TING PHN TRONG PHT GIO (04/12/2012) (Xem: 2488) Tc gi : L T H

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TRONG T

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Ngy nay chng ta bit cc tc phm Pht giao c kt tp trong t nht l 6 i Tng Kinh( Tripitaka, The Great Treasury of Buddhist Canon ) nh sau : 1. i Chnh Tn Tu i Tng Kinh, Vn Tn Ton Tc Tng Kinh ( , , Taisho Tripitaka & Successive Tripitaka) 2. Cn Long i Tng Kinh ( , Qianlong Tripitaka) 3. Vnh Lc Bc Tng ( , Yongle Tripitaka)(1) 4. Pli i Tng Kinh ( , Pali Tripitaka) 5. Phn Vn i Tng Kinh ( , Sanskrit Tripitaka ) 6. Ty Tng Vn i Tng Kinh ( Tibetan Tripitaka) Tht ra cc i Tang Kinh nh i Chnh Tn Tu, Cn Long, Vnh Lc Bc Tng v Ty Tng i Tng Kinh u c dch ra t cc kinh bng ting Phn.

Vy mi khi c kinh Pht bng cc th ting nh Hn, Ty Tng, Nht Bn, Triu Tin, Vit Nam, Anh, ... m cm thy kh hiu hay nghi ng ngha l th c th truy cu cu vn gc t bn ting Phn tm hiu ngha ch thc. iu ng tic l toan b kinh sch Pht gio bng ting Phn n b hy dit vao th k 14 sau cuc xm lng ca Hi gio vo n . Ting Phn (Sanskrit) c tn nguyn ting Phn l sa skt vk hay saskta, ngha l ngn ng hon ho hay tao nh hay hin dng, lun lun c xem l ngn ng cao cp dnh cho cc nghi thc cc tn gio: o Hindu, o Pht v o Jaina, v cho gii tinh hoa ca n . Chng ta cng c bit l ting Phn gn lin vi s hnh thnh cc kinh V ca o Hindu cho nn ngi n quan nim rng ting Phn l ngn ng do thn iva to ra v truyn xung cho con ngi. V l do thn iva to ra, nn ch vit ca ting Phn c gi l Ngar, ngha l ch vit min th hay Devangar, ngha l ch vit min th ca Thin thn. H qu ca nim tin y l ngi n cho rng vic c kinh v c bit l cc thn ch bng ting Phn s d c s cm thng, tr gip, cu t Phm Thin v cc Thin thn trong truyn thng o Hindu. V Pht gio pht xut t n nn nim tin ny cng thy c trong kinh sch ca Pht gio. Chng hn, trong i Bt Nit Bn Kinh 8 v 26, hay trong i ng Ty Vc K ca ngi Huyn Trang, ... u c tng ny. Nhng trong giai on u khi Pht gio mi truyn sang Trung Quc, do lng t tn dn tc ca ngi Trung Quc, ting Phn b gi l H ng l ting ca r H, mc du ngi Cu Ma La Thp dch cc Kinh Pht bng ting Phn ra ting Trung Quc vo nm 402 sau dng lch. Cho n thi ngi Ngn Tn (557-

610), mt tc gi ln ca Pht Gio Trung Quc, th ting Phn mi chnh thc c gi l Phn ng (2) T v sau, ting Phn trong kinh Pht c cc nh s Trung Quc xem thing ling nh ngi n tng quan nim. Chng hn cu ting Phn m u cho mi Kinh Pht : Eva may rutam ngha l Ti nghe nh vy ( Nh th ng vn) c gii Pht Gio Trung Quc tn knh vi cu : Th phn t gi cng tam th nhi thng hng bin thp phng d bnh ng. Hc chi th chi nh c thng nhm chi Pht tr, qun chi tng chi tt chng bt hoi chi php thn. Ch gio chi cn bn, ch t chi ph mu, k ti t h. Ngha l : My ch Phn ny mi thng hng trong ba ci, bnh ng khp mi phng. Ai hc n, vit n nht nh s t c Pht tr hin tin, ai qun n, tng n nht nh s chng c php thn bt hoi. N l cn bn ca tt c gio php, l cha m ca tt c vn t, tt c u y c (3). Thi c Pht Thch Ca ti th (563-483 trc dng lch) th Pht php c ging gii v trao truyn bng li ni, ch cha c ghi li di dng vn t. Trong ln kt tp Kinh in ln th nht (khong 7 ngy sau khi c Pht Thch Ca nhp dit), ngi nanda c mi c tng thuc lng mi cu Kinh 80 ln ton th hi chng tng theo cho n thuc nm lng. Trong ln kt tp Kinh in th hai (khong 137 nm sau khi c Pht nhp dit), kinh Pht cng ch c c tng thuc lng ch cha ghi li thnh vn bn.

