NG NH KHOA

PHNG PHP PHN

T HU HN
L thuyt
Bi tp
Chng trnh MATLAB

THI NGUYN 2011

Ng Nh Khoa

PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

THI NGUYN 2011

M U
Gio trnh Phng php Phn t hu hn (PP PTHH) c bin son da trn
cun: Gio trnh Phng php Phn t ha hn L thuyt, bi tp v chng trnh
Matlab. GS.TS. Trn ch Thnh, TS. Ng Nh Khoa. NXB Khoa hc K thut 2007.
V kinh nghim ging dy mn hc cng tn trong nhng nm gn y cho sinh vin
khoa C kh, trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni v hc vin cao hc ngnh C hc K
thut, trng i hc K thut Cng nghip - i hc Thi Nguyn. Ni dung gio
trnh c mc ch trang b cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut: Cng ngh ch to my,
K thut c kh, v.v. Vi cc ni dung:
-

Nhng kin thc c bn nht ca PP PTHH ng dng,

p dng phng php gii quyt mt s bi ton k thut khc nhau,

Nng cao k nng lp trnh Matlab trn c s thut ton PTHH.

Gio trnh bin son gm 11 chng.

Sau phn gii thiu phng php PTHH, mt s loi phn t thc v phn t qui
chiu hay gp (Chng 1), gio trnh cp n mt s php tnh ma trn, phng
php kh Gauss (Chng 2) v thut ton xy dng ma trn cng v vct lc nt
chung cho kt cu (Chng 3). Phng php Phn t hu hn trong bi ton mt
chiu chu ko (nn) c gii thiu trong Chng 4 v ng dng vo tnh ton h
thanh phng (Chng 5). Tip theo, gio trnh tp trung vo m t phn t hu hn
tam gic bin dng hng s trong bi ton phng ca l thuyt n hi (Chng 6) v
ng dng vo tnh ton kt cu i xng trc (Chng 7). Chng 8 gii thiu phn t
t gic km theo khi nim tch phn s. Chng 9 m t phn t Hermite trong bi
ton tnh dm v khung. Chng 10 trnh by phn t hu hn trong bi ton dn nhit
mt v hai chiu. Chng 11 xy dng thut ton PTHH tnh tm-v chu un.
Cui mi chng (t chng 4 n chng 11) u c chng trnh Matlab km
theo v mt lng bi tp thch ng ngi c t kim tra kin thc ca mnh.
Rt mong nhn c nhng gp xy dng ca bn c.
Tc gi

MC LC
Chng 1..................................................................................................................................................................1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN......................................................................................1

5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
3.1.
3.2.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
5.8.
5.9.

GII THIU CHUNG...................................................................................1

XP X BNG PHN T HU HN........................................................1
NH NGHA HNH HC CC PHN T HU HN............................1
Nt hnh hc...................................................................................................1
Qui tc chia min thnh cc phn t .............................................................2
CC DNG PHN T HU HN.............................................................2
PHN T QUY CHIU, PHN T THC................................................3
MT S DNG PHN T QUI CHIU....................................................4
LC, CHUYN V, BIN DNG V NG SUT....................................6
NGUYN L CC TIU HO TH NNG TON PHN......................6
S TNH TON BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN .....7

Chng 2..................................................................................................................................................................9
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN............................................................................9

1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
2.
2.1.
2.2.

I S MA TRN..........................................................................................9
Vct..............................................................................................................9
Ma trn n v................................................................................................9
Php cng v php tr ma trn.....................................................................10
Nhn ma trn vi hng s.............................................................................10
Nhn hai ma trn..........................................................................................10
Chuyn v ma trn........................................................................................11
o hm v tch phn ma trn......................................................................11
nh thc ca ma trn..................................................................................11
Nghch o ma trn......................................................................................12
Ma trn ng cho....................................................................................12
Ma trn i xng........................................................................................12
Ma trn tam gic.........................................................................................13
PHP KH GAUSS.......................................................................................13
M t ............................................................................................................13
Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut....................................................................14

Chng 3................................................................................................................................................................17
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG CHUNG ......................................................................17
V VCT LC NT CHUNG.........................................................................................................................17

1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.2.

CC V D.....................................................................................................17
V d 1..........................................................................................................17
V d 2 .........................................................................................................19
THUT TON GHP K V F......................................................................21
Nguyn tc chung.........................................................................................21
Thut ton ghp ni phn t:........................................................................23

Chng 4................................................................................................................................................................24
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU..............................................................................24

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

M U.........................................................................................................24
M HNH PHN T HU HN..................................................................24
CC H TRC TO V HM DNG.................................................25
TH NNG TON PHN.............................................................................28
MA TRN CNG PHN T ................................................................28
QUI I LC V NT.................................................................................29
IU KIN BIN, H PHNG TRNH PHN T HU HN.............30
V D..............................................................................................................32
...........................................................................................................................36
ii

BI TP CHNG 4.......................................................................................37
Chng 5................................................................................................................................................................39
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG.............................................................39

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

M U.........................................................................................................39
H TO A PHNG, H TO CHUNG...................................39
MA TRN CNG PHN T.................................................................41
NG SUT ....................................................................................................41
V D.............................................................................................................42
BI TP CHNG 5.......................................................................................43

Chng 6................................................................................................................................................................47
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU ...............................................................................47

1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

M U.........................................................................................................47
Trng hp ng sut phng.........................................................................47
Trng hp bin dng phng.......................................................................48
RI RC KT CU HO BNG PHN T TAM GIC..........................48
BIU DIN NG THAM S......................................................................50
TH NNG ....................................................................................................53
MA TRN CNG CA PHN T TAM GIC ..................................53
QUI I LC V NT ................................................................................54
V D .............................................................................................................56
BI TP CHNG 6.......................................................................................60

Chng 7................................................................................................................................................................62
BI TON I XNG TRC CHU TI TRNG I XNG..................................................................62

1.
2.
3.

M U.........................................................................................................62
M T I XNG TRC............................................................................62
PHN T TAM GIC...................................................................................63
BI TP CHNG 7.......................................................................................71

Chng 8................................................................................................................................................................73
PHN T T GIC............................................................................................................................................73

1.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.7.
5.8.
5.9.

M U.........................................................................................................73
PHN T T GIC...................................................................................73
HM DNG................................................................................................73
MA TRN CNG CA PHN T....................................................75
QUI I LC V NT..............................................................................77
TCH PHN S...........................................................................................77
TNH NG SUT.......................................................................................81
V D...........................................................................................................81
BI TP CHNG 8.......................................................................................83

Chng 9................................................................................................................................................................84
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V KHUNG...............................................84

1.
5.10.
5.11.
5.12.
5.13.
5.14.
5.15.
5.16.

GII THIU....................................................................................................84
TH NNG................................................................................................84
HM DNG HERMITE...........................................................................85
MA TRN CNG CA PHN T DM........................................86
QUY I LC NT.................................................................................88
TNH MMEN UN V LC CT.......................................................89
KHUNG PHNG.......................................................................................89
V D.........................................................................................................92
BI TP CHNG 9.......................................................................................96

Chng 10..............................................................................................................................................................98
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT...............................................................................98

1.
2.

GII THIU....................................................................................................98
BI TON DN NHIT MT CHIU........................................................98
iii

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.

M t bi ton ..............................................................................................98
Phn t mt chiu.........................................................................................98
V d.............................................................................................................99
BI TON DN NHIT HAI CHIU .......................................................101
Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu...................................101
iu kin bin............................................................................................101
Phn t tam gic.........................................................................................102
Xy dng phim hm.................................................................................104
V d ..........................................................................................................107
BI TP CHNG 10...................................................................................109

Chng 11............................................................................................................................................................110
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN....................................110

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.

GII THIU..................................................................................................110
L THUYT TM KIRCHOFF..................................................................110
PHN T TM KIRCHOFF CHU UN..................................................112
PHN T TM MINDLIN CHU UN.....................................................117
PHN T V...............................................................................................120
BI TP CHNG 11...................................................................................123

TI LIU THAM KHO..................................................................................................................................124

iv

Chng 1
GII THIU PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

5.1.

GII THIU CHUNG

S tin b ca khoa hc, k thut i hi ngi k s thc hin nhng n ngy

cng phc tp, t tin v i hi chnh xc, an ton cao.
Phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH) l mt phng php rt tng qut v hu
hiu cho li gii s nhiu lp bi ton k thut khc nhau. T vic phn tch trng thi
ng sut, bin dng trong cc kt cu c kh, cc chi tit trong t, my bay, tu thu,
khung nh cao tng, dm cu, v.v, n nhng bi ton ca l thuyt trng nh: l
thuyt truyn nhit, c hc cht lng, thu n hi, kh n hi, in-t trng v.v.
Vi s tr gip ca ngnh Cng ngh thng tin v h thng CAD, nhiu kt cu phc
tp cng c tnh ton v thit k chi tit mt cch d dng.
Hin c nhiu phn mm PTHH ni ting nh: ANSYS, ABAQAUS, SAP, v.v.
c th khai thc hiu qu nhng phn mm PTHH hin c hoc t xy dng
ly mt chng trnh tnh ton bng PTHH, ta cn phi nm c c s l thuyt, k
thut m hnh ho cng nh cc bc tnh c bn ca phng php.
5.2. XP X BNG PHN T HU HN
Gi s V l min xc nh ca mt i lng cn kho st no (chuyn v, ng
sut, bin dng, nhit , v.v.). Ta chia V ra nhiu min con ve c kch thc v bc t
do hu hn. i lng xp x ca i lng trn s c tnh trong tp hp cc min
ve.
Phng php xp x nh cc min con ve c gi l phng php xp x bng cc
phn t hu hn, n c mt s c im sau:
- Xp x nt trn mi min con ve ch lin quan n nhng bin nt gn vo nt
ca ve v bin ca n,
- Cc hm xp x trong mi min con ve c xy dng sao cho chng lin tc
trn ve v phi tho mn cc iu kin lin tc gia cc min con khc nhau.
- Cc min con ve c gi l cc phn t.
5.3. NH NGHA HNH HC CC PHN T HU HN
Nt hnh hc
Nt hnh hc l tp hp n im trn min V xc nh hnh hc cc PTHH. Chia
min V theo cc nt trn, ri thay min V bng mt tp hp cc phn t ve c dng n
gin hn. Mi phn t ve cn chn sao cho n c xc nh gii tch duy nht theo
3.1.

cc to nt hnh hc ca phn t , c ngha l cc to nm trong ve hoc trn

bin ca n.
3.2.

Qui tc chia min thnh cc phn t

Vic chia min V thnh cc phn t ve phi tho mn hai qui tc sau:

Hai phn t khc nhau ch c th c nhng im chung nm trn bin

ca chng. iu ny loi tr kh nng giao nhau gia hai phn t. Bin gii gia
cc phn t c th l cc im, ng hay mt (Hnh 1.1).

Tp hp tt c cc phn t ve phi to thnh mt min cng gn vi min

V cho trc cng tt. Trnh khng c to l hng gia cc phn t.
v1

v2

bin gii

v2
v1
bin gii

v1

v2
bin gii

Hnh 1.1. Cc dng bin chung gia cc phn t

5.4. CC DNG PHN T HU HN

C nhiu dng phn t hu hn: phn t mt chiu, hai chiu v ba chiu. Trong
mi dng , i lng kho st c th bin thin bc nht (gi l phn t bc nht),
bc hai hoc bc ba v.v. Di y, chng ta lm quen vi mt s dng phn t hu
hn hay gp.
Phn t mt chiu

Phn t bc nht

Phn t bc hai

Phn t bc ba

Phn t hai chiu

Phn t bc nht

Phn t bc hai

Phn t bc ba

Phn t ba chiu
Phn t t din

Phn t bc ba

Phn t bc hai

Phn t bc nht

5.5. PHN T QUY CHIU, PHN T THC

Vi mc ch n gin ho vic xc nh gii tch cc phn t c dng phc tp,
chng ta a vo khi nim phn t qui chiu, hay phn t chun ho, k hiu l vr.
Phn t qui chiu thng l phn t n gin, c xc nh trong khng gian qui
chiu m t , ta c th bin i n thnh tng phn t thc ve nh mt php bin i
hnh hc re. V d trong trng hp phn t tam gic (Hnh 1.2).
(5)

y
(4)

r3

0,1
vr
0,0

1,0

(3)

v2
r2

r1

v3

(1)

v1
(2)

Hnh 1.2. Phn t quy chiu v cc phn t thc tam gic

Cc php bin i hnh hc phi sinh ra cc phn t thc v phi tho mn cc qui
tc chia phn t trnh by trn. Mun vy, mi php bin i hnh hc phi c
chn sao cho c cc tnh cht sau:
a. Php bin i phi c tnh hai chiu (song nh) i vi mi im trong phn t
qui chiu hoc trn bin; mi im ca vr ng vi mt v ch mt im ca ve v
ngc li.
b. Mi phn bin ca phn t qui chiu c xc nh bi cc nt hnh hc ca bin ng
vi phn bin ca phn t thc c xc nh bi cc nt tng ng.
Ch :
3

Mt phn t qui chiu vr c bin i thnh tt c cc phn t thc ve

cng loi nh cc php bin i khc nhau. V vy, phn t qui chiu cn c
gi l phn t b-m.

C th coi php bin i hnh hc ni trn nh mt php i bin n gin.

(, ) c xem nh h to a phng gn vi mi phn t.

5.6. MT S DNG PHN T QUI CHIU

Phn t qui chiu mt chiu

-1

-1

/2

Phn t bc hai

Phn t bc nht

0 1/2

-1

-1

Phn t bc ba

Phn t qui chiu hai chiu

v
0,0

Phn t bc nht

0,0

1 ,1
/2 /2

vr

/2

1 ,2
/3 /3

2
1

Phn t bc hai

2 ,1
/3 /3

vr

/3

0,0

/3

/3

Phn t bc ba

Phn t qui chiu ba chiu

Phn t t din


0,0,1

0,0,1

0,0,1

vr
0,0,0

vr

0,1,0

0,1,0
1,0,0

vr

1,0,0

Phn t bc nht

0,1,0
1,0,0

Phn t bc hai

Phn t bc ba

Phn t su mt

0,1,1

vr

vr

1,1,0

Phn t bc nht

0,1,1

vr

0,1,1

1,1,0

Phn t bc hai

1,1,0

Phn t bc ba

5.7. LC, CHUYN V, BIN DNG V NG SUT

C th chia lc tc dng ra ba loi v ta biu din chng di dng vct ct:
- Lc th tch

f : f = f[ fx, fy , fz]T

- Lc din tch T : T = T[ Tx, Ty , Tz]T

- Lc tp trung Pi: Pi= Pi [ Px, Py , Pz]T
Chuyn v ca mt im thuc vt c k hiu bi:
u = [u, v, w] T
Cc thnh phn ca tenx bin dng c k hiu bi ma trn ct:

(1.1)

= [x , y, z, yz, xz, xy] T

(1.2)

Trng hp bin dng b:

u
x

v
y

w
z

v w
+
z
y

u w
+
z
x

u v
+
y x

(1.3)

Cc thnh phn ca tenx ng sut c k hiu bi ma trn ct:

= [x , y, z, yz, xz, xy] T

(1.4)

Vi vt liu n hi tuyn tnh v ng hng, ta c quan h gia ng sut vi bin

dng:

=D

(1.5)

Trong :
1

E
D=
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0 ,5
0
0

0
0
0
0 ,5
0

0
0

0 ,5

E l mun n hi, l h s Poisson ca vt liu.

5.8. NGUYN L CC TIU HO TH NNG TON PHN
Th nng ton phn ca mt vt th n hi l tng ca nng lng bin dng U
v cng ca ngoi lc tc dng W:

=U+W

(1.6)

Vi vt th n hi tuyn tnh th nng lng bin dng trn mt n v th tch

c xc nh bi:

1 T

2

Do nng lng bin dng ton phn:

U =

2V

dv

(1.7)

Cng ca ngoi lc c xc nh bi:

W = u T FdV u T TdS ui Pi
V

i =1

(1.8)

Th nng ton phn ca vt th n hi s l:

=

n
1
T
T
T
T

dV

u
f
dV

u
TdS

ui Pi

2V
i =1
V
S

(1.9)

Trong : u l vct chuyn v v Pi l lc tp trung ti nt i c chuyn v l ui

p dng nguyn l cc tiu th nng: i vi mt h bo ton, trong tt c cc di
chuyn kh d, di chuyn thc ng vi trng thi cn bng s lm cho th nng t
cc tr. Khi th nng t gi tr cc tiu th vt (h) trng thi cn bng n nh.
5.9. S TNH TON BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN
Mt chng trnh tnh bng PTHH thng gm cc khi chnh sau:
Khi 1: c cc d liu u vo: Cc d liu ny bao gm cc thng tin m t nt v
phn t (li phn t), cc thng s c hc ca vt liu (mun n hi, h
s dn nhit...), cc thng tin v ti trng tc dng v thng tin v lin kt
ca kt cu (iu kin bin);
Khi 2: Tnh ton ma trn cng phn t k v vct lc nt phn t f ca mi phn
t;
Khi 3: Xy dng ma trn cng tng th K v vct lc nt F chung cho c h
(ghp ni phn t);
Khi 4: p t cc iu kin lin kt trn bin kt cu, bng cch bin i ma trn
cng K v vec t lc nt tng th F;
Khi 5: Gii phng trnh PTHH, xc nh nghim ca h l vct chuyn v chung
Q;
Khi 6: Tnh ton cc i lng khc (ng sut, bin dng, gradin nhit , v.v.) ;
Khi 7: T chc lu tr kt qu v in kt qu, v cc biu , th ca cc i lng
theo yu cu.
S tnh ton vi cc khi trn c biu din nh hnh sau (Hnh 1.3);

c d liu u vo
- Cc thng s c hc ca vt liu
- Cc thng s hnh hc ca kt cu
- Cc thng s iu khin li
- Ti trng tc dng
- Thng tin ghp ni cc phn t
- iu kin bin

Tnh ton ma trn cng phn t k

Tnh ton vct lc nt phn t f
Xy dng ma trn cng K v vct lc chung F
p t iu kin bin
(Bin i cc ma trn K v vec t F)
Gii h phng trnh KQ = F
(Xc nh vct chuyn v nt tng th Q)
Tnh ton cc i lng khc
(Tnh ton ng sut, bin dng, kim tra bn, v.v)
In kt qu
- In cc kt qu mong mun
- V cc biu , th
Hnh 1.3. S khi ca chng trnh PTHH

Chng 2
I S MA TRN V PHNG PHP KH GAUSSIAN
p dng phng php PTHH trong cc bi ton k thut thng lin quan n
mt lot cc php ton trn ma trn. V vy, cc php ton c bn trn ma trn v
phng php kh Gaussian (Gauss) gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh s l 2 ni dung
chnh c cp trong chng ny.
1. I S MA TRN
Cc cng c ton hc v ma trn c cp trong phn ny l cc cng c c
bn gii bi ton tm nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh, c dng nh sau:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a2 n xn = b2

(2.1)

an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + ann xn = bn

trong , x1, x2, , xn l cc nghim cn tm. H phng trnh (2.1) c th c biu

din dng thu gn:
Ax = b
(2.2)
trong , A l ma trn vung c kch thc (n n), v x v b l cc vct (n1), c
bin din nh sau:
a11
a
A = 21

a n1

a12
a 22

a n2

a1n
a 2 n

a nn

x1
x

x = 2

xn

b1
b

b = 2

bn

1.1. Vct
Mt ma trn c kch thc (1 n) c gi l vct hng, ma trn c kch thc
(n 1) c gi l vct ct. V d mt vct hng (1 4):
r = {2

2 12

6}

v vct ct (3 1):
11

c =2
34

1.2. Ma trn n v
Ma trn n v l ma trn ng cho vi cc phn t trn ng cho chnh bng
1, v d:

I = 0
0

0
1
0

0
1

1.3. Php cng v php tr ma trn.

Cho 2 ma trn A v B, cng c kch thc l (m n). Tng ca chng l 1 ma trn
C = A + B v c nh ngha nh sau:
cij = aij + bij
(2.3)
V d:
3
5

2 8
+
1
1

5 5
=
2
4

7
3

php tr c nh ngha tng t.

1.4. Nhn ma trn vi hng s
Nhn 1 ma trn A vi hng s c c nh ngha nh sau:
cA=[caij]
V d:
3
10 2
5

2 300
=
1
500

(2.4)

200
100

1.5. Nhn hai ma trn

Tch ca ma trn A kch thc (m n) vi ma trn B kch thc (n p) l 1 ma trn
C kch thc (m p), c nh ngha nh sau:

A
(m n)

(n p)

(2.5)

(m p)

trong , phn t th (ij) ca C l (cij) c tnh theo biu thc:

n

cij = aik bkj

(2.6)

k =1

V d:
2
3

8
1

4
5

2
4
6

5
54
5
=
38

70
36

Ch :
- iu kin tn ti php nhn 2 ma trn AB l s ct ca ma trn A phi
bng s hng ca ma trn B.
- Trong phn ln cc trng hp, nu tn ti tch 2 ma trn AB v BA, th tch
2 ma trn khng c tnh cht giao hon, c ngha l AB BA.

10

1.6. Chuyn v ma trn

Chuyn v ca ma trn A = [aij] kch thc (m n) l 1 ma trn, k hiu l AT c
kch thc l (n m), c to t ma trn A bng cch chuyn hng ca ma trn A
thnh ct ca ma trn AT. Khi , (AT)T = A.
Chuyn v ca mt tch cc ma trn l tch cc chuyn v ca ma trn thnh phn
theo th t o ngc, c ngha l:
(ABC)T=CTBT AT.

(2.7)

1.7. o hm v tch phn ma trn

Trong nhiu bi ton k thut, cc phn t ca ma trn khng phi l 1 hng s,
chng l cc hm s 1 bin hay nhiu bin. V d:
x + 2 y

A = 2+x
6x

5 x 2 xy

x +4y

Trong cc trng hp , cc ma trn c th c o hm hay tch phn. Php

o hm (hay php tch phn) ca 1 ma trn, n gin l ly o hm (hay ly tch
phn) i vi mi phn t ca ma trn:
da ( x )
d
A( x ) = ij

dx
dx

Adxdy = [ a

ij

dxdy

(2.8)

(2.9)
Chng ta s s dng thng xuyn biu thc (2.8) xy dng h phng trnh
PTHH trong cc chng sau. Xt ma trn vung A, kch thc (n n) vi cc h s
hng, vct ct x = {x1 x2 ... xn}T cha cc bin. Khi , o hm ca Ax theo 1 bin xp
s l:
d
( Ax) = a p
dx p

(2.10)

trong , a l vct ct v chnh l ct th p ca ma trn A.

1.8. nh thc ca ma trn
Cho ma trn vung A = [aij], kch thc (n n). nh thc ca ma trn A c
nh ngha nh sau:
det( A) = a11 det( A11 ) a12 det( A12 ) + L ( 1)

n +1

a1n det( A1n ) = ( 1)

j =1

i+ j

aij det( Aij ) (2.11)

trong , Aij l ma trn kch thc (n-1 n-1) thu c bng cch loi i hng i ct j
ca ma trn A.

