Mobile IP (MIP) (IP di ng) - mt giao thc ca IETF gip ngi dngvi thit b di ng ca mnh c th di chuyn t mng ny sang

mngkia vi nhng a ch IP subnet khc nhau m vn duy tr ccommunication ang din ra. Mobile IP tr thnh giao thc khng ththiu trong th gii di ng, trong cng ngh tng lai (th h th4G). Mobile IP c rt nhiu m rng v pht trin khc nhau nh: MIPv4,MIPv6, Hierarchical MIP, Fast MIP, Multiple CoA MIP, Proxy MIP, MobileNetwork Mobility (NEMO), Hawaii,... ------------------------------------1. Nguyn l hot ng ca IP di ng Nh bit l trong mng, mi mt thit b, mt nt mng s c gnlin vi mt a ch IP nht nh. Trong mt qu trnh lin lc, ach IP chnh l im gn vt l vi Internet. Do khi mt CN(correspondent node) gi mt gi tin n mt nt di ng MN (MobileNode), gi c nh tuyn n mng thng tr ca MN (homenetwork), khng ph thuc vo v tr ca MN v cc my CN khng cthng bo g v s di ng ny. cho gi tin y vn n c MN, chnh l vai tr ca MIP. 1.1 Cc khi nim cn bit - Khi MN ang trong mng thng tr, n c phn phi mt a ch IPthng tr. Khi qu trnh lin lc din ra bnh thng: nt di ngMN nhn cc gi thng tin v tr li chng nh mt my ch thng thng. - Nu MN i khi mng thng tr, th MN cn c mt i din thay mtn. i din ny l i din thng tr HA (Home Agent). D hiu l vaitr ca HA l nhn thng tin gi n MN v tip tc gi n n ng ach mi ca MN. - lm c nh vy th MN , khi i khi ni thng tr, phi c mta ch tm tr, gi l CoA, v thng bo a ch ny cho HA bita im hin hu ca MN. C nhiu cch c a ch ny, nhng tinnht l MN c a ch ny t mt i din. i din ny c gi l idin tm tr FA (Foreign Agent). n y th cc bn c lm quen vi cc khi nim HA, FA, CoA. yl 3 khi nim xuyn sut trong qu trnh tm hiu v xy dng giiphp IP di ng. 1.2 Nguyn tc hot ng - Khi mt MN ra khi mng thng tr. Lm th no MN bit l n ira khi mng thng tr cng nh tm i din mi nu mng khch?HA v FA thng xuyn gi qung b mt gi tin "coucou, ti ang y". Gi tin ny c gi broadcast v gi theo chu k. Nh m MNpht hin l n ang mng khc, v n s tin hnh qu trnh tm kimi din tm tr ca n. Ngoi ra MN cng c th gi yu cu ln Agent bo agent gi broadcast thng tin. C qu trnh ny c bit nvi tn l Agent Discovery. - Mt khi nhn c thng tin v FA (a ch...), n c th bt ulin lc vi FA. MN gi yu cu ng k thng qua FA n HA c lung trong mt thi gian. Yu cu ny n MN (thng qua FA) cho phphoc t chi vic ng k ny.

