"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.

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Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng

Tc gi: MeoMeo@VSAK.vn
Hiu nh: Juhuvn@CBNU.ac.kr

Cm nang Ng php ting Hn thc dng c thnh vin MeoMeo ng trn din n ca hi
SVVN ti HQ a ch http://vsak.vn/vn/forum//showthread.php?t=1197 v c Juhuvn@CBNU
tng hp v sp xp li trong cc phn mc vi mc ch gip cng ng ngi Vit Nam Hn
Quc trong vic hc ting Hn.
Cc bn hon ton c th s dng, phn pht vi mc ch hc tp mt cch t do v min ph. Tuy
nhin, xin vui lng ghi credit ti MeoMeo@VSAK.vn.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

Mc lc
I.

Tr t .................................................................................................................................... 4
I.1

Tr t ch ng: -/- v -/......................................................................................................4

a.
b.

Tr t ch ng: -/- ........................................................................................................................................ 4

Tr t ch ng: -/.......................................................................................................................................... 4

I.2
I.3

Tr t tn ng '-/' ........................................................................................................................4
Tr t b ng.......................................................................................................................................5

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Tr t '-' ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Tr t '-': ti, , t......................................................................................................................................... 5
Tr t '-': n tn .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Tr t '-': t (khi, dng cho thi gian), t mt vic no trc ................................................................. 5
Tr t '-': cho, i vi, vi (mt ai ) ......................................................................................................... 6
Tr t '-': t (mt ai ) ............................................................................................................................ 6

I.4

S hu cch -....................................................................................................................................6

a.
b.

Trng hp l s hu cch n thun. ............................................................................................................ 6

Trng hp - th hin mi quan h gia hai cm t hoc mnh ................................................................. 6

I.5
I.6

II.

Tr t : cng ....................................................................................................................................7
nh t ,, + danh t: (danh t) ny//kia ............................................................................7

ui t kt thc cu............................................................................................................. 7

II.1

ui t kt thc cu th hin ti .........................................................................................................7

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Cu tng thut -/ (trang trng).................................................................................................... 7

Cu tng thut -// (bnh dn) .............................................................................................................. 8
Cu nghi vn -/? (trang trng)....................................................................................................... 8
Cu nghi vn '-(/)?' (bnh dn) .............................................................................................................. 9
Cu mnh lnh: -/ - (Hy...) .............................................................................................................. 9

II.2

Th tng lai: .......................................................................................................................................9

a.
b.

Tng lai '-() ' ................................................................................................................................... 9

Tng lai gn (lm ngay) '-()': Ti s -- ............................................................................................... 9

II.3
II.4
II.5
II.6
II.7
II.8

Th qu kh: '-//-'...................................................................................................................10
Hi kin ' -()?'..................................................................................................................10
C th v khng th '-() /': ....................................................................................10
Ngn cm '- ': ng... ............................................................................................................11
S /chc l '--': ................................................................................................................................11
Li ni ngang hng ............................................................................................................................12

III.

Cu trc cu ....................................................................................................................... 12

III.1
III.2
III.3
III.4
III.5
III.6
III.7
III.8
III.9
III.10
III.11

Cu trc: A l B - "A / B " hoc "A / B "( A l B ) .........................................12

Mun ....................................................................................................................13
Bit (khng bit) k nng lm mt vic g . - /:............................................13
Yu cu // () ................................................................................................13
D nh lm vic g '-() ':..........................................................................................14
Sau khi . '-() ' ..............................................................................................................14
Khi/ Trong khi... `-() ':...........................................................................................................15
Mnh lnh thng dng ui ' //'. ....................................................................................15
ngh lch s '-()':............................................................................................................16
D.....cng khng sao / cng tt. -// //:............................................16
Bt buc: phi '-(//) /':...............................................................................17

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

III.12
III.13
III.14

IV.

Quyt nh '- .' ..........................................................................................................17

"..... tng/cha bao gi lm mt vic g " `-() () /': .............................18
Cu xc nhn . -(/), -(/), -, -(), -()? ..............................18

B ng ................................................................................................................................. 19

IV.1
IV.2
IV.3

V.

T ch v tr.........................................................................................................................................19
Trng t ph nh '': khng .........................................................................................................19
Trng t ph nh '': khng th...................................................................................................19

So snh ................................................................................................................................ 19
V.1
V.2
V.3

VI.

So snh ngang bng -.................................................................................................................19

So snh hn '-'............................................................................................................................20
So snh hn nht /..............................................................................................................20

ui t lin kt cu ............................................................................................................ 20

VI.1
VI.2
VI.3
VI.4
VI.5
VI.6
VI.7

VII.