11

V d:
a11
a
A = 21

an1

a12
a22

an 2

a1n
a2 n

ann

a22
a
A11 = 32

an 2

a23 a2 n
a33 a3n

an 3 ann

Cng thc (2.11) l cng thc tng qut. Theo cng thc ny, nh thc ca ma trn
vung c kch thc (n n) c xc nh theo phng php truy hi t nh thc cc
ma trn c kch thc (n-1 n-1). Trong , ma trn ch c 1 phn t (1 1) c:
det(apq) = apq

(2.12)

1.9. Nghch o ma trn

Cho ma trn vung A, nu det(A) 0, th A c ma trn nghch o v k hiu l A1
. Ma trn nghch o tha mn quan h sau:
A-1A = AA-1 = I

(2.13)

Nu det(A) = 0, A l ma trn suy bin v khng tn ti ma trn nghch o. Nu

det(A) 0 ta gi A l ma trn khng suy bin. Khi , nghch o ca A c xc nh
nh sau:
A 1 =

adjA
det A

(2.14)

Trong , adjA l ma trn b ca A, c cc phn t a ij = ( 1)

trn thu c t A bng cch loi i hng th j v ct th i.
V d:

i+ j

det( A ji )

v Aji l ma

Nghch o ca ma trn A kch thc (2 2) l:

a
A 1 = 11
a 21

a12
a 22

1 a22
det A a21

a12
a11

1.10. Ma trn ng cho

Mt ma trn vung c cc phn t bng khng ngoi tr cc phn t trn ng
cho chnh c gi l ma trn ng cho. V d:
2

D = 0
0

0
3
0

0
5

1.11. Ma trn i xng

Ma trn i xng l mt ma trn vung c cc phn t tho mn iu kin:
aij = aji hay: A = AT
(2.15)
Nh vy, ma trn i xng l ma trn c cc phn t i xng qua ng cho chnh.

12

1.12. Ma trn tam gic

Ma trn c gi l ma trn tam gic trn hay ma trn tam gic di, tng ng l
cc ma trn c tt c cc phn t nm di hay nm trn ng cho chnh bng
khng.
V d, cc ma trn c minh ho di y tng ng l ma trn tam gic trn A
v ma trn tam gic di B:
2
A =
0
0

3
4
0

11
0

2
B =
3

11

0
4
0

0
0

2. PHP KH GAUSS
Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c biu din dng ma trn nh sau:
Ax = b
trong , A l ma trn vung kch thc (n n). Nu detA 0, th ta c th thc hin
php bin i phng trnh trn bng cch nhn 2 v vi A-1 v nhn c nghim: x =
A-1b. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc bi ton k thut, kch thc ca ma trn A l rt
ln v cc phn t ca A thng l s thc vi min xc nh rt rng; do , vic tnh
ton ma trn nghch o ca A l rt phc tp v d gp phi sai s do vic lm trn
trong cc php tnh. V vy, phng php kh Gauss l mt cng c rt hu ch cho
vic gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh.
2.1. M t
Chng ta s bt u m t phng php kh Gauss thng qua mt v d minh ho sau
y; sau tm hiu gii thut kh Gauss tng qut.
Xt h phng trnh:
x1 + 2 x 2 + 5 x3 = 1

(1)

2 x1 + 5 x2 + 3 x3 = 2

(2)

x1 x2 +15 x3 = 4

(3)

Bc 1: bng cc php bin i tng ng kh x 1 trong cc phng trnh (2) v

(3), ta c h:
x1 + 2 x2 + 5 x3 = 1

(1)

0 x1 x2 + 7 x3 = 4

(21)

0 x1 + x2 + 20 x3 = 5

(31)

Bc 2: kh x2 trong phng trnh (31), ta c h:

x1 + 2 x2 + 5 x3 = 1

(1)
0 x1 x2 + 7 x3 = 4
(21)
0 x1 + 0 x2 + 27 x3 = 9
(32)
y, ta nhn c h phng trnh m ma trn cc h s lp thnh ma trn tam
gic trn. T phng trnh cui cng (3 2), ta tm c nghim x3, ln lt th cc
13

nghim tm c vo phng trnh trn n, (2 1) v (1). S nhn c cc n s cn tm

1
3

5
3

8
3

nh sau: x3 = ; x2 = ; x1 = . Phng php tm nghim khi ma trn cc h s l

ma trn tam gic trn ny c gi l phng php th ngc.
Cc thao tc trn c th c biu din di dng ngn gn nh sau:
1
2

2
5

5
3

1 15

1
1

2
0

2
1

5
7

20

1
1

4
0

2
1

5
7

27

1
4

bng phng php th ngc, cui cng ta nhn c cc nghim:

1
x3 = ;
3

5
x2 = ;
3

x1 =

8
3

2.2. Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut

Gii thut kh Gauss tng qut s c biu din thng qua cc bc thc hin
i vi mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut nh sau:
a11 a12
a
21 a22
a31 a32

ai1 ai 2

a
n1 an 2

a13

a1 j

a23
a33

a2 j
a3 j

ai 3

an 3

aij

anj

a1n x1 b1
a2 n x2 b2

a3n x3 b3

=
ain xi bi


ann xn bn

(2.16)

thc hin phng php kh Gauss, ta xt cc th tc tc ng n cc ma trn

h s A v ma trn cc s hng t do b nh sau:
a11 a12
a
21 a 22
a31 a32

ai1 ai 2

a
n1 a n 2

a13
a 23
a33

ai 3

an3

a1 j a1n
a 2 j a 2 n
a3 j a3 n

aij ain

a nj a nn

b1
b
2
b3


b
i

b
n

(2.17)

Bc 1. S dng phng trnh th nht (hng 1) loi x1 ra khi cc phng trnh

cn li. Bc ny s tc ng n cc phn t nm trong vng nh du v lm cho
cc phn t t hng 2 n hng th n ca ct 1 bng khng nh php bin i (2.18)
sau:

14

ai1
( 1)
a
=
a

ij ij a a1 j

11

b ( 1) = b ai1 b ; i, j = 2,..., n
i
1
i
a11

(2.18)

Bc 2. S dng phng trnh th hai (hng 2) loi x2 ra khi cc phng trnh cn

li. Bc ny s tc ng n cc phn t nm trong vng nh du di y v
lm cho cc phn t t hng 3 n hng th n ca ct 2 bng khng.
a11
0

a1 j a1n
a2( 1j) a2( 1n)
a3( 1j) a3( 1n)

aij( 1) ain( 1)

anj( 1) ann( 1)

a12 a13
a22( 1) a23( 1)
a32( 1) a33( 1)

ai( 12) ai( 31)

an( 12) an( 13)

b1
b ( 1)
2
b3( 1)


b ( 1)
i

( 1)
bn

(2.19)

Cc bc nh trn s c lp li n khi trong vng nh du ch cn 1 phn t. Mt

cch tng qut, ti bc th k ta c:
a11
0

a12

a13

( 1)
a 22
0

( 1)
a23
( 2)
a33

a1 j

a2( 1j)
a3( 2j )

( k 1)

( k 1)

( k 1)
ai , j

a k +1,k +1 ak +1, j

( k 1)

ai ,k +1

( k 1)

a n ,k +1

( k 1)

an, j

a1n
a2( 1n)
a3( 2n)

a k( k+11,n)

ai(,kn1)

a n( k,n1)

b1
b (1)
2
b3( 3)

( k 1)
bk +1 (2.20)

( k 1)
bi

bn( k 1)

bc ny, cc phn t trong min nh du c tc ng nh php bin i

( k ) ( k 1) a ( k 1) ( k 1)
aij = aij ik( k 1) akj ; i, j = k + 1,..., n
akk

( k 1)
( k ) ( k 1) aik ( k 1)
bi = bi ( k 1) bk ; i, j = k + 1,..., n
a kk

(2.21)

Cui cng, sau n-1 bc nh trn, chng ta nhn c h (2.16) di dng:

15

 a11 a12

(1)
a 22

a13

a14

(1)
23
( 2)
33

(1)
24
( 2)
34
( 3)
44

a
a

a
a
a

a1n x1 b1
a 2(1n) x2 b2(1)
a3( 2n) x3 b3( 2)
=

a4(3n) x4 b4(3)

( n 1)
( n 1)
a nn
xn bn

(2.22)

T h (2.22) ny, bng phng php th ngc t di ln ta nhn c cc

nghim ca h phng trnh (2.16) nh sau ( y, tin theo di, chng ta b qua
k hiu ch s trn trong cc h s ca ma trn A v b):
b
x n = n ; , xi =
a nn

bi

j =i +1

aii

ij

xj
;

i = n 1, n 2 , ,1

(2.23)

16

Chng 3
THUT TON XY DNG MA TRN CNG CHUNG
V VCT LC NT CHUNG
Vic ghp cc ma trn cng k v cc vct lc f ca cc phn t to ra ma
trn cng K v vct lc nt F chung cho c h, t thit lp h phng trnh
PTHH l mt vn quan trng.
Ta s cng cc s hng ca ma trn cng ca mi phn t vo cc v tr tng
ng ca ma trn cng chung v cng cc s hng ca vct lc vo vct lc
chung.
Cch d nht ghp cc phn t l gn s cho mi dng v ct ca ma trn
cng phn t ng vi bc t do ca phn t y, sau chng ta s lm vic qua cc
s hng ca ma trn phn t; tc l cng cc s hng ny vo ma trn chung m mi
dng, mi ct cng c gn ng nhng s trn.
Di y ta s xt hai v d.
1. CC V D
1.1. V d 1
Mt kt cu c chia ra 8 phn t tam gic nh Hnh 3.1. Mi phn t c 3 nt;
mi nt c 1 bc t do (v d nhit ).
7

8
5

9
7

5
1

3
Hnh 3.1

M t qu trnh ghp ni ma trn cng chung K vi gi s ch xt 3 phn t u

tin: 1, 2 v 3 vi cc ma trn cng bit nh sau:
7
k =
3

1
1

3
6
2

1
8

2
2 ; k =
1

1
7
3

2
9

3
3 ; k =
4

4
6
0

1
0

17

Li gii
1. Xy dng bng ghp ni phn t (ng n cc nt ngc chiu kim ng h)
Bc t do
Phn t
1
2
3

1
4
2

2
2
3

4
5
5

2. Xt tng phn t
Vi phn t 1, cc dng v ct c nhn dng nh sau:
1

7
k =
3

3
6
2

1
2

1
2
4

Ma trn ny c cng vo ma trn cng chung v ta s c:

1

7
3

0
K =
1
0

2 0 5 0
0 0 0 0

6
0

0
0

2
0

0
0

2
3
4
5

Ma trn cng ca phn t 2 c gn s bi:

4

8
k =
1
2

1
7
3

2
3

4
2
5

Cc s hng ca ma trn k2 c cng thm vo ma trn chung, cho ta

1

3
7
3 6 + 7

0
0
K =
1 2 +1
0
3

0 2 +1
0
0
0 5 +8
0
2

2
4

1
2
3
4
5

Vi phn t 3:
2

9
k3 =
4

4
6
0

1
0

2
3
5

Cc s hng ca ma trn k3 c cng tip vo ma trn chung trn, cho ta

18

3
7
3 13 + 9

0
4
K =
3
1
0
3 +1

0
4
6
0
0 +0

1
3
0
13
2

0
3 +1
0 +0
2
4 +5

1
2
3
4
5

Vic cng cc vct lc phn t vo vct lc chung c tin hnh hon ton
tng t.
1.2. V d 2
Gi s c hai phn t 1 v 4 trong bi ton hai chiu; mi phn t c 3 nt, mi
nt c 2 bc t do (Hnh 3.2). Hy m t qu trnh ghp ni ma trn cng chung K
v vct lc nt chung, theo cc ma trn cng phn t v vct lc nt phn t k1,
k4, f1 v f4 cho trc nh sau:
22
3

7
1
k =
4
6

2
23
1

6
k4 =
8
3

29
9
9
1
7

9
30
6
3
5

9
6
31
4
8

1
3
4
16
2

19
2
6
7
5

2
30
7
8
7

4
7
25
2
4

7
8
2
27
7

2
7

5
;
8
2

24

3
6

1
f =
1

7

5
5

7
;
4
7

28

9
7

6

=
2
4

5

4
2

1
1

i
2

2
Hnh 3.2

Cc nt ca phn t 1 l: (1, 2, 5). Bc t do tng ng ca phn t l:

{q

2 i 1

q2i 1

q2 j 1

q2 j

q2 k 1

q2 k } = { q1
T

q2

q3

q4

q9

q10 }

Cc hng v ct ca ma trn cng phn t 1 c gn cc s ng vi bc t do

tng ng ca n v cc s hng ca ma trn c cng vo cc v tr tng ng ca
ma trn cng chung.

19

1
22
3

7
1
k =
4
6

2
1
22
3

4
0

0
K = 0

0
6

0
0

29
9

9
30

9
6

1
3

31

16

10
2 1
7
2
5 3

8 4
2 9

24
10

10
2

11 12
00

29
9
9
0
0
0
0
1
7
0
0

9
30
6
0
0
0
0
3
5
0
0

9
6
31
0
0
0
0
4
8
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
3
4
0
0
0
0
16
2
0
0

7
5
8
0
0
0
0
2
24
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Tin hnh tng t i vi ma trn cng ca phn t 4. Cc nt ca phn t 4 l:

(5, 2, 6). Bc t do tng ng ca phn t l:

{q

2 i 1

q2i 1

q2 j 1

q2 j
9

23
1

6
4
k =
8
3

q2 k 1
10
1
19
2
6
7
5

q2 k } = { q9

q10

12

6
2
30
7
8
7

8
4
7
25
2
4

11
3
7
8
2
27
7

q3

q4

q11

q12 }

5 9
5
10
7 3

4 4
7 11

28
12

Cc s hng ca ma trn c cng vo cc v tr tng ng ca ma trn cng

chung, ta nhn c kt qu nh sau:

20

1
22
3

4
0

0
K = 0

0
6

0
0

3
29
9
9
0
0
0
0
1
7
0
0

7
9
60
13
0
0
0
0
9
7
8
7

4
9
16
56
0
0
0
0
12
12
2
4

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

6
1
9
12
0
0
0
0
39
3
3
5

10

11

12

2
7
7
14
0
0
0
0
3
43
7
5

0
0
8
2
0
0
0
0
3
7
27
7

0
0
7
4
0
0
0
0
5
5
7
28

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Vct lc nt ca cc phn t 1 v 4 cng c cng vo vct lc nt chung theo

cch tng t:

3 1
6 2

4
3
1
f =
1 4
7 9

5
10

3 1
6 2

4 3

1 4
0 5

0 6

F = 0 7
0 8

7 9

5 10
0 11

0 12

4
; f

9 9
7 10

6
3
=
2 4
4 11

5
12

3 1
6 2

10 3

3 4
0 5

0 6

F =0 7
0 8

16 9

12 10
4 11

5 12

2. THUT TON GHP K V F

Nguyn tc chung
Qua hai v d trn ta thy ma trn cng chung K chnh l tng ca cc ma trn
m rng [ke] ca cc phn t. Vct lc chung F cng chnh l tng ca cc vct lc
m rng {fe} ca cc phn t:
2.1.

{ }

K = k e ; F = f e
e

(3.1)

chun ho cc bc ghp ni, ta xy dng bng nh v index cho mi phn t.

Bng index s cho bit v tr ca mi s hng ca {qn} trong {Qn}. Kch thc ca
bng index l (noe edof ), vi edof l k hiu cho s bc t do ca phn t v noe l
k hiu cho tng s phn t.
Mi nt c mt bc t do
Tr li v d 3.1, bng index chnh l bng ghp ni phn t trn.
21

Khi y: Q = { Q1 Q2

Q3

Q5 }

Q4

- Vi phn t 1 (e =1) :
= { Q1 Q2

4)

= { Q4

Q2

Q5 }

= { Q2 Q3 Q5 }

index(2, :) = ( 4

- Vi phn t 3 (e =3)
q

(1

index(1, :) =

- Vi phn t 2 (e =2)

Q4 }

5)

index(3, :) = ( 2

5)

Ch : k hiu (:) trong index(e,:) ch cc phn t thuc hng e ca index.

Mi nt c hai bc t do
Tr li v d 3.2 xt trn, bng index l:
Bc t do
Phn t
1
...
4

2
...
10

4
...
4

10
...
12

11

Khi y:
Q = { Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10

Q11

Q3 Q4

Q9

Q10 }

Q10

Q3

Q4

Q11 Q12 }

10

Q12 }

- Vi phn t s 1
q

= { Q1 Q2

index(1, :) = (1

10)

- Vi phn t s 4
q

= { Q9

index( 4, :) = ( 9

11

12)

Vi s gip ca bng index, mi s hng kij ca ma trn ke c cng vo K IJ ca

[K] sao cho:
I = index(e,i), vi i = 1.. sdof
J = index(e,j), vi j = 1.. sdof
hoc:

K IJ = K index ( e,i )index ( e , j ) + k e i j

(3.2)

Tng t, mi s hng fi ca {fe}c chuyn sang FI ca {F} sao cho:

K I = Findex (e,i ) + f e i

(3.3)

22

2.2.

Thut ton ghp ni phn t:

Bc 1: Khi to ma trn vung [K] c kch thc (sdof sdof) v vct ct {F} c
kch thc (sdof 1), vi cc s hng bng khng. Trong , sdof l k hiu cho tng
s bc t do ca cc nt trong ton h.
Bc 2: Vi mi phn t e (e = 1:noe), cng ng v tr mi s hng kij ca ca ma
trn phn t ke vo s hng K IJ ca ma trn [K]:

K IJ = K IJ + k e i j ; i, j = 1 : edof ; I = index(e, i ), J = index(e, j )

(3.4)

Bc 3: Vi mi phn t e (e = 1:noe), cng ng v tr mi s hng fi ca ca vct

lc phn t f vo s hng FI ca vct lc chung F:

FI = FI + f e i ; i = 1 : edof ; I = index(e, i)

(3.5)

S thut ton c m t nh Hnh 3.3 sau:

...
K=zero(sdof,sodf);
F=zero(sdof,1);
e =1; i = 1; j = 1;

K ( index(e, i ), index(e, i ) ) = K ( index(e, i), index(e, i) ) + k e ( i, j )

j = j + 1;
j edof

F ( index(e, i) ) = F ( index(e, i) ) + f e ( i )
i = i+1;
i edof
F
e = e +1;
e noe

...
Hnh 3.3. S thut ton ghp ni phn t

23

Chng 4
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON MT CHIU
1. M U
gii bi ton mt chiu (1D) bng phng php phn t hu hn, chng ta s
s dng nguyn l cc tiu ho th nng ton phn v cc quan h: quan h ng sutbin dng, quan h bin dng-chuyn v. Vi bi ton hai chiu (2D) v ba chiu (3D),
cch tip cn cng tng t.
Trong bi ton mt chiu, cc i lng: chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut ch ph
thuc vo bin x. Ta biu din chng nh sau:
(4.1)
u = u ( x );
= ( x );
=( x)
Quan h gia ng sut vi bin dng, bin dng vi chuyn v:
= E ; =

du
dx

(4.2)

Vi bi ton mt chiu, vi phn th tch dv c vit di dng:

dv=Adx
trong , A l din tch mt ct ngang.

(4.2)

2. M HNH PHN T HU HN
C th chia thanh ra nhiu phn t, mi phn t c tit din ngang khng i (hoc
thay i). Chng hn, ta chia thanh ra 5 phn t vi cc nt c nh s t 1 n 6,
cc ch s nt ny l ch s nt ton cc (Hnh 4.1a); mi phn t c hai nt 1 v 2,
cc ch s nt ny l ch s nt cc b (Hnh 4.1b).
Trong bi ton mt chiu, mi nt ch c mt chuyn v theo phng x . V vy
mi nt ch c mt bc t do, n nt c n bc t do.
Chuyn v tng th c k hiu l Qi ; i = 1, n; chuyn v a phng ca mi
phn t c k hiu l qj; j = 1, 2
Vct ct Q = [ Qi ] c gi l vct chuyn v chung (tng th).
T

Lc nt c k hiu l Fi ; i = 1, n.
Vct ct F = [ Fi ] c gi l vct lc nt chung (tng th).
T

1
Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Hnh 4.1a. Ch s ton cc

6
Q6

1
q1

2
q2

Hnh 4.1b. Ch s cc b

24

 ghp ni cc phn t vi nhau, ta s dng bng ghp ni cc phn t nh sau:

Bng 3.1. Bng ghp ni cc phn t
Nt

Phn t
1
2
3
4
5

1(u)
1
2
3
4
5

2(cui)
2
3
4
5
6

Ch s a phng

Ch s chung

3. CC H TRC TO V HM DNG
Kho st mt phn t e nh Hnh 4.2. Theo s nh s nt cc b:
Nt th nht l 1
Nt th hai l 2
e

1
x1

= -1

x2

=1
(b)

(a)

Hnh 4.2. Phn t trong h to x v

Theo k hiu, x = x1 l ta ca nt th nht; x = x2 l ta ca nt th hai. Ta nh

ngha h ta qui chiu (hay chun ho) c k hiu l nh sau:
=

x = x1 = 1

x = x2 = 1

2
( x x1 ) 1
x2 x1

(4.3)

[ 1 : 1] x [ x1 : x2 ]

Vy:

Ta s dng h ta a phng ny xc nh hm dng vi mc ch ni suy ra

trng chuyn v trong cc phn t.
By gi trng chuyn v cn tm cho mt phn t s c ni suy bng mt php
bin i tuyn tnh (Hnh 4.3).
u2

u1
1

q2

q1
1

Hnh 4.3. Ni suy tuyn tnh trng chuyn v ca mt phn t

25

 thc hin c php ni suy ny, cn a vo mt hm dng tuyn tnh:

N1 ( ) =

1
;
2

N 2 ( ) =

1+
2

(4.4)

Cc hm dng c minh ho trn Hnh 4.4. th ca hm dng N1 trn Hnh 4.4a

c suy ra t phng trnh (4.4): N1 = 1 ti = -1 v N1 = 0 ti = 1. Tng t ta c
th ca N2.
N1
1

1
N 1 = 1 +
N 2
=
2

N2
u=N1q1+N2q2
1

q2

1
-1

1
-1

2
1

q1

0
(b)

(a)

1
(c)

Hnh 4.4. (a), (b). Hm dng N1, N2; (c). Ni suy tuyn tnh

Mt khi cc hm dng c xc nh, trng chuyn v ca phn t s c biu din

qua cc chuyn v nt q1 v q2 nh sau:
u = N 1 q1 + N 2 q 2

Hoc di dng ma trn:

u = Nq
Trong :

N = N1 , N 2

q = [ q1

(4.6)

q1 ]

(4.5)

(4.7)

Trong biu thc trn, q l vct chuyn v ca phn t. T (4.5), ta thy u = q1 ti nt

1; u = q2 ti nt 2 v u bin thin tuyn tnh trong phn t (Hnh 4.4c).

Ta bit:

N1 = 1
x = x1 = 1 u = q1
N2 = 0
N1 = 0
x = x2 = 1 u = q 2
N2 = 1
26

By gi ta ni suy ta x nh cc hm dng N 1 , N 2
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2

So snh:

(4.8)

x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2

u = N1q1 + N 2 q2

ta thy chuyn v u v to x c ni suy trn cng phn t nh cng cc hm dng

N1 v N2. Trong trng hp ny, ta c php biu din ng tham s.
Ch : Cc hm dng cn tho mn:
1) o hm bc nht phi hu hn,
2) Chuyn v phi lin tc trn cc bin ca phn t.
Mt khc:
=

du du d
=
dx d dx

(4.9)

m:
d
2
=
dx x2 x1

(4.10)

suy ra
u = N1q1 + N 2 q2 =

1
1 +
q1 +
q2
2
2

du q1 + q2
=
d
2

1
( q1 + q2 )
x2 x1

(4.11)
(4.12)
(4.13)

do :
= Bq;

B=

1
[ 1 1]
x 2 x1

(4.14)

Trong ma trn B c gi l ma trn bin dng-chuyn v ca phn t.

Theo nh lut Hooke, ta c biu thc tnh ng sut:

= EBq

(4.15)

Ch :
B, , l cc i lng hng s;
Cc biu thc u = Nq; = Bq; = EBq m t chuyn v, bin dng v ng
sut qua cc gi tr chuyn v nt ca phn t. Ta s th cc biu thc ny vo
biu thc th nng ca thanh thit lp ma trn cng v ma trn lc nt ca
phn t.