- Nu HA cho php s ng k ny, n s lm vic nh ngi c ynhim ca MN. Khi mng ni gc ca MN nhn c cc gi tn hiu ca ch n MN. HA nhn nhng gi ny (dng ARP y nhim) ng gichng li v tip tc gi ti a ch ca FA m MN ng k. FA s mcc gi tin ny v gi ti MN v n bit MN ang mt cch chnhxc. HA dng phng php "ng gi" gi chuyn thng tin cho MN bngcch dng thm phn mo u IP (IP header) ca gi v chuyn theo nghm (tunelling) n MN. - Qu trnh tip din cho n khi ht thi hn ng k (hoc MNchuyn n v tr mi). Khi xy ra hin tng ht hn, MN phi ng kli vi HA ca n thng qua FA (nu MN c th n hot ng nh FA can). Khi MN chuyn n mng khc, n gi mt yu cu ng k mi qua FAmi. Trong trng hp ny HA s thay i a ch nh chuyn CoA ca MNv n s gi tip cc gi ng gi ti a ch nh chuyn CoA. - Khi MN tr v mng thng tr, n khng cn di ng na, n gi mtyu cu ng k li n HA, ni r rng n ang " nh" khng thchin ng hm v dn b cc a ch nh gi trc y. Ti im ny,MN khng phi ng k li na cho ti khi n chuyn khi mng. Nghe c v kh n gin, tuy nhin n tn by gi ngi ta vn angtip tc nghin cu ci tin n, bi v n l mt gii php gn nhl duy nht c hiu qu m bo s di ng trong th h mng tnglai, mng 4G. 2. C th ci tin IP di ng im no? 2.1. Triangle problem Nu bn s thy mt khuyn im ca IP di ng, l khi bn ang mng khc (Foreign network) th thng tin trc khi gi n MS phi gi thng qua HA, ri t HA li chuyn tip n MS. Ring MS th v bit r a ch ca CN, nn n c th hoc gi trc tip n CN hoc gi thng qua HA. Nu thng tin c truyn qua HA, th r rng thi gian tr s ln v qu trnh nh tuyn nh th l khng hiu qu. Xem hnh minh ha di y. Vn ny cn gi l "nh tuyn tam gic". Do vy ngi ta ci tin n bng cch l, i vi nhng packets ban u, ngay khi MS thc hin MIP registration vi HA, th n s c chuyn n HA. Tip theo th MS s gi mt "binding update" ti thng CN. "Binding" y ngha l mt nh x lin kt t a ch thng tr home address ca MS vi a ch CoA ca n. CN s duy tr ci binding ny, mi mt truy nhp (entry) s c mt thi gian sng nht nh. Nu entry vn cn valid th CN s gi packets trc tip n MS v MS cng s gi trc tip n CN. Nu entry b expired th lc CN s gi n HA, ri t HA s chuyn n MS nh bnh thng. V lc MS s phi gi li binding update. 2.2 Forwarding By gi tng tng mt MS di chuyn t mt mng foreign ny sang mt mng foreign khc, tc s chuyn t FA-old (oFA) sang mt FA-

new (nFA). Trong lc chuyn t oFA sang nFA, thng tin gi s vn tip tc c chuyn n oFA. gim s packet b mt do vn ny, th liu oFA c th chuyn thng tin n nhn c y n nFA? y chnh l mt ci tin m ti mun ni n y: forwarding. Mt khi MS kt ni xong vi nFA, n s gi a ch mi ca n n oFA, v oFA s chuyn thng tin n cho n. Hoc trc khi di chuyn, n c th bo vi oFA a ch mi m n n, ri t , oFA s forward packets n nFA. nFA s lu packets ch n khi MS kt thc kt ni vi nFA, ri gi n n.

Chuyn Vng GPRS Vi Mobile IP Vic trin khai Mobile IP trn h thng GPRS s cho php cc thit b di ng vn tip tc duy tr v thc hin vic kt ni vi mng d liu ngay c khi chuyn sang mt mng GPRS khc m khng phi thay i li cc tham s cu hnh nh a ch IP, mt n mng v cng kt ni ca mng mi.

I.

