm tnh (mm c l chim ton b khu vc thp, hoc c cc a v vng Hnh 7.45.a) hoc m (Hnh 7.45.b) Phng cch to xung cho khi cht lng: c hc (v d bi mt ng thi chn thp Hnh 7.45.a) hoc kh ng (Hnh 7.45.b) Trong khi trong cc thp c mm tnh (tr thp xung) ch c mt pha chuyn qua cc l ca mm cn pha kia i qua cc ng chy chuyn, th trong cc thp xung c hai pha u chuyn lun phin qua cng cc l. iu ny bo m cho s phn tn ca mt trong cc pha v bo m s khuy, do bo m s ng th ha ca pha lin tc gia hai bc. Ngy nay cc thp xung ngy cng c s dng cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau nh x l dng thi, cng nghip dc phm... d. Cc thp trch ly ly tm Nhm d dng phn tch cc pha, mt vi nh thit k a ra cc thp trch ly c to ra mt trng trng lc nhn to c gia tc. Cc thit b ny c rt nhiu li im: Kh nng x l cc pha c t trng gn nhau Thi gian lu nh (p dng cho cc sn phm khng bn) Th tch thit b nh Chng t c s dng trong cng ngh du m do cc nhc im sau: Cc h thng c kh c vn tc ln ( tin cy, bo tr km) Gi cao Lu lng thp Kt lun Mt cch tng qut, vic chn la mt thit b trch ly chu nh hng ln bi kinh nghim tch lu c i vi mi ng dng. iu ny c bit r rng khi thit k mt cng on mi ca mt qu trnh c kim chng hoc khi thay th mt thit b ca mt cng on ang tn ti. Vic p dng ng mt qu trnh mi thng bt u t cc giai on th cc pilote (unit-pilote), trong phng th nghim sau mc bn cng nghip. Vic la chn cc thit b ny p dng mc cng nghip phi c tin hnh theo cc quy trnh nu trn v cc quy tc ngoi suy t cc thit b trch ly thng ng tin cy. Cc nh cng nghip v vy s c khuynh hng da vo nhng kinh nghim thu c t cc pilote v ch s gp rt t ri ro khi th mt kiu thit b trch ly mi cho mt cng on cng nghip.

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Chng 3 : NG DNG QU TRNH KT TINH TRONG CNG NGH LC DU


3.1. TNG QUAN 3.1.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh kh parafin Khi ra khi cng on trch ly bng dung mi, dung dch lc (hay chnh l du gc trong tng lai), c tch loi hu ht cc hp cht thm c trong n. Do vy ch s nht ca n c nng ln n gi tr yu cu. Dung dch lc ch yu bao gm cc phn t: Hp cht parafin c mch thng, di, t nhiu phn nhnh v cc hp cht naphten. Trong , cc hp cht parafin mch thng t phn nhnh c khuynh hng kt tinh ngay nhit thng s cn tr s chy ca du bi trn. Trong khi , du nhn cn tho mn kh nng lu bin trong hp carter nhit thp (20oC chng hn). Nh vy, cn phi loi b cc phn t parafin c im kt tinh cao trong hu ht cc loi du gc.

Mc ch ca qu trnh tch parafin l lm gim im vn c (cloud point) v im chy (pour point) ca du gc nhn c t qu trnh trch ly cc hp cht thm bng cch loi b cc phn t parafin c nhit kt tinh cao. thc hin iu , phng php c s dng l kt tinh cc phn t parafin thnh dng rn bng cch lm lnh, sau tch chng ra khi du ( trng thi lng) bng phng php lc. y r rng l lnh vc c u th ca qu trnh kt tinh so vi cc phng php lc tch vt l khc v do trong thc t qu trnh ny ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sn xut cc loi du gc c cht lng cao.
3.1.2. Nguyn liu v sn phm

Nguyn liu ca cng on kh parafin l dung dch lc n t phn xng trch ly cc hp cht thm.
Sn phm t cng on tch parafin bao gm: - Du gc kh parafin - Sn phm c tnh parafin c tn gi l "Gatsch" hay "Slack War". Gatsch c th c bn ngay (m khng cn tinh ch) cho mt s ng dng c bit (chng hn nh sn xut cc vt liu chng thm). Tuy nhin, thng th hm lng du cn li trong gatsch l kh cao (10-25%) i vi hu ht cc ng dng ca parafin. V vy, n cn c tri qua cc cng on x l b sung khng ch hm lng du cn li trong parafin sn phm phi nh hn 0,5-2%V. y l cng on c tn gi l kh du mm (dshuilage) m n c cng mt nguyn l nh qu trnh kh parafin, chnh l qu trnh kt tinh. Sau n cng on tch parafin rn bng phng php lc. S khc nhau gia hai qu trnh l nhit vn hnh. Thc vy, nhit s vo khong t -15 n -25 oC (tu thuc vo yu cu im chy cn t c. Nhit thp kt tinh c phn du mm, cn nu ch cn kt tinh parafin th +2 n +5 l ) i vi qu trnh tch parafin trong khi qu trnh kh du mm c thc hin trong khong t +2 n +15 oC (nhit cao hn kt tinh parafin ra khi du mm lng). Sau qu trnh kh du mm ta nhn c cc sn phm sau: - Sn phm trung gian gia du kh v parafin c tn gi l du mm (base molle). - Parafin (tn gi chung). Sau , sn phm ny c th cn phi tri qua 1 qu trnh tch

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lc na phn thnh cire v parafin (tn gi ring). T l ca cc sn phm thu c t 2 qu trnh trn, thng thng l: du kh parafin : 75%; du mm : 13%; parafin : 12%

S khc bit gia Cire v parafin c th tm tt nh sau:


- Parafin l mt cht rn cng, i tinh th (tinh th c kch ln) c mu trng, tu theo cht lng m c th nng chy cc nhit khc nhau v lun ln hn 50oC. - Cire l mt cht rn d dt mng thuc loi vi tinh th (tinh th c kch thc nh) c mu t trng n vng sm, nng chy trn 70oC. Thng th cc parafin c to thnh t cc phn on nh (c nht 100oC nh hn 20 mm2/s). Trong khi , Cire l sn phm t cc cn nng (c nht 100oC v khong 35 mm2/s).