.... '-()': ....................................................................................................................................20

Nu '-()'. .....................................................................................................................................21
V . nn -(//) ................................................................................................................21
Trc khi '- ': .....................................................................................................................21
V '-'...........................................................................................................................................21
Nhng - ...................................................................................................................................22
v/cn/nhng/v...nn/khi '-(/)': ........................................................................................22

Ng ng t ........................................................................................................................ 23

VII.1
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

VII.2
VII.3
VII.4
VII.5

Bt quy tc .....................................................................................................................................23
bt quy tc '-'................................................................................................................................................... 23
Bt quy tc '-' .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Bt quy tc '' ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Bt qui tc ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Bt quy tc '-' .................................................................................................................................................. 25

C / khng c '/': ............................................................................................................25

Mun lm g '- ': mun ...........................................................................................25
Th lm g '-(/) '...............................................................................................26
C v nh . '-// ':.................................................................................................26

VIII. Khc .................................................................................................................................... 26

VIII.1
VIII.2
VIII.3
a.
b.
c.
d.

VIII.4

n v m .....................................................................................................................................26
H thng cc cch ni knh ng ...................................................................................................27
ui t kt thc '-/' (chi tit hn).................................................................................28
Th hin ti ca ui t ny c dng nh sau................................................................................................. 28
Th qu kh ca ui t ny c dng nh sau................................................................................................ 28
Th tng lai ca ui t ny c dng nh sau .............................................................................................. 28
Dng cu cu khin lch s tng ng vi ui t '-/' ........................................................................ 29

Danh t ph thuc ....................................................................................................................29

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

I. Tr t
Trong ting Vit, cu trc ca mt cu n nh sau

Ch ng + ng t + tn ng + trng ng
V vic phn bit u l Ch ng, tn ng v trng ng tng i d dng v chng ta c th da
vo v tr ca t trong cu. Ch ng ng trc ng t, tn ng ng sau ng t.
Tuy nhin, mt cu n trong ting Hn li c cu trc vi c im l ng t ng cui nh sau

[B ng] + [ch ng] + [tn ng] + [ng t].

V tr ca ch, tn, v b ng c th hon i cho nhau thoi mi. V vy, rt kh phn bit u l
ch ng v tn ng. Do , ngi HQ dng tr t (marker) phn bit cc thnh phn trong mt
cu ting Hn.
I.1 Tr t ch ng: -/- v -/

a. Tr t ch ng: -/-
c gn sau danh t, i t ch danh t i t l ch ng trong cu. '-' c gn sau nhng
i t, danh t c patchim m cui, `-' c gn sau nhng i t, danh t khng c patchim
m cui.
.

Tr t -/- thng c dng vi cc ch ng ngi s 2.

b. Tr t ch ng: -/
Tr t ch ng `-/' c dng ch r ch ng trong cu, `/' c dng ch ch ng vi
ngha nhn mnh, hoc so snh vi mt ch th khc.. '-' c gn sau nhng i t, danh t
khng c patchim m cui, `-' c gn sau nhng i t, danh t c patchim m cui.
.

Tr t -/ thng c dng vi cc ch ng ngi th nht, nh ti, ta, chng ti, chng ta.
I.2 Tr t tn ng '-/'
Tr t tn ng '-/' c gn vo sau danh t ch danh t l tn ng trc tip ca mt ngoi
ng t trong cu.'-' c gn sau danh t khng c patchim v '' c gn sau danh t c
patchim.
.
.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

I.3 Tr t b ng

a. Tr t '-'
Ch danh t m n gn vo l ch n ca ng t c hng chuyn ng
V d:
- . (i n th vin)
- . (i n hiu sch)
- . (i n tic sinh nht)
Ch danh t m n gn vo l ni tn ti, c mt ca ch ng v thng c s dng vi nhng
ng t ch s tn ti
V d:
-

. (Hiu sch nm cnh th vin)

. (Nh chng ti Central)
. (N nm pha sau tim hoa)

Ngha ca '-' cho cu ni gi c, thi gian

-

. Ti. gp Anna vo lc 1 gi.

. Ti i leo ni vo ngy th hai.
1,000 . Ti mua quyn sch vi gi 1000won.
? To ny bao nhiu (cho mi) mt qu?

b. Tr t '-': ti, , t
Tr t '-' c gn vo sau mt danh t ch ni chn ch ni xut pht ca mt chuyn ng.
-

. Anna n t nc c.
LA New York ? T LA n New York c xa khng?

Chng ta tng hc v tr t '-' ny, vi ngha ti l dng ch ra ni din ra mt hnh

ng, mt s vic no . Th xem v d
-

. Ti hc ti trng i hc Sogang.
. Ti n thc n Hn ti qun n Hn Quc.

c. Tr t '-': n tn
Tr t '-' gn vo sau danh t ni chn hoc thi gian ch ch n hoc im thi gian ca
hnh ng.
-

? Anh i n u?
. Ti i n to th chnh.
. Hy n y lc 9h nh (ti a 9h l phi c mt).

d. Tr t '-': t (khi, dng cho thi gian), t mt vic no trc

Tr t '-' dng ch im thi gian bt u mt hnh ng, hoc ch mt s vic c bt
u trc.
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

ch ni chn xut pht ngi ta dng tr t '-'.
-

9 12 . Ti hc ting Hn t lc 9h n lc12h.
? Lp hc bt u t lc my gi?
. Hy lm (t ) ci ny trc.
. Hy c t y.

e. Tr t '-': cho, i vi, vi (mt ai )

Tr t'-' c gn vo danh t ch ngi ch ngi l i tng c nhn mt iu hoc
mt mn g .
V d:
-

? Bn a sch cho ai vy?