Gii thiu

Cng ngh thng tin di ng ang chuyn dn sang th h mi, th h 3G. N khng ch cung cp cc dch v thng tin truyn thng m cn bao gm nhiu cc dch v khc nh cho php kt ni vi Internet, Tuy nhin trn th gii h thng thng tin di ng ang hot ng v cung cp dch v ch yu l cc mng 2G, trn c s chuyn mch knh m h thng 3G ch s dng cu trc chuyn mch gi nn khng th ngay lp tc thay th ton b cc h thng 2G bng h thng 3G. Trc yu cu bc thit i hi phi c mt gii php qu m c th chp nhn c c t nh xn sut, nh khai thc v khch hng, chnh l cng ngh th h th 2,5G m tiu biu l dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS-General Packet Radio Service). GPRS l mng d liu s dng giao thc IP, c tch hp vo h thng GSM v mt s mng TDMA khc. V c bn khng c s thay i ln i vi h thng GSM c ngoi tr vic ci t thm phn mm v nng cp mt s phn cng. L mt mng d liu trn c s IP, GPRS c y tnh nng kt ni vi cc mng d liu khc v kt ni vi Internet. Mt khc, GPRS c xy dng phc v cho mng thng tin di ng nn n phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc mng GPRS cng nh vi cc mng d liu ca cc nh khai thc khc. Tt c cc vn trn c cp trong nhiu ti liu nghin cu cng nh trn nhiu nhiu bi bo. Phn ny chng ti ch cp n mt vn l chuyn vng GPRS vi Mobile IP. Vic trin khai Mobile IP

trn h thng GPRS s cho php cc thit b di ng vn tip tc duy tr v thc hin vic kt ni vi mng d liu ngay c khi chuyn sang mt mng GPRS khc m khng phi thay i li cc tham s cu hnh nh a ch IP, mt n mng v cng kt ni ca mng mi. Gii thit: c s tho thun v chuyn vng (nu l chuyn vng gia hai nh khai thc). iu ny m bo rng SGSN ca mng khch c th ly cc thng tin ng k thu bao (ti HLR ca mng gc) kim tra tnh hp l trc khi cho php thu bao truy nhp vo mng. Cc phn sau y s ln lt gii thiu v GPRS, Mobile IP, v trin khai Mobile IP trn mng GPRS. II. GPRS GPRS l mt dch v gi tr gia tng phi thoi, b xung cho dch v bn tin nhn v dch v d liu chuyn mch knh ca mng in thoi di ng. Cng vi s pht trin ca Internet, khch hng l cc thu bao di ng vi mong mun khng ch truyn thoi, fax, s liu; m cn mong mun c thm nhng dch v mi nh truy cp Internet, truyn file, giao dch thng mi in t v Internet di ng,GSM (v mt s h thng thng tin di ng th h 2G khc) c xy dng trn kin trc chuyn mch knh nn khng thch ng c vi cc tc s liu cao. Hn na l s lng ph ti nguyn do mt knh lun trng thi m ngay c khi khng c lu lng i qua. H thng GPRS ra i nhm p ng tt hn nhu cu ca khch hng v s dng hiu qu ti nguyn trn c s h tng mng sn c. A. Cc c trng c bn A.1 i vi ngi dng: GPRS c rt nhiu c trng ring cho ngi dng cui, c th tm tt nh sau: Tc : tc ti a theo l thuyt c th t n 171,2kb/s, trng hp s dng ng thi 8 khe thi gian. Tnh tc th: GPRS c kh nng thc hin cc kt ni tc th, ngay khi c nhu cu trao i thng tin, ngi dng khng phi quay s thc hin kt ni. y cng chnh l l do v sao nhng ngi dng GPRS i khi c xem l lun c kt ni. Cc ng dng mi: vi GPRS, khch hng c s dng rt nhiu dch v mi m trc y cha c trn mng GSM, do s hn ch v tc s liu (9,6kb/s) v kch thc bn tin nhn (160 k t). Ch vi mt thit b nh, khch hng th s dng c rt nhiu dch v khc nhau theo yu cu, nh web, ftp, email, thng mi di ng, v c th truy cp nhanh chng, bt c lc no v bt c u. Cc dch v: GPRS cung cp mt c ch tnh cc hon ton mi, l tnh cc da trn dung lng d liu truyn dn. Do vy, ngi dng s khng s phi vi vng trn cc trang web hay cc bc th in t, bi khi khng truyn s liu th ngi dng khng b tnh tin, ng thi vn duy tr kt ni vi mng.