Cire v parafin c rt nhiu ng dng thc t nh: - Trng ln giy carton, ln hp, ln b cha...;-Cch nhit;-Sn xut nn;-Lm cht chng thm;-Sn xut keo dn;-Sn xut xi nh g .v.v.
Hnh 9.1 m t cc sn phm thu c t qu trnh kh parafin. ng thng cho chia biu thnh 2 min. Min pha trn biu din thnh phn v hiu sut parafin, min pha di-ca du kh. nghing ca ng thng phn pha s cng b khi chn lc (ca dung mi) cng cao. Trong thc t, ng ct phn pha l ng cong chm chm, iu c ngha l sn phm s cha nhiu tp cht hn. Bng 9.1 nu ln cc tnh cht vt l ca du kh, gatsch, parafin v du mm thu c t qu trnh kh parafin m nguyn liu l du lc nh ( trch ly aromatic) ca du th Bin Bc. Sau qu trnh kh parafin, du kh cn phi tri qua qu trnh hon thin kh mu, mi mi t c cc tiu chun ca du nhn gc. Du gc c rt nhiu ng dng quan trng trong nhiu lnh vc c lit k trong Bng 9.2. 3.2. KT TINH KH PARAFIN BNG DUNG MI Qu trnh kh parafin trong du nhn c s dng nhiu nht hin nay da trn phng php kt tinh vi s c mt ca mt dung mi. Dung mi ny, tn ti dng lng, s ci thin ng k cc iu kin cn bng nhit ng ca h. Mt dung mi l tng phi ho tan tt du nhn (phn du khng cha parafin) v kt ta hon ton parafin c trong du nguyn liu. Mt khc, parafin khi kt ta phi t to thnh mng tinh th khng qu cht ch nhm to iu kin cho du nhn (phn du khng cha parafin) dng lng c th i qua trong qu trnh lc v sau. Do , bin s hot ng u tin ca qu trnh tch parafin chnh l kiu loi dung mi c s dng. Mt dung mi tt cho qu trnh kh parafin cn c cc tnh cht: - ho tan v chn lc: c ho tan tt i vi du nhn v c chn lc kt ta tt i vi parafin trong qu trnh kt tinh. - C im si thp: sau khi tch parafin dung mi cn c loi khi cc sn phm bng phng php chng ct. im si thp cho php tit kim c nng lng tiu tn trong cng on ny. - Nhit ho hi v nhit dung ring nh vi cng mt l do nh trn. - im ng c thp: dung mi cn gi c trng thi lng trong sut thi gian lc. - Khng c hi, khng n mn, r v sn c.

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* C rt nhiu dung mi hoc hn hp dung mi p ng c cc yu cu k thut nu trn, trong c 1 s qu trnh ra i t xa xa nhng do cc nguyn nhn v mi trng m hin khng cn c s dng na nh: Hn hp ca acton v benzen, ra i nm 1927; Hn hp ca chlorure-ethylen v benzen, ra i nm 1930, hin c 2 qu trnh ny khng cn c s dng na do c; Propan, ra i nm 1932, hin khng cn c s dng do thit b phi lm vic di p sut propan ha lng. * Mt s loi dung mi cn ang c s dng nh cc hn hp ca Methyl-isobutylcton; Tricloro-hylen; Dichloro-methan v hn hp ca methyl-ethyl-cton v toluen (MEKToluen). Benzen (hin nay khng cn c s dng do c tnh cao) v toluen l nhng dung mi tuyt vi cho du nhn v chng ha tan rt tt du nhn (phn naphten v aromatic) nhng ng thi chng cng ho tan kh tt parafin (t kt ta c parafin) v do chng t c s dng nh mt dung mi ring r. Ngc li, Acton v Cton bc cao (methyl-ethyl-cton, methyl-propyl-cton) chng khng ho tan tt i vi du nhn v li cng khng ha tan parafin nn s kt ta tt parafin (v do c tnh chn la tt l khng ha tan parafin). Hn na, mng li tinh th parafin kt ta c nh loi dung mi ny li ph hp tt cho qu trnh lc v t lu gi du nhn trong cc tinh th ca chng. Ta gi chng l cc anti-solvant do khi trong hn hp vi toluen, chng c tc dng lm gim cc c tnh ca dung mi Toluen (l ho tan parafin). Cc hp cht ny c kh nng ho tan trung bnh nhng b li chng li c chn lc kt ta parafin cc k tt. Ta nhn thy rng hn hp ca hai dng dung mi trn cho php ta tin gn n mt dung mi l tng. Trong thc t, ta thng dng nht l hn hp ca methyl-ethyl-cton v Toluen. Dung mi methyl-ethyl-cton thng c vit tt l MEK (Methyl-Ethyl-Keton). Trong tng s cc qu trnh tch parafin hin nay, hn hp dung mi MEK-Toluen chim ti 80%, do trong phn tip theo ta ch nghin cu loi dung mi ny. Cc c tnh ca MEK v Toluen c cho trong Bng 9.3. 3.2.1 Qu trnh kh parafin bng dung mi MEK-Toluen (Hnh 9.2) Ta phn bit 3 giai on sau: Giai on kt tinh hay giai on lm lnh bng dung mi: thc hin qu trnh kh parafin bng cch lm lnh cho hn hp u gm nguyn liu (l du kh aromatic t qu trnh trch ly trc ) v dung mi MEK-Toluen. Kt thc giai on ny, hn hp i ra l 1 hn hp lng-rn (cn gi l Slurry) bao gm 2 pha:

- 1 pha lng ng nht cha phn ln du kh (~90% lng du kh) v 1 lng ln dung mi.
- 1 pha rn dng tinh th cha nhiu parafin v ngm 1 lng nh du kh (~10%) v lng nh dung mi cn li. Giai on lc bng thit b lc chn khng thng quay: tch pha rn dng tinh th ra khi pha lng ng nht cha phn ln du kh Giai on chng 2 pha thu c hon nguyn dung mi