. Ti a sch cho bn ti.
? Anh vit th cho anh th ?
. Hy th hi gio vin xem.

f. Tr t '-': t (mt ai )
Tr t'-' c s dung ch i tng m cho mnh mt hnh ng hoc mt ci g .
V d:
-

? Bn nghe tin t ai vy?

. Ti nghe t m ti.
? Th ca ai gi vy?
? Bn nhn qu (t) ca ai vy?

I.4 S hu cch -

a. Trng hp l s hu cch n thun.

V d:
.
Hnh l ny l ca gim c.
.
Ti mn xe my ca bn m mt ri.
Lu :
Khi dng - cho nhng i t , , th ta rt gn thnh , ,
o ->
o ->
o ->
Trng hp mi quan h s hu qu r rng th ta c th lc b -
o ()
o ()
o ()

b. Trng hp - th hin mi quan h gia hai cm t hoc mnh

V d:
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

. Ci cht ca nam din vin ni ting

. Giao ng ca t gi hi oi

B sung t:
: ca anh y
: ca c y
(): ca ti
: ca h
I.5 Tr t : cng
Tr t ny c th thay th cc tr t ch ng /// hoc / th hin ngha "cng" nh
th
-

.
.
.

C mt t bia.
Cng c mt t bia.
Ti i y.

I.6 nh t ,, + danh t: (danh t) ny//kia

-

'': ngi, v ( knh ng ca )

: ngi ny, v ny
: ngi
: ngi kia

II. ui t kt thc cu
II.1 ui t kt thc cu th hin ti

a. Cu tng thut -/ (trang trng)

- Khi m cui ca gc ng t tnh t khng c patchim +
- Khi m cui ca gc ng t tnh t c patchim +
y l mt ui t kt thc th hin s tn knh, trang trng, khch so.
V d:
-

: i. Khi b ui t - ta s cn gc ng t -. Gc ng t - khng c patchim +

-->
: n. Khi b ui t - ta s cn gc ng t -. Gc ng t - c patchim +
--> .

Tng t th ta c:
-

(l)--> .
(khng phi l)--> .
(p) --> .
(ci) --> .

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

b. Cu tng thut -// (bnh dn)

-y l mt ui t thn thin hn ui / nhng vn gi c ngha lch s, tn
knh. Nhng bi sau chng ta s nhc n ui t ny chi tit hn. Khi dng nghi vn ch cn thm
du chm hi (?) trong vn vit v ln ging cui cu trong vn ni l cu vn s tr thnh cu hi.
(1) Nhng ng t kt hp vi ui `': khi m cui ca gc ng t c nguyn m '' hoc ''
-

: bit
: tt
: i
: n

+ -->
+ -->
+ --> --> (rt gn khi gc ng t khng c patchim)
+ --> --> (rt gn khi gc ng t khng c patchim)

(2) Nhng ng t kt hp vi ui `': khi m cui ca gc ng t c nguyn m khc '', ''

v :
-

: c
+ -->
: n
+ -->
:khng c + -->
: hc
+ -->
: ch i + --> --> .
: vui
+ --> -->

Lu :
-

: bn rn
:au

.
.

(3) Nhng ng t tnh t kt thc vi s kt hp vi `':

-

: hc + --> --> (rt gn)

: thch
+ --> --> (rt gn)
: ht
+ --> --> (rt gn)

c. Cu nghi vn -/? (trang trng)

- Khi m cui ca gc ng t tnh t khng c patchim + ?
- Khi m cui ca gc ng t tnh t c patchim + ?
y cng l mt ui t kt thc th hin s tn knh, trang trng, khch so. Cch kt hp vi ui
ng t/tnh t tng t mc a.
Nghi vn t v s, s lng
bao nhiu
my ci
my loi
? By gi l my gi?
? Hm nay l ngy my?

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

my gi
ngy my
? Ci ny gi bao nhiu?
? ng/b mun my ci ?
? ng/ b c bao nhiu mu?

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

d. Cu nghi vn '-(/)?' (bnh dn)

Rt n gin khi chng ta mun t cu hi Yes/No th chng ta ch cn thm du? trong vn vit v
ln ging cui cu trong vn ni. Vi cu hi c nghi vn t ch cn thm cc nghi vn t ph hp.
V d '( u) hoc '/(ci g)`.
-

.
?
?
.
?
?

Ci gh bn cnh ci bn.
Ci gh bn cnh ci bn phi khng?
Ci gh u?
y l bia.
y l bia ?
y l ci g?

e. Cu mnh lnh: -/ - (Hy...)

Gc ng t khng c patchim m cui +
V d:
-

+ -->
+ -->

Gc ng t c patchim m cui+
V d:
-

(n) + -->
( nm, bt) + -->

II.2 Th tng lai:

a. Tng lai '-() '

ui t ny c dng vi ch ng ngi th nht hoc ngi th 2 din t mt hnh ng trong
tng lai.
(1) Dng - nu gc ng t khng c patchim.
-

, ? Anna, bn s lm g vo ngy mai?

. Ngy mai ti s chuyn nh.

(2) Dng - nu gc ng t c patchim.