A2. Cc c trng v mng: Chuyn mch gi: thng tin c chia thnh cc gi v c truyn i mt cch c lp qua giao din v tuyn. Ti ni nhn, cc gi c thit lp li thnh bn tin ban u. S dng hiu qu di ph c cp: chuyn mch gi cng ng ngha vi vic cc ti nguyn v tuyn GPRS ch c s dng khi ngi dng thc s gi hoc nhn d liu v c gii phng ngay khi truyn xong. Nguyn tc ny php mt knh vt l (khe thi gian) c th c chia s ng thi bi nhiu ngi dng v mt ngi dng c th s dng nhiu knh vt l. Hng ti s trt t: Xu hng hin nay l cc mng u h tr giao thc IP. iu ny cho php cc mng c th lin kt vi nhau v lin kt vi mng Internet ton cu. Thng nht s dng IP m bo vic xy dng, pht trin v tch hp cc dch v th h tip theo mt cch d dng, bt k cc k thut ang c trn c s h tng mng. ng thi cho php nh khai thc tip tc u t nng cp thit b. Kt ni vi cc mng IP: nh kh nng kt ni vi Internet, GPRS cho php s dng dch v Internet di ng. Bt k dch v no c xy dng trn mng Internet c nh u c th s dng c qua mng GPRS.

B. Kin trc mng GPRS c thit k bi ETSI trin khai trn c s h tng mng sn c ca mng GSM (v mt s mng TDMA khc) m khng lm nh hng n cc dch v hin ti. Vi mc ch trin khai nhanh cc dch v s liu gi trn mng GSM vi chi ph u vo thp, cc phn t hin hu ca mng GSM ch cn nng cp v phn mm, ngoi tr khi BSC phi nng cp v phn cng. Mt s tuyn truyn dn c s dng chung cho c GSM v GPRS, nh cc tuyn gia BTS v BSC. Mng GSM truyn thng ch cung cp dch v chuyn mch knh. Do hai nt mng mi c nh ngha h tr chuyn mch gi. Bng cch ny, lu lng ca chuyn mch gi c tch bit vi lu lng thoi v s liu ca GSM. Hai nt mi c b xung l nt h tr GPRS phc v (SGSN) v nt h tr GPRS cng (GGSN) - hnh 1.

1. Thit b u cui (TE-Terminal Equipment): v bn cht l mt my tnh, thng l mt my tnh xch tay, m thng qua n ngi s dng c th truy nhp v ly thng tin t mng. 2. u cui di ng (MT-Mobile Terminal): c nhim v kt ni TE vi h thng GPRS thng qua giao din v tuyn. Xt v bn cht, MT l mt my in thoi GSM thng thng, tuy nhin n c trang b thm mt s chc nng cung cp dch v s liu gi. 3. Trm di ng (MS-Mobile Station): bao gm mt thit b u cui di ng (MT) v mt thit b u cui s liu (TE). MT v TE c th c t trn hai phn t vt l ring bit. Tuy nhin, MS cng c th l mt thit b duy nht thc hin c hai chc nng MT v TE. 4. Phn h trm gc (BSS-Base Station Subsystem): bao gm cc trm BTS v mt hoc nhiu BSC. Thay i chnh trn mng GSM l vic b xung khi iu khin gi (PCU) vo mi BSC iu khin cc knh s liu gi, tch bit d liu chuyn mch knh vi d liu chuyn mch gi. D liu chuyn mch knh c gi qua giao din A ti MSC trong khi d liu chuyn mch gi c gi n SGSN trn mng ng trc GPRS. BSC ca GSM cng c b xung chc nng mi cho vic qun l di ng v tm gi GPRS. Bng cch ny c GPRS v GSM c th s dng chung cc ti nguyn trn giao in v tuyn. 5. HLR ca GSM cng c nng cp cha cc thng tin v thu bao v cc thng tin nh tuyn GPRS. 6. Nt h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN): nhim v chnh ca SGSN l truyn cc gi tin IP i v n tt c cc MS trong vng phc v ca n. Cc gi tin gi cho MS s c nh tuyn ti BSS. SGSN s thc hin chuyn i giao thc gia mng ng trc IP v giao thc ti BSS/MS. Mt SGSN thc thi hu ht cc chc nng trong GPRS, ging nh MSC trong h thng GSM. Ngha l n phi iu khin vic nhn thc, m