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Trc khi i su vo vic phn tch s qu trnh kh parafin, chng ta xem xt mt vi thng s c nh hng n qu trnh nh: bn cht nguyn liu, thnh phn dung mi, nhit lm lnh lc cui, t l dung mi-nguyn liu, tc lm lnh. 3.2.2. nh hng ca bn cht nguyn liu Bn cht nguyn liu c nh hng rt r rng n qu trnh kh parafin. C th l hiu qu ca qu trnh lc ph thuc trc tip vo hnh dng, cu trc tinh th parafin c to thnh trong giai on kt tinh, m cu trc ny li hon ton ph thuc vo bn cht (tnh cht vt l) ca nguyn liu. Tht vy, nguyn liu cng nht bao nhiu th tinh th to thnh cng c dng vi tinh th by nhiu (kch thc rt nh), iu s lm cho giai on lc cng kh khn. V vy, cc phn on ct nng, nht thu c thp chng chn khng khi dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh kh parafin th hiu qu kt tinh parafin v nng sut lc t c s thp hn so vi khi nguyn liu l phn on nh. Cc phn ct nh c nht thp, ly pha nh thp chng chn khng, gi l du Light Neutral. Cc phn ct nng c nht cao hn, ly pha thp (du DSV), gi l Heavy Neutral. Cn du chn khng (du DAO) thu c t qu trnh kh asphalt bng dung mi ca cn RSV gi l Bright Stock hoc BSS (Bright Stock Solvent). Hnh 9.3 minh ha iu ny bng vic biu din s ph thuc ca vn tc lc vo nht ca nguyn liu. Bng 9.5 lit k cc iu kin lm vic ca qu trnh kh parafin cho mt s loi nguyn liu u khc nhau. 3.2.3. nh hng ca thnh phn dung mi MEK-Toluen Khng ch bn cht ca dung mi c nh hng n qu trnh kt tinh, khi s dng dung mi hn hp, thnh phn cc hp cht to nn dung mi cng ng vai tr rt quan trng. Tht vy, nh trnh by trong phn trn, dung mi MEK c kh nng ho tan nh i vi du nhn (phn naphten v aromatic) v li cng khng ha tan parafin nn s kt ta tt parafin (v do c tnh chn la tt l khng ha tan parafin). Trong khi , Toluen li ho tan tt du nhn ng thi cng ha tan thm c mt phn parafin. V vy, cn phi ti u ho t l hai dung mi ny trong hn hp dung mi t c hiu qa cao nht khi s dng l: ha tan tt nht du nhn v kt ta tt nht parafin. Bng 9.6 minh ho cho nh hng ca thnh phn dung mi khi x l cng mt loi phn on c nht 40oC l 30mm2/s. Ta nhn thy khi tng t l MEK th: - Nhit cui ca giai on kt tinh s khng qu thp (-12 oC so vi -17 oC m vn t c im chy khng i l -7 oC nh trng hp u). iu ny s lm gim ng k tiu tn nng lng trong qu trnh kt tinh. - Tc lc tng rt nhiu (t 80 ln n 172 l/m2.h), nh vy ta c th gim thiu b mt lc. y l im ht sc quan trng v cc thit b lc thng quay c mc u t v bo tr rt ln (20 MF cho 1 thit b lc 120 m2). - Hm lng du b lu gi trong parafin nhiu hn, ngha l hiu sut thu hi du kh parafin cng thp. Tuy nhin, trong khong t l MEK thng dng (50 n 75%), nh hng ny l khng ng k lm.

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Ta thy rng dng nh l c li hn khi tng t l MEK tuy nhin trong thc t khi t l MEK qu cao s lm xut hin thm mt pha th ba l pha du mi b kt ta (gm ch yu l parafin) ngoi hai pha du/dung mi v parafin/dung mi c. S xut hin ca pha th ba s gy ra: - Tt gim hiu sut thu hi du. - H thp ch s nht ca du kh (do mt nhiu parafin trong pha du kt ta). - Nhanh chng bt kn li lc do s c mt ca pha du kt ta. xc nh nng gii hn ca MEK trong dung mi, ta trn du tch parafin vi dung mi hn hp c cha cc t l khc nhau ca MEK, sau lm lnh chng, ri ghi li cc nhit ti bt u xut hin pha th ba. Kt qu nhn c khi tin hnh th nghim trn vi du c nht 100oC l 20mm2/s v im chy l -6oC cho ta ng cong phn pha trn gin Hnh 9.4 Trn gin c xy dng mt ng thng tn gi ng "lc". ng thng ny cho php xc nh nhit lc cn thit t c sn phm c im chy l -6oC theo t l MEK c trong dung mi. ng cong "Phn pha" gii hn vng c xut hin pha th ba. V d: i vi hn hp dung mi c cha 40% MEK, cn phi lc -19oC t c sn phm c im chy -6 oC (chnh lch nhit l 13oC, tn nhiu nng lng). Cng vi hn hp dung mi c thnh phn , hin tng phn pha s xy ra -28oC. T l MEK cho php ln nht l 75% (giao im gia ng lc v ng phn tch pha). t l ny, nhit lc l -12oC v chnh lch nhit l 6oC. 3.2.4. nh hng ca nhit lm lnh lc cui (hay l nhit lc) Mc ch ca qu trnh kh parafin l nhm h thp im chy ca du kh bng cch h thp nhit lm lnh lc cui. Cn ch rng vic h qu thp nhit lm lnh lc cui s c nhc im l tiu tn nng lng, ng thi li cn lm gim t nhiu ch s nht v hiu sut thu hi du kh. V vi nguyn liu c nht khc nhau th gim ca 2 thng s trn cng khc nhau nh c trnh by trong Bng 9.7. iu ny li cng c thy r trong Hnh 9.9. Khi im chy c h thp n -13oC (so vi -10oC) th lng parafin kt tinh tch c s nhiu ln, lng du kh cn li s t i v ng thi ch s nht cng b gim. Nh vy, gi tr nhit lm lnh lc cui m qu trnh kh parafin cn phi thc hin hon ton ph thuc vo gi tr im chy ca sn phm du kh thu c. Cn lu rng tiu chun k thut v im chy ca du nhn mi vng kh hu trn th gii l khc nhau v thng thng x n i, im chy l thp v x nhit i l cao. 3.2.5. nh hng ca t l dung mi-nguyn liu Do tc dng ca hn hp dung mi l ha tan tt du kh (Toluen) v kt ta tt parafin (MEK), iu c ngha l dung mi s tch tt parafin ra khi du kh. V vy t l dung mi-nguyn liu cng ln th hiu qu qu trnh cng cao nh c th hin trn Hnh 9.10. Ta thy khi t l dung mi-nguyn liu cng ln th: hiu sut thu hi du kh cng tng (khng nhiu lm); hm lng du kh b ngm bi parafin gim rt nhiu; tc lc tng kh nhiu lc ban u, sau gim nh. 3.2.6. nh hng ca tc lm lnh