-

? By gi bn s n tra ?
, 30 . khng, ti s n sau 30 pht na.

Nu ch ng l i t ngi th 3 th ui t ny th hin ngha tin on 1 vic c th s xy ra.

b. Tng lai gn (lm ngay) '-()': Ti s -Dng ny c dng khi ngi ni th hin 1 k hoch hoc mt li ha no . N c dng vi
ng t hnh ng v , khng dng vi tnh t.
-

. Ti s lm.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

-

. Ti s ch ng kia.
. Ti s i vo ngy mai.
. Ti s gip bn.

II.3 Th qu kh: '-//-'

(1) s dng -- khi m cui ca gc ng t c nguyn m ','
-

: + - -> .
: + -> .
: + -> . -> . (rt gn)
: + -> -> . (rt gn)

(2) S dng -- khi m cui ca gc ng t c nguyn m ', , , '

-

: + -> .
: + -> .
: + -> . -> . (rt gn)
: + -> .

(3) S dng -- khi ng t c ui ''.

-

: + -> -> . (rt gn)

: + . -> -> . (rt gn)
: + -> -> (rt gn)

II.4 Hi kin ' -()?'

- ui t '-()?' c s dng in t cu hi kin ngi khc, v hnh ng s thc
hin. Trong trng hp ny, ch ng trong cu lun lun l ngi th nht s t hoc s nhiu.
V d:
-

? Chng ta gp nhau nh?

? Ti s lm g y?
? V chng ta tr ri nn chng ta s i bng my bay nh?

Khi c dng vi tnh t hoc vi '(c, [theo ngha tn ti])' hoc '(l)', th ch ng trong
cu l ngi th 3, lc ny n din t mt thc mc, hoi nghi v 1 vic no .
V d:
-

? Ting Hn c th v khng nh?

? Ci ny c kh hn khng nh?
? ng kia c ci th vin no khng nh?
(Ngha l "Bn ngh ng kia c ci th vin no khng?")

II.5 C th v khng th '-() /':

ui t-/ / c dng vi ng t din t mt kh nng, th hin tnh kh thi,
mt s cho php hoc khng cho php no y.
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

10

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

(1) - : c dng khi gc ng t khng c patchim m kt thc
V d:
-

() + - / --> /
() + - / --> /
() + - / --> /

(2) - : c dng khi gc ng t c patchim m kt thc

V d:
-

() + - / --> /
() + - / --> /
() + - / --> /

Th qu kh ca ui t ny l kt hp `-//-' vo `/' v tng t, th tng lai ca

ui t ny l kt hp `-/ ' vo `/'.
V d:
-

II.6 Ngn cm '- ': ng...

Vn ngha gc ca t `' l 'dng, thi, thot khi(mt hnh ng).' V th ui t ny c
dng din t ngha "ng lm mt vic g y.
'- ` lun c dng nh mt cu ph nh v kt hp vi cc ui t kt thc cu dng cu
khin.
-

. ng n trng.
. ng ng dy mun.
. ng b i nh.
. ng khc.
. Chng ta ng i xe but.
. Chng ta ng gp ng y hm nay.

II.7 S /chc l '--':

Tip v ng -- c dng biu hin s phn on ca ngi ni i vi mt s vic no y,
hoc biu hin th tng lai.
V d:
-

. Do ny chc bn bn lm nh.
. Ngi kia chc l p lm.
? Anh s dng mn g ?

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

11

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

II.8 Li ni ngang hng
Chng ta hc hnh thc kt thc cu tn knh, lch s nhng bi trc. By gi, chng ta s hc
li ni ngang hng () s dng khi ni chuyn gia nhng ngi bn thn thit tht s, ni
vi tr con v vi nhng ngi m chng ta khng cn phi th hin s tn knh.
C nhiu cch biu hin li ni ngang hng
Cch n gin nht l lc b trong ui t '-//'
-

'-//'.

? ----> ?? ( u th?)
. ----> . I'm going to school. (ti i n trng)
() ----> ! Go quickly! (i nhanh ln, nhanh ln, )
!---->! Let's go. (i thi)

C 4 cu trn u cng mt hnh kt thc cu nhng ngha ca n s khc i qua ng iu.

Nu v ng c cu trc 'Danh t + -', th ta s s dng ui '-'.
-

? ----> ?
? ----> ?

C 2 hnh thc ui kt thc cu c th c s dng cho cu nghi vn '-' v '//'.

-

? ----> ?
? ----> ?
? ----> ?

Trong dng cu ngh, ngi ta thng s dng ui '-' hn l ui '//'.

-

! Mnh i bi i.
12 ! Lt na chng ta gp nhau vo khong 12 gi nh.
! Ti nay gp nhau nh.
! i nhu i.

III.Cu trc cu
III.1

Cu trc: A l B - "A / B " hoc "A / B "( A l B )

'' lun lun c vit lin vi mt danh t m n kt hp. V khi pht m cng khng ngng
gia danh t v ""
Khi kt hp vi ui t kt thc cu -/ n s l "B "
Khi kt hp vi ui t kt thc cu -//, n s c hai dng '-' v '-'. '-'
c s dng khi m kt thc ca danh t m n kt hp khng c patchim, v '-' c s
dng khi m kt thc ca danh t m n kt hp c patchim.
V d:
-

+ - --> .
+ - --> .