ho, kim tra s IMEI, qun l di ng, qun l phin lm vic v a ra cc thng tin v cc s dng ti nguyn v tuyn i vi mi MS. Cc thu bao GPRS c th c phc v bi bt k SGSN no tu theo v tr hin thi ca chng. Ngoi ra, SGSN cn thc hin cc chc nng ca b ng k nh v tm tr (VLR). 7. Nt h tr GPRS cng (GGSN): hot ng nh mt cng kt ni mng GPRS vi vi cc mng s liu bn ngoi (PDN), in hnh l cc mng da trn giao thc IP. GGSN c nhim v dnh tuyn cc gi tin n ng SGSN hin thi ang phc v MS, chuyn i giao thc gia PDN v mng ng trc GPRS. N cng lu a ch IP ca tt c MS hin ang kt ni vi PDN. Nu nhn t mng ngoi, mng GPRS ging mt mng con IP (IP subnet) thng thng, trong GGSN hot ng nh mt b nh tuyn cho ton b a ch IP ca tt c cc thu bao c phc v bi mng. GGSN cng thc hin vic qun l phin lm vic v a ra cc thng tin v cc s dng ti nguyn mng s liu v ti nguyn mng di ng i vi mi thu bao. 8. Cng tnh cc (CGw): thu thp cc d liu cc t mng GPRS v gi n h thng in ho n. Cc thng tin cc c ghi li bi SGSN v GGSN. Trn giao din v tuyn, GPRS c cc th tc ng k, nhn thc, tm gi, chuyn giao (la chn li cell) v cc th tc truy nhp knh s liu gi. Trn mng ng trc, GPRS nh ngha mt giao thc nh tuyn mi, hot ng trn lp IP, l giao thc ng hm (GTP-GPRS Tunneling Protocol). D liu truyn qua ng hm GTP s c ng gi vi phn tiu GTP/UDP/IP, cho php thng tin truyn trn mng c th c m ho, chng li hin tng nghe ln. GTP ch c thit lp trn mng ng trc, gia SGSN v GGSN, c th trn cng mt mng hay gia cc mng GPRS. III. Mobile IP Mobile IP h tr kh nng di ng lp IP (lp mng) cho cc thit b u cui vi hai c trng c bn sau: (1) S di ng hon ton trong sut i vi cc ng dng bn trn lp IP; Ngha l cc ng dng c thc hin ging nh khi thit b u cui khng di chuyn. (2) L giao thc da trn IP nn Mobile IP c th c trin khai trn bt k mng truy nhp no, bao gm c cc mng hu tuyn (PSTN, ISDN, Ethernet, xDSL,) v cc mng v tuyn (WLAN, GPRS, UMTS,). a. i l gc (HA) v i l ngoi (FA) Mi trm di ng (MN-Mobile Node) c gn c nh mt a ch IP t HA, trn mng gc. Khi chuyn n mng khch, FA bn trong mng khch s cp cho MN mt a ch tm, gi l a ch care-of (COA). a ch tm ny c th l a ch care-of ca FA (c chia x bi nhiu MN) hay cng c th l a ch colocated care-of c phn b bi my ch DHCP. b. Qung co i l