Trong ln kt tp th ba, theo lnh ca vua A Dc (Aoka : 268-233 tr. dl), Kinh Pht mi c ghi li thnh vn bn trn nhng ming ng lu tr. Vo thi k ny th ting Phn c P ini v cc v tin bi chun ha thnh ting Phn m ngi phng Ty gi l ting Phn C in (Classical Sanskrit) phn bit vi ting Phn thi trc trong kinh V , gi l Vedic. Cc mu t Devangar (Devanagari Script) dng vit ting Phn v mt s ngn ng n khc tin ha t cc mu t Brahmi (Brahmi script) c mt vo khong nm 300 trc dng lch. Nhng cu khc trn cc tr theo lnh ca Hong Aoka vo khong nm 300 trc dng lch u bng k t Brahmi. Nhng ngun gc ch thc ca ch vit n th khng c xc nhn vi bt k mc chc chn no mc d cc hc gi tin rng im xut pht l cc k t Brahmi nh dng trong cc cu khc ca Hong Aoka. K t Brahmi ph hp vi h thng vit ch theo cc m (syllabic writing system : mi k t hoc l mt ph m hay mt m gm ph m vi nguyn m a) v c dng nhiu hn trong vic vit ch Prakit, l ngn ng c ni bi nhng ngi dn thng (gii bnh dn). Nhng k t Brahmi tri qua nhng bin i rt nhiu, hnh dng khc bit ng k qua thi gian, d rng tp hp cc akara (mu m) vn c gi nguyn cho cc nguyn m v ph m c bn ca ting Phn. T khong nm 200 sau dng lch v sau, n c tr v bi cc vua theo o Hindu, v s ph bin thng tin qua vic khc ch trn c tip tc. Nhng do s bin i rt nhiu ca cc k t v cc ch d hay sc lnh ca nh vua trn b hy hoi qua thi gian, khin cho chnh ngi n ng i cng khng th hiu c ni dung cc cu khc y. Nhng hc gi phng Ty gip n gii quyt c vn ny. Nm 1838, hc gi

James Prinsep khm ph ra ngha ca cc cu Brahmi khc trn t thi Hong Aoka. V sau vi s gip sc ca nhiu hc gi khc, c bit l Georg Buhler thit lp c mi lin h vng chc gia ngn ng v cc k t. T ngi ta khm ph ra c qu trnh pht trin ca mu t t Brahmi vo khong nm 300 trc dng lch cho n Devangar ng i nh sau:

Cc mu t Devangar m th gii ang dng ngy nay c nh hnh vo khong nm 1700 sau dng lch. Cc sch ting Phn c in sau nm 1900 c cng cc mu t Devangar nh ngy nay, cn cc sch in trc nm 1900 c th cha mt khc dng khc ca mt s akara. (4) Th d : Bt Nh Tm Kinh c vit bng ting Phn trn 2 l bi c lu tr ti cha Hry-ji Nht Bn vi k t thi th k th 7 (5):

II- Bn Ngn Ng Lu Gi Kinh Pht Thi Xa: Theo Gio s Franklin Edgerton (6), cc vn bn Pht gio c lu gi trong t nht l 4 ngn ng Indic (7) 1. Phn C in (Classical Sanskrit) : Ting Phn chun tc ting Phn c chun ha bi P ini, phn bit vi ting Phn trong kinh V l Vedic 2. Pli, mt ngn ng Indic min Trung n (Middle Indic). y l ngn ng chuyn ti phn ln nht ca tc phm Pht gio m ngy nay c bo lu trong bt k ngn ng Indic no , l ngn ng thing ling ca Pht Gio Min Nam (Nam truyn, Nam tng, Nguyn thy, Tiu tha). Ngy nay, hu ht cc hc gi u tin rng Pli ch yu l da trn mt phng ng Middle Indic thuc min Ty hay Trung ty. 3. Prakrit Dharmapada : l phng ng da trn mt Middle Indic min Ty bc m Senart trong bi vit v vn bn Dutreuil de Rhins ng trong Jas. IX.12 (1898), trang 193ff gi l Prakrit Dharmapada. 4. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit : Ngn ng m Gio s Franklin Edgerton goi l Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (vit tt l BHS). Hu ht cc tc phm Pht Gio Bc n (Bc truyn, Bc tng, i tha) c vit bng BHS. Chng hn, ton b cc kinh trong b i Bt Nh c vit bng BHS. Ngn ng ny ch yu da trn