27

4. TH NNG TON PHN

p dng cng thc (1.3) - Chng 1, ta tnh c th nng ton phn ca thanh:
=

n
1
T
T
T
T

A
d
x

u
f
Adx

u
Tdx

u i Pi

2L
i =1
L
L

(4.16)

Khi vt th c chia ra lm nhiu phn t hu hn, th

=

n
1
T
T
T

A
d
x

u
f
Adx

u
Tdx

Qi Pi

2 e e
e e
e e
i =1

(4.17)

5. MA TRN CNG PHN T

Gi:
Ue =

1
T A d x
2
e

l th nng bin dng ca phn t, ta c:

Ue =

1 T T
1
q B Ee B q Ae dx = qT BT Ee B Ae dx q

2e
2 e

(4.18)

Ch rng: Ae, Ee v B l cc i lng hng s, v

dx =

l
x2 x1
d dx = e d , vi:
2
2

1 1;

le = x 2 x1

Khi y, ta c biu thc ca nng lng bin dng ca phn t:

1

1 T le
T
U e = q Ae Ee B B d q
2
1
2

vi:
B=

1
[ 1 1]
x2 x1

ta c:
Ue =

1 T Ae Ee 1
q
2
le
1

1
q
1

Gi:
ke =

Ae Ee 1 1

le
1 1

(4.19)

l ma trn cng ca phn t .

Khi , biu thc th nng (4.18) c biu din dng thu gn nh sau:
Ue =

1 T e
q k q
2

(4.20)

28

6. QUI I LC V NT
Khi vt th c ri rc ha bng cc phn t hu hn vi cc nt xc nh, ta
phi qui i cc loi lc tc dng v nt.
Ln lt xt tng thnh phn biu din cng ca ngoi lc trong biu thc th nng
(4.17), ta c:
-

Cng do lc khi:
Ae f N1dx
e

T
T
u
f
Adx
=
q

e
Ae f N 2 dx
e

le 1 1
le
N
dx
=
d

=
1
2 1 2
2
e

1
N dx = le 1 + d = le
2
2 1 2
2
e

m:

u T f Adx = q T
e

Ae f le 1
T
=q f
2 1

Vi:
f

Ae f le 1

2 1

(4.21)

l lc th tch quy i v nt ca phn t

- Cng do lc din tch:

u
e

T dx = ( N1q1 + N 2 q 2 )

T N1dx
e

T
e
T dx = q
=q T
T N 2 dx
e

Vi:
Te =

T le
2

(4.22)

c gi l lc din tch qui i v nt ca phn t

Cui cng, biu thc c vit gn di dng
=

1 T
Q KQ Q T F
2

(4.23)

Trong :
Q l vct chuyn v nt chung,
K l ma trn cng chung, c xc nh t cc ma trn cng ke ca cc
phn t:
29

F l vct lc nt chung, c xc nh t cc vct lc nt: fe, Te, P ca cc

phn t:

( f

+T e) + P F

Vi phn t mt chiu v mi nt c mt bc t do, ta vn s dng bng ghp ni

phn t trn thit lp ma trn cng K v vct lc F.
7. IU KIN BIN, H PHNG TRNH PHN T HU HN
Sau khi ri rc ha vt th nh phng php phn t hu hn, ta xc nh c
biu thc th nng ton phn (4.23).
By gi phi xy dng phng trnh cn bng t xc nh cc chuyn v nt,
sau tnh ng sut, bin dng v cc phn lc lin kt.
Bng cch cc tiu biu thc th nng i vi Q, tc l cho cho th nng bin
dng "chu" iu kin bin, ta s thu c phng trnh cn bng.
Di y ta trnh by cch nhp iu kin bin. Phng php ny c p dng
khng ch cho bi ton mt chiu m cn cho c bi ton hai, ba chiu.
iu kin bin thng c dng:
Qi = a i
Biu thc trn c ngha l chuyn v Qi phi bng ai .
y, chng ta s p dng phng php kh nhp cc iu kin bin.
Kho st trng hp n gin: Q1 = a1.
Vi mt kt cu c n bc t do, ta c
Q = { Q1

Q2 Qn }

F = { F1

F2

Fn }

Ma trn cng tng th c dng:

K11
K
K = 21

K n1

K12
K 22

K n2

K1n
K 2 n

K nn

(4.24)

K l ma trn i xng
Ta vit biu thc ca th nng di dng khai trin nh sau:

30

 Q1K11Q1 + Q1K12Q2 + + Q1K1nQn

1 + Q2K21Q1 + Q2K22Q2 + + Q2K2nQn

=
( Q1F1 + Q2F2 + + QnFn )

+ Q K Q + Q K Q + + Q K Q
n n1 1 n n2 2 n nn n

(4.25)

Thay Q1 = a1 vo phng trnh trn, ta c:

a1K11a1 + a1K12Q2 + + a1K1nQn

1 + Q2K21a1 + Q2K22Q2 + + Q2K2nQn

=
( a1F1 + Q2F2 + + QnFn )

+ Q K a + Q K Q + + Q K Q
n n1 1 n n2 2 n nn n

(4.26)

Ch rng chng ta kh chuyn v Q1 trong biu thc ca th nng trn. p dng

iu kin cc tiu th nng:

= 0; i = 2,..., n
Qi

(4.27)

ta thu c:

K 22 Q2 + K 23Q3 + + K 2n Qn = F2 K 21a1
K 32 Q2 + K 33Q3 + + K 3n Qn = F3 K 31a1

K n 2 Q2 + K n3Q3 + + K nn Qn = Fn K n1 a1

(4.28)

31

Khi y, h phng trnh PTHH c biu din nh sau:

K 22
K
32

K n 2

K 23
K 33

K n3

K 2 n Q2 F2 K 21a1

K 3n
Q3 F3 K 31a1
=

K nn Qn Fn K n1a1

(4.29)

Nhn xt: Ma trn cng (n-1)(n-1) trn c nhn t ma trn cng (nn) ban
u (4.23) bng cch b i hng th nht v ct th nht (v Q1 = a1). H phng trnh
(4.28) c vit di dng c ng:
KQ = F
(4.30)
Ma trn K trong (4.30) l ma trn khng k d cn ma trn K ban u (4.24) l ma trn
k d (det K=0).
p dng phng php kh Gauss (xem chng 2) gii h phng trnh (4.30), ta s
tm c chuyn v Q;
Nh bng thng tin ghp ni phn t gii thiu phn u, ta s xc nh c
chuyn v nt q ca phn t t chuyn v chung Q tm c trn.
p dng cng thc = EBq ta tm c ng sut;
xc nh phn lc lin kt R1, ta vit phng trnh cn bng cho nt 1:
K11Q1 + K12Q2 + + K1nQn = ( f e + T e )1 + R1

(4.31)

Trong Qi c xc nh, (fe+Te)1 l lc tc dng ti ni t lin kt cng bit.

8. V D
V d 4.1.
Cho mt trc bc chu tc dng ca lc P = 10 N (hnh 4.5a). Bit tit din cc
on: A1=20 mm2; A2 = 10 mm2; chiu di cc on l1 = l2 = 100 mm; v mun n
hi: E1 = E2 = 200 gPa. Hy xc nh chuyn v ti B v C; bin dng, ng sut trong
cc on trc AB, BC.
P=10 kN

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4.5. (a) Trc bc chu ko ng tm; (b) S phn t

32

Li gii
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, Hnh 4.5b.
1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t
Nt i
1
1
2
2
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca phn t 1: k1 v 2: k2

Nt j
2
3

k1 =

A1 E1 1 1 4
=
l1 1 1 4

4
10 4 N

mm
4

k2 =

A2 E 2
l2

1 1 2
1 1 = 2

2
10 4 N
mm
2

3. Ma trn cng chung K:

4
K =
4

4
4 +2
2

0
4 N
2
10
mm

4. Vct lc nt chung F: F = [R 0 10]T

5. H phng trnh phn t hu hn:
4
0 Q1 R
4

10 4 4 + 2 2 Q2 = 0
0
2
2 Q3 10
4

6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A), do ta loi dng 1 v ct 1 trong h phng trnh
trn. Cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh:
6 2 Q2 0
10 4
=
2 2 Q3 10

7. Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
Q2 = 0,25 10-3 mm
Q3 = 0,75 10-3 mm
p dng cng thc (4.31), ta tm c phn lc lin kt:
R1 =104 (-4 Q2 ) = -10 N
Bin dng c tnh cho mi phn t

1 = (-q1 + q2 )/l = 0,25 x10-5 /100 = 2,5 x10-6

2 = (-q2 + q3 )/l = 5 x10-6
ng sut c tnh cho mi phn t

1 = E 1 = 0,5 N/mm2
33

2 = E 2 = 1 N/mm2

V d 4.2.
Cho mt trc bc chu lin kt ngm 2 u v tc dng ca lc P = 200 kN (hnh
4.6a). Bit tit din cc on: A1=2400 mm2; A2 = 600 mm2; chiu di cc on l1 =
300mm, l2 = 400 mm; v mun n hi: E1 = 70 gPa, E2 = 200 gPa. Hy xc nh
chuyn v ti B; ng sut trong cc on trc AB, BC v phn lc ti A v C.
P=200 KN
x

B
1
C
A
Hnh 4.6. Trc bc chu ko ng tm

Li gii
Chia trc lm hai phn t: 1 v 2, nh hnh 4.5b v d 4.1.
1. Bng ghp ni phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Phn t
1
2

Nt i
1
2

Nt j
2
3

2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca phn t 1: k1 v 2: k2

k1 =

A1 E1
l1

1 1 2400 70 103
1 1 =
300

1 1 N
1 1 mm

k2 =

A2 E2
l2

1 1 600 200 103

1 1 =
400

1 1 N
1 1 mm

3. Ma trn cng chung K:

560
K =
560

560
860
300

3 N
300
10
mm
300

4. Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [R1 200103 R3]T
5. H phng trnh phn t hu hn:

34

0 Q1 R1
560 560

10 3 560 860 300 Q2 = 200 10 3

0
300 300 Q3 R3

6. p t iu kin bin:
Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A) v Q3 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti C) , do ta loi dng 1,
ct 1 v dng 3, ct 3 trong h phng trnh trn. Cui cng ta thu c phng trnh:
860 Q2 = 200
7. Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
Q2 = 0,23257 mm
p dng cng thc (4.31), ta tm c cc phn lc lin kt:
R1 =103 (-560 Q2 ) = -130,233 KN
R3 =103 (-300 Q2 ) = -69,767 KN
Bin dng c tnh cho mi phn t

1 = (-q1 + q2 )/l1 = 0,23257 /300 = 7,752 10-4

2 = (-q2 + q3 )/l2 = -0,23257 /400 = 5,81410-4
ng sut c tnh cho mi phn t

1 = E11 = 54,26 N/mm2

2 = E2 2 = 116,28 N/mm2
V d 4.3.
Cho mt trc trn chu lin kt ngm ti A, khe h gia u C v thnh cng l
1,2mm, chu tc dng ca lc P = 60 kN ti B (hnh 4.7). Bit tit din ca thanh l
A=250 mm2; v mun n hi: E = 20103N/mm2 Hy xc nh chuyn v ti B; v
phn lc ti A v C.
P=60 KN
x
A

150mm

C
B 2
150mm

1,2mm

Hnh 4.7. Tnh kt cu bng phng php PTHH

Li gii

35

 y, ta xem nh thc hin bc kim tra kt lun rng, trong qu trnh bin
dng, u C ca trc tip xc vi thnh cng v tip tc bin dng. Tng t cc v
d trn, ta chia trc lm hai phn t (1) v (2). Khi , ma trn cng chung K c
xc nh nh sau:
1
250 20 10 3
K =
1
150

1
2
1

0
N
1
mm
1

Vct lc nt chung F:
F = [R1 60103 R3]T
H phng trnh phn t hu hn:
1 1 0 Q1 R1
250 20 10 3

1 2 1 Q2 = 60 10 3
150

0 1 1
Q3 R3

p t iu kin bin: Do Q1 = 0 (lin kt ngm ti A) v Q3 = 1,2 (khe h ti C) , do

ta loi dng 1, ct 1. Cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh:
3,3333104(2 Q2 1,2) = 60103
3,3333104(- Q2 + 1,2) = R3
Xc nh chuyn v, bin dng, ng sut
Gii phng trnh trn ta c:
Q2 = 1,5 mm;
R3 =3,3333104 (-Q2 + 1,2) = - 10 kN
R1 =3,3333104 (- Q2) = -50 kN

36

BI TP CHNG 4
1. Cho kt cu 1D c ri rc ho bi 2 phn t mt chiu nh Hnh C4.1
di y.
a. Hy chng t rng ma trn cng tng th K l ma trn k d.
b. Ch ra mt vct chuyn v Q0 0 m tho mn KQ0 = F = 0. Bng cch m t
qua hnh v, hy phn tch ngha ca cc chuyn v ny. V ch ra nng lng
bin dng n hi trong cu trc trng hp ny ?
c. Chng minh dng tng qut rng, vi bt k vct chuyn v Q 0 l nghim
ca h phng trnh KQ = 0, vi K l ma trn k d.
x
2
Hnh C4.1

2. Xt kt cu thanh bng thp, mun n hi E=200109N/m2. C lin kt v

chu lc nh Hnh C4.2. Xc nh cc chuyn v nt (cc chm en trn hnh), ng
sut trong cc phn t v cc thnh phn phn lc ti ngm. Hy gii bi ton bng tay
v nghin cu k Chng trnh cho, sa i li mt s im nu cn thit v b
sung phn chng trnh tnh ng sut trong cc phn t; thc hnh tnh ton bng
chng trnh v so snh kt qu.
400mm2

250mm2
P=300 kN

150mm

150mm

300mm

Hnh C4. 2

3. Xt kt cu thanh bng thp, mun n hi E=200109N/m2. C lin kt v

chu lc nh Hnh C4.3. Xc nh cc chuyn v nt, ng sut trong cc phn t v cc
thnh phn phn lc ti ngm.

37

250mm2

400mm2

P=300 kN

150mm

150mm

P=600 kN
200mm

200mm

3.5mm

Hnh C4. 3

4. Xt kt cu lin kt v chu lc nh Hnh C4. 4. Thanh nm ngang c xem

nh l tuyt i cng, cc thanh treo c lm bng thp v nhm, c mun n hi
nh ch ra trn hnh v. Tnh ng sut trong mi thanh treo.

thp
22 cm

Nhm
24 cm
E=70109 N/m2
50cm

E=200109 N/m2
40 cm

30 cm

20 cm

Thanh tuyt i cng, trng lng khng ng k

60 KN
Hnh C4. 4

38

Chng 5
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON H THANH PHNG

1. M U
Trong chng ny chng ta s p dng phng php phn t hu hn tnh ton
h thanh phng (h gm n thanh lin kt vi nhau bi cc khp quay). H thanh phng
in hnh c trnh by trn Hnh 5.1.
Q12
Q11 7

6
Q2
1

Q14

Q4
2

Q15

Q13 8
Q6

Q3

Q1

Q16

Q8
Q5

Q10
Q7

Q9

Hnh 5.1. H thanh phng

Trong h thanh, ti trng hoc phn lc lin kt t cc khp ni; b qua ma st

trong cc khp ni. R rng, mi phn t ca h thanh hoc chu ko, hoc chu nn.
Ta c th gp h thanh tnh nh hoc siu tnh.
2. H TO A PHNG, H TO CHUNG
H thanh khc vi cc kt cu mt chiu xt trong Chng 4 ch: trong h
thanh, cc phn t (cc thanh) c cc phng khc nhau. c th tnh n s khc
nhau v phng ca cc phn t trong h, ta cn phi a ra khi nim h to a
phng v h to chung.
Mt phn t thanh c m t trong h to a phng v h to chung nh
trong Hnh 5.2.

39

q2

q4sin

q3cos

q4

q3

q1

q2sin

q1cos

q1

x
(a)

q2

(b)

Hnh 5.2. (a) Phn t thanh trong h to a phng v (b) trong h to chung

Trong s nh s nt a phng, hai nt ca phn t c nh s 1 v s 2. H

to a phng hng theo trc x, chy t nt 1 n nt 2. Tt c cc i lng
trong h to a phng c k hiu bi du (). H to chung (x,y) l c nh
v khng ph thuc vo phng ca cc phn t.
Trong h to chung, mi nt cng c hai bc t do. Chng hn, nt j s c hai
chuyn v l Q2j-1 v Q2j.
Gi q1 v q2 l cc chuyn v ca nt 1 v 2 tng ng trong h to a phng.
Ta k hiu vct chuyn v trong h to a phng bi:
q = [q1 , q2]T
(5.1)
Trong h to chung, vct chuyn v c 4 thnh phn:
q = [q1, q2 , q3 , q4 ]T
(5.2)
Ta i tm quan h gia q v q.
D thy
q1 = q1 cos + q2 sin

(5.3a)

q2 = q3 cos + q4 sin

(5.3b)

K hiu

= cos

(5.4a)

m = sin

(5.4b)

q = T q
Trong T l ma trn chuyn i h c s, c vit di dng:

(5.5)

Ta c th vit

l
T =
0

m
0

0
l

(5.6)

40

3. MA TRN CNG PHN T

Cc phn t trong h thanh u l cc phn t mt chiu. V vy, ta p dng nhng kt
qu ca chng 4 vo h thanh.
Trong h to a phng, ta xc nh c ma trn cng ca phn t
k' =

Ee Ae
le

1
1

1
1

(5.7)

thit lp ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung, ta ch ti biu thc

nng lng bin dng ca phn t
Ue =

1 T
q' k ' q'
2

(5.8)

Thay q = Tq vo biu thc trn, ta c

Ue =

1 T T
q T k 'T q
2

(5.9)

Cui cng, nng lng bin dng trong h to chung c vit di dng:
Ue =

1 T
q kq
2

(5.10)

Trong k l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung v

k = TT k' T
Thay biu thc ca T t (5.6) v ca k' t (5.7) vo (5.11), ta c
l2

E A lm
k= e e 2
le l

lm

lm
m2
lm
m2

l2
lm
l2
lm

lm

m2
lm

m 2

(5.11)

(5.12)

T cc ma trn cng ca cc phn t v nh bng ghp ni phn t, ta s thu c

ma trn cng chung ca c h thanh.
4. NG SUT
Nh lu trn, mi phn t trong h thanh hoc chu ko, hoc chu nn. Do ,
ng sut trong thanh c xc nh bi: = Ee
Hoc
= Ee

q'
q ' 2 q '1 Ee
=
[ 1 1] 1 = Ee [ 1 1] Lq
le
le
q ' 2 le

Th biu thc ca L t (5.6) vo biu thc trn ta c:

=

Ee
[ l
le

m l

m] q

(5.13)

Sau khi tm c chuyn v, ta s xc nh c ng sut trong mi phn t ca h.

41

5. V D
Kho st h gm hai thanh chu lc P nh hnh di. Cc thanh c cng din tch mt
ct ngang v cng vt liu. Xc nh chuyn v ti im t lc.
y

3
2
1

300
L, A, E
(a)

300
2

(b)

Hnh 5.3. (a) Kt cu bng chu lc, (b) s phn t

Li gii
1. M hnh ho h thanh bi 2 phn t hu hn; mi nt phn t c 2 bc t do.
2. Xc nh ma trn cng ca cc phn t
p dng cng thc (5.12), ta tnh c cc ma trn cng ca cc phn t.
Vi phn t 1: l = cos = 1; m = sin = 0; L1 = L
1

EA 0
k1 =
L 1

Vi phn t 2:

l = cos =

3
;
2

m = sin =

1
;
2

0
0
0
0

1
0
1
0
L2 =

0
0

0
2
L
3

3 3
3
3 3
3

8
8
8
8
3
3
3
3

EA

8
8
8
8
k2 =

L
3 3
3
3 3
3

8
8
8
8
3
3
3
3

8
8
8
8
T y, ta thit lp c ma trn cng chung K v h phng trnh:

42

1
0

EA
0
L

0
3 3
1+
8
3

8
3 3

8
3
8

0
3

8
3
8
3
8
3

0
3 3

8
3
8
3 3
8
3

0
0
0
0

0
0 0
R
3 1
R
0
8 2
3 Q3 0

=
8 Q4 P
3
0 R5
8 0 R
6
3
8

p dng iu kin bin: Q1 = Q2 = Q5 = Q6 =0, ta thu c h phng trnh PTHH:

3 3
EA 1 + 8

L
3

3
Q 0
8 3 =

3 Q4 P
8

Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c:

LP

Q3
EA
=
8
LP
Q4
+ 3
3 EA

Thay cc gi tr chuyn v trn vo (5.14), ta tm c phn lc lin kt:

R = { R1

R2

R5

R6 } =

0 3 1P

BI TP CHNG 5
1. Mt kt cu thanh ging nh trn Hnh C5.1. Vt liu cc thanh bng thp,
c mun n hi E=200gPa. Xc nh ma trn cng tng th ca h.
P
2

Q2i

1000 mm2

Q2i-1
1

500 mm
3

1250 mm2
750 mm
Hnh C5.1

43

2. Mt kt cu gin gm 3 thanh c nh
s (nt v thanh) nh trn Hnh C5.2. Vt liu ca
cc thanh I v II l nhm, vt liu ca thanh III l
thp. Tit din ca thanh I l 15cm 2 v tit din ca
thanh II v III l 8cm2. Xc nh chuyn v ca nt 2
v ng sut trong cc thanh. Gii bi ton bng tay
v bng cch s dng phn mm tnh ton kt cu
tng ng. Khi gii bng tay yu cu biu din ma
trn cng tng th di dng ton b v di
dng rt gn. Cho Enhm = 70gPa, Ethp = 210gPa.

8 kN
1 I

II
y
x
0,7m

5 kN

III 1m

4
0,5m

Hnh C5.2. Dn chu lc

a
a
3. Mt kt cu gin gm 5 thanh c nh
s (nt v thanh) nh trn Hnh C5.3. Vt liu ca
2
x
cc thanh u l thp v c mun n hi Ethp =
1
3

210gPa. Tit din ca thanh I, II v III l 15cm2 v

I
II
tit din ca thanh IV v V l 8cm 2. Xc nh
V
IV
chuyn v ca cc nt v ng sut trong cc thanh.
P
III
P
Gii bi ton bng tay v bng cch s dng
5
4
chng trnh tnh ton kt cu tng ng. Khi gii
Q
Q
y
bng tay nn ch n tnh i xng ca kt cu.
Hnh C5.3. Dn chu lc
Cho a = 0,5 m; = 600; P = 2kN; Q = 4kN.
4. Mt cy cu ng st c ghp t cc thanh thp, E = 210x109N/m2, tit
din ca cc thanh thp bng nhau v bng 3250 mm 2. Mt on tu dng trn cu,
cu phi chu ti trng ca on tu (Hnh C5.4). Tnh chuyn v theo phng ngang
gi di ng R di tc dng ca cc ti trng. Xc nh chuyn v ti cc nt v ng
sut trong mi thanh cu.