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Tc lm lnh trong giai on lm lnh c nh hng n kch thc ca tinh th v do vy s nh hng n giai on lc tch du kh ra khi parafin. Thc nghim ch ra rng: * khi tc lm lnh l qu chm s gy nn s hnh thnh cc tinh th dng hnh xon c nhiu lp d lm bt tc khng cho du kh i qua lp tinh th sp lp ny; * khi tc lm lnh l qu nhanh s gy nn s hnh thnh cc tinh th dng hnh kim c kch thc rt nh, chng d lm bt tc li lc dn n khng cho du kh i qua li. Nh vy, mt khong gi tr tc lm lnh thch hp cn c xc nh v n thng nm trong khong t 3-5oC/pht ty theo bn cht nguyn liu. 3.3. S CNG NGH KT TINH KH PARAFIN 3.3.1. S nguyn l phn xng tch parafin khng kh du mm (Hnh 9.16) 3.3.2. S nguyn l phn xng tch parafin c kh du mm Sn phm ca qu trnh kh parafin gm c du kh parafin v parafin cha lng du kh ln (10 n 25%) thng gi l gastch hay slack wax. Gastch khng m bo sch khi lm nguyn liu cho mt s chu trnh sn xut h ngun, do cn phi c tip tc x l nhm gim hm lng du xung cn chng 0,5 n 2% th tch. iu ny c thc hin trong phn xng kh du mm Hnh 9.17. Mc ch ca phn xng kh du mm l sn xut parafin sn phm thng phm, cn du mm ch l th phm. y l phn xng hot ng cng da trn nguyn tc kt tinh c nhit lm vic cao hn nhit trong phn xng kh parafin. Sn phm cui l parafin v du mm. Thc nghim cho thy khi nhit lc cng cao, parafin nhn c s c im chy cng cao, parafin cng cng nhng hiu sut thu hi parafin sn phm li gim. V mt kinh t s c li hn khi tin hnh kh du mm ngay khi bnh tinh th va i ra khi b phn lc parafin do trong bnh tinh th vn cn cha mt lng dung mi kh ln v gim c phn chi ph u t cho phn xng chng ct dung mi. Cng on ny c tn gi l cng on tch parafin c kh du mm vi s nguyn l nh trn Hnh 9.17. Trong c 2 s trn ta thy mt phn xng tch parafin bao gm cc cm chnh sau: - Cm kt tinh c nhim v lm lnh hn hp nguyn liu v dung mi nhm kt tinh parafin. - Cm lc u tin c nhim v loi du kh ra khi bnh tinh th parafin (gastch), cm lc th hai c nhim v loi du mm ra khi parafin. - Cm chng ct gm hai nhm thp chng ct i vi phn xng tch parafin khng kh du v ba nhm thp vi phn xng tch parafin c kh du. Cm chng ct m trch vic tch dung mi khi du kh, khi du mm v khi parafin. - H thng dung mi c nhim v: thu hi dung mi i ra t cc thp chng ct v cung cp dung mi cho cc hn hp nguyn liu. Ngoi ra, cn phi tnh n cm thit b lm lnh m bo kh nng lm lnh cho qu trnh kt tinh. Bng 9.8 gii thiu thng s vn hnh ca phn xng kh du mm sn xut parafin. Qua bng ny ta thy r nh hng ca nhit lc ln hiu sut thu hi cng nh ln cht lng sn phm parafin nhn c.

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Chng 4 : NG DNG QU TRNH HP PH TRONG CNG NGH LC DU


4.1. TNG QUAN Cng nghip lc du v x l kh ng dng rt nhiu qu trnh hp ph, nhm 2 mc ch chnh nh sau: - Lm sch v sy kh (tch nc, tch CO2, tch lu hunh...) - Thu hi cc cu t kh qu v tch cc hn hp kh thnh cc cu t ring bit (sn xut hydro, tch i/n Parafin, O2/N2, ...) Bng 10.1 gii thiu cc ng dng chnh ca qu trnh hp ph trong cng nghip lc du v x l kh. Cht c gi l sn phm chnh l nhng cht c gi tr, l i tng quan tm ca qu trnh, thng thng chng c lu lng ln v chng l cc cht khng b hp ph gim chi ph nh (cc cht 1,2,3,4 trong Bng 10.1). Nhng i khi, cho d n ch c rt t, nhng l sn phm qu him cn phi thu hi, khi n va l sn phm chnh va l cht b hp ph (cc cht 5,6,7,8,9 trong Bng 10.1). Cht b hp ph lun lun l cht c lu lng nh. Cc loi cht hp ph thng c s dng trong cng nghip du kh, v hnh dng l cc cht rn c cu trc vi mao qun, c tng hp t qu trnh sn xut, l: than hot tnh, ry phn t carbon, oxyt nhm hot tnh (Al2O3), silicagel, st kh mu v c bit l cc loi zeolit. Zeolit thng tn ti dng kt t ng bnh nh cht gn kt v c ch to c hnh dng cc vin bi, vin thi tr c kch thc ph hp vi cc ng dng cng nghip. V cu to vt l, n l 1 dng tinh th c cu trc vi mao qun, ng knh l mao qun rt nh v mi loi zeolit li c cc ng knh khc nhau nhm gi li (hp ph) hoc cho i qua (khng hp ph) cc phn t c cc ng knh phn t khc nhau. V cng thc ha hc, zeolit l phc cht ca oxyt nhm (AlO2), oxyt silic (SiO2) v kim loi kim (Na, K) hoc kim th (Ca, Ba), c ngm nc. Cng thc tng qut ca zeolit l: Mx/n[(AlO2)x(SiO2)y],wH2O M l 1 trong cc cation Na, K, Ca, Ba; n l ha tr ca M; x, y l cc s nguyn vi y/x 1; w l s phn t nc c trong mng. Bng 10.2 gii thiu cc loi cht hp ph thng c s dng vi cc tnh cht c trng ca chng. Mt cht hp ph c gi l tt khi n c: - B mt hot ng (F) ln, dn n b mt tip xc K-R s ln, - Th tch (V) ca cc l vi mao qun nh, tc tng th tch cc khong khng gian trng, khng tip xc K-R s nh, tc l b mt hot ng ln (V ngc vi F) - ng knh l vi mao qun nh, iu ny cho php tch c phn t c kch thc rt nh ra khi phn t c kch thc ln hn. Da trn ng knh l ngi ta phn ra loi l mao qun ln (>500A), l mao qun trung (20-500A), vi l mao qun (<20A), Sau y chng ta s xem xt mt s ng dng tiu biu: 4.2. QUA TRINH TACH M (NC)