mt phng ng Middle Indic c xa m vn cha xc nh r, ng thi cha nhiu ting a phng ca cc Middle Indic khc. Nhng BHS cng chu nh hng su xa bi ting Phn khin cho nhiu tc phm vit bng BHS vn c gi mt cch n gin l ting Phn. Gio s Franklin Edgerton, trong bi vit Ting Prakrit Lm Nn Tng Cho Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit (8), cho bit rng nhng tc gi Pht gio s dng ting Phn chun ha ( Ting Phn C in = Classical Sanskrit, hay Brahmanical Sanskrit, do Pini v cc v tin bi chun ha ) ch l mt s nh. Nhm ny dng nh l c o to trong truyn thng tng l B La Mn chnh thng (orthodox Brahmanical training) vo thi tr nn h rnh ting Phn chun, ri sau h mi chuyn qua o Pht, chng hn nh Avaghoa (M Minh), do h dng ting Phn chun ha vit kinh sch Pht gio. a s tc phm Pht gio vit bng ting Phn, chnh l bng Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit . V vy Buddhist Hybrit Sanskrit cng cn gi l Ting Phn Pht Gio (Buddhist Sanskrit) hay Ting Phn Hn Hp (Mixed Sanskrit). Cc tc phm Pht gio vit bng Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit xut hin sau khi Pini hon thnh vic chun ha ting Phn vo khong u th k th 4 trc dng lch. Sau cng trnh ca Pini th ting Phn tr thnh l ngn ng vt tri trong vn hc v trit hc n . Cho nn cc nh s Pht gio bt u lm thch nghi ngn ng h dng (ting a phng ca h) vi ting Phn trong khi vn cn nh hng ca truyn thng ngn ng thot thai t mt dng ting Prakrit dng chnh thc trong tn gio (protocanonical Prakit) ca truyn thng truyn khu vo thi k u ca vic trao truyn Pht php. C l chnh v di s nh hng a phng ng nh th, m cc tc phm Pht gio c vit bng Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit ra i. Trong khi c nhiu l thuyt kh khc bit nhau v mi lin h ca Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit vi Pli, th iu chc chn l Pli th gn vi ngn ng ny hn l Sanskrit (9). Theo K.R. Norman, th Pli cng nn c xem nh mt dng ca Buddhist Hybrid

Sanskrit (10). Franklin Edgerton li cho rng Pli v c bn l mt loi ting Prakit (11). nhng ni m BHS khc bit vi Sanskrit th n li gn ging hay y ht nh Pli. Tuy nhin, hu ht nhng tc phm vit bng BHS hin cn ti nay th nguyn thy c vit bng BHS ch khng phi c vit li hay dch li t cc tc phm vit bng Pli hay cc ngn ng khc (12). III. C Ngn Ng Duy Nht Ban u Cho Pht Gio Khng? y l cu hi th v i vi cc nh nghin cu. III.1 Tinh Thn T Do Phng Khong Ca c Pht Trong Vic S Dng Ngn Ng Hong Php. Trong Tng Kinh Pli (13) c mt on ni ting, c tm tt nh sau : C hai nh s l anh em rut, vn xut thn t giai cp qu tc (brahman) vi ngn ng v cch pht m rt tinh t (ting Phn chun), n trc c Pht v tha : Bch c Th Tn, y c nhiu nh s t nhiu giai cp x hi v nhiu a phng khc nhau ang lm hy hoi li c Pht dy bng cch lp li li ca c Th Tn theo ngn ng a phng ca h; hy cho php chng con dch tt c li dy ca Th Tn ra ting Phn V . c Pht bc b ngh bng cch dy rng : Hi cc nam t b la di kia, lm sao cc ng c th ni iu ? iu s khng th chuyn i c ci khng th chuyn i.... V ngi ging mt bi php ri ra lnh cho tt c cc nh s : Cc ng ng c dch cc li Pht dy ra ting Phn V . Ai lm nh th l phm ti. Hi cc tng s, ta cho php cc ng hc li Pht dy theo ngn ng a phng ca mi ngi. iu ny chng t bn thn c Pht v cc t ban u ca ngi ch dng ting a phng ph thng lm phng tin ging