280 kN

210 kN

600

360 kN
3.118m

280 kN

600

R
3.6m

3.6m

3.6m

Hnh C5.4. M hnh mt nhp cu chu lc

44

5. Mt kt cu cu c tnh ton thit k theo m hnh dn thanh nh trn

Hnh C5.5. Kt cu ny c cu thnh t 6 nhp. Ti trng biu din trn hnh v m
t trng thi lm vic nguy him nht ca kt cu. Vt liu s dng trong kt cu l
thp vi mun n hi Ethp = 210gPa. Xc nh tit din cho cc thanh sao cho ti u
theo iu kin bn. Cho a=5,5m; b=4,5m; c=1m; P1=25kN; P2=15kN; P3=40kN v
P4=20kN.
Ch : Kt cu ny s c tnh ton, thit k li theo m hnh khung (xem bi tp
Chng 8).
P1

P2

P3

P4

b
c

a
Hnh C5.5. M hnh dm cu chu lc

6. S kt cu ca mt chic cn cu
c th hin trn Hnh C5.6, ti trng thit k
l 10 tn. Chn loi thp ph hp v s dng
h s an ton bng 4, xc nh tit din cho tt
c cc thanh. Cho a=3m; b=9m; P=10000kg.

a
a

Hnh C5.6. M hnh cn cu

7. Mt kt cu gin cng xn phi chu ti nh trn Hnh C5.7; cc thanh u

bng thp v c tit din 8cm2, ng sut cho php ca vt liu l 600mPa. Kim tra
xem thit k c tha mn iu kin bn hay khng? Thit k li (thit k tinh) vi iu
kin s dng cng loi vt liu v gi nguyn ng bao ca kt cu. Thit k li
y c th hiu l thay i cch sp xp cc thanh, loi b mt s thanh, hoc thay i
tit din ca cc thanh. Mt trong cc mc ch ca thit k tinh v d l tm cch lm
gim khi lng tng th ca kt cu. Cho a=0,5m ; b=0,9m; c=0,4m; d=0,6m; =600;
P = 30kN; Q = 40kN.

45

a
b

Hnh C5.7. M hnh dn cng xn chu lc

8. Cho kt cu gin nh Hnh C5.8. Vt liu v tit din ca cc thanh ging

nh bi 7. Hy phn tch bi ton ging nh lm vi bi ton 7. Cho a=0,4m;
b=6,5m; c=0,4m; = 300; P = 40kN; Q = 60kN.

a
a
b

Hnh C5.8. M hnh dn cng xn chu lc

46

Chng 6
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON HAI CHIU
1. M U
Trong chng ny, chng ta p dng phng php PTHH tnh kt cu phng
(2D) ca bi ton n hi. Cc bc c tin hnh ging nh bi ton mt chiu
xt trong chng 4.
Vct chuyn v u c xc nh bi: u = [u v]T
(6.1)
Trong : u, v l cc chuyn v theo phng x v y tng ng (Hnh 6.1).
T

v
y
(x,y)

fy
i

u=0
v=0

fx

x
Hnh 6.1. Bi ton hai chiu

ng sut v bin dng c k hiu bi:

= [x, y, xy]T

(6.2)

= [x, y, xy] T

(6.3)

Lc th tch, lc din tch v vi phn th tch c xc nh nh sau:

f = [fx fy]T ; T = [Tx Ty]T v dv = tdA
trong : t l dy theo phng z.
Quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v:
u
x

v
y

(6.4)

u v
+
y x

(6.5)

Xt quan h ng sut vi bin dng cho hai trng hp:

1.1. Trng hp ng sut phng
x
E

y =
1

2

xy

Hoc:

0 x
1

1
0 y

1
0 0
xy
2

= D

(6.6)
(6.7)

Trong
47


1
E
1
D=
1 2
0 0

0
0
1

(6.8)

1.2. Trng hp bin dng phng

x
1
E


y =
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0

xy

0 x

0 y
1 2
xy
2

1
0

(6.9)

Hoc:

= D

(6.10)

Trong

1
E

D=
(1 + )(1 2 )
0

1
0

0
0
1 2

(6.11)

E l mun n hi; l h s Poisson ca vt liu.

2. RI RC KT CU HO BNG PHN T TAM GIC
Min hai chiu c ri rc ho bng cc phn t tam gic nh hnh 6.2. Mi phn t
tam gic c 3 nt, mi nt c 2 chuyn v (theo phng x v y).
Ta k hiu vct chuyn v nt chung bi:
Q = { Q1

Q2 Qn }

(6.12)
T

10
11

10

Q4
2

5
4

Q1 1

Q2 6

11

Q3

Q6
Q5

Q2j
j

Q2j-1

Hnh 6.2. Ri rc kt cu bng phn t tam gic

tin tnh ton, cc thng tin v vic chia min thnh cc phn t tam gic s
c th hin qua cc bng to nt v bng nh v cc phn t.
Bng nh v cc phn t c thit lp nh sau:
Bc t.do

6
48

Phn t
1
2
3
...
11

1
3
3

2
4
4

3
13
5

4
14
6

11
11
13

12
12
14

13

14

10

21

22

Qui c: ng i t nt u n nt cui trong mi phn t theo chiu ngc chiu

kim ng h. Bng nh v phn t m t tnh tng ng gia chuyn v a phng v
chuyn v chung ca phn t. Cc thnh phn chuyn v trong h to a phng
ca nt i c k hiu l q2i-1 v q2i theo phng x v y tng ng.
Ta k hiu vct chuyn v ca phn t bi:
q = { q1

q 2 q6 }

(6.13)

T bng nh v cc phn t trn, sau khi tm c vct chuyn v chung Q, ta

s tm c vct chuyn v nt ca tng phn t ri t i xc nh cc i
lng khc nh ng sut, bin dng trong mi phn t.
Chuyn v ti mt im bt k trong phn t c biu din qua cc thnh phn
chuyn v ca nt phn t. i vi phn t tam gic c bin dng l hng s, cc hm
dng bin thin tuyn tnh trong phn t.
Ta c th biu din cc hm dng N1, N2, N3 nh trn Hnh 6.3.
N1

N1=1

=1

N2

=1

N3 =1

N3

N2 =1
=1

3
=1

1
2

=1

=1

Hnh 6.3. Biu din hnh hc cc hm dng

Nhn xt:
- Hm dng N1=1 nt 1, gim tuyn tnh n 0 ti nt 2 v nt 3. Tng t i vi
N2 v N3.
- Bt k mt t hp tuyn tnh no ca cc hm dng trn cng u biu din mt
mt phng.
- Tng N1+ N2+ N3 biu din mt mt phng c chiu cao l mt n v cc nt 1,
2 v 3; mt phng ny song song vi mt phng (1, 2, 3). V vy, vi N1, N2 v N3
bt k, ta c: N1+ N2+ N3 = 1
Trong ba hm dng, c hai hm l c lp. Cc hm dng c biu din qua v
nh sau:
49

N1= 1- - ; N2 = ; N3 =.

(6.14)

Trong v c gi l cc to chun ho hay to t nhin.

Tng t nh trong bi ton mt chiu (to x c bin i qua to , cc
hm dng l hm s ca ), trong bi ton hai chiu, cc to x, y cng c biu
din qua cc to v .
V mt vt l, cc hm dng c biu din bi cc to din tch. Khi ni mt
im nm trong mt tam gic vi ba nh, tam gic s c chia ra ba tam gic c
din tch A1, A2, A3 nh Hnh 6.4.
N1 =

A1
A
A
; N2 = 2 ; N3 = 3
A
A
A

A2

A1
(x,y)
2

A3
1

Hnh 6.4. To din tch

Trong A l din tch ca phn t.

3. BIU DIN NG THAM S
Ta biu din chuyn v trong phn t qua cc hm dng v cc chuyn v nt ca
n nh sau:

u = N1q1 + N 2 q3 + N 3 q5

v = N1q 2 + N 2 q 4 + N 3 q6

(6.15)

hay
u = Nq

(6.16)

Trong
N
N = 1
0

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N3
0

0
N 3

(6.17)

Thay (6.14) vo (6.15), ta c biu thc xc nh chuyn v qua chuyn v nt xt trong

h to quy chiu nh sau:
50

u = ( q3 q1 ) + ( q5 q1 ) + q1

v = ( q 4 q2 ) + ( q6 q 2 ) + q 2

(6.18)

i vi phn t tam gic, nh php m t ng tham s, ta c th biu din to

(x,y) qua to nt phn t vi cng cc hm dng trn:

Hay

Ta k hiu:

x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2 + N 3 x3

y = N1 y1 + N 2 y2 + N 3 y3

(6.19)

x = ( x2 x1 ) + ( x3 x1 ) + x1

y = ( y2 y1 ) + ( y3 y1 ) + y1

(6.20)

xij = xi - xj
yij = yi - yj

T (6.20), suy ra:

x = x21 + x31 + x1

y = y21 + y31 + y1

(6.21)

y l mi lin h gia (x, y) vi (, ). xc nh cc thnh phn bin dng, ta cn

tnh cc o hm ring u v v theo x v y.
Ta c:
u = u(x(, ), y(, )).
v = v(x(, ), y(, )).
p dng qui tc o hm hm hp:
u
u
=
x
u
u
=
x

x
u y
+
y
x
u y
+
y

(6.22)

Hoc di dng ma trn:

u x

u = x

y u
x

y u


y

(6.23)

Trong ma trn vung (2x2) c gi l Jacobian ca php bin i, k hiu l J:

x
J = 21
x31

y 21
( ((
y31

Trin khai ly o hm ca x v y theo v , ta c:

51

 u
u

x

1
u = J u

1
J 1 l ma trn nghch o ca J : J =

(6.24)

1
det J

y31
x
31

y 21
x21

(6.25)

Trong :
det J = x21 y31 x31 y21
Ta cng bit rng, det J chnh bng hai ln din tch tam gic.
|det J|= 2A

(6.26)

Ch : Nu cc nt 1, 2, 3 c xp t theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h, th det J

lun c du dng.
T (6.24), (6.25), ta c th vit:
u
u

y31
y21

u
u
x31

+ x21

1
x

u =
det J
y

(6.27)

Thay vai tr ca u bi v, ta cng c biu thc tng t:

v

1
x

v =
det J
y

v
v

y31
y 21

v
v
x31

+ x21

(6.28)

Khi y, cc thnh phn bin dng c xc nh bi:

u

x
v
=

y
u + v

y x

(6.29)

y23q1 + y31q3 + y12 q5

=
x32 q2 + x13q4 + x21q6

det J

x32 q1 + y23 q2 + x13q3 + y31q4 + x21q5 + y12 q6

Hoc di dng ma trn:

=Bq

(6.30)

Trong :
y 23
1
B=
0
det J
x32

0
x32
y 23

y31
0
x13

0
x13
y31

y12
0
x21

0
x21
y12

(6.31)

52

y l ma trn lin h gia bin dng v chuyn v nt, trong cc s hng u l cc

hng s v c xc nh qua cc to nt ca cc phn t.
4. TH NNG
Th nng ca h c xc nh bi:
=

1
T Dt dA u T ft dA T Tt dl u i T Pi
2
i
A
A
L

(6.32)

Trong :
T: lc din tch; f: lc th tch; t: chiu dy phn t
Pi: lc tp trung, Pi = [Px, Py]iT
Theo s phn t hu hn, th nng c vit di dng:
1
T
= T Dt dA u T ft dA T Tt dl u i Pi
2
e
e e
e e
i
e

(6.33)

Hoc
= U e u T ft dA T Tt dl u i Pi
T

(6.34)

Trong :
Ue =

1
T Dt dA
2
e

l nng lng bin dng ca phn t

5. MA TRN CNG CA PHN T TAM GIC
Th biu thc ca bin dng vo biu thc ca th nng bin dng ca phn t, s
c:
Ue =

1
1
T Dt dA = q T B T DBqt dA

2e
2e

(6.35)

V: t, D, B l hng s v cc ma trn hng s, do

Ue =

Mt khc:

1 T T
q B DB qt e dA
2
e

(6.36)

dA = A , nn cui cng ta c:
e

Ue =

1 T
1
q t e Ae B T DB q = q T k e q
2
2

(6.37)

Trong :
k e = t e Ae B T DB

(6.38)

l ma trn cng ca phn t tam gic; t l dy ca phn t; Ae l din tch ca

phn t; B l ma trn lin h bin dng-chuyn v nt ca phn t; D l ma trn lin h
ng sut-bin dng, n ph thuc vo vt liu kho st. V D l ma trn i xng, do
ke cng l ma trn i xng.
53

T cc ma trn cng ke ca cc phn t, ta s suy ra ma trn cng K ca c kt

cu; khi y, th nng bin dng ca c kt cu c xc nh bi:
Ue =

1 T
Q KQ
2

(6.39)

Ma trn K l ma trn i xng, thng c dng di bng

Ch : Mun gim chiu rng di bng trong ma trn K, ta cn gim hiu s gia cc
ch s nt ca mi phn t trong kt cu.
6. QUI I LC V NT
6.1. Qui i lc th tch

Ta c:

u
e

ft dA = t e (uf x + vf y ) dA

(6.40)

p dng biu thc ni suy ca u v v ta c:

ft dA =q1
t e f x N 1 dA +q 2 t e f y N 1 dA
e
e

+q 3
t e f x N 2 dA +q 4 t e f y N 2 dA
e
e

+q 5
t e f x N 3 dA +q 6 t e f y N 3 dA
e
e

(6.41)

Vi ch :
1 1

1 1

N1 dA =
e

N 2 det J dd = 2 Ae
0

dd = 3 A

(6.42b)

1 1

1 1

N 2 det J dd = 2 Ae
0

(6.42a)

1 1

N 3 dA =
e

(1 ) dd = 3 A

1 1

N 2 dA =
e

N1 det J dd = 2 Ae

dd = 3 A

(6.42c)

biu thc (6.41) s cho

ft dA = q T f

Trong fe l vct lc th tch qui i v nt, v

fe =

t e Ae
{ fx
3

fy

fx

fy

fx

fy}

(6.43)

Sau khi xc nh c cc lc nt fe ca phn t, ta suy ra vct lc F chung.

6.2.

Qui i lc din tch

Lc din tch thng l cc lc tc dng trn cc cnh ni cc nt phn t. Vn

l ta phi qui i cc lc ny v nt.
Gi s cnh l12 chu tc dng ca lc ko Tx v Ty (Hnh 6.5).

54

Tt dl =

(uT

+ vT y ) t dl

(6.44)

l12

Ty2

Ty

l12

2
Ty1

Tx2
Tx

Tx1

Hnh 6.5. Lc tc dng trn cnh phn t

Thay u = Nq, ta s c:

u
L

Tt dl = q1 t eTx N 1 dl +q 2 t eT y N1 dl

l12
l12

+q3 t eTx N 2 dA +q 4 t eT y N 2 dA

l12
l12

(6.45)

V N3 = 0 trn cnh (1-2) suy ra: N1 + N2 = 1;

do

dl =

l12

1
l12
2

Trong

( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2

l12 =

Tt dl = q T e

y,

l tp hp cc bc t do nt tng ng vi cnh 1-2.

T
q = { q1 q2 q3 q4 }

(6.46)

Cui cng
Te =
6.3.

t el12
{Tx
2

Ty

Tx

Ty

0}

(6.47)

Lc tp trung

tin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thng ly nt ti im t lc tp trung.

Nu i l nt c lc: Pi = [Px, Py]T tc dng, th
uiTPi = Q2i-1 Px + Q2i Py
(6.48)
Cui cng ta c th vit

( f

+T e + P F

(6.49)

Sau khi tnh c nng lng bin dng v cc thnh phn lc nt, ta vit biu thc
th nng ton phn di dng:
55

1 T
Q KQ Q T F
2

(6.50)

p dng iu kin cc tiu ho th nng, ta thu c h phng trnh:

KQ=F
Gii h phng trnh (6.51), ta tm c vct chuyn v nt Q.

(6.51)

6.4. Tnh ng sut

V bin dng l hng s trong phn t, do ng sut cng l hng s. Ta cn xc

nh gi tr ng sut trong mi phn t: = D .
M: = Bq, do :

= DBq
(6.52)
T chuyn v chung Q, nh bng ghp ni phn t, suy ra cc chuyn v nt q ca
tng phn t, sau thay vo (6.52) s tnh c ng sut. ng sut chnh v phng
chnh c xc nh nh vng Mohr ng sut.
7. V D
Cho mt tm kim loi hnh vung, cnh di 2m, chu lc nh Hnh 6.6.
P

(a)

p=10mN/m2

P
3

P=100 kN

2m
y

P=100 kN

2
(b)

1
1

Hnh 6.6. M hnh PTHH tnh tm vung chu ko

Bit E = 182 gPa; = 0,3; t = 0,01 m. Xc nh ng sut trong tm cho hai trng
hp:
a. Ch c P = 100 kN tc dng,
b. Ch c p = 10 mN/m2 tc dng.

56

Li gii
Do kt cu i xng, chu ti trng i xng, nn ta ch cn xt mt phn t tm
vi hai phn t (Hnh 6.6b).
Ta thit lp c bng nh v cc phn t
Bc t.do
Phn t
1
2

1
3

2
4

3
7

4
8

5
5

6
6

iu kin bin:
Ti nt 1: u = v = 0, tng ng ta c Q1 = Q2 = 0;
Ti nt 2: v = 0, tng ng ta c Q4 = 0;
Ti nt 3: u = 0, tng ng ta c Q5 = 0;
p dng cc cng thc (6.38): ke = te Ae BT DB Ta xc nh c ma trn cng cho
tng phn t.
Phn t 1
1350
650

1000
1
k =
350
350

300

650

1000

350

350

1350
300
350
350
1000

300
1000
0
0
300

350
0
350
350
0

350
0
350
350
0

300
1000

300
3
10 ( N / mm )
0
0

1000

Phn t 2
350
0

350
2
k =
350
0

350

350

350

1000
300
1000
300
0

300
1350
650
1000
350

1000
650
1350
300
350

300
1000
300
1000
0

350
0

350
3
10 ( N / mm )
350
0

350

Ma trn cng chung K

1350
650

1000

350
K =
350

300
0

650

1000

350

350

300

1350
300
350
350

300
1350
0
0

350
0
1350
650

350
0
650
1350

1000
650
0
0

0
350
300
1000

1000
0
0

650
350
350

0
300
1000

0
1000
300

1350
350
350

350
1350
650

350

1000
10 3
300

350
650

1350

Trng hp 1: P = 100 kN
Sau khi p t iu kin bin ta c h phng trnh:
57

 1350 650 350 350 Q3 0

650 1350 350 350 Q 0

6
3

10 3
= 10
350 350 1350 650 Q7 100

350 350 650 1350

0

Q8

Gii h phng trnh, ta c:

Q3 = 9,971510-3 (mm)
Q6 = 9,971510-3 (mm)
Q7 = 99,91910-3 (mm)
Q8 = -42,93810-3 (mm)
tnh ng sut trong mi phn t, ta p dng cng thc (6.52):

=DBq
Trong
200
D =10
60

0
9

q1 = 10 6 {0

9,9715

0
B =
0
1

0
0
( N / m)
70

60
200

9,9715

1
0

0
1

1
1

0
0

0}

0
0

Cui cng ta tnh c ng sut trong phn t 1

x 2 ,593

y = 2 ,593 ( MPa )
0

xy

Thc hin cc bc tng t cho phn t 2:

q 2 = 10 6 {0

9,9715

1
B =
0
0

9,9715

99,919

0
1

0
1

1
0

0
1

42,938}

0
1

V ng sut trong phn t 2:

x 17 ,407

y = 2 ,5926 ( MPa )
2 ,5926

xy

Trng hp 2: p =10 mN/m2

p dng cng thc (6.47) tnh lc nt qui i, ta c:
F3 = 50000 N v F7 = 50000 N
58

Ta thit lp c h phng trnh:

1350 650 350 350 Q3 50
650 1350 350 350 Q 0

6
3
3

10
= 10
350 350 1350 650 Q7 50

350 350 650 1350

0

Q8

Gii h phng trnh, ta tm c cc chuyn v nt

Q3 = 54,945110-3 (mm); Q6 = -16,483510-3 (mm);
Q7 = 54,945110-3 (mm); Q8 = -16,483510-3 (mm).
Cui cng ta tnh c cc thnh phn ng sut trong cc phn t 1 v 2 (c cng gi
tr):
x 10

y = 0 ( MPa )
0
xy

Trong c hai trng hp t ti, kt qu theo phng php phn t hu hn trng vi

kt qu chnh xc.

59

BI TP CHNG 6
1. Tm chuyn v ti hai im A v B v phn b ng sut trong tm phng c
kch thc v chu ti trng nh Hnh C6.1. Vt liu ca tm l thp c mun n hi
Ethp=210gPa v h s Poisson =0,22; vi a = 0,2 m ; b = 0,3 m; t = 5 mm v q = 8
kN/m2. Hy xt vi cc trng hp chia li nh sau:
a. Hai phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh C6.1a
b. Ba phn t tam gic nh trn Hnh C6. 1b
c. So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v a ra nhn xt v khuyn co.
d. Thay i lin kt ca tm nh trn Hnh C6.1c v d, liu cc kt qu tnh trn
Hnh C6.1a v b c thay i hay khng? Gii thch?
3A

3A

4
II

II

III 5

I
1

2B

3A

2B

3A

4
II
q

2 B

II 5
I
I

I
1

a
b)

II
b

b/2

a)
4

q b/2

b/2
b/2

2B

c)
d)
Hnh C6.1.Cc dng lui vi phn t tam gic

2. Mt vng dt ( h << ri , re ) chu p sut

trong p nh trn Hnh C6.2. Hy tnh chuyn v v
ng sut trong vng. y l dng bi ton vt i
xng trc chu ti i xng trc v c th s dng
cc phn t dng v i xng trc gii. Nhng
y ta s s dng m hnh bi ton ng sut
phng gii quyt. Vi: ri = 15mm; re = 30mm;
p = 120N/mm2; E = 70000 N/mm2; = 0,3 v h =
1mm.
So snh kt qu tm c vi cc kt qu gii
tch nh sau:

re
p

ri

h
Hnh C6.2. Vng dt chu p lc
60

2
2
ri pr
re
(1 ) + (1 + ) 2
ur =
2
2
r
E re ri

2
2
2
ri p re
ri p
r = 2 2 1 2 ; = 2 2
re ri r
re ri

re 2
1 + 2
r

3. Mt tm thp hnh tam gic c bt

d
a
cht vo mt ct thp bng 5 bu-lng ng knh
b
c
P
8mm nh trn hnh v C6.3. Gi thit l ct thp
v bu-lng l rt cng so vi tm thp v b qua
a
ma st gia tm v ct, hy xc nh xem bu-lng
a
no chu ti trng ln nht v xc nh gi tr .
a
d
So snh vi kt qu theo phng php gii tch
thng dng cho mt nhm bu-lng chu ti lch.
Nu tm trn lm bng nhm th ti trng m bulng phi chu c thay i khng?
Lu : Do kch thc tng i gia bu-lng, tm
v ct, ch cn m phng mi bu-lng bng mt
Hnh C6.3. Kt cu lp ghp
hoc mt vi nt, v t cc chuyn v nt ny
bng khng (= 0). Phn lc ti cc nt c nh ny s chnh l ti m bu-lng tng
ng phi chu. Tuy nhin c mt phn b kh chnh xc ca ng sut trn tm ta
cn phi c mt li mn cho tm. S dng phn t tam gic tuyn tnh. Bit: a =
100mm; b = 120mm; c = 300mm; d = 600mm; E = 210gPa; = 0,22 v P = 4kN.
4. Bi ton tng ng nh bi 3, ln ny tm thp c dng hnh thang nh trn
hnh v C6.4 v c bt bng tm bu-lng ng knh 16mm. S dng phn t tam
gic tuyn tnh. Bit: a = 50mm; b = 75mm; c = 500mm v P = 8kN.
a

2b

a
2b
2b
a

Hnh C6.4. Kt cu lp ghp

61

Chng 7
BI TON I XNG TRC CHU TI TRNG I XNG

1. M U
tnh ton mt vt i xng trc hay cn gi l vt trn xoay chu ti trng i
xng trc, ta a bi ton v bi ton hai chiu n gin.
V vt i xng hon ton i vi trc z, nn cc thnh phn bin dng v ng sut
khng ph thuc vo gc quay . Do , bi ton c xem xt nh mt bi ton hai
chiu trong mt phng (rz), trong z l trc ng, r l trc hng knh.
2. M T I XNG TRC
Kho st mt vi phn th tch nh trn Hnh 7.1:
z

z
Pi
bin L

dV

dA

w
r,z

(a)

(b)
Hnh 7.1. Vt i xng trc

Vi phn th tch dv = rddrdz = rddA. Khi biu thc th nng s c dng:

=

1
2

T
T
T
T
rdAd u frdAd u Trdld ui Pi
0 A

0 A

0 L

(7.1)

vi Pi l lc tp trung tc dng trn chu tuyn i xng qua trc z.