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Hnh 11.1 S nguyn l qu trnh sy kh kh t nhin. Kh t nhin l sn phm chnh c lu lng rt ln v khng b hp ph. Nc l cht b hp ph c lu lng nh. Bng cc ng thng lin v chm chm, s l h 3 thp, lm vic gin on, mi chu k thc hin 2 giai on: Giai on 1: hp ph trong thp 1: kh nguyn liu vo thp 1, nc b gi li, kh kh i ra l sn phm. Giai on 2: Lm lnh thp 3 v nh nc trong thp 2: dng kh nguyn liu cho qua thp lm lnh (l thp va thc hin qu trnh nh xong) lm lnh cht hp ph chun b cho giai on hp ph tip sau, ri qua b phn si, n c nng ln sau qua thp nh 2 ko nc b hp ph ra. Sau hn hp c lm lnh trong thit ngng t, phn ln hi nc b ngng t li, c tch ra khi hn hp, cn kh m quay li thp 1 thc hin li giai on 1. Thp 1 Chu k 1 Chu k 2 Chu k 3 Chu k 4=1 Hp ph Nh Lm lnh Hp ph Thp 2 Nh Lm lnh Hp ph Nh Thp 3 Lm lnh Hp ph Nh Lm lnh

Trong hn hp kh m, nc s b hp ph mnh nht so vi tt c cc cu t khc c trong nguyn liu (hydrocarbon, H2S, CO2....) Theo tin trin ca qu trnh hp ph, nc s thay th dn dn cc cht b hp ph khc v kh nng hp ph ca nc b nh hng rt t bi qu trnh ng hp ph tc hp ph nhiu cu t ng thi. Vi mc ch tch nc cho kh, giai on hp ph c th ko di cho n khi nc xut hin u ra lp cht hp ph. Tip l qu trnh nh nc loi TSA (nng nhit ) ring bit hoc kt hp PSA-TSA (gim P v nng T) . Thi gian mt chu k khong vi gi. Silicagel, oxyt nhm hot tnh, zeolit c th c s dng sy kh (tch nc) cho hydrocacbon kh v lng. Vic chn la cht hp ph cn phi cn i gia gi c v yu cu cng ngh. Kh nng "ng hp ph" ca mt vi cu t v kh nng chp hp ph mt i hot tnh l khng th trnh khi. Zeolit l mt gii php tt nht v n cho php tch nc trit nht, nh vo kh nng chn lc ca ng knh l, trnh c hin tng "ng hp ph" ca cc cu t lm hot tnh ca chp hp ph mt i nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, gii php ny li tn km nht do gi ca cht hp ph cao v tiu tn nng lng cho qu trnh hon nguyn l rt ln. Zeolit thng c dng khi i hi vic tch nc tht trit , hoc khi mun hp ph tch nc ng thi vi hp th kh lu hunh cho nguyn liu nh trnh by trn Hnh 11.6.

Mt s ng dng ca hp ph tch nc t cc hn hp:


+ Kh cha H2: s dng oxyt nhm hay ry 4A + Nguyn liu cho phn xng ti to xng xc tc-RC v ng phn ha: thng s dng ry 4A cho php trnh c hin tng "ng hp ph" ca cc hydrocacbon. + Nguyn liu cho phn xng alkyl ho: dng ry 4A, hay thng dng hn l 3A do s c mt ca cc olefin.

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+ Kh ca qu trnh cracking trc khi phn ring bng qu trnh lm lnh: dng oxyt nhm, hay thng dng hn l ry 3A hn ch to cc khi ti sinh. + Cc sn phm cui, LPG, dung mi, kerosen, BTX, olefin: s dng ry 4A, 3A. + Kh thin nhin: dng silicagel, ry 4A, 5A. Khi mun sn xut kh thin nhin ho lng hay mun thu hi trit methan, ta phi s dng zeolit. Nu mun tch nc v H2S cng lc th loi 5A c s dng u tin hn l loi 4A. Ry 13X c s dng khi mun tch mercaptan hay CO2. 4.3. TCH LOI LU HUNH Nh vo i lc i vi sn phm phn cc, ry phn t c s dng tch loi mt s sn phm cha S (H2S, COS, mercaptan...) c trong hydrocacbon lng v kh. Mt s ng dng ch yu: + X l nguyn liu lng cho mt s qu trnh xc tc rt nhy cm vi S (nh ng phn ho, oligomer ho...) v LPG. Cc nguyn liu ny c cha cc hp cht lu hunh (Sulfure, mercaptan nng...), hm lng b, cn phi c x l trc bng qu trnh kh S bng H2, tip theo l qu trnh tch loi H2S bng hp ph trn ry 5A. Qu trnh hp ph ny c hiu qu hn qu trnh hp th ra bng amine v cho php thu trc tip loi nguyn liu c tch S v c H2O. Cc loi nguyn liu ch cha H2S v mercaptan nh c x l trc tip bng qu trnh hp ph trn ry 13X. COS ch b tch loi mt phn trn ry phn t. Khi mt qu trnh lm sch c yu cu tinh khit cao (COS <ppmV), th u tin s dng oxyt nhm hot tnh c kch thch bi xt, n s thu phn COS v thu c H2S. + Lm sch hp cht S trong kh H2 ca nh my lc du: bng cch s dng ry 5A th cc vt H2S c tch loi cng vi H2O. + Kh thin nhin: Qu trnh tch S ca cc kh c cha lng ng k H2S thng c thc hin bng qu trnh hp th nh s c mt ca dung mi, qu trnh hp ph em li mt gii php hu hiu nht x l kh thin nhin cha lng b H2S (khong vi nghn ppmV) v mercaptan nh m mt lng ng k CO2 vn c gi li trong kh. Vic s dng ry 5A hay 13X cho php hp ph chn lc tt H2S (<4ppmV) v mercaptan so vi CO2 v ta thu c ng thi kh tch nc. Thng thng qu trnh tch loi S gn ging vi qu trnh tch nc tc l c s kt hp TSA-PSA v ra (hay lm lnh). Tuy nhin qu trnh hon nguyn khng th thc hin nh vo kh nguyn liu nh trong qu trnh tch nc (v c cha S) m cn phi s dng kh sn phm ( tch S). Cc ry phn t (c hiu qu hn nhiu so vi khi dng than hot tnh) c s dng tch loi tt c cc hp cht cha S (n<0,5ppmV) c trong nguyn liu ca kh thin nhin, ca cc phn xng tng hp NH3, CH3OH. Hnh 11.6: S kt hp hp ph v hp th tch nc ng thi kh lu hunh cho nguyn liu. Thc cht, h thng gm 2 thp hp ph u tin, chng lm vic gin on, lun phin nh sau: lc u thp ny hp ph th thp kia nh, sau i li. Thp th 3 v bn cht l thp chng v thp th 4 ch c vic tch ring dng kh v lng. Thp th 5 l thp hp th. Cc giai on l nh sau: Giai on 1: hp ph trong thp 1, nc v H2S b gi li, kh hydrocarbon sch ra 1 phn, Giai on 2: nh nc v H2S b hp ph trc trong thp 2, dng 1 phn kh hydrocarbon sch ko hn hp b hp ph trong thp 2 ra. y, 1 phn sn phm i qua thit