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

12

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

Cu trc cu ph nh ca ng t '' l "A / B / " hoc "A / B /
".
-

+ -/ --> .
+ -// --> .

V d:
III.2

. <--> .
. <--> .
Mun

* Cu trc ny din t mun lm mt vic g (dng cho ngi th 3)

-

? Anna mun i u?
. Anna mun i v nh.
? Andy mun n g?
. Andy mun n pulgogi.

* Th ca cu c chia cu trc , v d nh th qu kh ta chia .

-

? Mina () mun i u?
(C y ) mun i v nh.

* Th ph nh ca cu trc c chia: gn thm thnh

.
-

? Mina () c mun i v nh khng?

, . Khng, (c y ) khng mun i v nh.

III.3 Bit (khng bit) k nng lm mt vic g . - /:

Dng din t kh nng ca mt ngi no .
- ()? Bn bit li xe khng?
- , . Vng, ti bit li xe.
- , . Khng, ti khng bit li xe.
- ()? Bn bit chi piano khng?
- , . Vng, ti bit chi piano.
- , . Khng, ti khng bit chi piano.
* Th c chia ca cu c chia cu trc /..
III.4

. Ti () bit chi piano.

( .) (Nhng by gi, ti khng bit chi na)
. Ti () khng bit chi piano.
( .). (Nhng by gi ti bit chi piano).
Yu cu // ()

* Khi ng t v th trang trng ca n c s dng trong cu trc '-//

()', n th hin yu cu ca ngi ni mun ngi khc lm vic g cho mnh hoc
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

13

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

ngh ca ngi ni mun lm vic g cho ngi khc. '' c s dng khi ni vi ngui c
quan h x hi ngang bng hoc nh hn. Mun ngi khc lm vic g cho mnh.
-

(), (): cho

? Anh s gip cho ti ch?
. c ci ny cho ti.
. Ti s gip cho.

* c s dng khi ngi ni a ra yu cu hoc ngh vi ngi c quan h x hi

cao hn, hoc trong trng hp mun th hin s lch s trang trng.
III.5

?
.
.

ti gip anh/chc khng ?

Ti s gip anh/ch....
Hy c cho Anna i.

D nh lm vic g '-() ':

Mu cu `-() ' c dng vi ng t bao gm c `'. Mu cu ny din t mt d

nh ca ch ng. Tuy nhin, mu cu ny c dng gii hn cho ngi th nht v ngi th hai.
Cch dng vi ngi th ba (s b xung sau).
` ' kt hp vi gc ng t khng c patchim.
`- ' kt hp vi gc ng t c patchim.
V d:
-

. Ngy mai ti nh i n rp ht.

1 . Ti nh li Seoul khong 1 thng.
1 . Ti nh hc bi t mt gi.
. Ti nh n tht nng.

Dng ph nh s c kt hp vi gc ng t trc khi kt hp vi mu cu `-() ',

khng kt hp ph nh vi ng t `' trong mu cu.
. Ti khng nh mua quyn sch ( .)
Tuy nhin, th qu kh th li khng gn vo gc ng t m kt hp vi ng t `' trong mu
cu.
.
III.6

Sau khi . '-() '

Ngha chnh ca '' l tip theo, sau . Mu cu '-() ' c dng din t " sau
khi lm mt vic g th..." Mu cu ny ch c dng vi ng t.
Th v dng ph nh ca ng t chnh khi kt hp vi tip v ng ny.
-

. Chng ta gp nhau sau khi xong gi hc nh.

. Ti s lm vic sau khi ti gp bn ti xong.
. Hy n sau khi gi in (gi in thoi trc khi n nh).
? Sau khi n ti xong chng ta lm g tip y?

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

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Tuy nhin, nu ch ng ca hai mnh (mnh chnh v mnh ph thuc trc v sau mu
cu ny) l nh nhau, th mnh ny khng s dng vi ng t '' (i) / ' '(n) v ch
dng mt ch ng mnh trc
V d:
III.7

. (cu lng cng/khng bao gi dng)

. (cu lng cng/khng bao gi dng)
Khi/ Trong khi... `-() ':

Mu cu `-() ' c dng khi mun din t mt khong thi gian trong khi mt vic no
ang tn ti hoc din ra. Khi hai hnh ng din ra cng mt thi im, ta khng c dng th qu
kh. Nhng nu mt hnh ng gn vi `- ' xy ra trc khi hnh ng khc din ra mnh
sau, ta nn dng th qu kh din t hnh ng gn vi `-'.
Mu cu ny c dng vi tt c cc ng t v tnh t nhng vi`' th ch c th dng c
vi th qu kh.

'-' c dng sau gc ng t c patchim.

'-' c dng sau ng t khng c patchim.

V d:

, .

, .

, .
lnh.

Khi ti () n Hn Quc, tri () rt

, .
c .

Khi ti n trng, thy Kim khng

, .
n .

Khi anh y ri khi y, chng ta hy i cng anh y.