V tt c cc bin trong tch phn trn khng ph thuc vo , do , h thc (7.1)
cho ta:
1

T
T
T
T

= 2
2 rdA u frdA u Trdl u i Pi
i
A
A
L

(7.2)

y:
u = [u w]T

(7.3)
62

f = [fr fz]T
T = [Tr Tz]T

(7.4)
(7.5)

T (7.3), ta c quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v u:

= { r

rz

u
r

w
z

} T =

u w
+
z r

(7.6)

Vct ng sut:
= { r z rz }

(7.7)

Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng:

= D

(7.8)

vi:

E (1 ) 1
D=
(1 + )(1 2 ) 0

1 2
2(1 )

1
0

(7.9)

3. PHN T TAM GIC

Xt mt min hai chiu (mt ct) c trch ra t vt th trn xoay. Ta chia min
ny thnh cc phn t tam gic. Mt phn t i din vi 3 nt l 1, 2, 3 v cc chuyn
v tng ng q1, q2, q3, q4, q5 v q6 c biu din nh trn Hnh 7.2.
z
q6
q5

(r3,z3) 3

Ae

w
q4

q2
u
1 q1
(r1,z1)

q3

2
(r2,z2 )

r
Hnh 7.2. Phn t tam gic i xng trc

Vi ch rng cc to r v z ng vai tr ging nh x v y trong bi ton hai chiu

xt trong Chng 6.
Nh cc hm dng N1, N2, N3 bit trong chng 6, ta biu din hm chuyn v bi:
63

u = Nq

(7.10)

trong :
N
N = 1
0

q = { q1

q2

N2

N3

N1

N2

q3

q4

q5

q6 }

0
N 3
T

(7.11)
(7.12)

Ch rng:
N1 = 1 - - , N2 = , N3 =
Suy ra:

u = ( 1 ) q1 + q3 + q5

v = ( 1 ) q2 + q 4 + q6

(7.13)

Dng php m t ng tham s ta cng c:

r = ( 1 ) r1 + r2 + r3

z = ( 1 ) z1 + z2 + z3

(7.14)

u
u

u = J u

(7.15)

w
w

r

w = J w

(7.16)

T ta c:

Trong ma trn vung (22) c gi l Jacobian ca php bin i, k hiu l J:

r
J = 21
r31

z 21
( ((
z 31

K hiu: rj = ri - rj ; z = zi - zj
Suy ra:
detJ = r21z31 r31z21
vy :
|detJ| = 2Ae
Nghch o (7.15) v (7.16) ta c:

(7.17)

(7.18)

64

 u
u

r
1
u = J u ;

w
w

r
1
w = J w

(7.19)

Trong , J 1 l ma trn nghch o ca J v c xc nh bi:

J 1 =

1
det J

= { r

z 31
r
31
rz

z 21
r21
}

(7.20)

u
=
r

w
z

u = ( 1 ) q1 + q3 + q5

v = ( 1 ) q 2 + q 4 + q6

u w
+
z r

(7.21)

(7.22)

Thay cc quan h trn vo biu thc bin dng - chuyn v (7.6), ta c:

z31 ( q3 q1 ) z 21 ( q5 q1 )

det J

r31 ( q4 q2 ) + r21 ( q6 q2 )

det
J
=
r (q q ) + r (q q ) + z (q q ) z (q q )
31 3 1 21 5 1 31 4 2 21 6 2
det J

N
q
+
N
q
+
N
q

1 1
2 3
3 5

Hoc di dng ma trn:

= Bq

(7.23)

Trong , ma trn bin dng - chuyn v B c xc nh bi:

z 23
det J

0
B=
r32
det J
N
1
r

0
r32
det J
z 23
det J
0

z 31
det J
0
r13
det J
N2
r

0
r13
det J
z 31
det J
0

z12
det J
0
r21
det J
N3
r

0
r21

det J
z12
det J

(7.24)

3.1. Ma trn cng ca phn t

Trc ht ta xc nh biu thc th nng bin dng nh sau:
1

T
=
2 T D r dA
2 u T fr dA 2u T T r dl u i Pi

e
i

e
e
e

(7.25)

65

S hng u trong du mc [], chnh l nng lng bin dng ca phn t. Sau khi
thay = Bq, ta s c:
Ue =

1 T
T

q
2 B D B r dA q
2
e

(7.26)

i lng
k e = 2 B T D B r dA

(7.27)

c gi l ma trn cng ca phn t.

Ch rng hng th t ca ma trn B v tch phn (7.25) c cha bin r. Trong thc
t, n gin ho vic xc nh ma trn cng ke, ta tnh gn ng gi tr ca B v
r i vi trng tm ca tam gic v coi y l gi tr c trng ca tam gic . Do ,
i vi trng tm tam gic th:
N1 = N 2 = N 3 =

K hiu: r =

1
3

(7.28)

r1 + r2 + r3
; trong r l bn knh ca trng tm tam gic.
3

K hiu B l ma trn quan h bin dng-chuyn v ca phn t c tnh i vi

trng tm tam gic, khi ta c:
T

k e = 2r B D B dA
e

Cui cng, ma trn cng ca phn t c xc nh bi:

T

(7.29)
chnh l th tch ca phn t vnh, cn din tch Ae c xc

k e = 2r Ae B D B

Ch : s hng 2r Ae
nh bi: Ae =

det J
2

3.2. Lc nt qui i
3.2.1. Lc th tch

Ta c:
2 u T frdA = 2 ( uf r + wf z ) rdA
e

= 2 [ ( N1q1 + N 2 q3 + N 3 q5 ) f r + ( N1q2 + N 2 q4 + N 3 q6 ) f z ]rdA

e

Ly xp x cc bin bng cc gi tr tng ng ti trng tm tam gic, ta c:

2 u T frdA = q T f

(7.30)

trong :
fe =

K hiu f r ,
ca tam gic.

f z,

2 r Ae
f
3

(7.31)

trong (7.31) ch cc i lng c biu din i vi trng tm

3.2.2. Lc din tch

66

Xt trng hp lc tc dng u trn cnh ni nt 1 v nt 2 c cc thnh phn l Tr,

Tz (Hnh 7.3).
3

q4
2

q3

l12

r
q2

Tz

q1

Tr

Hnh 7.3. Lc tc dng trn cnh phn t

Da vo biu thc:
2 u T Trdl = q T T e

(7.32)

trong :
q = { q1

q2

q3

T e = 2l12 { aTr

q4

aTz

q5

bTr

q6 }

bTz }

(7.33)
T

(7.34)

vi
a=

2r1 + r2
r + 2r2
; b= 1
6
6

l12 =

( r2 r1 )

+ ( z 2 z1 )

(7.35)
2

Ch trong tch phn (7.32), r = N1r1 + N2r2. Khi cnh 1-2 song song vi trc z,
th a = b = 0,5r1 v r1 = r2
3.3. ng sut
Sau khi tnh c th nng ton phn, iu kin bin s c p dng trong qu
trnh cc tiu ho th nng, cui cng ta c thu c h phng trnh dng quen
thuc sau:
KQ=F
(7.36)
trong : K l ma trn cng chung; Q l vct chuyn v nt chung; F l vct lc
nt chung.
T (7.36) ta s gii c cc chuyn v nt Q, sau nh bng nh v phn t s suy
ra chuyn v qi ca tng phn t.
Tip tc p dng biu thc quan h ng sut-bin dng v bin dng-chuyn v, ta s
tnh c
=D Bq
(7.37)
Ch : l mt ng sut chnh, hai ng sut chnh khc l 1 v 2 s c xc nh
qua r, z v rz nh vng trn Mohr ng sut.
67

3.4. V d
Cho mt ng tr di c ng knh trong bng 80mm, ng knh ngoi bng
120mm. ng c ghp cng xung quanh ng sinh vi mt vt cng khc v chu
p lc t bn trong p = 2 mPa. Bng m hnh hai phn t hu hn trn chiu di
10mm, hy xc nh cc chuyn v, ng sut ca im bn trong thnh ng, bit E =
200 gPa, = 0,3.
Li gii
M hnh 2 phn t trn chiu di 10mm theo phng z c minh ho nh trn
Hnh 7.4.
Vi ng chu lin kt nh trn, chuyn v pha ngoi ng khng c; coi lin kt
ti nt 3 v 4 l c nh. Tng t, chuyn v dc trc cng khng c; lin kt ti nt 1
v 2 l c nh theo phng dc trc z.
z
2mPa

F1
1
F2

10mm

2
3

40mm
60mm

80mm
120mm

Hnh 7.4. M hnh hai phn t

Theo nhn xt trn ta c:

Q2 = Q4 = 0 (chuyn v dc trc)
Q5 = Q6 = Q7 = Q8 = 0 (chuyn v pha ngoi ng)
Ta lp bng nh v cc phn t:
Bc t.do
Phn t
1
2

1
3

2
4

3
5

4
6

7
7

8
8

Khi ly gc to trng vi nt 2, ta c bng to cc nt nh sau:

Nt
1
2
3
4

r
40
40
60
60

z
10
0
0
10
68

Tnh ma trn D theo biu thc (7.9):

2,69 10 5

1,15 10 5
D=

5
1,15 10

1,15 10 5
2,69 10 5
0
1,15 10 5

1,15 10 5

1,15 10 5

0
5
2,69 10

0
0
0,77 10 5
0

Vi c 2 phn t, ta u c: detJ = 200mm2 v din tch ca phn t l Ae= 100mm2.

Cc lc nt c xc nh bi:
2r1lp 2 3,14 40 10 2
F1 = F2 =

= 2514 ( N )

Xt phn t 1
1
( 40 + 40 + 60) = 46,67 ( mm )
3

r1 =
0,05
0
B1 =
0,1

0,0071

0
0,1
0,05
0

0
0
0,1
0,0071

0
0,1
0
0

0,05
0
0
0,0071

0
0

0,05

Xt phn t 2
r2 =
0,05

0
B2 =
0,1

0,00625

1
( 40 + 60 + 60) = 53,33 ( mm )
3
0
0
0,05
0

0,05
0
0,1
0,00625

0
0,1
0,05
0

0
0
0,1
0,00625

0
0,1

p dng cng thc (7.29), ta tnh c:

4,03 2,58

8,45

k 1 =10 7

DX

0
2,05

0,645

k 2 =10 7

DX

2,34

1,45

1,932

1,37
2,30

7,89
0,24
7,89

1,93
0,16
1,93
2,25

2,22

1,69

1,29
5,11

0,645
3,46
9,66

1,13
0,565

1,13

0
0

0,565

0,085 1,69
1,29
0

2,42
2,17

1,05
9,01
2,62
0,241

9,01

Ghp 2 phn t vi ma trn cng l k1 v k2 ri p t cc iu kin bin: Q2 = Q4

= Q5 = Q6 = Q7 =Q8 = 0.
Ta thu c h hai phng trnh, hai n s:

69

 4,03 2,34 Q1 2514

10 7

=
2,34 4,35 Q3 2514

Gii h phng trnh trn ta thu c:

Q1 0,014 10 2
( mm)
=
2
Q3 0,0133 10

Chuyn v nt ca tng phn t:

q1 = { 0,014 0 0,0133 0 0 0} 10 2
T

q 2 = { 0,0133 0 0 0 0 0} 10 2
T

( mm)
( mm )

Xc nh ng sut
Da vo phng trnh quan h ng sut - bin dng (7.37) ; ta nhn c cc kt qu
sau:
EMBED Equation.3 1 = { 166 58,2 54 28,4} T 10 2 ( mPa )
EMBED Equation.3 2 = { 169 ,3 66 ,9 0 54} T 10 2 ( mPa )

70

BI TP CHNG 7
1. Mt ng dy hnh tr chu p sut trong p
nh trn hnh v C7.1, tm chuyn v v ng sut
trong ng. y l dng bi ton vt i xng trc
chu ti i xng trc. Hy s dng cc phn t
phng tuyn tnh (tam gic hoc t gic) gii cho
mt lt mng (bi ton bin dng phng).
ri = 15; re = 30 mm; h = 10 mm ;

E = 70000N/mm2; = 0,3 ;

re
ri

p = 120 N/mm2.
Hnh C7.1. Vng dt chu p lc

So snh kt qu tm c vi cc kt qu tm c
bng phng php gii tch nh sau:
2
2
ri pr
re
(1 ) + (1 + ) 2
ur =
2
2
r
E re ri

2
2
2
ri p re
ri p

r = 2 2 1 2 ; = 2 2
re ri r
re ri

re 2
1 + 2
r

2. Mt tm trn ng knh R=120mm, chiu dy h=15mm, b ngm cht trn

ton b bin chu mt p sut phn b u p=2mPa theo phng vung gc trn mt
mt ca n.
- Xc nh vng cc i ca tm bit rng vt liu ca tm c mun n hi
E=210 gPa v h s Poisson =0,3.
-

So snh vi kt qu gii tch biu din di dng: wmax =

trong , D l cng chng un: D =

pR 4
64 D

Eh 3
12(1 2 )

p
h
R
Hnh C7.2. a trn chu lc phn b u

3. ng tr rng khng y (Hnh C7.3) chu p lc tc dng t pha trong,

ln 1MPa. Xc nh bin dng ca ng v s phn b ca ng sut chnh. Bit E = 200
gPa v = 0,3.

71

200 mm

1 mPa

100 mm

16 mm
Hnh C7.3. ng thp h, chu p lc trong lng ng

4. Mt khun thp hnh chic cc, c t va kht vo mt ai thp hnh vnh

khn (Hnh C7.4a). Chy dp tc dng lc p ln phi to ra vt c hnh dng nh
chic cc. Gi s qu trnh dp l l tng vi lc tc dng vo khun thay i tuyn
tnh theo b mt chu lc p (Hnh C7.4b). Xc nh v tr v ln ca ng sut chnh
ln nht trong khun trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Khun khng c ai thp vnh khn bao ngoi.
b. Khun c ai thp bao ngoi v khng c s trt gia khun thp vi ai
thp.
c. Khun c ai thp bao ngoi c k n ma st trt (gi : cn phi tch ring
b mt tip xc gia khun v ai thp. Nu I v J l l mt cp im trn b
mt tip xc, khi rng buc gia cc im l: Q2I-1 Q2J-1 = 0.
Chy dp
Phi

Khun
ai thp
hp kim

p3

3
190

320
300

100

p1

p2

220
320

p2

420

(a)

(b)

Hnh C7.4. M hnh chu lc ca b chy - ci dp

72

Chng 8
PHN T T GIC

1. M U
Trong chng 6 v 7 chng ta lm quen vi phn t tam gic 3 nt c bin
dng l hng s. Trong chng ny, chng ta s kho st phn t t gic 4 nt, mi nt
c 2 bc t do. Cc phn t t gic c ng dng nhiu trong k thut gii cc bi
ton hai v ba chiu.
PHN T T GIC

5.1.

Kho st mt phn t t gic tng qut nh Hnh 8.1. Phn t c bn nt: 1, 2, 3

v 4 c nh s ngc chiu kim ng h, mi nt c 2 bc t do; (xi, yi) l to
ca nt i. Vct chuyn v nt ca phn t c k hiu bi:
q = { q1

q2 q8 }

Chuyn v ca mt im M(x, y) bt k trong phn t c k hiu l u: u = [u(x,

y), v(x, y)] T

q8
4

y
q2
1

q1

q6

q7

(0,0)

M(x,y)

q5

(1,1)
3

(-1,1)
4

q4
2

q3

1
(-1,-1)

2
(1,-1)

Hnh 8.1. Phn t t gic 4 nt

5.2.

HM DNG

Ging nh cc chng trc, trong chng ny, phn t qui chiu t gic c dng
hnh vung c xc nh trong h to (, ) (Hnh 8.1). Cc hm dng Ni (i = 1, 2,
3, 4) c tnh cht: Ni = 1 ti nt i v bng khng ti cc nt khc. Chng hn: N1 bng
1 ti nt 1; bng 0 ti cc nt cn li (2, 3, 4). Yu cu N1 = 0 ti nt 2, 3, 4 c ngha
l N1 = 0 dc theo cnh =1 v =1. V vy, N1 phi c dng: N1 = c(1- )(1- ) ;
trong c l hng s cn xc nh.
1
4

T iu kin N1= 1 ti nt 1 ( = -1; = -1), suy ra: c = .

73

Tng t nh trn, ta cng xc nh c biu thc ca cc hm dng cn li. Cui

cng, biu thc ca cc hm dng Ni nh sau:
1
(1 )(1 )
4
1
N 2 = (1 + )(1 )
4
1
N 3 = (1 + )(1 + )
4
1
N 4 = (1 )(1 + )
4
N1 =

(8.1)

Ta c th biu din cc hm dng mt cch tng qut nh sau:

Ni =

1
(1 + i )(1 + i )
4

(8.2)

trong (i , i) l to ca nt i.
By gi ta m t trng chuyn v ca phn t theo chuyn v nt ca n. Ta thy:
u = N1q1 + N2q3 + N3q5 + N4q7
v = N1q2 + N2q4 + N3q6 + N4q8
(8.3)
Hoc di dng ma trn
u = Nq
(8.4)
Trong
N
N = 1
0

0
N1

N2
0

0
N2

N3
0

0
N3

N4
0

0
N 4

(8.5)

Nh cch m t ng tham s, ta biu din to ca mt im trong phn t qua to

cc nt phn t cng nh cc hm dng Ni trn:
x = N1x1 + N2x2 + N3x3 + N4x4
y = N1y1 + N2y2 + N3y3 + N4y4
(8.6)
Trc ht, ta tnh o hm ca hm hp f = f(x, y) = f[x(, ), y(, )] theo v .
f
f
=

x
f
f
=
x

Hoc:

x
f y
+
y
x
f y
+
y

f
f

f = J f

x

Trong J l ma trn Jacbin : J = x

(8.7)

(8.8)
y

(8.9)

T (8.1) v (8.6), ta c:
74

1 ( 1 ) ( x2 x1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( x3 x4 )
J=
4 ( 1 ) ( x4 x1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( x3 x2 )

( 1 ) ( y2 y1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( y3 y4 ) J11
=
( 1 ) ( y4 y1 ) + ( 1 + ) ( y3 y2 ) J 21

J12
J 22

(8.10)

Nghch o (8.8) ta c quan h:

f
f

x
1
f = J f

(8.11)

Hoc
f

1
x

f =
det J

J 22
J
21

f
J 12

J 11

(8.12)

Ta s s dng cc biu thc trn xy dng ma trn cng ca phn t.

5.3.

MA TRN CNG CA PHN T

Nng lng bin dng ca vt th n hi c xc nh bi:

U =

1
T dV
2 V

(8.13)

hoc
U = t e
e

1 T
dA
2

(8.14)

Quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v:

u

x x
v
= y =

y
xy u v
+
y x

(8.15)

Nu trong (8.12), coi vai tr ca f l u, ta c:

u

1
x

u =
det J

J 22
J
21

u
J 12

J 11

(8.16)

J 22
J
21

v
J 12

J 11

(8.17)

Tng t,
v

1
x

v =
det J

Biu thc (8.15), (8.16) v (8.17) cho ta:

75

 u


u

= A
v


v

(8.18)

Trong A c xc nh bi
J 22
1
A=
0
det J
J 21

J 12
0
J 11

0
J 21
J 22

0
J 11
J 12

(8.19)

T phng trnh ni suy (8.3), ta c th vit:

u


u

= Gq
v


v

Trong
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
G=
1
0
4 0

1
0
0

0
0
1
1

(8.20)

1 +
0
1 +
0
0
1 +
0
1 +

1
1
0
0

0
0

(8.21)

Cui cng ta c:

= Bq

(8.22)

Trong :
B = AG
v ng sut c xc nh bi

= DBq

(8.23)
(8.24)

Quay li biu thc nng lng bin dng (8.14),

1 1

1
1
U = q T t e B T DB det J d d q = q T k e q
e 2
e 2
1 1

(8.25)

1 1

Trong :

k e = t e B T DB det J d d

(8.26)

1 1

chnh l ma trn cng ca phn t t gic.

76

5.4.

QUI I LC V NT

5.5. Lc th tch
tch phn:

f dV

(8.27)

vi: u = Nq v gi thit rng cc thnh phn lc khi f = [fx, fy]T phn b l hng s
trong mi phn t, ta s c:

f dV = q T f

(8.28)

1 1 T
f x
f = t e N det J d d
1 1
f y
e

Trong :

(8.29)

5.6. Lc din tch

Gi s lc din tch T = [Tx, Ty ]T bng hng s, tc dng trn cnh 2-3 ca phn t
t gic. Dc theo cnh 2-3, = 1 v khi y cc hm dng tr nn:
N1 = N 4 = 0;

N2 =

1
;
2

N3 =

1 +
2

Ta tnh c cc thnh phn ca vct lc nt phn t:

Te =

t e l 23
{0
2

0 Tx

Ty

Tx

Ty

0}

(8.30)

Ch : Trong cng thc ma trn cng (8.26) v cng thc qui i lc th tch
(8.29), cc i lng B v detJ u l cc hm s ca v . Ta cn phi s ho cc
tch phn trn. Di y chng ta nhc li mt vi khi nim v tch phn s.
5.7.