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b trao i nhit nh thp chng cp nhit cho sn phm nh, b h thp nhit ri quay li ha chung vi phn cn li ra y thp 2 ri vo thit b un si y thp, vo thp chng luyn, phn ring H2S v kh khng ngng ra khi nc ngng v hydrocarbon b ko theo, ri qua thp tch ring H2S v kh khng ngng ra nh, y l nc ngng v hydrocarbon b ko theo. Hn hp kh H2S v kh khng ngng ra nh thp tch ring s qua thp hp th tip xc vi dung mi amin, kh acid cha nhiu H2S b dung mi ko ra y, vo bnh hon nguyn dung mi, tch H2S ra ngoi, cn dung mi tun hon tr li nh thp hp th. Mt phn kh khng ngng ra nh thp hp th c thi ra ngoi, 1 phn quay li ha trn vi nguyn liu u. 4.4. TCH CO2 CHO KH T NHIN Ry phn t 4A, 5A, 13X c s dng tch loi ng thi CO2 v hi nc ca kh t nhin trc khi qua cng on ha lng kh. trnh hin tng to tinh th nc trn b mt thit b trao i nhit, hm lng CO2 v H2O cn li trong kh x l phi nh hn 1ppmV. Qu trnh ti sinh cht hp ph c thc hin bng chu trnh TSA v ra bng phn kh khng ho lng trong cng on ho lng kh. Qu trnh tch CO2 trong kh bng qu trnh hp ph cng c s dng tinh ch H2. Hnh 11.7 trnh by s hp ph CO2 v tch m cho kh t nhin sn xut kh ha lng. 4.5. TCH CC HP CHT CHA OXY Tch cc hp cht cha Oxy (MeOH hay EtOH) ca phn on hydrocacbon C4 ra khi phn xng Ether ho vi mc ch lm nguyn liu cho phn xng Alkyl ho. Hp ph trn ry phn t 4A, 13X c s dng lm sch cc hp cht cha oxy c trong phn on C4 cn li sau khi ra khi phn xng eter ho (MTBE). Phn on C4 ny cn cha nhiu isobutan, chng 35%, l nguyn liu th 2 cho qu trnh Alkyl ha: C3=, C4=, C5= + isobutan xng alkylat, v 1 lng nh cc isobuten cn d cha phn ng ca qu trnh ether ha trc : Isobuten + MeOH hoc EtOH ether (MTBE hoc ETBE). Phn on C4 ny s qua qu trnh hydro ha chn lc chuyn ha isobuten thnh isobutan. Tip sau hn hp ny s i vo phn xng alkyl ha. Do qu trnh alkyl ha c xc tc bi cc acid mnh: H2SO4, HF m cc acid ny rt nhy cm vi s c mt ca cc hp cht oxy (lm gim hot tnh xc tc ca cc acid), v vy hn hp nguyn liu isobutan sau khi ra khi phn xng Ether ho, c cha MeOH hay EtOH cha phn cn phi qua qu trnh hp ph tch trit hp cht ny. Hnh 10.3 (tp 1: Petrole Brut) trong phn xng hp ph (MRU-Methanol Removal Unit) s nm st sau phn xng ether ha vi chc nng trnh by trn. Methanol cn li trong phn on C4 c hp ph trn ry phn t, pha lng, 40oC. Qu trnh ti sinh ry phn t c tin hnh bng cch ra ry bng dng nguyn liu lng isobuten ca cng on tng hp MTBE. Dng nguyn liu isobuten ny s ko MeOH ra khi ry, sau hn hp vo li phn xng ether ha.

4.6. SN XUT H2 TINH KHIT BNG CCH LM SCH CC TP CHT Ngoi cc qu trnh tch nc v kh S cho H2 nu trn, qu trnh hp ph cn c s dng sn xut H2 vi tinh khit cao, t cc dng kh khc nhau bng qu trnh PSA. Tu theo ngun gc (Reforming hi, RC, Cracking hi, kh lu hunh,...), nguyn liu c th