Khi no thi tit tt, ti s i du lch.

Lc ti l mt a hc sinh cp hai, ti tng

Chng ta c th dng cc tr t `-/, -/, -, -, -, -, -, etc.. kt hp vi dng mnh trc nh mt cm danh t.

V d:

. n lc (gi) n trng ri. (Gi m chng ta i n trng

n)

.
kt thc, tm trng ti rt vui.

III.8

Mi khi n Hn Quc ti u n thc n Hn.

T lc vic bt u n lc n

Mnh lnh thng dng ui ' //'.

Tuy nhin, n c s dng hn ch, thng l dng vi ng iu ra lnh nhng c thch thc.
Thng c dng gia nhng ngi bn rt thn.
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

15

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

III.9

-> ! Im lng!
-> ! i ra!
-> ! n y ngay!
-> ! Nm n cho ti!
ngh lch s '-()':

ui t ny dng ni khi ngh ai cng lm 1 vic no vi mnh. ui t ny khng dng

c vi '' v tnh t.
V d:
-

. Chng ta i nhanh ln no.

. Chng ta cng hc ting Hn nh.
. Hy cng y i.
. Mnh i bng tu ha i.
. Cui tun ny gp nhau nha.

'- .' c dng sau gc ng t c patchim m kt thc.

-

() + - --> .

'- .' c dng sau gc ng t khng c patchim m kt thc.

-

() + --> .

Cch ni ngang hng () ca ui t ny l '-' hoc '-//'.

V d:
-

. i nhanh no.
. Hc ting Hn chung nha.
. Bn mnh y i.
. Mnh i bng tu ha i.
. Cui tun ny gp nh.

III.10 D.....cng khng sao / cng tt. -// //:

Trong mu cu trn `-//' c dng ch s vic trc "d..." th no th s vic
sau "cng s..." xy ra. Th xem qua cc v d sau.
a. , .
Ngy mai d ti c bn rn nhng ti cng s n d bui tic.
b. .
D ting Hn Quc chng th v g nhng ti cng s hc.
Tuy nhin, mu cu ny -// c dng vi ', , ` thay cho mnh
sau -, mu cu ny c dng hi mt s ng , xin php mt vic g . Xem v
d sau:
a. ?
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

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"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

Ti m ca c khng? (D ti c m ca cng khng sao ch?
b. //? Ti vo c khng?
- , //. - Vng, anh vo i, khng sao u.
c. //? -Ti ht thuc y c khng?
- , //. - Vng, anh ht thuc y cng khng sao.
tr li ph nh cho mt cu hi xin php dng ny, chng ta s dng mu cu: '-()
.'
'- ' c dng sau gc ng t c patchim ngoi tr ''
'- ' c dng sau gc ng t khng c patchim v c patchim ''.
V d:
a. ? Ti vo c khng?
- , . - Khng, anh khng c vo. (Anh khng nn vo.)
- , //. - Vng, anh vo cng khng sao.
b. . Cc bn khng c n o.
c. . Khng c n mun. (Bn khng nn n mun.)
III.11 Bt buc: phi '-(//) /':
- ui t ny dng biu hin nhng vic nn /phi lm.
V d:
/.

Bn nht nh phi n y.

/.

By gi ti phi hc bi.

??

Ti phi i ngay by gi sao?

- Cc tip v ng biu hin "thi" (qu kh, tng lai) lun c gn vi '/'.
V d:
.

Ti phi i v nh.

- Tuy nhin, tip v ng ph nh "ng" lun c gn vi ng t chnh, theo hnh thc sau: '-
.'
III.12 Quyt nh '- .'
- Mu cu '- ' c dng ch mt quyt nh no ca ch ng cu, thc hin s chn
la gia nhiu kh nng khc nhau, hoc t n mt gii php no . V vy, mu cu ny thng
c dng th qu kh.
V d:
.

Ti quyt nh b thuc.

Ti quyt nh khng ung ru.

Ti quyt nh i du lch vo cui tun ny.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

17

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

- dng ny, ng t `-' c th c thay bi cc ng t: (ha), (quyt
nh), (quyt tm), (d nh) v.v.... Xem cc v d sau:
.

Ti quyt nh s b thuc.

Ti ha s b thuc.

Ti quyt tm s b thuc.

- C hai cch biu hin ph nh trong mu cu ny. Th nht l gn ph nh vo ng t chnh

'- ', lc ny n c ngha l 'Quyt nh khng lm ci g '. Th hai l gn ph nh
vo mu cu '- ` thnh '- ', lc ny n c ngha l 'Khng quyt nh lm
vic g '.
V d:
.

Ti quyt nh s khng n.

Ti khng quyt nh s n.

III.13 "..... tng/cha bao gi lm mt vic g " `-() () /':

Mu cu ' -() () / ` c dng din t mt kinh nghim no y trong qu kh.
V d:
?
o , .
o , .
.

Anh tng n th thc n Hn Quc cha ?

D ri, ti tng th mn Hn.
Khng, Ti cha bao gi n mn Hn Quc c.
Ti cha bao gi n Hn Quc c.