TCH PHN S

6.1. Tch phn s mt bin

Cho tch phn
I=

f ( ) d

(8.31)

Ta s xp x tch phn I trn di dng mt tng n im xp x nh sau:

I=

f ( ) d = w1 f ( 1 ) + w2 f ( 2 ) + K

+ wn f ( n )

(8.32)

Trong w1, w2, ..., wn l cc hm trng s v 1, 2, ..., n l cc im Gauss. T

tng ca phng php cu phng Gauss l chn n im Gauss v n hm trng s
sao cho tch phn (8.31) cho kt qu chnh xc nht i vi a thc f(). Ni khc i,
cng thc tch phn n im l chnh xc cho tt c cc a thc bc cao, v cng
thc tch phn trn vn ng thm ch khi f khng phi l mt a thc. hiu c
bn cht ca phng php, chng ta xt cng thc tch phn 1- im v tch phn 2im nh sau:
77

6.1.1. Cng thc tch phn 1- im

Khi n = 1:
I=

f ( ) d = w1 f ( 1 )

(8.33)

C 2 tham s w1 v 1 cn xc nh, vi yu cu l (8.33) cho kt qu chnh xc khi

f() l mt a thc bc nht. iu ny c ngha l nu f() l mt a thc bc nht, th
sai s:
1

= ( a0 + a1 ) d w1 f ( 1 ) = 0

(8.34a)

= 2a0 w1 ( a0 + a11 ) = 0

(8.34b)

= a0 ( 2 w1 ) w1a11 = 0

(8.34c)

hoc

T (8.34c), suy ra = 0 khi:

w1 = 2

1 = 0

(8.35)

Vi hm f tng qut v tu , ta c:
1

I = f ( ) d = 2 f ( 0 )

(8.36)

Kt qu tnh ging nh phng php trung im (phng php hnh ch nht), nh m

t Hnh 8.2 sau.
f

Phn din tch

xp x = 2f(0)

f()
)

Phn din tch

chnh xc

f(0)
-1

Hnh 8.2. Cu phng 1 im Gauss

6.1.2. Cng thc tch phn 2- im

Khi n = 2
1

I = f ( ) d = w1 f ( 1 ) + w2 f ( 2 )

(8.37)

78

 y, c 4 thng s cn xc nh l: w1; w2 ; 1 v 2. Chn

f ( ) = a0 + a1 + a2 2 + a3 3 , ta c:
1

= ( a0 + a1 + a 2 2 + a3 3 ) d [ w1 f ( 1 ) + w2 f ( 2 ) ] = 0

(8.38)

tho mn (8.38): = 0, khi ta phi c:

w1 + w2 = 2
w + w = 0
1 1 2 2
2
2
2
w

+
w

=
2 2
11
3
3
w1 1 + w2 2 3 = 0

(8.39)

H phng trnh phi tuyn (8.39) c nghim duy nht l:

w1 = w2 = 1

=
1 2 3 = 0,57735

(8.40)

T y, chng ta c th kt lun rng phng php cu phng Gauss n-im s cho

kt qu chnh xc nu f l mt a thc bc (2n-1) hoc nh hn. Bng di cho cc gi
tr ca wi v i theo cng thc Gauss vi n =1,...,6.
Bng 8.1. im Gauss v hm trng lng
n
1
2

wi

0,577350269
2
0,774596669
2
0

0,861136311
6
0,339981043
6

0,347854845
1
0,652145154
9

0,555555555
6
0, 888888889
6

i
0,906179845
9
0,538469310
1
0

wi
0,2369268851

0,932469514
2
0,661209386
5
0,238619186
1

0,1713244924

0,4786286705
0,5688888889

0,3607615730
0,4679139346

6.2. Tch phn s hai bin

Xt tch phn

79

1 1

I = f (,) dd

(8.41)

1 1

Ta c
1

I wi f (i , ) d w j wi f (i , j ) wi w j f (i , j )
n

1 1

i =1 j =1

(8.42)
6.3. Tch phn ma trn cng
T cng thc (8.26):
1 1

k e = t e B T DB det J d d
1 1

Ch k l ma trn cng (8x8) i xng, do ta ch cn ly tch phn cc s hng

pha trn ng cho chnh l .
K hiu

( ,) = t e B T DB det J

(8.43)

ij

v p dng cng thc (8.42), ta c

k ij = w1 ( 1 ,1 ) + w1 w2 ( 1 ,2 ) + w2 w1( 2 ,1 ) + w2 ( 2 ,2 )
2

(8.44)
Trong :

w1 = w2 = 1

1 = 1 = 0,57735; 2 = 2 = 0,57735
Cc im Gauss theo cng thc tch phn 2- im trn c m t trn Hnh 8.3.
Nu gi cc im Gauss ln lt l 1, 2, 3, 4 th kij trong (8.44) c vit di dng:
4

k i j = Wk K

(8.45)

K =1

Trong K l gi tr ca v WK l hm trng s ti im tch phn k. Ch rng

WK = (1)(1) = 1. Cng thc (8.45) rt thun li cho chng ta khi lp trnh tnh ton ma
trn cng.

80

1
3

1
=
3
1

1
1
=
3
3

Hnh 8.3. im Gauss theo qui tc tch phn 2 im

5.8.

TNH NG SUT

Khng ging nh phn t tam gic c bin dng hng s; vi phn t t gic, ng
sut = DBq khng phi l hng s trong phm vi mt phn t, m chng thay i
theo v . Trong thc t, ng sut c tnh ti cc im Gauss, y cng l nhng
im c s dng trong khi tnh ma trn cng ke. Nh vy, vi phn t t gic, ta
s c 4 gi tr ng sut. trnh sinh ra nhiu s liu, ta ch cn tnh ng sut ti mt
im cho mi phn t, chng hn im ( = 0, = 0).
5.9.

V D

Kho st mt phn t ch nht nh hnh v di y. Gi thit phn t chu trng

thi
ng
sut
phng
v
c
cc
thnh
phn
chuyn
v:
T
q = {0 0 0,051 0,076 0,152 0,081 0 0} ( mm ) . Bit E = 206 gPa, = 0,3.
Hy xc nh cc i lng J, B v ti im ( = 0, = 0).
y

q8

q6

q7

4
(0,1)

q5
3
(2,1)
q4
q3

q2
q1
1 (0,0)

2 (2,0)

Bi gii
Theo cng thc (8.10), ta c:

1 2(1 ) + 2(1 + )
J=
4 2(1 + ) + 2(1 + )

(1 ) (1 + ) 1
=
(1 + ) + (1 + ) 0

0
1
2

p dng cng thc (8.19), ta c:

81

1 2
A=
0
12
0

0
1
2

0
1

p dng cng thc (8.21) v (8.23) vi = 0, = 0 ta s c:

1
1
1
1

0
0
0
4 0
4
4
4

1
1
1
1

B= 0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
4
2 4 2 4 2
4
Ma trn D c xc nh bi (6.8)
1
206 103
D=
0,3
1 0,09

0
0

0,35

0,3
1
0

Cui cng ta tnh c ti im = 0, = 0:

= DBq = { 461 159 282}

( MPa )

82

BI TP CHNG 8
1. Xc nh chuyn v ti hai im A v B, v phn b ca ng sut trong tm.
Vt liu ca tm l thp c mun n hi E=210 gPa v h s Poisson = 0,22. Hy
chia tm ra thnh hai phn t ch nht theo hai cch c m t trong cc hnh: Hnh
C8.1a,b. So snh kt qu trong hai trng hp trn v so snh vi kt qu tm c
bng cc phn t tam gic nh trong bi ton 1 chng 6. Bit: a = 0,2 m; b = 0,3 m;
t = 5mm v q = 8 kN/m.
3A

3A

2
b

1
1

2 B

2 B

Hnh C8.1. S ho PTHH vi phn t t gic

2. Mt kt cu c m t nh Hnh C8.2. Bng cc phn t ch nht tuyn

tnh, hy gii li bi ton theo yu cu nh bi ton 4 chng 6.
a

a = 50mm;
b = 75mm;
c = 500mm
P = 8kN.

2b

a
2b
2b
a

Hnh C8.2. Kt cu lp ghp

3. Xc nh ma trn cng tng th cc li phn t nh trn hnh v C8.3.

Gi thit mi nt c mt bc t do v gi [K(e)] l ma trn cng ca phn t th e.
(Kt qu c th biu din thng qua cc s hng Kij(e)).
3

2
1
1

5
4

8
3

7
2

10
3

6
3

7
Hnh C8.3. S li phn t

9
4

8
83

Chng 9
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU DM V KHUNG

1. GII THIU
Dm v khung c ng dng rng ri trong k thut. Trong chng ny chng ta
s p dng phng php phn t hu hn tnh dm sau m rng cho kt cu
khung hai chiu.
Ta ch xt dm c mt ct ngang i xng so vi mt phng ti trng. S ho
dm chu un v bin dng ( vng) ca trc dm c minh ho nh Hnh 9.1 di
y.
p

Pkp
Mkm
kp

km

(a)
v

(b)
Hnh 9.1. (a) S ho dm chu un; (b). Bin dng ca trc dm

Trong trng hp bin dng nh, ta c kt qu quen bit sau:

=
=

M
y
J

(9.1)
(9.2)

Phng trnh vng:

d 2v M
=
EJ
dx 2

(9.3)

Trong : l ng sut php, l bin dng di, M l mmen un ni lc trn mt ct

ngang, v l vng ca trc x v J l mmen qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi trc
trung ho (trc z i qua trng tm mt ct ngang).
5.10.

TH NNG

Nng lng bin dng trong mt phn t c chiu di dx c xc nh bi:

du =

1
dAdx
2 A

(9.4)

Thay (9.1) v (9.2) vo (9.4) ta c:

84

du =

1
1M2

dAdx
=

2 A
2 EJ 2

1 M2
2
y
dA
dx
=
dx

2
A
2
EJ

(9.5)

T (9.5) ta tnh c nng lng bin dng ton phn trong dm:
U =

d 2v
1

EJ
dx 2
dx
2

(9.6)

Th nng ca dm c xc nh bi:
2

L
L
d 2v
1

= EJ
dx

Pkp v kp M kmkm
2
0 pvdx
20
kp
km
dx

(9.7)

Trong : p l ti trng phn b trn mt n v di; Pkp l lc tp trung ti im kp;

Mkm l mmen ca ngu lc ti im km; vkp l vng ti im kp v km l gc xoay
ca mt ct ngang ti km.
HM DNG HERMITE

5.11.

Gi s ta chia dm thnh bn phn t nh Hnh 9.2, mi phn t c 2 nt; mi nt

c 2 bc t do. Hai bc t do ca nt i c k hiu l Q2i-1 v Q2i. Trong Q2i-1 l
vng; Q2i l gc xoay.
Q l vct chuyn v chung:
Q = [ Q1, Q2 , Q3, ..., Q10 ]T
(9.8)
Bn bc t do a phng ca mi phn t c k hiu bi: q = [q1, q2, q3, q4]T. trong
: q1, q3 l vng v q2, q4 l gc xoay.
Q1

Q3

Q2

Q5
Q6

Q4

Q6

Q9

Q8

q1

Q10

q2
1
v1

q3
q4
e

v2
v2

v1 (b)
(a)
Hnh 9.2. Ri rc dm bng phn t hu hn

Cc hm dng ni suy chuyn v trn mt phn t dm s c xc nh theo

; trong -1 1.
Cc hm dng i vi phn t dm khc vi cc hm dng m ta bit trong cc
chng trc. V c c chuyn v ngang ( vng) v gc xoay do chng ta a
vo hm dng Hermite nh sau:
Hi = a i + b i + c i2 + di 3; vi (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)

(9.9)

Cc hm dng Hermite tho mn cc iu kin:

H1
= -1 1
=1 0

H1
0
0

H2
0
0

H2
1
0

H3
0
1

H3
0
0

H4
0
0

H4
0
1
85

Cc h s ai, bi, ci v di c xc nh nh cc iu kin trong bng trn.

Kt qu cho ta:
H1 = ( 1 - )2(2 + )/4 = (2 - 3 + 3)/4
H2 = (1 - )2 (1 + )/4 = (1 - - 2 + 3)/4
H3 = (1 + )2(2 - )/4 = (2 + 3 - 3)/4

(9.10)

H4 = (1 + )0( - 1)/4 = (-1 - + 2 + 3)/4

Biu din hnh hc cc hm dng nh Hnh 9.3:

Hnh 9.3. Hm dng Hermite

5.12.

MA TRN CNG CA PHN T DM

Trc ht, ta s dng cc hm dng Hermite trn xy dng biu thc chuyn v
v():
v() = H1v1 + H2 (dv/d)1 + H3v2 + H4 (dv/d)2

(9.11)

Mt khc:
x +x
x x
1
1+
x1 +
x2 = 1 2 + 2 1
(9.12)
2
2
2
2
l
dv
dv dx
V (x2 - x1 = le) l di phn t, do : dx = e d ; v d = dx d , nn ta c quan h
2
x=

o hm sau:
dv le dv
=
d 2 dx

(9.13)

Ch rng (dv/dx) ti nt 1 v nt 2 chnh l q2 v q4, suy ra:

v( ) = H1q1 +

le
l
H 2 q 2 + H 3 q3 + e H 4 q 4
2
2

(9.14)
86

hay vit di dng c ng:

v=Hq
Trong :

(9.15)

H = H1

le
H2
2

le

H4
2

H3

(9.16)

Nng lng bin dng ca phn t c xc nh bi:

2

Ue =

d 2v
1
EJ
dx 2
dx
2

T (9.13) suy ra:

dv 2 dv
d 2v 4 d 2v
=
=
v
dx le d
dx 2 le2 d 2

Thay v = Hq, ta c:
2

d 2v
16 d 2 H
2 = q T 4

le d 2
dx
d 2 H 3
1 + 3

=
2
2
d 2

Ch : dx =

d 2H

2
d
le
2

3

2

1 + 3 le
2 2

(9.17)

le
d , biu thc ca nng lng bin dng ca phn t c vit di
2

dng:
9 2
4

+1
1 T 8EJ
Ue = q
2
le3 1

3
( 1 + 3 ) le
8
2
1 + 3 2

le
4
DX

9
2
4
3
( 1 + 3 ) le
8
9 2

(1 + 3 ) le
8

1 + 9 2 2
le

16
d q
3
(1 + 3 ) le
8

2
1 + 3 2

le
4

(9.18)
cui cng ta thu c:
Ue =

1 T e
q k q
2

(9.19)

Trong ke l ma trn cng ca phn t dm

6le
12
6l
4le
EJ
ke = 3 e
le 12 6le

2le
6le

12
6le
12
6le

6le
2le
6le

4le

(9.20)

87

QUY I LC NT

5.13.

Cc dng ti trng tc dng gy un trn phn t dm nh ch ra trong Hnh 9.4.

p x
p( x) = 0
p
p0
l
l

(a)
P0

(b)

M0

x0

x0

x
l

x
l

(c)

(d)
Hnh 9.4. Cc dng ti trng gy un trn phn t dm

Vic quy i cc ti trng ny v nt c thc hin nh sau:

5.1. Lc phn b u, cng p (Hnh 9.4a)
pl e
e pvdx = 2

H d q

(9.21)

Thay biu thc ca H t (9.10) v (9.16) vo (9.21), sau ly tch phn ta c:

pvdx = f

eT

(9.22)

Trong :
fe=

pl e
[ 6 le
12

6 le ]

(9.23)

5.2. Lc phn b bc nht (0: p0) (Hnh 9.4b)

pvdx =
e

pl
p0 x
vdx = 0 e
le
4

H (1 + )d q

(9.24)

Thay biu thc ca H t (9.10) v (9.16) vo (9.24), sau ly tch phn ta s nhn
c:
fe=

p0 le
[9 2le
60

21 3l e ]

(9.25)

5.3. Lc tp trung P0 (Hnh 9.4c)

Pkp v kp = P0 H

=0

(9.26)

Tng t nh trn, ta c:

88


f = P0 H 1 ( 0 )

le
H 2 (0 )
2

H 3 (0 )

le

H 4 (0 )
2

(9.27)

trong :
0 =

2 x0
1
le

(9.28)

5.4. Ngu lc c mmen M0 (Hnh 9.4d)

Tng t nh trn, ta c:
M
2
2
f e = 30 6 x0 ( x0 le ) le le 4 x0le + 3x0
le

6 x0 ( x0 le )

x0le ( 3x0 2le )

(9.29)
Ch : vct lc nt fe cng c th c biu din theo bin 0, bng cch thay
x0 =

le
( x0 1) vo biu thc (9.29).
2

5.14. TNH MMEN UN V LC CT

p dng h thc mmen un v lc ct:
M = EJ

d 2v
dM
; Q=
, trong : v = Hq
2
dx
dx

Suy ra
M =

EJ
[ 6 q1 + ( 3 1) le q2 6 q3 + ( 3 + 1) le q4 ]
2
le

Q=

5.15.

6 EJ
( 2q1 + le q2 2q3 + le q4 )
3
le

(9.30)
(9.31)

KHUNG PHNG

Kho st mt kt cu phng gm cc dm lin kt cng vi nhau. Cc phn t

trong kt cu c th c nhiu phng khc nhau. Hnh 9.5 gii thiu mt phn t
khung.

89

q5

q5

x
q4
q4
q6 (q6)

y
q2

q2

q1

y
x

q1
q3 (q3)
Hnh 9.5. Phn t khung phng

Mi nt phn t c hai chuyn v theo x,y v mt gc xoay. Ta k hiu vct

chuyn v nt ca phn t bi:
q = [ q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6]T
(9.32)
Ta qui c h to a phng (x, y) sao cho x hng dc theo phn t khung
vi cc cosin ch phng l = cos v m = sin.
Trong h to a phng, vct chuyn v nt c xc nh bi:
q' = [ q'1, q'2, q'3, q'4, q'5, q'6]T
Ch : q3 = q3 ; q6 = q6, ta tm c biu thc quan h gia q v q:
q' = Lq
Trong :
l
m

0
L =
0
0

l
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
0
0

0
0
l
m
0

0
0
m
l
0

0
0

0
0

(9.33)
(9.34)

(9.35)

y, ta coi q'2, q'3, q'5, q'6 nh cc bc t do ca mt phn t dm chu un; cn q'1

v q'4 ging nh cc chuyn v ca mt phn t thanh chu ko hoc nn (Chng 4).
Tng hp cc cng theo ng v tr cn c, ta xc nh c ma trn cng
ca phn t khung nh sau:

90

 EA
0
l
e
12 EJ
0

l 3e

6 EJ
0
l 2e
e

k' =
EA
0
l
e
12 EJ
0
l 3e

6 EJ

l 2e

0
6 EJ
l 2e
4 EJ
le
0
6 EJ
l 2e
2 EA
le

EA
le

0
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e

0
0
EA
le

0
12 EJ
l 3e
6 EJ
l 2e

0
0

6 EJ
l 2e
2 EA

le
(9.36)

6 EJ
l 2e
4 EA
le

Tng t nh phn h thanh phng (Chng 5), ta c th xc nh c nng

lng bin dng ca phn t khung:
Ue =

1 T e
1
1
q ' k ' q ' = q T LT k 'e Lq = q T k e q
2
2
2

(9.37)

trong :
ke = LT k'e L
(9.38)
l ma trn cng ca phn t trong h to chung (x, y).
Trong cc chng trnh phn t hu hn, trc ht ta xc nh ma trn ke, sau
tin hnh nhn cc ma trn trn theo (9.38) c ke.
Ple
x
Pl 2 e
2

12
p

Ple
2

Pl 2 e
12

Hnh 9.6. Qui i lc phn b v nt

Nu trn khung c ti trng phn b tc dng, chng hn nh Hnh 9.6. Ta c:

qTf' = qT LT f'
trong

f ' = 0

Ple
2

Pl 2 e
12

Ple
2

Vy, ti trng nt do p gy ra s c xc nh bi:

f = LT f'

Pl 2 e

12

(9.39)

(9.40)
91

Cc gi tr ca f c cng vo vct lc nt chung, vi ch l chiu dng ca p

c ly theo chiu ca y'.
Lc tp trung v mmen ca ngu lc un cng c cng mt cch n gin vo
vct lc nt chung.
p t iu kin bin, cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh PTHH: KQ = F cho
php tnh chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca khung chu lc.
V D

5.16.
8.1. V d 1

Cho mt dm chu lc nh Hnh 9.7. Bit E = 200 gPa, J = 4106 mm4, = 1000
mm, p = 12 kN/m. Xc nh gc xoay ti B, C v vng ti im gia on BC.
p
A

l
Q3

Q1
Q2
1

Q5
Q6

Q4

Hnh 9.7. Tnh dm chu un bng phng php PTHH

Li gii
Chia dm ra 2 phn t; mi phn t c 2 nt; mi nt c 2 bc t do (Hnh 9.7).
Cc chuyn v Q1 = Q2= Q3= Q5= 0; cn tm Q4 v Q6.
Ta c:
EJ ( 200 10 9 )( 4 10 6 )
=
= 8 10 5 N / m
3
3
1
le

12
6
k 1 = k 2 = 8 10 5
12

6
4
6
2

12
6
12
6

6
2

p dng cng thc (9.23), ta tnh c lc nt qui i: F4 = -1000 Nm ;F6 = 1000

Nm
Ghp hai phn t, ta thu c ma trn cng chung ca dm

k 144 + k 2 22 k 2 24
5 8 2
K=
=
8

10

2
2
k
k
24
44
2 4

92

v h phng trnh
8 2 Q4 1000
8 10 5

=
2 4 Q6 1000

Gii h phng trnh trn s c

Q4 2.679 10 4
=
4 (Rad)
Q6 4.464 10

i vi phn t 2: q1 = 0; q2 = Q4; q3 = 0; q4 = Q6. xc nh vng ti im gia

ca phn t 2, ta p dng cng thc (9.15): v = Hq, ti = 0
Suy ra:
v =0+

le
l
H 2 Q4 + 0 + e H 4 Q6 = 8.93 10 5 (m) = 0.0893(mm)
2
2

8.2. V d 2
Xc nh chuyn v ti im B ca khung chu lc nh hnh di. Bit A =
0,006m2; J = 0,0002m4; E = 200 gPa.
Li gii
1. Bng nh v cc phn t
Kt cu c chia ra 2 phn t nh Hnh 9.8; s nt chung l 1, 2 v 3.
Bc t.do

1
7

2
8

3
9

7
4

8
5

9
6

J(m4)

EJ/l3

A(m2)

0,000
2
0,000
2

78,12
5
78,12
5

0,006
0,006

PT
1
2
2. Cc thng s lin quan
PT

( )

sin

1
2

22,0
2
0

0.37
5
0

E(N/m2 l(m
)
)
0,927 200.109 8
1
200.109 8
cos

93

p=4 kN/m
P=50kN

5m
3

3m
1

Q8

Q9

Q3

3m

8m

Q5

Q6

Q7
3

Q2

Q4

1
Q1

Hnh 9.8. Bi ton khung phng chu lc

3. Ma trn cng ca cc phn t

p dng cng thc (9.36), ta tnh c ma trn cng ca cc phn t:
1

129

1
6
k =10

7
150

k 2 =10 6

51,82
21,90

1,406
3,477
20

129
51,82
1,406
129

DX

8
51,82
21,9
3,477
51,82
21,9

0
0,9375

0
3,75
20

150
0
0
150

0
0,9375
3,75
0
0,9375

DX

9
1,406
3,477

10

1,406
3,477

20

6
0
3,75

10

0
3,75

20

4. Xc nh vct lc nt ca cc phn t:
- Trn phn t 1, lc tp trung P khng t ng nt, nn c th s dng cc cng thc
(9.10), (9.27) v (9.28), ta c:
12,82
31,68

58,59

1
3
f =10
(N ) ;

5
,
932

15,66

35,15

- Trn phn t 2, c lc phn b u tc dng, p dng cng thc (9.34) v (9.35), ta

c:
94

0
16

21,33

3
=10
(N )
0
16

21,33

Ghp hai ma trn cng trn ta s c ma trn cng chung K; ghp hai vct lc
nt phn t trn ta c vct lc nt chung F. p dng iu kin bin (Q1 = Q2=
Q3= Q4= Q5= Q6 =0); cui cng ta thu c h phng trnh:
51,82
1,406 Q7
279
5,932

10 6 51,82 22,84 0,2735 Q8 = 10 3 1,34

56,48
1,406 0,2735
40
Q9

Gii h phng trnh trn, ta c cc thnh phn chuyn v ti im B:

Q7 0,0111 (mm)

Q8 = 0,01631 (mm)
Q 0,001412 ( Rad )
9

95

BI TP CHNG 9
1-6. Trong cc bi ton v dm, biu din trn cc hnh v t 9.10.1-9.10.6.
Bit: EJ = 3E6 Nm2; L = 4 m; xC = 0,4L; q = 15kN/m; m = 10kN.m. Hy xc nh: Ma
trn cng tng th v vct lc tng th ; cc chuyn v tng th v mmen un ti
im C trn dm. Ch : S dng s lng phn t cn thit ti thiu trong mi bi.
q
x
L

Hnh C9.2

Hnh C9.1
q

x
2L

4J1

2J1

J1

Hnh C9.3
m
m

Hnh C9.4
q

x
L

Hnh C9.5

P
x

x
L

Hnh C9.6

7. Hy ch ra tnh hi t ca cc m hnh phn t hu hn cho mt dm ta trn

hai gi n gin v chu ti phn b u, nh Hnh C9.7. Hy chia li mn dn
xc nh chuyn v ( y l vng) cc i v ng sut cc i vi sai s nh hn
5%. Dm c chiu di gp 10 ln chiu cao v c chiu dy n v. So snh kt qu
tnh c vi ng sut un v vng gia dm c k n nh hng ca bin dng
trt theo biu thc gii tch sau:
3qL2
=
;
4bc 2

y max

5qL4
3qL2 (1 + )
=
+
16 Ebc 3
5 Ebc

q
x
L

2c
b

y
Hnh C9.7. Dm lin kt ta bn l chu un

8. Xc nh vng cc i v ng sut cc i cho mt dm cng xn chu ti

phn b u, nh Hnh C9.8. Chiu dy ca dm bng n v v chiu di ca dm

96

gp 5 ln chiu cao ca n. So snh kt qu tnh c vi ng sut un v vng

gia dm c k n nh hng ca bin dng trt theo biu thc gii tch sau:
=

3qL2
;
4bc 2

ymax =

5qL4
3qL2 (1 + )
+
16 Ebc 3
5Ebc

q
2c

x
L
y

Hnh C9.8. Dm cng xn chu un

9-10. Trong cc bi ton v khung biu din trn cc hnh v t Hnh 9.10.9 9.10.10. Hy xc nh: Ma trn cng tng th; vct lc nt tng th; cc chuyn v
nt v cc phn lc ti cc lin kt. Cho Q = 15 kN ; P= 10 kN; L = 3m; E = 200 gPa;
ng knh D = 0,1m.
L