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cha nhiu tp cht: N2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, CO, CO2, H2S, NH3, H2O. qu trnh t hiu qu kinh t cao th nguyn liu x l cn c t nht 60% th tch H2. Thng thng ta s dng lp cht hp ph hn hp than hot tnh-zeolite 5A, than hot tnh lp cnh ca vo ca dng kh th, ng vai tr nh lp bo v, cho php hp ph v nh hp ph cc cht nh H2O v CO2. Khi hn hp kh cha H2S hay NH3 th cn thit phi c cng on tin x l. P sut hp ph thng 15-30 bar, p sut gii hp khong 1-5 bar thi gian ca mt chu k l chng 12 pht. tinh khit ca hydro c th t 99,9-99,999% nhng t l thu hi ch khong 70-75% do yu cu mt lng H2 ng k cho cng on iu p cui. T l thu hi c th tng ln 90% bng cch tng s lp cht hp ph. Qu trnh Polybed ca Union Carbide s dng n 10 lp cht hp ph v c p dng sn xut H2 nng sut 5000-50.000 Nm3/h. 4.7. TCH i/n-PARAFIN Qu trnh tch cc n-parafin c trong cc phn on khc nhau ra khi cc hydrocacbon phn nhnh v a vng rt cn thit i vi rt nhiu ng dng: sn xut dung mi, ci thin ch s octan cho cc nhin liu c s, sn xut cc n-parafin sn xut cc cht ty ra, phn hu sinh hc. Qu trnh tch ny c th thc hin bng qu trnh hp ph chn lc n-parafin trn ry 5A, ry phn t s loi b cc hydrocacbon phn nhnh v vng do hiu ng kch thc. Rt nhiu qu trnh p dng qu trnh ti sinh PSA, ra hoc thay th, chu k c th gin on hay lin tc, v d nh cc qu trnh: Molex (UOP), Isosiv (Union Carbide), Ensorb (Exxon)... 4.7.1. Sn xut n-Parafin lm dung mi Qu trnh Isosiv (Union Carbide) p dng phn tch phn on C5-C8 c cha 2040% n-parafin, pha hi, theo qu trnh chu k PSA. u tin l cng on hp ph nparafin. Tip sau l cng on kh iu p (p sut thp), ng dng gii hp lng cc i i-parafin c trong lp hp ph. Sau l qu trnh gii hp ph n-parafin p sut thp bng qu trnh ngc dng. Ta thu c phn on n-parafin c tinh khit khong 95% v pha rafinat (pha cha nhiu isoparafin khng b hp ph) cha t hn 2% n-parafin c ch s octan cao. 4.7.2. Ci thin ch s octan cho nhin liu c s Vic gim lng ph gia ch trong xng yu cu cc phi liu c s to xng phi c IO t gi tr cao nht c th. iu ny c th t c bng cch tch loi cc parafin mch thng ca phn on naphta nh nh miu t phn trc. Mt s qu trnh hp ph nht l qu trnh Isosiv c ng dng ci thin IO cho naphta nh. Phn on giu n-parafin ny cn l nguyn liu rt tt cho qu trnh cracking hi. Xu hng hin nay tt nht l s dng qu trnh ng phn ho phn on C5-C6. Qu trnh ng phn ho cho php t ch s RON ca naphta c th t n 79-82 (trong khi nguyn liu u c IO l 65-70). Bng cch chuyn i mt phn n-parafin sang isoparafin. Qu trnh chuyn ho ny xy ra khng hon ton, v trng thi cn bng nhit ng hc th cn khong 14-20% n-parafin trong thnh phn ca sn phm, tu theo nhit ca qu trnh thc hin. Qu trnh hp ph nhng n-parafin khng chuyn ho trong sn phm qu trnh ng phn ho v hi lu n-parafin v li nguyn liu cho qu trnh ng phn ho cho php

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thu c chuyn ho gn nh hon ton n-parafin sang isoparafin v ch s RON c th t c 89-92 tu theo xc tc s dng cho qu trnh. Qu trnh TIP (Total Isomerization Process) ng phn ho kt hp vi hp ph tch n-parafin cha phn ng ( cho tun hon li) ra khi isoparafin sn phm, pht trin trong nhng nm 1970 c trnh by trong Hnh 11.9. S ny kh n gin v khng c thp tch i ra khi n-parafin trc khi vo phn xng ng phn ho, do vy hiu sut phn xng ng phn ho khng c cao. Nguyn liu naphta cng H2 vo thit b ng phn ho. Sau phn ng chuyn ha phn ln n-parafin thnh isoparafin, hn hp to thnh vo thp chng ct tch H2 cn d ra khi hn hp iso v n-parafin. Cng tng t nh Hnh 11.6, h thng gm 2 thp hp ph lm vic gin on, lun phin. Qu trnh hp ph thc hin pha hi, nhit 250-350oC p sut 15-20 bars. Hn hp hi hydrocarbon nh v hi iso v n-parafin ra y thp chng s vo thp hp ph 2, ch c n-parafin b gi li, hi hydrocarbon nh v isoparafin li vo 1 thp chng th 2 tch phn hi hydrocarbon nh ra nh, cn nhin liu cha nhiu isoparafin c IO cao s ra y. Qu trnh nh hp ph c thc hin trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut bng cch sc kh H2 hi lu ca qu trnh ng phn ha vo thp hp th th nht (c cha n-parafin b gi li t giai on trc). Lu lng H2 hi lu lm nh lng n-parafin b hp ph m khng cn thit phi gim p sut. Nh vy ta c th hi lu trc tip n-parafin v qu trnh ng phn ho m khng cn lm lnh v s dng lng nhit ca n bc hi nguyn liu. S kt hp lng nhit ca hai cng on l u im chnh ca qu trnh TIP. Trong thc t, trong vng hp ph thng c 4 thit b hp ph hot ng theo chu k vi thi gian tng ca mt chu k t 6-8 pht. Vin du kh Php (Institut Francais du petrole) mi y a ra qu trnh Ipsorb, Hnh 11.10 bao gm thp 1: thp tch isopentan; thit b ng phn ha 2; thp chng n nh ha 3; cc thp hp ph 4. S ny nh c thp u tin nn nguyn liu vo thp th 2 rt l tinh khit n-C4, nh nng cao c hiu sut phn xng ng phn ho. Ngoi ra cn c thp n nh s 3, tch hydrocarbon nh, nhm nng cao hiu qu cho qu trnh hp ph. Hn hp nguyn liu naphta nh gm n-iC5-6 vo thp 1 chng ct p sut cao vi mc ch tch ring iC5. 1. Dng iC5 (vn cn cha 1 lng nh nC5-6) c nhit cao ra nh, qua thit b trao i nhit h nhit ph hp vi nhit hp ph trong cc thp hp ph 4. Cht hp ph s gi li nC5-6 ( sau trong giai on nh cng ti thp 4, lng nC5-6 s quay tr li thp 1). Cn iC5 khng b hp ph s l sn phm xng isomerat c ch s octan cao. 2. Dng nC5-6 ra y thp 1, ha cng H2 vo thit b phn ng ng phn ha. Sn phm thu c ra y cha phn ln l iC5-6 (cn chng 14-20% nC5-6) li ha cng vi 1 phn iC5 nh thp 1 qua thp n nh ha 3 nhm tch nh cc hydrocarbon nh (C4-) sinh ra trong qu trnh phn ng ng phn ha, cn sn phm y qua h thng gim nhit , vo cc thp hp ph gi li nC5-6, qua qu trnh nh sau s tch nC5-6 cho quay v thp 1 tch iC5. Sn phm khng b hp ph s l xng isomerat c ch s octan cao. Qu trnh hp ph thc hin pha hi loi PSA, kt hp h thng tch isopentan-ng phn ho v qu trnh hp ph. Qu trnh hp ph c thc hin nhit 250-300oC. Qu trnh nh c thc hin bng qu trnh gim p v ra thit b hp ph bng dng iC5 ly nh thp tch iC5. Khu vc hp ph gm ba thit b hp ph cho php thc hin qu trnh iu p trc khi tin hnh hon nguyn. Thi gian tng ca mt chu k l 10-20 pht. Mt