III.14 Cu xc nhn . -(/), -(/), -, -(), -()?

cn c ngha tng ng vi cu -(/) ? c dng hi li khi ngi ni
c nghi ng hoc khng ng vi cu ni mnh ang thut li.
Ch :
-/: c dng th hin mt ng tc ang tin hnh.
v d: ? (quyt nh ngh v ang tin hnh)
-: c dng th hin mt s tht xy ra.
v d: ? ( ngh ri)
Trng hp hi l trng hp 1, trng hp 2 ca cu trc ny l khi n nm gia cu. Th hin
cn c vo s vic trc( hnh ng c thut li) m xy ra hoc dn n s vic sau. Lc ny -
chnh l ui t lin kt cu "v" (-)
v d:
(V) T nghe ni cc ca hng trong hm bn r nn chng ta vo mua i.
.
V sng no cng bt chy trong sn vn ng nn bn nh mt l phi.
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

18

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

IV.

B ng

IV.1

T ch v tr

+ : bn cnh

+ : pha trc

+ : ng sau

+ : di

+ : di

+ : bn trong

+ : bn ngoi
Vi cu trc cu:
Danh t +/// Danh t ni chn + t ch v tr + /.
V d:
IV.2

.
.
.
.
.

Con mo bn cnh ci bn.

Con mo ng trc ci bn.
Con mo ng sau ci bn.
Con mo trn ci bn.
Con mo di ci bn.

Trng t ph nh '': khng

Trng t '' c dng th hin ngha ph nh "khng". '' c t trc ng t, tnh t.

IV.3

.
.
.

Ti khng n trng.
Ti khng n tra.
Ti khng hc bi.

Trng t ph nh '': khng th

Trng t '' c dng vi ng t hnh ng, v c ngha " khng th thc hin c" hoc ph
nhn mnh m kh nng thc hin hnh ng, "mun nhng hon cnh khng cho php thc hin".
-

. Ti khng th ti d tic c.
. Ti khng th gp anh trai c.

V. So snh
V.1

So snh ngang bng -

- Tr t b tr thng c dng gn vo sau danh t th hin so snh bng.

V d:
.
Em gi m cao bng c anh trai.
.
Chc chng c ai hin nh c gi .
.
Ting Hn khng c bng ting Vit.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

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"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

Lu : ngoi kt hp vi danh t, - cn kt hp vi cc ng t, tnh t hoc cc tr t khc
theo dng cu trc kt hp to nn nhiu ngha a dng. Chng ta s hc cc cu trc ny cc
phn sau.
V.2

So snh hn '-'

Tr t so snh '-' (hn so vi) c gn sau danh t th hai sau ch ng so snh danh t
vi ch ng. Tr t ny thng i km vi '-' (hn)'.
-

() . Ting Hn kh hn ting Anh.

() .
Ch to hn mo.
() . Hm nay mt m hn hm qua.

- Khi s dng '' m khng c .

V.3

.
.
.

Ci ny tt hn.
Ting Hn kh hn.
Ti thch to hn.

So snh hn nht /

y l trng t so snh nht, '/' thng c dng trc tnh t, nh t, nh ng hoc

trng t khc.
-

.
.
.
.

VI.

ui t lin kt cu

VI.1

.... '-()':

Ci p nht.
y l cy bt ch nh nht.
ng y dy gii nht.
Anna to con nht.

ui t lin kt '-()' c dng vi ng t ''(i), ''(n) hoc nhng ng t di

chuyn nh '' mnh sau din t " i (n u ) ....".
V d:
-

. Hm qua, ti n hiu sch mua sch.

() . Ti ra cng vin () tp th dc.
?
Chng ta i bi nh?
.
Tom s n chi.

- '-' c dng sau gc ng t khng c patchim hoc patchim ''. Cn '-' c dng vi
ng t c patchim ngoi tr patchim ''.
Khi kt hp vi th hoc ph nh th phi kt hp vi hoc , khng cc dng th v ph
nh kt hp vi '-()'.
V d:
-

Anna i mua quyn sch.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

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VI.2

. Anna khng i n cm.

Nu '-()'.

ui t lin kt`-()' c th c s dng vi c tnh t v ng t din t mt iu kin hoc

mt quy nh. '-' c dng khi gc ng t khng c patchim m kt hoc patchim l '-' v '' c s dng khi gc ng t c patchim ngoi tr patchim '-'.
.

Nu b phim hay ti s xem.

Nu tri ma th chng ta ng i.

Thnh thong t `' hoc ''(gi s) cng c s dng u cu c ui t lin kt ny.