dy Pht php v t chi dng ting Phn V (Vedic) hay ting Phn chun c tn knh ca gii qu tc. Trong Lut tng ca phi b Mahsaka, c dch ra ting Trung Quc bi Buddhajva nm 423-424 sau dng lch, k cu chuyn hi khc mt cht l hai anh em nh s vn xut thn gii qu tc B La Mn khi nghe cc nh s c tng kinh khng chnh xc th ch nho h bng cch ni rng : Mc d h tr thnh nh s t lu, nhng h c tng kinh theo cch ny! khng bit cc t thuc nam tnh hay n tnh, s t hay s nhiu, cng khng bit ng t th hin ti, qu kh hay tng lai, cng khng bit thuc m tit ngn hay di, cng khng bit nhp th vi m nh hay nng. Khi hai ngi ny n khn khon cu xin c Pht cho iu chnh, ngi ra lnh rng: kinh cn c c theo ging m ca tng vng, nhng phi thn trng khng lm sai lch ngha. iu cm k l bin li Pht dy thnh ngn ng ngoi o (14). Trong Lut tng ca phi b Dharmagupta gn vi Pli tng hn cng nu cu chuyn trn, nhng thay v hai nh s th ni ch c mt nh s. V s ny phn nn vi c Pht rng : Cc nh s thuc cc giai cp khc nhau v mang cc tn khc nhau ang lm hng cc kinh Pht v ngh : son li cc kinh theo ngn ng tt ca th gii , th hin nhin l Vedic hay ting Phn chun, ngn ng ca vn ha. Trong vic phn bc tng , c Pht cho rng vic dng ngn ng ca ngi ngoi o s lm hy hoi cc kinh Pht, v ngi ni : c php c tng v hc cc kinh Pht bng li gii thch theo cc ngn ng ph thng ca cc vng khc nhau (15). Cn trong bn dch ra ch Hn ( trong khong nm 350-431 sau dng lch) ca vn bn tht lc Vinayamt k ( Tm lc Gii Lut, Summary of the Discipline), th cu chuyn l hai nh s c ngun gc qu tc B La Mn bch vi c Pht rng :

 Trong s cc t ca c Th Tn c nhng ngi thuc cc giai cp x hi khc nhau, thuc nhng x s khc nhau, thuc quyn cai tr ca qun hay huyn khc nhau . Ging c ca h khng ging nhau. V ngn ng ca h l khng ng n, tt c h ang hy hoi ngha ch thc ca li Pht dy. Hai v s ny mun bin tp v iu chnh li cc kinh sch theo quy lut c chp thun trong ngn ng V . c Pht p : Trong tn gio ca ta, ngn ng tinh t hoa m l khng cn thit. Tt c nhng g ta mun l ngha v l lun phi ng. Cc ng phi thuyt php theo cch pht m m dn chng hiu c. V vy, iu ng n l s dng ngn ng ty theo x s mnh thuyt php.(16) Theo tinh thn ny ca c Pht th ngi VitNamta cn phi c nghe ging php v hc kinh Pht bng ting Vit. iu ny cng c Ha thng tn s Trc Lm xc tin t nhng nm 60 ca th k 20, chng hn, ngi dng cu Vit ha: Namm Pht Bn S Thch Ca Mu Ni thay cho cu thun Hn : Namm Bn S Thch Ca Mu Ni Pht. Hn na, nhng v tng, ni m c duyn c mi hong php ti ni c dn tc t ngi th nn hc ngn ng ca dn tc y ging php, mi mong vic hong php d thnh cng c. III.2 Ngn Ng Ca c Pht Thch Ca: Bn thn c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni l mt ngi min ng n , gia nh ngi sng Kapilavastu (Ca T La V), min ng bc Koala (Cu Tt La,Oudh). Cc cuc du ha ca ngi dng nh ch yu b gii hn pha ty bi rvast (X V) v

