11 phng php cn bng phn ng ha hc

Th Ba, 03/01/2012, 08:53 CH | Lt xem: 3040 gii ng v nhanh cc bi ton ha hc ta cn bit v cn bng nhanh cc phn ng c trong bi . C rt nhiu phng php cn bng, di y xin gii thiu mt s phng php (T d n kh) 1. Phng php nguyn t nguyn t: y l mt phng php kh n gin. Khi cn bng ta c vit cc n cht kh (H 2, O2, C12, N2) di dng nguyn t ring bit ri lp lun qua mt s bc. V d: Cn bng phn ng P + O2 > P2O5 Ta vit: P + O > P2O5 to thnh 1 phn t P2O5 cn 2 nguyn t P v 5 nguyn t O: 2P + 5O > P2O5 Nhng phn t oxi bao gi cng gm hai nguyn t, nh vy nu ly 5 phn t oxi tc l s nguyn t oxi tng ln gp 2 th s nguyn t P v s phn t P 2O5 cng tng ln gp 2, tc 4 nguyn t P v 2 phn t P2O5. Do : 4P + 5O2 > 2P2O5 2. Phng php ha tr tc dng: (7) Ha tr tc dng l ha tr ca nhm nguyn t hay nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cht tham gia v to thnh trong PUHH. p dng phng php ny cn tin hnh cc bc sau: + Xc nh ha tr tc dng: II I III II II-II III I

BaCl2 + Fe2(SO4)3 > BaSO4 + FeCl3 Ha tr tc dng ln lt t tri qua phi l: II I III II II II III I Tm bi s chung nh nht ca cc ha tr tc dng: BSCNN(1, 2, 3) = 6

+ Ly BSCNN chia cho cc ha tr ta c cc h s: 6/II = 3, 6/III = 2, 6/I = 6 Thay vo phn ng: 3BaCl2 + Fe2(SO4)3 > 3BaSO4 + 2FeCl3 Dng phng php ny s cng c c khi nim ha tr, cch tnh ha tr, nh ha tr ca cc nguyn t thng gp. 3. Phng php dng h s phn s: t cc h s vo cc cng thc ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, khng phn bit s nguyn hay phn s sao cho s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t hai v bng nhau. Sau kh mu s chung ca tt c cc h s. V d: P + O2 > P2O5 + t h s cn bng: 2P + 5/2O2 > P2O5 + Nhn cc h s vi mu s chung nh nht kh cc phn s. y nhn 2. 2.2P + 2.5/2O2 > 2P2O5 hay 4P + 5O2 > 2P2O5 4. Phng php chn l: Mt phn ng sau khi cn bng th s nguyn t ca mt nguyn t v tri bng s nguyn t nguyn t v phi. V vy nu s nguyn t ca mt nguyn t mt v l s chn th s nguyn t nguyn t v kia phi chn. Nu mt cng thc no s nguyn t nguyn t cn l th phi nhn i. V d: FeS2 + O2 > Fe2O3 + SO2 v tri s nguyn t O2 l chn vi bt k h s no. v phi, trong SO 2 oxi l chn nhng trong Fe2O3 oxi l l nn phi nhn i. T cn bng tip cc h s cn li. 2Fe2O3 > 4FeS2 > 8SO2 11O2 l th t suy ra cc h s ca cc cht. Thay vo PTPU ta c: 4FeS2 + 11O2 > 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 5. Phng php xut pht t nguyn t chung nht:

Chn nguyn t c mt nhiu hp cht nht trong phn ng bt u cn bng h s cc phn t. V d: Cu + HNO3 >Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O Nguyn t c mt nhiu nht l nguyn t oxi, v phi c 8 nguyn t, v tri c 3. Bi s chung nh nht ca 8 v 3 l 24, vy h s ca HNO3 l 24 /3 = 8 Ta c 8HNO3 > 4H2O 2NO (V s nguyn t N v tri chn) 3Cu(NO3)2 > 3Cu Vy phn ng cn bng l: 3Cu + 8HNO3 > 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 6. Phng php cn bng theo nguyn t tiu biu: Nguyn t tiu biu l nguyn t c c im sau: + C mt t nht trong cc cht phn ng . + Lin quan gin tip nht n nhiu cht trong phn ng. + Cha thng bng v nguyn t hai v. Phng php cn bng ny tin hnh qua ba bc: a. Chn nguyn t tiu biu. b. Cn bng nguyn t tiu biu. c. Cn bng cc nguyn t khc theo nguyn t ny. V d: KMnO4 + HCl > KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O a. Chn nguyn t tiu biu: O b. Cn bng nguyn t tiu biu: KMnO4 > 4H2O c. Cn bng cc nguyn t khc: + Cn bng H: 4H2O > 8HCl + Cn bng Cl: 8HCl > KCl + MnCl2 + 5/2Cl2

Ta c: KMnO4 + 8HCl > KCl + MnCl2 + 5/2Cl2 + 4H2O Sau cng nhn tt c h s vi mu s chung ta c: 2KMnO4 + 16HCl > 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O 7. Phng php cn bng theo trnh t kim loi phi kim: Theo phng php ny u tin cn bng s nguyn t kim loi, sau n phi kim v cui cng l H, sau cng a cc h s bit cn bng nguyn t O. V d 1. NH3 + O2 > NO + H2O Phn ng ny khng c kim loi, nguyn t phi kim N cn bng. Vy ta cn bng lun H: 2NH3 > 3H2O (Tnh BSCNN, sau ly BSCNN chia cho cc ch s c cc h s) + Cn bng N: 2NH3 > 2NO + Cn bng O v thay vo ta c: 2NH3 + 5/2O2 > 2NO + 3H2O Cui cng nhn cc h s vi mu s chung nh nht: 4NH3 + 5O2 > 4NO + 6H2O V d 2. CuFeS2 + O2 CuO + Fe2O3 + SO2 Hon ton tng t nh trn. Do nguyn t Cu cn bng, u tin ta cn bng Fe, tip theo cn bng theo th t Cu > S > O ri nhn i cc h s: 4CuFeS2 + 13O2 > 4CuO + 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 8. Phng php cn bng phn ng chy ca cht hu c: a. Phn ng chy ca hidrocacbon: Nn cn bng theo trnh t sau:

- Cn bng s nguyn t H. Ly s nguyn t H ca hidrocacbon chia cho 2, nu kt qu l th nhn i phn t hidrocacbon, nu chn th nguyn. - Cn bng s nguyn t C. - Cn bng s nguyn t O. T ly v d nghen. b. Phn ng chy ca hp cht cha O. Cn bng theo trnh t sau: - Cn bng s nguyn t C. - Cn bng s nguyn t H. - Cn bng s nguyn t O bng cch tnh s nguyn t O v phi ri tr i s nguyn t O c trong hp cht. Kt qu thu c em chia i s ra h s ca phn t O2. Nu h s l th nhn i c 2 v ca PT kh mu s. 9. Phng php xut pht t bn cht ha hc ca phn ng: Phng php ny lp lun da vo bn cht ca phn ng cn bng. V d: Fe2O3 + CO > Fe + CO2 Theo phn ng trn, khi CO b oxi ha thnh CO2 n s kt hp thm oxi. Trong phn t Fe2O3 c 3 nguyn t oxi, nh vy bin 3 phn t CO thnh 3 phn t CO 2. Do ta cn t h s 3 trc cng thc CO v CO2 sau t h s 2 trc Fe: Fe2O3 + 3CO > 2Fe + 3CO2 10. Phng php cn bng electron: y l phng php cn bng p dng cho cc phn ng oxi ha kh. Bn cht ca phng trnh ny da trnm nguyn tc Trong mt phn ng oxi ha kh, s electron do cht kh nhng phi bng s electron do cht oxi ha thu. Vic cn bng qua ba bc: a. Xc nh s thay i s oxi ha. b. Lp thng bng electron. c. t cc h s tm c vo phn ng v tnh cc h s cn li.