L
P

P
L

Hnh C9.9

Hnh C9.10

11. Cho kt cu khung xe p nh Hnh C9.11. Thit k theo ch ti trng

nh sau: ti tc dng theo phng thng ng ti v tr yn xe l 75 kg v ti v tr tay
li xe (ghi ng) l 12 kg. K n nh hng ca lc qun tnh bng cch s dng h
s ti trng 2,5. Gi thit ban u l tt c cc dm u l thp ng vi ng knh
ngoi l 25 mm v chiu dy thnh ng l 1,5 mm. Kim tra xem khung xe c b ph
hy cc b (ti mt im no trn khung) nu vt liu l thp giu cacbon vi gii
hn n hi l 600gPa? Nu ph
75 kg
790
255
12 kg
hy xy ra th hy thit k li (thit
k tinh) v d thay vt liu bng
380
loi c gii hn n hi cao hn
305
hoc c tit din ln hn hoc thay
i hnh dng ca khung chng
458
ph hy. Nu khung c thit k
813
qu tha bn th hy thit k tinh
915
gim khi lng ca khung.
Hnh C9.11. M hnh khung xe p chu lc

97

Chng 10
PHN T HU HN TRONG BI TON DN NHIT
1. GII THIU
Trong k thut, vic xc nh ng sut nhit trong qu trnh hn, ng sut nhit do
cc ng c nhit hot ng gy ra v xc nh cc bin dng nhit do nh sng mt
tri gy ra trn cc kt cu v.v, c ngha rt quan trng. gii quyt vn trn, ta
cn thit phi bit s phn b nhit trong vt.
Di y, ta xt bi ton dn nhit mt chiu v hai chiu trong mi trng dng
nh phng php phn t hu hn.
2. BI TON DN NHIT MT CHIU
2.1. M t bi ton
Bi ton dn nhit mt chiu cn c gi l bi ton thanh nhit, Hnh 10.1.
Vt dn
nhit
QAdx

dq

q + dx A
dx

qA
dng
nhit

dx

Hnh 10.1. M hnh bi ton dn nhit mt chiu

2.2. Phn t mt chiu

Gi thit nhit bin thin tuyn tnh dc chiu di thanh, khi ta c th s
dng m hnh phn t 2 nt vi hm dng tuyn tnh xy dng m hnh PTHH cho
bi ton truyn nhit mt chiu (Hnh 10.2). Nhit ti cc nt c k hiu l T (ti
nt 1 l T1 v nt 2 l T2) l cc n s cn tm.
q=h(TL-T)
T1=T0

2
1

3
2

Hnh 10.2. M hnh phn t hu hn cho bi ton dn nhit

Trong chng ny, cc k hiu c s dng nh sau:

T l nhit ,
k l h s dn nhit ca vt liu (W/m 0C),
98

q l mt dng nhit (W/ m2),

Q l ngun nhit trn mt n v th tch hoc trn mt n v din tch,
h l h s i lu nhit (W/m2 0C),
nh lut Fourier cho rng: Dng nhit i qua thanh t l thun vi grain nhit
T/x theo phng dn. Do ,
Q = kA

dT
dx

(10.1)

Trong : Q l nhit lng; k l h s dn nhit; A l din tch mt ct ngang (mt

ng nhit vung gc vi hng truyn nhit).
v:
T j Ti
dT T j Ti
=
=
dx
x j xi
le

(10.2)

do :
Qi =

kA
(T j Ti );
le

Qj =

kA
(Ti T j )
le

hoc di dng ma trn:

kA 1 1 Ti Qi
=
=
l e 1 1 T j Q j

(10.3)

y l phng trnh cn bng ca phn t cho bi ton thanh nhit.

So snh vi bi ton mt chiu (Chng 4), ta d thy c mt s tng t:
EA
kA

; u T;
l
l

f Q

Tin hnh ghp cc phn t nh trong bi ton mt chiu (1D). Cui cng ta cng
thu c h phng trnh PTHH di dng tng qut:
KT = R
(10.4)
2.3. V d
Kho st s phn b nhit qua vch phng c ghp t 3 lp vt liu nh Hnh
10.3; vi h s dn nhit ca cc lp vt liu l: k1=8010-3W/mm 0C; k2=1103
W/mm 0C; k3=8010-3 W/mm 0C.
T1=2000C
1

1
k1

2
k2

3
k3

10

10

x
T4=200C

Hnh 10.3. M hnh bi ton dn nhit qua vch phng 3 lp

Li gii
99

Ta c th m t bi ton nh mt thanh nhit gm 3 phn t; din tch mt ct

ngang bng 1 n v.
Trc ht ta xy dng bng ghp ni cc phn t, nh bng sau:
Bc t.do
Phn t
1
2
3

1
2
3

2
3
4

Sau tnh cc ma trn dn nhit ca cc phn t:

80 10 3
10
110 3
5

1
1

1
1

80 10 3
10

1
1

1
1
= 8 10 3

1
1

1
1

(w /

1
1
= 0,2 10 3

1
1

1
1

(w /

1
1
= 8 10 3

1
1

1
1

(w /

T y, ta tnh c ma trn dn nhit K:

8
8
K =
0

8
8,2
0,2
0

0
0,2
8,2
8

0
0
10 3
8

(w / C )
0

v h phng trnh PTHH c dng:

8
0
0 T1 R1
8
8 8,2 0,2 0 T 0
2 =
10 3
0 0,2 8,2 8 T3 0

0
8 8 T4 R4
0

p t iu kin bin: T1 = 2000C, T4 = 200C vo h phng trnh trn (tc l loi b

dng 1, ct 1 v dng 4, ct 4); sau gii h phng trnh, ta s c:
T2 = 195,710C
T3 = 24,29 0C
Thay cc gi tr ca T vo h phng trnh trn, ta tm c lng nhit cn cung cp
ti nt 1 v 4 s l:
R1 = -R4 = 34,3210-3 W/mm2

100

3. BI TON DN NHIT HAI CHIU

3.1. Phng trnh vi phn qu trnh dn nhit hai chiu
Mc ch ca chng ta y l i xc nh s phn b nhit T(x, y) trong mt
vt th di, hnh lng tr; chng hn trong ng khi c tit din ngang ch nht nh
Hnh 10.4.

qy
qy+ dy
y

qx
y

dy

A-A
dx

qy

q
qx+ xdx
x

x
(b)

(a)

Hnh 10.4. (a). M hnh bi ton dn nhit hai chiu

(b).Vi phn th tch dn nhit

Kho st mt vi phn th tch nh Hnh 10.4b. Vi phn th tch c dy t l hng

s theo phng z. Lng nhit pht sinh trong phn t c k hiu l Q(W/m3). V
lng nhit i vo vi phn th tch cng vi lng nhit pht sinh phi bng lng
nhit i ra; do :
q y

q x dy t + q y dx t + Qdxdy t = q x + x dx dy t +
qy +
dy

dx t
x
y

(10.5)
T (10.5), suy ra:
q x q y
+
Q = 0
x
y

thay

q x = k T x ;

q y = k T y

(10.6)

vo (10.6), ta s c phng trnh dn nhit:

T T
k

k
+
+Q = 0
x x y
y

(10.7)

Phng trnh vi phn o hm ring m t qu trnh dn nhit 2 chiu (10.7) l mt

trng hp ring ca phng trnh tng qut cho qu trnh dn nhit Helmholtz.
3.2. iu kin bin
Phng trnh (10.7) phi c gii quyt vi cc iu kin bin xc nh. C ba dng
iu kin bin nh m t trn Hnh 10.5.
101

Cc iu kin bin c pht biu c th nh sau:

i.
Cho trc nhit T = T0 trn bin ST;
ii.
Cho trc mt nhit qn = q0 trn Sq;
iii.
Cho trc qui lut trao i nhit gia b mt ca vt v mi trng qn
= h(T-T) trn Sc.
ST: T=T0
Sc: qn = h(T-T)
A

Sq: qn = q0
Hnh 10.5. Cc iu kin bin ca bi ton dn nhit hai chiu

Phn bn trong vt k hiu l A. Bin tng cng l S = (ST + Sq + Sc). Ngoi ra, vct
mt nhit qn vung gc vi bin dn. y ta qui c: q0 >0 nu nhit i ra ngoi
vt v q0 <0 nu nhit i vo trong vt.
3.3. Phn t tam gic
Di y, chng ta s s dng phn t tam gic gii bi ton dn nhit (Hnh
10.6). Vic m rng cho phn t t gic ng tham s cng c thc hin tng t
nh Chng 8.
y

T3

=1 3
2

T(x,y)

T1

1
2

T2
x

=1

Phn t quy chiu

Hnh 10.6. Phn t tam gic bc nht trong bi ton dn nhit hai chiu

Ta biu din trng nhit trong phn t c biu din bi:

T = T1 N1 + T2 N2 + T3 N3
Hoc:
T = NTe
Trong :

(10.8)

102

N = [1 ] l cc hm dng v T e = [T1

T2

T3 ]

tng ng l

nhit ti cc nt v l cc n s cn tm.
Tng t nh Chng 6, vi phn t tam gic ng tham s ta c:
x = N1 x1 + N2 x2+ N3 x3
y = N1 y1 + N2 y2 + N3 y3
Suy ra
T
T x T y
=
+

x y

T x

(10.9)

T y

v = x + y

(10.10)

Hay
T
T

T = J T

(10.11)

J l ma trn Jacobian c xc nh bi:

x
J = 21
x31

y 21
y 31

Trong : xij = xi - xj; yij = yi - yj v

gic.
Nghch o (10.11), dn n:

det J =2 Ae ,

T
T

1
x
1
T = J T =

det J

y31
x
31

vi Ae l din tch ca phn t tam

y 21 1 1 0 e
T
x21 1 0 1

(10.12)

Hay:
T

e
T = BT T

(10.13)

Trong
BT =

1
det J

y 21 y31
x x
21
31

y31
x31

y 21
1
=

x21 det J

y 23
x
32

y31
x13

y12
x21

(10.14)

Kt qu l:
2

T
T T
=

+
x y
x

T
T
x

T
eT
e
T = T BT BT T

(10.15)

103

3.4. Xy dng phim hm

Nh cp mc trn, chng ta cn gii phng trnh (10.7) vi cc iu kin
bin: (i). T = T0 trn ST; (ii). qn = q0 trn Sq; (iii). qn = h(T-T) trn Sc. Vic gii bi
ton ny tng ng vi vic cc tiu ho phim hm:
2
2

T
1 T
1
2

k
+
k
2QT tdA + q 0TtdS + h(T T ) tdS

2 A x

y
2

Sq
Sc

(10.16)
sao cho T = T0 trn ST.
Th (10.15) vo hai s hng u trong biu thc tch phn th nht ca , ta s c:
2
T
1 T
k
+k

y
2 A

tdA

T
1
T
= kT e BT BT T e tdA
2
e
e

(10.17)

1 T
1 T
1 T
T
= T e ktAe BT BT T e = T e k T T e = T e K T T e
2
e 2
e 2

Trong ma trn dn nhit ca phn t c xc nh bi:

T

kT = ktAe BT BT

(10.18)

v ma trn dn nhit ca c h:
K T = kT

(10.19)

a. Xt s hng th ba trong biu thc tch phn th nht ca , c ba trng hp xy

ra:
1. Khi Q =Qe l hng s trong phn t; dy phn t t = const.

Q NtdA T
QTtdA =

(10.20)

N dA = 3 A , do vct lng nhit:

i

rQ =

Qe tAe
[1 1 1]T
3

(10.21)

2. Khi Q bin thin tuyn tnh vi Qe = [Q1, Q2 , Q3 ]T. Khi y, ta c:

Q(, ) = NQe

(10.22)

Th (10.22) vo QTtdA , s c:
A

rQ =

tAe
[ 2Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Q1 + 2Q2 + Q3 Q1 + Q2 + 2Q3 ] T
12

(10.23)

3. Trng hp im nhit. Gi s Q0 l bin ca im nhit ti (0, 0) trong phn

t. Nu im nhit trng vi nt ca phn t th Q0 c cng vo vct ti trng v
phi; nu im nhit nm bn trong phn t th:

104

QTtdA = tQ T
0

= tQ0 N (0 ,0 )T e = rQ T e
T

(10.24)

T
Trong : rQ = tQ0 N (0 ,0 )
Hay
T
rQ = tQ0 [1 0 0 0 0 ]

(10.25)

b. Xt tch phn tip theo

Sq

q0 NtdS q
TtdS =

e e

e
T

(10.26)

Gi thit rng iu kin bin mt nhit q = q0 c cho vung gc vi cnh 2-3

ca phn t nh Hnh 10.7.
=0
=1

q = q0
x
1

=0
=0

=1
=0

Hnh 10.7. iu kin bin dn trn cnh 2-3 ca phn t tam gic

Khi y, dc theo cnh 2-3, ta c: N = [ 0 1 ] v dS = l 23 d . V vy

q0 NtdS q T e =

q
l
0 23 [ 0

1 ]d tT e =

T e (10.27)

Trong :
rQ =

q0 tl 23
[ 0 1 1]T
2

(10.28)

Tng t, nu iu kin bin mt nhit q = q0 c cho vung gc vi cnh 1-2

ca phn t, ta s c:
rQ =

q0 tl12
[1 1 0]T
2

(10.29)

V nu iu kin bin mt nhit q = q0 c cho vung gc vi cnh 1-3 ca phn

t, ta s c:
rQ =

q0 tl13
[1 0 1]T
2

(10.30)

c. Xt tch phn cui cng

105

1
1
1
2
2
h(T T ) tdS =
hT 2 tdS hTTtdS +
hT tdS
2S
2S
2
S
S
=
=

T
T e hN T NtdS c T e

1
2

1
2

eT

hT T e

hT NtdS c

e e
1
T
2
r T e +
hT t dS c
2
e
e

e
T +

2 hT t dS
2

(10.31)
Nu cnh 2-3 l cnh to nhit i lu ca phn t, khi y N = [ 0 1 ] v
dS = l 23 d , nn ta c:
hT =

0
htl 23
0
6

r =

htTl 23
[ 0 1 1]T
2

0
2
1

0
1

(10.32)
(10.33)

Nu cnh 1-2 l cnh to nhit i lu ca phn t, khi y N = [1 0] v

dS = l12 d , nn ta c:
2
htl12
hT =
1
6

1
2
0

0
0

(10.34)

htTl12
[1 1 0]T
2

r =

(10.35)

Nu cnh 1-3 l cnh to nhit i lu ca phn t, khi y N = [1 0 ] v

dS = l13 d , nn ta c:
2
htl13
hT =
0
6

0
0

1
0

(10.36)

htTl13
[1 0 1]T
2

r =

cui cng, s hng

2 hT

t dS c
e

(10.37)

trong (10.31) c b qua v n khng cha cc

thnh phn ca vect Te, nn s t ng b trit tiu trong php ton tm cc tr ca

phim hm.
Cui cng, ta vit phim hm (10.16) di dng:
1
= T T KT R T T
2

(10.38)

K = kT + hT

(10.39)

R = ( rQ rq + r )

(10.40)

Trong
e

106

Vic cc tiu ho phim hm phi c thc hin sao cho tho mn iu kin T =
T0 tt c cc nt trn ST.
3.5. V d
Mt vt th di, tit din ngang ch nht, c h s dn nhit l 1,5W/m 0C chu
iu kin bin nh Hnh 10.8. Hai mt i din trn v di c gi nhit
1800C; mt tri cch nhit; mt phi chu s trao i nhit i lu vi T = 250C; h =
50 W/m2 0C. Xc nh s phn b nhit trong vt th.
Li gii
Do mt ct ngang i xng nn ta ch xt mt na chiu cao mt ct ngang. Phn
mt ct kho st c chia ra 3 phn t vi 5 nt nh Hnh 10.8.
T=1800

T=1800
0,6m

k=1,5W/m0C

4
3

h, T

h, T

1
T=1800

0,4m

2
q=0

Hnh 10.8. M hnh bi ton thanh dn nhit

T s li phn t nh trn, ta xy dng c bng ghp ni cc phn t:

Bc t.do

1
2
3

1
5
5

2
1
3

3
3
4

Phn t

Theo cng thc (10.14)

BT =

1
det J

y 23
x
32

y31
x13

y12
x 21

Ta tnh c
B1 =

1 0,15
0,06
0

0,15
0,4

B2 =

1 0,15
0,12
0,4

0,15
0,4

0
0,4

0,3
0

107

B3 =

0,15
0,4

1 0,15
0,06
0

0
0,4

p dng cng thc kT = kAe BT T BT (t=1 n v), ta tnh c cc ma trn nhit ca

cc phn t:
kT = (1,5) (0,03) BT(1) BT( 1)
T

0,2813 0,2813 0
= 0,2813 2,2813 2
0
2
2

1,14
2
kT =
0,86

0,2813
kT

0,86
1,14

0,2813
0,2813

0,5625

0,2813

0,2813
=
0,2813

0,2813
2,2813
2

0
2

Tip theo, cn tnh ma trn hT cho phn t c cnh i lu. V hai phn t 1 v 3
cng c cnh 2-3 (nt a phng) i lu, p dng biu thc (10.32) ta c:
0
htl 23
hT =
0
6

0
2
1

0
1

thay s vo ta c:
1

hT = hT

0
=
0

0
2,5
1,25

0
1,25

2,5

Ma trn dn nhit ca c h (kch thc 5x5) s c xy dng nh bng ghp ni

cc phn t trn. Ch n iu kin bin T = 1800C ti nt 4 v 5 (b hng 4, ct 4;
hng 5, ct 5), ta c:
0,2813
4,7813

1,4213
K =
0,2813

0,2813

0,75

0,2813
0,75

9,563

By gi ta i tnh vct lng nhit R theo cng thc (10.33):

r =

ta c:
1

r = r =

htTl 23
[ 0 1 1]T
2
50 25 0,15
[0 1 1]T
2

Vy
R = 93,75 [ 0 1 2 ]T
Gii h phng trnh: (KT = R) ta c:
T = {T1

T2

T3

T4

T5 } = {124,5 34
T

40,4 180 180}

Nu chia cnh 2-4 ra nhiu nt, ta s c kt qu chnh xc hn.

108

BI TP CHNG 10
1. Trong mt bi ton dn nhit ca mt kt cu,
ngi ta cho bit rng nhit ti cc nt ca phn t
tam gic s (5) l: T6 = 488,66 0K; T7 = 425,16 0K; T8
= 496,08 0K, nh trn Hnh C10.1. Xc nh graien
nhit trong phn t. Xc nh xem ng ng
nhit 4910K ct bin ca phn t ti u?

2. Trong mt bi ton dn nhit tng t nh bi

10.1 ngi ta bit nhit ti cc nt ca phn t
ch nht s (10) l: T5 = 258,46 0K; T6 = 288,66 0K;
T7 = 325,16 0K; T8 = 196,08 0K nh trn Hnh C10.2.
Xc nh graien nhit trong phn t. Xc nh
xem ng ng nhit 260 0K ct bin ca phn t
ti u?
3. Kho st mt bc tng c chiu dy L=30
cm, h s dn nhit ca vt liu k = 0.7 W/m .oC. B
mt trong c nhit 28oC v b mt ngoi tip xc
vi khng kh lnh nhit -15 oC. H s i lu
nhit ca b mt l h = 40W/m2 .oC. Hy xc nh gi
tr nhit trung bnh phn b trong tng v lng
nhit i qua tng.

Hnh C10.1
y

10

6
Hnh C10.2

30 cm
h=40W/m2 oC
T = -15oC

28oC

k=0.7W/moC

Hnh C10.3

4. Xt kt cu nhit nh Hnh C10.4. Mt ngoi

ca b pht nhit (dng bng) c gn vi 1 lp
cch nhit, mt trong c gn vi mt tm thp
khng g dy 2cm, h s dn nhit k =16.6W/m.oC.
B mt kia ca tm thp c tip xc vi khng
kh nhit 20oC. Nhit lng pht sinh t b
pht nhit cng 500W/m2. Hy xc nh nhit
ti b mt m di nhit gn vi tm thp tn
nhit.

Lp cch nhit
Phn t pht nhit
Thp trng
k =16.6W/moC

2cm

h =5W/m2.0C
T =20oC

Hnh C10.4

109

Chng 11
PHN T HU HN TRONG TNH TON KT CU TM - V CHU UN
1. GII THIU
Tm v v l cc dng kt cu c s dng nhiu trong k thut v chng thng
chu bin dng chu un. Cc phng trnh PTHH i vi cc kt cu tm-v thng
phc tp hn nhiu so vi cc dng kt cu khc. Chng 11 s gii thiu v hai l
thuyt tm c s dng ph bin trong cc bi ton kt cu tm-v: l thuyt tm
kinh in ca Kirchoff (gi tt l tm Kirchoff) v l thuyt tm bc nht ca Mindlin
(gi tt l tm Mindlin).
Cc thut ton PTHH i vi tm chu un tng ng vi hai l thuyt trn
c thit lp chi tit.
Phn t v c xem l t hp ca phn t tm chu un v phn t tm chu trng
thi ng sut phng.
2. L THUYT TM KIRCHOFF
Gi thit c bn ca l thuyt un tm Kirchoff l: on thng vung gc vi mt
trung bnh (mt phng chia i chiu cao tm) vn thng v vung gc vi mt trung
bnh sau khi bin dng. H qu ca gi thit ny l ta b qua cc thnh phn bin
dng ct ngang ( yz = xz = 0 ). Do , cc thnh phn chuyn v trong mt phng: u, v
v w c biu din nh sau:
w
x
w
v ( x, y , z ) = z
y

0
w( x, y, z ) = w ( x, y )

u ( x, y , z ) = z

(11.1)

trong , mt phng (0, x, y) l mt gia ca tm, trc z vung gc vi b mt tm.

Cc thnh phn u, v v w tng ng l chuyn v theo phng x, phng y v phng
z; w0 l chuyn v ti mt trung bnh (gi thit bin dng mng: u0 = v0 = 0).
V b qua bin dng ct, nn cc thnh phn bin dng trong mt phng c vit
dng sau:

{ } T = { x

xy } = z{ x

xy }

(11.2)

Trong :

{} T = { x

2 w
xy } = 2
x

2 w
y 2

2 w

xy

(11.3)

c gi l cc thnh phn cong.