v pha ng bi Rjagha (Vng X), th ca Magadha ( Ma Kit ) min nam Bihar ca sng Ganges). Tt c nhng vng ny c ngn ng thuc v mt ngn ng m ngy nay gi l Bihari hin i ( ngoi tr rvast c l ch cng gn vi ngn ng Eastern Hindi). Khng nghi ng g l hu ht t ca c Pht thuc cng vng tng qut y, v chng ta c th cho rng, trong thi c Pht cn ti th, cc bi ging ca ngi, it nht, ch yu c hc thuc lng theo cc phng ng min ng. Tuy vy, khng ai bit chnh xc phng ng no c Pht dng ging php; v c v r rng l nhng phng ng ca cc t ca ngi khc bit nhau mt cch cm nhn c. Tuy nhin cc nh nghin cu Lders v Hin-lin Dschi (17) tin rng Old Ardha-Mgadh , mt dng c ca Ardha- Mgadh l ngn ng m ca c Pht v cng l ngn ng chnh thng ca Pht gio trong dng c xa nht. Trong khi th Edgerton cho rng kin ca Lin Li-kouang (18) l hp l, c tnh thuyt phc hn. ng y hi rng : Tuy nhin, c th no ng l cc Pht t tng dng mt ngn ng duy nht, ngay trong thi k c xa nht ? Da trn tinh thn t do v d b nh hng m cc Pht t t ra trong vic s dng ngn ng, chng ta c th nu ln cu hi l ngay t thi k u ca Pht gio ( t nht l trong thi k ti th ca c Pht), phi chng khng c nhiu ngn ng c dng trong Pht gio, m Mgadh ch l mt trong nhng ngn ng y? Ti sao chng ta khng ngh rng nhng trung tm Pht gio c xa khc nh Vail (V X Li), Kaumb (Cu Thng Di, Kiu Thng Di), Mathur (Ma Du La), Ujjayin, v nhng ni khc cng c phng ng c bit ring c dng nh l cc ngn ng thing ling cho cc cng ng dn c c thit lp ti cc trung tm y, vy theo nguyn tc m c Pht ch ra th ngn ng ging Pht php cho cc cng ng Pht gio y phi nn l cc ngn ng a phng y ch?.

Vi suy ngh y, Edgerton cho rng cc ngn ng nh Pali, BHS, v Prakrit Dharmapada (Prakrit trong bn chp Dutreuil de Rhins) tt c u pht xut t cc ngn ng a phng cc ni m cc cng ng Pht gio c thit lp nh ni trn. Vy t nht l 3 ngn ng ny v c th cn nhiu ngn ng a phng hn na c xem nh cc ngn ng c dng trong vic hong php ngay vo thi k u ca Pht gio. Edgerton cho rng hu nh tt c cc tc phm Pht gio bng ting Phn u thuc v mt truyn thng ngn ng hp nht rng ri. Ngn ng ca nhng tc phm ny tch bit khi truyn thng ting Phn chun, v cui cng li v cc dng Phn bn chun (semi-Sanskritized form) ca ngn ng Prakrit chnh thng dng trong tn gio (protocanonical Prakit). Cc t vng Pht gio c bit trong BHS l bng chng hin nhin rng BHS l phn ph thuc vo mt truyn thng ngn ng ring bit, hon ton tch bit khi ting Phn chun (19). Ngoi ra, mi on trong bi vit Pht gio bng BHS u cha nhng t, v nhng cch din t tng m d khng nhm vo mt i tng chnh thc no, vn khng bao gi c dng bi cc tc gi phi Pht gio(20). Nhiu t ting Phn hay cch dng c bit ca nhng t ting Phn c ghi nhn ch c trong cc tc phm Pht gio. Mt s ln cc t ny li c trong tc phm Pht gio bng Pli. iu ny khin cho Edgerton ngh rng dng nh hu ht cc t ny thuc v cc t vng c bit ca ngn ng Prakrit trong s dng chnh thng cho Pht gio (21). Tng t nh Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, cc t ng v vn phong c bit trong ting Trung Quc c dng dch kinh sch Pht gio ra ting Trung Quc c gi l Buddhist Hybrid Chinese, v tng t trong Anh ng c Buddhist Hybrid English. iu ng tic l sau khi Pht gio bi hy dit ti n vo th k th 14 bi qun ngi Hi gio th ton b kinh sch ti liu

Pht gio b hy dit ti n , tt nhin trong gm ton b ti liu Pht gio bng ting Phn. Do ti liu lch s c tnh h thng v cc tc phm Pht gio bng ting Phn hin vn cha sn c. C th ni cun sch Lch S Vn Hc Pht Gio Trong Phn Ng ca J.K. Nariman xut bn nm 1992 (22) p ng mt phn s thiu ht thng tin trn. Trong sch ny J.K. Nariman gii thch r cc s kin lch s bao gm cc tc phm ca Avagho a (M Minh), Ngrjuna (Long Th), ryadeva (Thnh Thin, B), Asaga (V Trc), Vasubandhu(Th Thn) v cc hc gi Pht hc khc thi c i v trung i. Tuy nhin, nhng bn vit c gi tr gc thch ng bng ting Phn v Pht gio vn cn c th tn ti Nepal, Kashmir, Trung , Ty Tng v mt s ni khc. Hin nay, vic xc nh v tr v tm li cc bn vit ny khng th ni l hon tt, v cc khm ph mi, y hp dn vn tip tc c thc hin. Trong bi thuyt trnh : A Never-ending Story - On the Rediscovery of Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, Cu Chuyn Khng Bao Gi Kt Thc Vic Khm Ph Tr Li Cc Vn Bn Pht Gio Bng Ting Phn do Trung Tm Nghin Cu Pht Gio ti i Hc Berkeley (M) t chc ngy 15 thng 3 nm 2005, Gio S Michael Hahn cho rng vic khi phc li mt su tp cc tc phm theo th vn k chuyn v Pht gio s minh ha vic cc khm ph mi c th gip khi phc li c cc tc phm Pht gio c tm quan trong v gi tr nguyn thy m c tin rng b mt trong nguyn bn ting Phn khng th truy cu li c. IV. Ting Phn Vi Pht Gio VitNam: Mc du trong qua kh cng nh hin ti, i a s gii Pht t Vit Nam hu nh ch bit n Pht php qua kinh sch ch Hn, nhng tht ra c th ni rng Pht php c truyn n nc ta bng ting Phn trc ting Trung Quc.