V d. Cn bng phn ng: FeS + HNO3 > Fe(NO3)3 + N2O + H2SO4 + H2O a. Xc nh s thay i s oxi ha: Fe+2 > Fe+3 S-2 > S+6 N+5 > N+1 (Vit s oxi ha ny pha trn cc nguyn t tng ng) b. Lp thng bng electron: Fe+2 > Fe+3 + 1e S-2 > S+6 + 8e FeS > Fe+3 + S+6 + 9e 2N+5 + 8e > 2N+1 > C 8FeS v 9N2O. c. t cc h s tm c vo phn ng v tnh cc h s cn li: 8FeS + 42HNO3 > 8Fe(NO3)3 + 9N2O + 8H2SO4 + 13H2O V d 2. Phn ng trong dung dch bazo: NaCrO2 + Br2 + NaOH > Na2CrO4 + NaBr CrO2- + 4OH- > CrO42- + 2H2O + 3e Br2 + 2e > 2Br- x3 Phng trnh ion: 2CrO2- + 8OH- + 3Br2 > 2CrO42- + 6Br- + 4H2O Phng trnh phn ng phn t: 2NaCrO2 + 3Br2 + 8NaOH > 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 4H2O x2

V d 3. Phn ng trong dung dch c H2O tham gia: KMnO4 + K2SO3 + H2O > MnO2 + K2SO4 MnO4- + 3e + 2H2O > MnO2 + 4OH- x2 SO32- + H2O > SO42- + 2H+ + 2e Phng trnh ion: 2MnO4- + H2O + 3SO32- > 2MnO2 + 2OH- + 3SO42Phng trnh phn ng phn t: 2KMnO4 + 3K2SO3 + H2O > 2MnO2 + 3K2SO4 + 2KOH 11. Phng php cn bng i s: Dng xc nh h s phn t ca cht tham gia v thu c sau phn ng ho hc, ta coi h s l cc n s v k hiu bng cc ch ci a, b, c, d ri da vo mi tng quan gia cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t theo nh lut bo ton khi lng lp ra mt h phng trnh bc nht nhiu n s. Gii h phng trnh ny v chn cc nghim l cc s nguyn dng nh nht ta s xc nh c h s phn t ca cc cht trong phng trnh phn ng ho hc. V d: Cn bng phn ng: Cu + HNO3 > Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O K hiu cc h s phi tm l cc ch a, b, c, d, e v ghi vo phng trnh ta thu c: aCu + bHNO3 > cCu(NO3)2 + dNO + eH2O + Xt s nguyn t Cu: a = c (1) + Xt s nguyn t H: b = 2e (2) + Xt s nguyn t N: b = 2c + d (3) + Xt s nguyn t O: 3b = 6c + d + e (4) Ta c h phng trnh 5 n v gii nh sau: Rt e = b/2 t phng trnh (2) v d = b 2c t phng trnh (3) v thay vo phng trnh (4): x3

3b = 6c + b 2c + b/2 => b = 8c/3 Ta thy b nguyn th c phi chia ht cho 3. Trong trng hp ny h s ca phng trnh ho hc l nh nht ta cn ly c = 3. Khi : a = 3, b = 8, d = 2, e = 4 Vy phng trnh phn ng trn c dng: 3Cu + 8HNO3 > 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O v d trn trong phng trnh ho hc c 5 cht (Cu, HNO3, Cu(NO3)2, NO, H2O) v 4 nguyn t (Cu, H, N, O) khi lp h phng trnh i s cn bng ta c mt h 4 phng trnh vi 5 n s. Hay ni mt cch tng qut, ta c n n s v n 1 phng trnh. Nh vy khi lp mt h phng trnh i s cn bng mt phng trnh ho hc, nu c bao nhiu cht trong phng trnh ho hc th c by nhiu n s v nu c bao nhiu nguyn t to nn cc hp cht th c by nhiu phng trnh. Nguyn Xun Trng-BTHH trng ph thng Ngun ngocbinh.webdayhoc.net Thin trng