Thay cc biu thc (11.2) v (11.3) vo quan h ng sut bin dng { } = [ D]{ } ta
c biu thc sau:
110

{} = z[ D ]{}
Trong :

{ } = { x

(11.4)

y xy } T

1
E
1
[ D] =
1 2
0 0

0
0
1v

Cc thnh phn ni lc trn cc mt ct ngang c m t trong Hnh 11.1.

z

Qx

Mx

Mxy

Qy

M xy +

My
dx

Mxy

M xy +

Mx +

M Q
x
x +
dx

M xy
x

M xy
y

dy

dx

My +

Qy +

M y

Qy y
y

dy

dy

Q x
dx
x

dy
Hnh 11.1. Ni lc trn phn t tm chu un

Cc thnh phn mmen c xc nh bi:

h
2

{ M } = { }z dz

(11.5)

Trong : { M } = {M x

My

M xy } v h l chiu dy tm. Thay biu thc (11.4) vo

T

(11.5), ta thu c quan h gia mmen v cc thnh phn cong nh sau:

{ M}

= D { }

(11.6)

Trong :
h
[D] = 12
[ D]
3

(11.7)

Cc phng trnh cn bng (cn bng mmen i vi cc trc x, y v cn bng lc i

vi trc z, c suy ra t iu kin cn bng tnh hc ca phn t tm (Hnh 11.1). Sau
khi b qua cc thnh phn bc cao, ta thu c cc phng trnh cn bng sau:

111


M x M xy
+
Qx = 0
x
y

M xy M y
+
Q y = 0
x
y

Qx Q y
+
+ p=0

x
y

(11.8)

Trong , Qx v Qy l cc lc ct v p l ti trng phn b gy un tm (phng tc

dng vung gc vi mt phng tm). Kh cc thnh phn lc ct trong cc phng
trnh ca h (11.8) ta c:
2 M xy 2 M y
2M x
+
2
+
+ p =0
xy
x 2
y 2

(11.9)

T hp cc biu thc (11.3), (11.6) v (11.9), qua mt s php bin i n gin cui
cng ta nhn c phng trnh vi phn cn bng i vi tm chu un nh sau:
4 w
4 w
4 w
p
+2 2 2 + 4 =
4
Dr
x
x y
y

(11.10)

Trong :
Dr =

Eh 3
12(1 2 )

l cng chng un ca tm.

3. PHN T TM KIRCHOFF CHU UN
Da trn l thuyt tm kinh in trnh by trn, chng ta s xy dng thut
ton PTHH cho phn t t gic bn nt ti nh chu un. Phn t c m t trong
Hnh 11.2.
z
y
4
(x4,y4)
1
(x1,y1)

y
3
(x3,y3)
(x2,y2)

x
Hnh 11.3. Phn t t gic Kirchoff

112

Mi nt ca phn t c 3 bc t do: Chuyn v w theo phng z v hai gc xoay x

= w,x v y = w,y (du phy l k hiu ca o hm ring phn ca w theo cc bin x
v y) quanh trc x v y tng ng. K hiu vct chuyn v nt l di, ta c:

d i = wi

x i

(11.11)

Vi phn t t gic 4 nt, vct chuyn v nt phn t c biu din nh sau:

q = d1T

d 2T

d 3T

d 4T

(11.12)

v vct chuyn v ti mt im bt k ca phn t l:

d = w0

x y }

(11.13)

Vct chuyn v nt phn t (11.11) c cha cc thnh phn l o hm bc nht

tng ng vi cc gc xoay ti nt. Do , cc thnh phn chuyn v ca vct chuyn
v (11.13) s c ni suy qua cc gi tr chuyn v nt nh sau:

- Thnh phn chuyn v vng tm (w) c xp x theo hm ni suy Hecmit,

tc l:
w
w
w
w

w = H 1 w10 + H 2
+ ... + H 10 w40 + H 11
+ H3
+ H 12

x 1
x 4
y 1

(11.14)

- Cc thnh phn chuyn v gc xoay c ni suy qua cc thnh phn chuyn v

nt:
x =
y =

=
x x

=
y
y

i =1

i =1

3i 2

w
w

wi + H 3i 1
+ H 3i
y

x i

(11.15)

3i 2

w
w

wi + H 3i 1
+ H 3i
y

x i

(11.16)

Khi , quan h gia vct chuyn v c ni suy qua vct chuyn v nt phn t
nh sau:
d = B q.
(11.17)
Trong : B l ma trn ni suy, c biu din nh sau:

H
1
B =
H1
x

y H 1

H2

H2
x

H2
y

H3

H3
x

H3
y

H 10

H 10
x

H 10
y

H 11

H 11
x

H 11
y

H 12

H 12
x

H 12
y

(11.18)
Thay vo biu thc (11.3) ta c th biu din cc thnh phn bin dng qua vct
chuyn v di dng:
{} = [ L]{d } ;
(11.19)
vi L l ma trn ton t o hm, c xc nh nh sau:

113

L = 0

x
0

(11.20)

Cui cng, cc thnh phn bin dng c vit li di dng:

{} = Ld = L Bq = Bq

(11.21)

vi B l ma trn quan h bin dng-chuyn v.

T biu thc nng lng bin dng n hi:
Ue =

1
tdV
2V

(11.22)

a cc quan h (11.2), (11.3) v (11.4) vo (11.22) v qua mt s khai trin, ch

n biu thc ca cc thnh phn ni lc, ta c biu thc ca nng lng bin dng
n hi:
Ue =

1
2

h
2

z{}

( z[ D ]{} ) dSdz

h Se
2

1
2

h
2

2
T
{
}
{
}

[
D
]

dS

z dz
h S

e
2

h
{} T [ D ]{}dS = q T h B T [ D ] BdS q

24 Se
24 S e

Cui cng, th nng bin dng n hi ca phn t c biu din di dng c

ng:
Ue =

1 t e
qk q
2

(11.23)

trong ke l ma trn cng phn t t gic Kirchoff v c xc nh theo biu

thc:
ke =

h3
B T [ D ] BdS

24 Se

(11.24)

xc nh c ma trn cng phn t t gic Kirchoff, ta cn xy dng c

cc hm ni suy Hecmit Hi (i = 1, 2, .., 12). Cc hm ny c xc nh trong h to
quy chiu (, ) v vi tnh cht:

,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1

H1
1
0
0
0

H1
0
0
0
0

H1
0
0
0
0

,
-1,-1

H4
0

H4
0

H4
0

Nt 1
H2 H2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nt 2
H5 H5
0
0

H2
0
0
0
0

H3
0
0
0
0

H3
0
0
0
0

H3
1
0
0
0

H5
0

H6
0

H6
0

H6
0
114

1,-1
1,1
-1,1

1
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1

H7
0
0
1
0

H7
0
0
0
0

H7
0
0
0
0

,
-1,-1
1,-1
1,1
-1,1

H10
0
0
0
1

H10
0
0
0
0

H10
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
Nt 3
H8 H8
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Nt 4
H11 H11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

1
0
0

H8
0
0
0
0

H9
0
0
0
0

H9
0
0
0
0

H9
0
0
1
0

H11
0
0
0
0

H12
0
0
0
0

H12
0
0
0
0

H12
0
0
0
1

Ta c th chn cc hm dng Hi di dng sau:

H=

a0 + a1 + a2+ a32 + a4 + a52 +

+ a63 + a72 + a82 + a93+ a103 + a113

T bng trn, ta s xc nh c cc h s ai (i = 0 .. 11). Cui cng, ta s thu
c cc hm ni suy Hecmit nh sau:
H1 =

1
(1 )(1 ) ( 2 2 2 )
8

H2 =

1
(1 )(1 ) (1 2 ) ; H 3 = 1 (1 )(1 ) (1 2 )
8
8

H4 =

1
(1 + )(1 ) ( 2 + 2 2 )
8

H5 =
H7 =

(11.25a)

(11.25b)

1
(1 + )(1 ) (1 2 ) ; H 6 = 1 (1 + )(1 ) 1 2
8
8

1
(1 + )(1 + ) ( 2 + + 2 2 )
8

H8 =

(11.25c)

1
(1 + )(1 + ) (1 2 ) ; H 9 = 1 (1 + )(1 + ) (1 2 )
8
8

H 10 =

1
(1 )(1 + ) ( 2 + 2 2 )
8

H 11 =

1
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2 ; H 12 = 1 (1 )(1 + ) (1 2 )
8
8

(11.25d)

Quan h gia 2 h to (x,y) v (, ) c th hin di dng:

115

2( y y C )
2( x xC )

=
;

a
b

x = a + x ; y = b + y
C
2 C
2

(11.26)

trong : a, b l kch thc phn t ch nht; xC, yC l ta trng tm C ca phn t.

Nh thy trn y, cc hm ni suy Hi tng ng vi nt i c biu din theo
cc to quy chiu (,). Cc biu thc ca ma trn ton t L (11.20), c cha o
hm ring phn ca cc hm Hi ly theo bin x v y ca h to thc. Do , ta cn
thc hin php tnh o hm ca hm hp:
x

= x

x
= [ J ]
y

(11.27a)

v:

*
J 11

x
1
=[J ] = *

J 21
y

J 12

*
J 22

(11.27b)
a

vi: [ J ]1 l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn Jacbin [ J ] = 0 b .

Vy ta c:

[J]

v:

J *
= 11*
J 21

1
J 12* a
=
*
J 22
0

x

a

= 1 ;

y

b

0
1

2 1
x 2 a 2
2 =
2 1
y b 2

(11.28)
2
2

2
2

(11.29)

Khi cc biu thc (10.20) ca ma trn ton t o hm c biu din theo h

to quy chiu (, ):

L = 0

2
a
0
2
b

2
b
2
a

(11.30)

v ma trn B c biu din nh sau:

116

 4 2 H1
2
2
a 2
4 H1
B= 2
b 2

2
8 H1
ab

4 2H2
a 2 2
4 2H2
b 2 2
8 2H2
ab

4 2H3
4 2 H 10

a 2 2
a 2 2
4 2H3
4 2 H 10

b 2 2
b 2 2
8 2H3
8 2 H 10

ab
ab

4 2 H 11
a 2 2
4 2 H 11
b 2 2
8 2 H 11
ab

4 2 H 12

a 2 2
4 2 H 12
b 2 2

8 2 H 12
ab
(11.31)

Trong :
2 H1 3
= (1 ) ;
2
4

2 H1 3
= (1 ) .
2
4

(11.32a)

2 H 2 1
= (1 )( 3 1) ;
2
4

2 H 2
=0.
2

(11.32b)

2 H 3
= 0;
2

2 H 3 1
= (1 )( 3 1)
2
4
2
2
H4 3
H4
3
= (1 ) ;
= (1 + )
2

4
4
2
2
2
H5 1
H5
= (1 )( 3 + 1) ;
=0
2

4
2

(11.32d)

2 H 6
=0;
2

(11.32f)

2 H 7
3
= (1 + ) ;
2

2H6 1
= (1 + )( 3 1)
2
4
2 H 7
3
= (1 + ) .
2

(11.32c)

(11.32e)

(11.32g)

2H8 1
2 H 8
(
)(
)
=
1
+

+
1
= 0,
;
2
4
2

(11.32h)

2 H 9
=0;
2

(11.32i)

2H9 1
= (1 + )( 3 + 1)
2
4

2 H 10 3
2 H 10
3
(
)
=
1
+

= (1 )
;
2
2

4
2 H 11 1
2 H11
(
)(
)
=
1
+

1
=0
;
2
4
2
2 H 12
=0;
2

2 H 12 1
= (1 )( 3 + 1)
2
4

(11.32k)
(11.32m)
(11.32n)

1. PHN T TM MINDLIN CHU UN

Khc vi l thuyt tm Kirchoff, l thuyt tm ca Mindlin c k n nh hng
ca cc thnh phn bin dng ct ngang ( yz xz 0 ). Khi , biu thc ca nng
lng bin dng n hi ca tm c cha thm biu thc nng lng bin dng ct
ngang:

117

Ue =

trong :

1
{ b } T { b } dV + 1 { s } T { s } dV
2 V
2V

{ b } = { x

y xy } T

{ b } = { x

(11.33)

(11.34)

xy } T

(11.35)

l cc thnh phn ng sut v bin dng un, cn:

{ s } = { xz

yz } T

(11.36)

{ s } = { xz

yz } T

(11.37)

l cc thnh phn ng sut v bin dng ct ngang (trong cc mt phng vung gc vi

mt trung bnh).
Trong cc tnh ton k thut theo l thuyt tm ca Mindin, ta cn phi s dng thm
h s hiu chnh ct, h s ny thng c chn l

5
. Khi , nng lng bin dng
6

n hi ca tm chu un c k n nh hng ca bin dng ct s c biu din

di dng:
Ue =

1
{ b } T [ Db ]{ b } dV + 5 { s } T [ Ds ]{ s } dV

2V
12 V

(11.38)

trong :

1
E
1
[ Db ] =
1 2
0 0

0
0
1v

(11.39)

[ Ds ] =

G
0

0
G

(11.40)

Theo l thuyt tm Mindlin, trng chuyn v c biu din nh sau :

u ( x, y, z ) = z x ( x, y )

v( x, y, z ) = z y ( x, y )

w( x, y, z ) = w0 ( x, y )

(11.41)

trong , x , y l cc gc xoay ca mt trung bnh quanh trc y v trc x tng ng.

y, ta gi thit: khng c cc thnh phn bin dng trong mt phng trung bnh
(khng c bin dng mng). Cc thnh phn gc xoay ny c biu din bi:

xz
x

w
y = yz

x =

(11.42)

118

V chuyn v w v cc gc xoay x , y l cc thnh phn c lp nhau, nn chng ta

cn c cc hm dng ni suy chng mt cch c lp. Do , vi phn t tm chu
un c k n bin dng ct ngang ny s yu cu s dng phn t tng thch C 0. Cc
hm dng ng tham s s c s dng cho cc phng trnh PTHH ca phn t tm
chu un, c th nh sau :

i =1

x = N i ( , )( x ) i
i =1

y = N i ( , ) ( y ) i
i =1

w = N i ( , ) wi

(11.43)

y, n l s nt ca phn t. n gin ha bi ton, ta c th s dng cc hm

dng song tuyn tnh (Chng 8) cho phn t t gic bn nt. i vi cc bi ton c
yu cu cao v chnh xc, ngi ta thng s dng cc hm dng bc cao hn.
Ta c:

{ b } = z[ B p ]{ d e }

{ s } = z[ Bs ] { d e }

(11.44)

trong :
N1

x
Bp = 0

N
1
y

[ ]

0
N1
y
N1
x

N 2
x

N 2
y

0
N 2
y
N 2
x

N 3
x

N 3
y

0
N 3
y
N 3
x

N 4
x

N 4
y

N 4
0

N 4
0
x

(11.45)
0

N1
N2
N3
N4

N
0

N
0

N
0

N
0
1
2
3
4

x
x
x
x

[ Bs ] =
0 N N1 0 N N 2 0 N N 3 0 N N 4
1
2
3
4

y
y
y
y
(11.46)

{d } = {
e

x1

y1

w1 x 2

y2

w2

x3 y3

w3

x4 y4

w4 }

(11.47)

Thay cc biu thc trong (11.44) vo (11.38) ta c :

119

Ue =

5
{ } { B } [ D ]{ } dz dA{d } + 12
{d } { B } [ D ]{ B }dz dA{d }

1 e
d
2

e T

A z

V z

(11.48)
Cui cng, ta thu c ma trn cng ca phn t tm t gic bc nht chu un
di dng:
ke =

h3
12

5
{ B } [ D ]{ } dA + 6 h { B } [ D ]{ B } dA
T

Ae

(11.49)

trong , h l chiu dy tm.

Ch : khi chiu dy h ca tm rt nh so vi kch thc ca 2 phng cn li (tm
mng), nng lng bin dng n hi do cc thnh phn bin dng ct (t l vi h) s
ln hn nhiu so vi nng lng bin dng n hi do cc thnh phn bin dng un
(t l vi h3) gy ra. Hin tng ny c gi l nghn ct (shear locking), khin
cho li gii s ca bi ton khng hi t. khc phc hin tng ny, ngi ta c th
s dng k thut tch phn rt gn (reduced integration) hoc tch phn la chn
(selective integration). Ni dung chnh ca cc k thut ny l: biu thc nng lng
ca bin dng un s c tnh theo lut tch phn ng cp, cn biu thc nng lng
ca bin dng ct s c ly tch phn mc km chnh xc hn mt cp. Chng
hn, vi phn t t gic 4 nt ng tham s, ta s dng tch phn s vi 22 im
Gauss i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng bin dng un, cn i vi biu thc
tch phn nng lng bin dng ct ch s dng 1 im Gauss. Tng t, vi phn t
t gic 9 nt ng tham s, nu s dng tch phn s 33 im Gauss i vi biu
thc tch phn nng lng bin dng un, th ta s ch s dng tch phn s 22 im
Gauss i vi biu thc tch phn nng lng bin dng ct.
2. PHN T V
Kt cu v tng t nh kt cu tm nhng c cong khng i hoc thay i
theo cc phng x v y. C th coi kt cu tm phng l trng hp ring ca kt cu
v, khi bn knh cong bng v cng. Khi v c chia thnh mt s hu hn cc phn
t c kch thc nh, th mi phn t c th c xem nh l phn t tm phng
chu un vi mt phng xc nh trong khng gian. Tuy nhin, mi phn t ny li
c phng khc nhau (phng vct php tuyn ca mt), v vy bin dng un trong
phn t ny c th gy ra bin dng trong mt phng cho phn t k tip.
Kt qu l, mt phn t v c th c xc nh nh l t hp ca mt phn t
chu un v mt phn t trng thi ng sut phng, tng t nh phn t khung 2
chiu c xy dng t phn t dm chu un v phn t thanh chu ko hoc nn.
Hnh 11. 3 m t t hp hai phn t ni trn to ra phn t v c 5 bc t do ti mi
nt: ba chuyn v thng v hai chuyn v gc. Ma trn cng ca phn t v c
biu din nh sau:

120

[ K b ]
0

0 { d b } { Fb }
=
[ K m ] { d m } { Fm }

(11.50)

trong : K, d v F tng ng l ma trn cng, vct chuyn v nt v vct lc

nt. Cc ma trn v cc vct trn bao gm hai phn, mt l t phn t tm chu un
v hai l t phn t tm chu ko (nn). Cc ch s di b v m ch cc bin dng un
v bin dng mng (ko, nn) ca phn t v.
w

x
y

v
y
x

u
Hnh 11. 3. Phn t v l t hp ca 2 phn t

Khi cc phn t v c phng khc nhau, v d

khi xt v tr gc ca mt hnh hp (Hnh
11.4), ti y c 3 phn t k nhau; ta c th
thy rng thnh phn gc xoay ca phn t ny
s l gc xon ca phn t k tip. Do , khi
ghp ni cc ma trn cng phn t v vct
lc nt phn t ta cn phi tnh n gc xon
ni trn. Kt qu l, s bc t do ca cc ma trn
v vct phn t cn phi tng thm 1 ti mi
nt. Nh vy, phng trnh (11.50) s c vit
li nh sau :
[ K b ]

0
0

0
[ Km ]
0

0 { db } { Fb }

0 { d m } = { Fm }
0 z 0

zk
w
k

x
Z

zj

i
zi

Y
X

Hnh 11. 4

(11.51)

Cc ma trn v vct trong phng trnh (11.45) c xc nh trong h trc to

a phng ca mi phn t, vi trc x v y nm trong mt phng trung bnh ca
phn t v v trc z l trc vung gc vi mt phng phn t. V vy, ghp ni cc
ma trn v vct ny thnh ma trn cng tng th v vct lc nt tng th h
trc to chung th chng phi c bin i sang h trc to chung trc khi tin
hnh ghp ni. Nu gi ma trn chuyn i h trc l T, ta c :

{d } = [T ]{d }
l

(11.52)

121

Trong , l v g l k hiu cho h trc a phng v h trc chung tng ng.

Nh vy, ma trn T chuyn i cc bc t do chung sang cc bc t do a
phng. N cha cc cosin ch phng ca cc trc to a phng trong h trc
to chung.
Ti mi nt, quan h gia cc bc t do trong h to a phng v h to chung
c m t bi:

u l c11 c12 c13 0 0 0 u g

l
g
v c21 c22 c23 0 0 0 v
wl c31 c32 c33 0 0 0 w g
(11.53)
g
l=
x 0 0 0 c11 c12 c13 x
y l 0 0 0 c11 c12 c13 y g

l
z 0 0 0 c11 c12 c13 z g
Trong , cij l cosin ca gc hp bi trc to a phng xi v trc to chung Xj.
Quan h ny c s dng cho tng nt phn t. Nh vy, ma trn chuyn i T i
vi phn t t gic 4 nt s c biu din di dng:
[Td ]
0
[T ] =
0

[Td ]
0
0

0
0

[Td ]
0

0
0
0
[Td ]

(11.54)

vi Td c xc nh theo biu thc (11.53).

Cui cng, ta xc nh c ma trn cng v vct lc nt phn t nh sau :

[ K ] = [T ] [ K ][T ]
[ F ] = [T ] [ F ]
g

(11.55)
(11.57)

Ch : khi v suy bin v tm phng, ma trn cng tng th s l mt ma trn k d

v trc ta gn thm gc xon vo vct chuyn v nt. khc phc hin tng
trn, ngi ta thng cng thm mt gi tr nh vo bc t do gc xon. Gi tr cng
thm ny khng c qu nh cho ma trn c sa i l mt ma trn khng
k d. ng thi, gi tr ny cng khng qu ln trnh nh hng n chnh xc
ca kt qu tnh. Trong thc t tnh ton, ngi ta thng khc phc hin tng trn
bng cch t K(i,i) = 1, vi i l ch s ng vi bc t do gc xon.

122

BI TP CHNG 11
1. Mt kt cu tm bng hp kim nhm, c mun n hi E = 75gPa v h s
Poisson = 0,3. Tm c kch thc 500100mm v chiu dy h = 5mm; chu lin kt
ta bn l trn 2 cnh i din v chu ti trng phn b u, cng p= 0,5 N/mm
trn sut chiu rng v nm gia chiu di ca n nh trn Hnh C11.1. Xc nh
vng cc i ca kt cu bng phng php phn t hu hn. So snh vi kt qu gii
tch theo l thuyt dm: vng ca dm chu un (c k n c nh hng ca lc
ct):

hL3
hL
w=
+
48EJ 4GS *
5
6

Trong : G l modul n hi trt ; S* l tit din chu ct thc t: S * = S .

Gi : c th dng m hnh dm hoc m hnh tm (chu c ko nn v un), v ch
tnh i xng ca kt cu.
z

y
b=100mm

h=5mm

x
L =500mm

Hnh C11.1. S ho tm ch nht chu un

2. Cho kt cu nh bi tp 1, hy tnh vng cc i ca kt cu khi chu ti

trng phn b u trn ton b b mt tm, vi cng p= 0,1 N/mm2.
3. Hy gii bi ton vi kt cu v ti trng nh bi tp 2, nhng thay lin kt
ta bn l trn hai cnh bng lin kt ngm trn c hai cnh ny.

123

TI LIU THAM KHO

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NXB Khoa hc K thut H Ni, 2007.
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Elements in Engineering. Third Edition.
3. Young W. Hwon - Hyochoong Bang. The Finite Element Method Using
MATLAB. Second Editor. CRC Press, 2000.
4. J. N. Reddy. An Introduction To The Finite Element Method. Third Edition. Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2005.
5. Klaus Jrgen Bathe. Finite Element Procedures. Prentice-Hall of India, New
Delhi, 2005.
6. K Chandrashekhara. Theory of Plates. Universities Press, 2001.
7. O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. L. Taylor. The Finite Element Method, Fifth Edition.
Volume 2, Solid Mechanics. Butterworth Heinemann, 2000.
8. O. C. Zienkiewicz and K. Morgan. Finite Element and Approximation. New
York: Wiley Iterscience, 1982.
9. Akin J. E. Finite Element for Analysis and Design. Academic Press Limited,
London, 1994.
10. Batoz J. L. Et Dhatt DG. Modlesation des structues par lements finis.Vol. 1, 2,
3. Ed. Herms. Paris, 1995.
11. Dhatt G. Et Touzot G. Une prsentation de la mthode des lements finis.
Maloine S.A. Editeur, 1981.
12. Ochoa O. O, Readdy, J. N. Finite Element Analysis of Composite Laminates.
Klwer Academic Publisher, 1992.

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