Tht vy, vn ngi Vit Nam chng ta tip cn vi Pht php qua ting Phn kh sm c th c ch ra trong cc tnh hung sau y (23): 1. Nh s Pht Quang : theo s liu th Pht gio c truyn vo nc ta u tin di thi Hng Vng bi nh s n tn Pht Quang. Ngi truyn Pht php cho Ch ng T ti ni Qunh Vin ca St thuc H Tnh. Nh s ny chc chn l ngi n , v Pht php ngi truyn tt nhin qua ting Phn. V cng tt nhin l vo thi k Ch ng T cha h c sch Pht gio bng ch Hn nc ta. 2. Nh s Khu La c bit r l ngi nc Ty Thin Trc vo khong nm 189 sau dng lch n truyn Php php cho hai cha con Tu nh v Man Nng v lp nn h thng T Php (Pht Php Vn, Pht Php V, Pht Php Li, Pht Php in) ti cha Php Vn cn lu lai n ngy nay.(24) 3. Nh s Khng Tng Hi : Trong th k th 3 sau dl, c Khng Tng Hi sinh ra, ln ln nc ta vi m ngi Vit, cha ngi thuc min ng bc n . Nh s Khng Tng H, thng tho ch Hn ln ting Phn. Ngi ch gii kinh An Ban Th . Ngi qua Trung Quc truyn Pht php v vin tch Nam Kinh nm 280 sau dl. 4. Nh s o Thanh, ngi Vit, l t ca ngi Khu La v tt nhin phi gii ch Phn v bt th kinh Php Hoa Tam Mui do nh s n Chi Cng Lng Tip dch,... 5. Nh s Ma Ha K Vc n nc ta vo th k th 4 sau dl. 6. Nh s Ma Ha B n nc ta vo th k th 5, dy Thin cho ngi Hu Thng ti cha Tin Sn, tnh Bc Ninh. 7. Nh s T Ni a Lu Chi n nc ta vo th k th 6 sau dl, dch kinh Tng Tr ti cha Php Vn, v ti y lp nn dng Thin Php Vn. 8. Nh s i Tha ng ca nc ta cng vi mt s khc i chim bi v hc tp ti n . V sau ngi i Tha ng l mt thnh vin trong ban dch kinh ch Phn ra ch Hn ti dch trng cha T n di s ch bin ca ngi Tam Tng Php S

Huyn Trang. Ngi li cc tc phm nh Cu X Lun K, i Tha Bch Php Minh Mn Lun Ch, v.v...oaHoa. 9. Thin s Vit Nam Ma Ha Ma Da (Mhamya) thuc dng Thin Php Vn c Thin Uyn Tp Anh ghi nhn l gii c ch Hn v ch Phn. 10. Thin s Vit Nam Sng Phm (1004-1087) cng thuc dng Thin Php Vn du hc 9 nm ti n . 11. Nh s B Tht L (Bodhi r ) n nc ta vo th k 13, c vua Trn Nhn Tng (1258-1308) yu cu dch cc bi ch Lng Nghim ra ch Hn. 12. Thin s Vit Nam Php Tnh trong th k 16, son quyn t in Hn-Vit u tin cn li , c tn Ch Nam Ngc m Gii Ngha, trong ngi ghi mt s t phin m ch Phn ra ch Hn. 13. Nh bc hc L Qu n, trong qu trnh bin son, nghin cu lm mt bn t in nh ch Phn phin m ra ch Hn, ng trong Kin Vn Tiu Lc 9. 14. Thin s Vit Nam An Thin trong th k 19 vit o Gio Nguyn Lu trong c mt s trang dnh ghi li nhng ch Phn vi ngha ch Hn. Nhng s kin trn cho thy ting Phn vi Pht php n dn tc ta kh sm, sm hn Php php bng ch Hn. Tuy nhin do nc ta b phng Bc h trong 1000 nm, v ch Hn tr thnh ch vit chnh thng trong h thng chnh tr, x hi nc ta cho mi ti cc thp nin u th k 20 (mi ti nm 1919 cc khoa thi bng ch Hn mi c bi b) cho nn Kinh sch Pht Gio bng Hn vn chim lnh v tr tuyt i trong thin mn nc ta trong thi gian kh di. V vy c th ni rng gii Pht t VitNamt quan tm ti ting Phn t trong qu kh n hin ti.