i l di ng (HA/FA) c th qung co s c mt ca mnh trn mi tuyn m n cung cp dch v. Mt MN, khi mi n, cng c th gi i bn tin tm kim i l trn tuyn m n lin kt ti. Bt k i l no khi nhn c yu cu ny s tr li bng bn tin qung co i l. c. ng k Khi ra khi mng gc, MN phi ng k a ch care-of vi HA. Tu thuc vo phng thc lin kt vi FA, MN c th ng k trc tip vi HA hoc gin tip thng qua FA (FA chuyn tip cc bn tin ng k gia MN v HA). d. Tunneling Sau khi ng k thnh cng, cc gi tin gi n MN trn mng gc s c HA ng gi v chuyn tip (tunnel) ti a ch care-of hin thi ca MN. Ba phng thc ng gi c th s dng, l: IP-in-IP [10], MHE [11] v GRE [12]. e. Ti u ho ng i + Cc gi tin gi i t MN c chuyn trc tip ti ni gi (CN-Correspondent Node). Tuy nhin, cc gi tin gi cho MN lun c nh tuyn qua HA. Vn ny c gi l nh tuyn tam gic. + Vic ti u ho ng i c thc hin trn giao thc IPv4: mi CN s duy tr mt kho cha lin kt, cha a ch care-of ca cc MN. Khi cc gi tin s c tunneled trc tip t CN n a ch care-of hin thi ca MN. f. Mobile IPv6 + Trong Mobile IPv6, khng cn khi nim FA. MN lun c gn a ch care-of duy nht trn mng khch (ng hn l duy nht trn mng Internet ton cu). + MN s dng a ch care-of lm a ch ngun trong phn tiu ca gi tin gi i. Cc gi tin gi n MN bng cch s dng tiu nh tuyn, trong gi tin IPv6, thay v s dng cch ng gi vo mt gi tin IP khc nh trc y.

IV. Trin Khai Mobile IP trn GPRS Mc d GPRS c kh nng h tr s dng nhiu giao thc lp mng khc nhau (IP, X.25, ) vic s dng giao thc IP li t ra vt tri hn c. Xu hng hin nay l cc mng u h tr giao thc IP. Vic la chn giao thc IP cho mng v tuyn cng c nhiu l

do khc nhau: Th nht, bng vic xy dng cc mng trn c s IP, cc ng dng c vit cho mng d liu hu tuyn c th hot ng c trn mng v tuyn. Th hai, gim chi ph nh vic tch hp v qun l tp trung cc mng hu tuyn v v tuyn. Th ba, nhng ci tin trn cng ngh IP, nh cht lng dch v (QoS), c th c p dng trc tip trn mng v tuyn. Ngoi ra, vic hng ti mt mng IP cho php pht trin v a ra cc dch v theo yu cu rt d dng, cho php cc dch v c mt mi ni, bt k s khc bit hay cc tr ngi v k thut trn h tng mng. Ngi dng c th thc hin cc kt ni IP t bt k mng truy nhp no, bao gm c GPRS. Ni cch khc khng c s khc bit no gia vic s dng mng Ethernet, WLAN, hay GPRS, khi truy nhp Internet v ngi dng c th di chuyn t h thng ny sang h thng khc m vn duy tr c cc kt ni bn trn lp IP. y cng chnh l iu m Mobile IP c th lm c trn GPRS. Phn ny s gii thiu v cch trin khai Mobile IPv4 trn mng GPRS. Hai bc cn phi thc hin pht trin h thng GPRS theo hng h tr Mobile IP: Trong bc u tin ch cn thc hin mt s thay i nh l c th cho php ngi dng di chuyn gia cc mng GPRS h tr Mobile IP. Bc tip theo l ti u ho ng i, gip cho vic trao i thng tin c hiu qu hn. a. Bc 1 - H tr dch v Mobile IP Trong bc ny, dch v Mobile IP c a vo h thng GPRS bng cch tch hp chc nng FA vo nt GGSN. Khi , trong trng hp chuyn vng, mt MS ( c cp c inh mt a ch Public) c th yu cu s dng v kt ni qua GGSN ca PLMN khch. Nu PLMN khch khng h tr tnh nng ny th GGSN trn PLMN gc s c s dng; Ngha l MS c kt ni qua giao din Gp. n gin, bc ny ch cp n trng hp MS s dng cng mt GGSN, trn mi PLMN, trong sut qu trnh kt ni. Hnh 3 miu c cu trc in hnh ca mt mng GPRS h tr dch v Mobile IP. Trong , mt b lc (filter) c s dng chn cc lu lng khng mong mun t Internet. h tr dch v Mobile IP, mi mng GPRS ch cn mt nt GGSN thc hin chc nng ca FA, ch cn ci t thm phn mm m khng yu cu nng cp v phn cng, v c k hiu l GGSN/FA hay FA cng (GFA-Gateway FA). Trn PLMN gc, cn b xung thm mt nt (thng l b nh tuyn) thc hin chc nng HA. a ch care-of m MS ng k vi HA l a ch IP ca GFA. MS cng c th yu cu mt a colocated care-of t mt my ch DHCP trn mng dch v ca PLMN khch. Mc d a ch colocated care-of c cp ring cho MS, song theo cu trc ny, MS buc phi ng k vi HA thng qua GFA.