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hnh thc khc ca qu trnh ny gi l Hexorb, s dng tc nhn lm sch thit b hp ph l mt phn on giu methylpentan thay cho iC5. iu ny cho php tng chuyn ho methylpentan thnh dimethylbutan nh qu trnh hi lu trong qu trnh ng phn ho v nh vy ch s IO ca sn phm cui tng ln. 4.7.3. Sn xut n-parafin trong phn on C10-C17 ng dng ny pht trin mt cch nhanh chng trong cng nghip ho du. Qu trnh tng hp cc cht ty ra c kh nng phn hu sinh hc cn thit phi phn tch t kerosen phn on n-parafin C10-C14 hay C10-C17. Phn on ny c kh hydro ho v chuyn thnh phn on Oleffin tng ng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh Alkyl ho benzen. Cc n-parafin b hp ph cng mnh trn ry 5A khi khi lng phn t ca chng cng ln. i vi cc cu t nng nht, khng th kh hp ph nhng cu t ny mt cch hu hiu bng cch gim p sut ring phn hay bng qu trnh cp nhit do xut hin nguy c to cc. Thng ta dng phng php thay th trong pha lng hoc hi. 4.8. TACH OLEFIN RA KHI PARAFIN Cc loi zeolit cng nh cc chp hp ph phn cc khc c chn lc i vi cc olefin gp 10 ln so vi cc parafin. Rt nhiu cng trnh c cng nhn, nh cc qu trnh phn tch olefin/parafin nh: C2=/C2-, C4=/C4-, C10=-C14=/parafin hay cc qu trnh phn tch olefin/olefin nh: isoC4=/nC4=, kh khn chnh l s to cc trn cht hp ph, iu ny gii hn rt nhiu ng dng cc qu trnh ny v phng din thng mi. Cc bin php s dng khc phc l: x l baz cc cht hp ph gim hot tnh polymer ho v s dng k thut thay th, trong iu kin khng khc nghit ti sinh cht hp ph. 4.9. TACH HP CHT AROMATIC RA KHI XANG, KEROSEN chn lc hp ph ca cc aromatic so vi cc hydrocacbon no trn zeolit X, Y hay silicagel cho php s dng qu trnh hp ph cho qu trnh tch cc hp cht thm c trong xng hay kerosen. Than hot tnh v silicagel cng cho php hp ph chn lc cc polyaromatic c trong phn on nng ca qu trnh hydrorcacking. Tuy nhin nhng qu trnh ny vn cha c s dng do gi thnh cao v s cnh tranh ca mt s k thut khc nh trch ly lng hay chng trch ly. Ngc li qu trnh hp ph tr thnh mt k thut tch u tin cho cc qu trnh phn ring cc hn hp kh phn tch nh: hn hp ng phn, nht l qu trnh tch paraxylene ca phn on C8 aromatic, hp ph c thay cho kt tinh. 4.10. THU HI HI HYDROCACBON ng dng ny nhm cc mc ch: - Hiu chnh chnh xc im sng (nhit bt u ngng t trng thi bo ha) ca kh thin nhin, - Thu hi ti a cc hydrocacbon lng trong qu trnh sn xut chng hay trong cc qu trnh x l chng, - Cc vn lin quan n mi trng hn ch vic thi cc hydrocacbon vo khng kh.

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Cc loi zeolit, silicagel v nht l than hot tnh c s dng cho cc ng dng ny v thng s dng cc chu trnh TSA-ra bng kh tr. Trong lnh vc kh thin nhin, kh ng hnh v kh t nh my lc du th qu trnh lm lnh v qu trnh hp th-lnh cnh tranh quyt lit vi qu trnh hp ph. Tuy nhin, 2 qu trnh u b hn ch s dng do vn gi c, trong khi qu trnh hp ph dng nh l c li thu hi chn lc cc sn phm hydrocacbon nng nht c trong kh ng hnh, thu hi chn lc ti a cc sn phm du m khng gp cc vn v p sut hi. Qu trnh thu hi hi xng trong nhng trm pht xng cho t citern c thc hin bng rt nhiu phn xng hp ph. Khng kh vo 1 lp cht hp ph (l than hot tnh) cng vi hi xng, v lp than hot tnh ch gi li hi xng. Trong thi gian ny, mt lp cht hp ph khc li c hon nguyn bng cch nng nhit v ra bng N2. 4.11. X L BNG SET KH MAU Qu trnh x l bng st c s dng kh mu v n nh du nhn v parafin. Qu trnh ny s tch cc cu t mu, cc axit hu c v cc hp cht d b oxy ho bng vic hp ph chng trn st c x l hot ho (c th x l hot ho t hoc nhiu). Qu trnh thng c s dng nht l qu trnh tip xc: du v st di dng ht c ho trn lin tc, hn hp c tch kh bng cch h p sut chn khng, un nng trong l ng ri a vo thit b khuy trong vng 10-30 pht trc khi lc. Nhng qu trnh ny c xu hng c thay th bng qu trnh hydroraffinage. Tuy nhin n vn cn c s dng cho qu trnh ti sn xut du nhn.

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