Ngy nay, cc th h tr ca Pht gio Vit Nam, khng nhng cn am hiu ch Hn m cn cn am hiu ch Phn (theo Pht gio Bc tng (i Tha)), Pli (theo Pht gio Nam tng, Nguyn Thy (Tiu Tha)) hc tp, nghin cu v khi cn c th truy cu ngha ch thc ca li Pht dy v li ca cc Thnh tng t cc ngun kinh ting Phn, Pli. Vic truy tm nguyn gc ting Phn s c ngha c bit trong vic gip cho ngi Pht t VitNamc tng i ng m ca cc t ting Phn vn c phin m ra ting Trung Quc trong kinh vn m khng dch ngha. Chng hn, cu thn ch trong Bt Nh Tm Kinh, nguyn vn ting Phn l : Gate gate pragate prasagate bodhi svh Nu phin m trc tip ra ting Vit th c th c l : Ga-t ga-t paa-ra-ga-t paa-ra-xn-ga-t b-i xoaa-haa (aa c a vi trng di gp 2 ln a) s to ra m thanh tng i gn vi m thanh ca nguyn vn ting Phn. Nhng t lu nay chng ta c cc t phin m ca ngi Trung Quc : theo m Hn Vit cho nn l : Yt yt ba la yt ba la tng yt b tt b ha th r rng c lch nhiu so vi m ca nguyn cu ting Phn. Tt nhin ngi Trung Quc c cu phin m ca h th nghe m thanh gn vi m ting Phn. Vy xin ngh l i vi cc t Phn khng th dch m phin m, c bit l ton b cc cu ch th ngi Vit chng ta nn

phin m trc tip t ting Phn ra ting Vit c, ch khng nn ch bit v ch c cu phin m ra ting Trung Quc theo m Hn Vit m thi. Ngoi ra, ngy nay trong xu hng ton cu ha, v c bit l ngi Phng Ty cng ngy cng quy ngng Pht php, cho nn gii Pht t tr ca Vit Nam nn hc thm ting Anh c iu kin tm c nhiu ti liu Pht php bng ting Anh rt phong ph ang c ph bin trn th gii qua sch, bo, Internet, ng thi c th p ng c s giao lu, hi nhp ca Pht gio Vit Nam vi Pht gio ca th gii trong nhim v hong php cho ngi phng Ty khi h ti vi Thin vin hay cha ca ta (hay tng ni chng ta ti x h) hay tham d hi ngh, hi tho quc t nh trong i L Pht n Quc T c t chc hng nm di s bo tr ca Lin Hip Quc ( nm 2008 th H Ni vinh d c Lin Hip Quc chn lm ni c hnh i L Vesak). L T H Ti liu tham kho v ch thch : 1. Vnh Lc Bc Tng l i Tng Kinh c bin dch hon thnh di thi Hong Vnh Lc nh Minh, Trung quc. i Tng Kinh ny l cng trnh bin dch, hiu nh tng ch mt ca 136 nh Pht hc hn lm do Hong Trung Quc triu tp trong 3 nm bo m tnh xc thc ca nguyn bn. Nhng b Vnh Lc Bc Tng c bin dch l dnh ring cho Hong v tng thng cho nhng ngi xng ng, v vy khng phi l b i Tang Kinh c ph bin rng ri. y l xut bn phm Pht gio v i vi gi tr cao, qu him, u tin, cha tng c trn th gii trong hn 600 nm qua, hin cn c lu gi trong Vin Bo Tng Ca Hong Cung Trung Quc. Vnh Lc (Yongle, Wade-Giles : Yung-lo; 02/05/1360 12/08/1424 ) l hiu ca Hong Minh Thnh T, ng vua th 3 ca nh Minh, ln lm vua nm 1402 sau khi chim c ngi