S c mt ca GFA to ra mt s phn cp trong vic qun l di ng. Trong , Mobile IP l giao thc qun l tnh ng (macro-mobility) trong mng dch v. N c s dng x l tnh ng lp IP, gia hai mng truy nhp (c th l hu tuyn hay v tuyn). Chc nng qun l di ng (micro-mobility) c thc hin trong ni b ca mng truy nhp (WLAN, GPRS,). Chc nng ny hon ton trong sut i vi cc giao thc IP v Mobile IP ca mng dch v. Nu nhn t mng ngoi, s khng c s khc bit no gia mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn. iu ny c ngha l ngi s dng c th kt ni vi Internet t bt k mng truy nhp no, c h tr Mobile IP, m khng phi cu hnh li thit b di ng ca mnh. Trong trng hp chuyn vng, Mobile IP khng kh nng nhn dng v xc nh quyn truy nhp ca ngi s dng. V l do ny, cc my ch AAA (v d nh RADIUS) c s dng nhn thc, cp quyn v tnh cc gia cc domain qun tr khc nhau. Tiu chun thit k ca h thng ny l phi m bo sao cho cc ti nguyn v tuyn v ti nguyn a ch IPv4 c s dng mt cch tit kim v hiu qu; gim ti thiu cc bn tin bo hiu vi MS. Bin php tt nht l MS c phn b a ch care-of ca FA. Bi trong trng hp ny, ng hm nh tuyn ca giao thc Mobile IP ch c thit lp gia HA v FA, do gim lng thng tin trao i qua mi trng v tuyn (nh cc thng tin b xung do cc gi tin IP c ng gi ln th 2 ch c truyn gia HA v FA) v khng yu cu thm a ch IP cp cho cc thit b di ng.