trong mt cuc tranh ginh quyn lc, c xem nh ngi thit lp th hai ca triu i nh Minh. ng l v Hong v i nht ca triu Minh, v l mt trong nhng Hong v i ca Trung Quc. ng di kinh t Nam Kinh n Bc Kinh, xy T Cm Thnh, cho sa cha v m li con knh ln ca Trung quc b hoang h hi t thi nh ng, cung cp lng thc v hong ha cho th mi Bc Kinh. ng cng cng c, nng cp, chnh n vic thi c tuyn chn ngi c ti hc vo lm quan thay cho vic tin c v b nhim do gii quan lai thc hin trc y. Trong thi ca Vnh Lc, mt b Bch Khoa Ton Th v i c bin son hon thnh. (Cng nn bit Vnh Lc cho qun qua xm lc nc ta vo thi nh H v qun xm lc ny b Bnh nh Vng L Li nh bi trong cuc khng chin 10 nm 1418-1428). 2. L Mnh Tht, Nguyn Gic, v Nh Minh, Ng Php Ting Phn, Nh Xut Bn Tp H Ch Minh, 2000, tr. ii. 3. Theo Tn Tht Qy, Gio s ti Hc Vin Pht Gio Vit Nam ti Hu 4. The Devanagari Script, trong http://acharya.ittm.ac.in/sanskrit/lessons/Devan/devan.html 5. F.Max Muller, Bunyiu Nanjio, The Ancient Palm-Leaves: Containing The Prajnaparamita-Hridaya-Sutra And The Ushnisha_Vigaya-Dharani, Oxford At The Claredon Press. 6. Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, vol. I Grammar, Motilal Banarsidass, 1998, tr.1. 7. Indic languages tc l cc ngn ng thuc nhm cc ngn ng n-Iran, l h con ca h cc ngn ng n- u. 8.Kranklin Edgerton, The Prakit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Unversity of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, tr. 504.

9. Kranklin Edgerton, The Prakit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Unversity of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, tr. 502. 10. Jagajjyoti, Buddha Jayanti Annual, 1984, tr. 4, c in li trong K.R. Norman, Collected Papers, vol. III,1992, Pli Text Society, tr. 37 11. Kranklin Edgerton, The Prakit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Unversity of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, tr. 503. 12. Kranklin Edgerton, The Prakit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Unversity of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, tr. 502. 13, 14, 15, 16 (10: Cullavagga 5.33; Vin.ii.139.1ff.) Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar And Dictionary, Vol. I, tr. 1-2 17. Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar And Dictionary, Vol. I, tr. 3. 18. Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar And Dictionary, Vol. I, tr. 4. Lin Li-kouang (Aide-mmoire, p. 227-8 ). 19, 20. Kranklin Edgerton, The Prakit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Unversity of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, tr. 503-505. 21. Kranklin Edgerton, The Prakit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Unversity of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, tr. 504. 22. J.K. Nariman, Literary History Of Sanskrit Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidas Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1992. 23. Nh s 2.

24. Theo C Chu Php Vn Pht Bn Hnh Ng Lc C th xem Thch Phc t, Tn Ngng T Php Trong Vai Tr Chn Hng Vn Ha i Vit, Nguyt San Gic Ng, s 152, thng 11/2008, tr. 50-58). _________________________________________ Tuesday, March 15, 2005, 5:00-7:30 p.m. Michael Hahn, Numata Visiting Professor in Buddhist Studies, UC Berkeley A Never-ending Story - On the Rediscovery of Buddhist Sanskrit Texts IEAS Conference Room, 2223 Fulton St., 6th Floor After the demise of Buddhism in the fourteenth century almost the entire body of Buddhist texts was lost inIndia. However, outsideIndiaproper Buddhist Sanskrit manuscripts survived inNepal, Kashmir, Central Asia,Tibetand elsewhere. The process of locating and accessing these manuscripts is by no means completed, and new and exciting discoveries continue to be made. Reconstituting a particular corpus of Buddhist narrative literature, Michael Hahn will illustrate how recent discoveries can make it possible to regain works of seminal importance that have been believed to be irretrievably lost in the Sanskrit original. Michael Hahn is the current Numata Visiting Professor in Buddhist Studies at theUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley. A professor of Indology and Tibetology at Philipps-University inMarburg(Germany), his research interests focus on classical Sanskrit and Buddhist literature, in particular narrative works and didactic and epistolary texts. He is the author of numerous articles and books, among them a primer of the Tibetan language that has been reprinted seven times and is now forthcoming in an English translation.