Hnh 4 miu t th tc ng k ca MS vi mng gc. Trc tin, thit b u cui s liu (TE) gi lnh AT truyn cc tham s ti thit b di ng (MT). Mt trong nhng tham s c truyn l tn im truy nhp (APN), c s dng chn ra GGSN thch hp. Bng cch s dng chui APN vi gi tr l MIPv4FA, ngi dng trc tip yu cu kt ni qua GGSN h tr FA. MT s gi yu cu kch hot giao thc s liu gi, cng vi chui APN, ti SGSN. Thng thng, th yu cu ny s bao gm mt a ch IP. Tuy nhin, nu s dng dch v Mobile IP, trng a ch ny s khng c s dng v c cp nht khi GGSN nhn c bn tin tr li ng k t HA ca MS. Ngay khi nhn c yu cu, SGSN s phi tm ra a ch IP ca mt GGSN thch hp v gi yu cu to kt ni ti GGSN va tm c. Cc bc tip theo c thc hin nh trong th tc kch hot giao thc s liu gi GPRS. Bnh thng, MS (thc cht l MN hay TE c kh nng di ng) phi gi i cc bn tin tm kim i l ly cc thng tin cn thit trc khi bt u th tc ng k vi HA. Tuy nhin do GGSN pht hin c vic MS mi di chuyn vo vng mng nn ngay khi nhn c yu cu v thit lp kt ni, GGSN/FA cng ng thi gi i bn tin qung co i l ti MS. Cch lm ny s gim lu lng trn giao din v tuyn v qu trnh ng k c din ra nhanh hn. T bn tin qung co, MS s nhn c a ch care-of ca FA v gi yu cu ng k ti GGSN di dng lu lng ngi dng (ti tin). GGSN tch a ch ca HA t yu cu ng k, ng gi, v chuyn tip yu cu ti HA ca MS. Khi nhn c bn tin tr li ng k t HA, GGSN tch a ch gc ca MS cp nht trng a ch m c b qua khi thc hin th tc kch hot giao thc s liu gi; ri chuyn tip bn tin ny n MS. Cu trc ca cc bn tin trong th tc ng k hon ton ging nh trong th tc ng k Mobile IP thng thng. b. Bc 2 - Ti u ho ng i Trong phn trc chng ta gi thit rng mi kt ni ca MS ch c thc hin thng qua mt GGSN duy nht. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp, mt PLMN c th c nhiu

GGSN khc nhau. Vn xy ra nu MS duy tr kt ni trong mt khong thi gian di v di chuyn gia nhiu SGSN khc nhau. Vic nh tuyn s khng thc s hiu qu nu cc SGSN ny khng c phc v bi cng mt GGSN. Trng hp ny tng t nh vn nh tuyn tam gic c cp trong phn Mobile IP. Nu MS khng truyn s liu ti thi im tin hnh vic chuyn giao (handover) t mt SGSN ti mt SGSN khc, mt kt ni logic mi s c thit lp gia SGSN mi v GGSN phc v SGSN . Khi MS s nhn c mt care-of mi. Nu qu trnh trao i d liu ang ang tip din trong khi tin hnh chuyn giao, MS s chuyn sang SGSN mi nhng vn gi nguyn kt ni ti GGSN c. Sau khi d liu c truyn xong, kt ni logic s c chuyn qua GGSN phc v SGSN mi ny. Trong mt s trng hp GGSN mi c th t chi kt ni (v d GGSN mi khng h tr FA) v chuyn kt ni tr v GGSN c. Khi , trn GGSN c phi c mt b nh thi m bo rng cc gi tin khng b xo v kt ni cn c duy tr trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. V. Kt lun tng ng sau giao thc Mobile IP l cho php duy tr kt ni IP trong sut qu trnh di chuyn. Mobile IP l mt cng ngh c lp c tch hp vo GPRS do khng lm nh hng n kin trc ca h thng GPRS. Cc chc nng qun l di ng c tch bit r dng, bao gm qun l di ng trong mng dch v v qun l di ng trn giao din v tuyn. Nh vy m cc thng tin nh tuyn gi tin c qun l mt cch c lp vi cc thng tin qun l v tr v nhn thc thu bao ca mng di ng. Cng vi cc mng truy nhp khc, vic h tr Mobile IP trong GPRS l rt quan trng. N khng ch cho php cc thit b u cui di chuyn t mt PLMN sang mt PLMN khc m cn cho php cc thit b ny c th c s dng thng qua nhiu mng truy nhp khc nhau, bao gm c mng hu tuyn v mng v tuyn. im quan trng l khi di chuyn nh vy a ch IP trm di ng khng thay i. Do vy, thng tin c th c trao i theo hng i/n trm i ng, bt k lc no, bt k u v ngi s dng khng phi cu hnh li thit b di ng ca mnh.
Ngun Tri Tim Yn Bi: http://traitimyenbai.net/forum/thread-14872-1-1.html