, . Gi s nu gp ng y th nhn gip ti mt li thm
hi nh.
VI.3

V . nn -(//)

ui t lin kt `-(//)' c dng din t mt nguyn nhn/l do. Trong trng hp ny,
n thng c dng vi tnh t v cc ng t di chuyn nh ''(i), ''(n), ''(khng
c).v.v... trong cu tng thut v cu nghi vn. Do , `-(//)' khng th dng trong cu
cu khin hoc mnh lnh, i vi cu cu khin hoc mnh lnh th ch dng ui t lin kt '()'. (ui t ny s c gii thch sau.)
. Ti mt nn ti () ngh nh.
. (V) ti bn nn ti khng i c.
VI.4

Trc khi '- ':

T l mt danh t c ngha l "trc" v - l tr t ch ni chn hoc thi gian. V vy cm

ng php - c dng din t "trc khi lm mt vic g y". Cm ng php ny lun
kt hp vi ng t, "-" c gn sau gc ng t bin ng t thnh danh t. Ch ng ca
hai mnh trc v sau cm ng php ny c th khc hoc c th ging nhau.
V d:
- . Trc khi hc ting Hn, bn phi gii ting Vit.
VI.5

V '-'

ui t lin kt cu - c dng lin kt 2 mnh u. Khi ch ng 2 mnh ging nhau v

hai mnh din t mt chui hnh ng th trong trng hp ny ta dch "-" l "ri". Nhng khi
ch ng v hnh ng hai mnh khc nhau th ch ng thng c i cng tr t -/
nhn mnh v "-" c dch l "cn".
.
.
TV .
.
.
Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

Ti lm bi tp xong s i.
Ti s gp bn ri i v nh.
Ti ang hc bi cn bn ti ang xem tivi.
Ti cao cn anh y thp.
Ting Hn th th v cn ting Anh th kh.
21

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

.

y l m ti cn kia l ba ti.

VI.6 Nhng -
Dng ni hai cu biu hin nhng s tht tri ngc nhau hoc khng ng nht vi nhau.
V d:
.
. (Hnh ng ca anh ta c nhiu ci sai. Nhng phi cng nhn rng n cng
c l do l anh ta khng th lm khc hn c).
. . Trch
,
(R rng l b ti hi ti ci g . Nhng ti khng th tr li mt cch nhanh nhu c)
VI.7 v/cn/nhng/v...nn/khi '-(/)':
ui t ny c s dng ni n mt s tht hin nhin, mt s c hoc mt s kin.
-

. -> ,
. Ti mun mua mn y qu. Nhng gi ti khng c tin.

, . Ti c mt ngi bn M
nhng bn y ni ting Hn rt gii.

, ? By gi ti khng c thi gian nn

ngy mai anh quay li nh?

Th qu kh v tng li c th s dng lin kt vi ui t ny theo cch sau: '-/()`,

'-`.
V d:

, . Hm qua ti n tht nng, (v) mn y ngon lm.

, ? Ti (s) phi gp bn ti nhng c ch no hay

ho ( i) khng nh?

Ghi ch 1: Mu `-()' c dng cho tnh t v '-` trong th hin ti.

V d:
-

. . -> ,
. Mt ngi bn ca ti l ngi M. Nhng anh ta ang hc ting Hn
Quc.
, . Ti l ngi Hn cn anh ta l ngi M.
, . Ci ti ny nh cn ci ti to.
. Ti to con cn ngi kia nh ngi.

Ghi ch 2: Mu '-` c dng cho tt c cc trng hp

Thnh thong ui t ny c th c dng nh mt ui t kt thc cu v thm "-" thnh ''. [Dng trong trng hp bn khng mun lp li cng mt cu dng trc trong cu
hi hoc trnh by mt l do no ..]
-

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

Ch n y c vic g th ?
22

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

-

.
Ti n gp anh Kim Youngsoo.
() ?
Anh y c y khng ?
.
Hy gi in thoi cho ti trc khi bn n.
.
Hy ghi ch trc khi bn qun.
. Hy gh vn phng ti trc khi v nh nh.
.
Hy dng ba trc khi lm vic.
. Younghee, Bn nn i v nha trc khi Andy
n.

VII. Ng ng t
VII.1 Bt quy tc

a. bt quy tc '-'
Patchim '-' m kt thc ca mt gc ng t s b i thnh '-' khi m tip theo n (tc m u
tin ca mt ui t) l mt nguyn m, nhng n s khng i nu tip theo n l mt ph m.
V d:
-

(nghe): + -> .
(hi): + -> .
(i b ): + -> .
. Ti ang nghe nhc.
. Nu bn khng r th hi ti nh.
. Ti i b nhiu vo hm qua.
. ng hi ti.

* Lu : Tuy nhin '' (ng), '' (nhn) v ''(tin) khng thuc h thng bt quy tc ny.
-

. Lm n ng ca gim.
. Ti nhn c th t bn ti.

b. Bt quy tc '-'
Mt vi ng t c gc kt thc bng ph m '-' thuc dng bt quy tc ny. Khi gc ng t, tnh
t kt thc bng '-' v theo sau n l mt nguyn m th ta lc b '-' i, thm '' vo gc ng
t . Khi kt hp gc ng t c bin i nh trn vi ui //, // hoc '
//' ta lun kt hp theo trng hp -, , '' ngoi tr mt s ng t nh ''
v ''.
Khi gc ng t c '-' m theo sau n l mt ph m th gi nguyn khng bin i.
-

(vui) + -> -> (dng rt gn)

(vui v) + -> -> .
(lnh) + -> -> .
(kh) + -> .
(nng) + -> -> .

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

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"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

-

(gip ) + -> -> .

(p, tt, mn, n cn) + -> -> .

c. Bt quy tc ''
(1) Hu ht cc gc ng t c m kt thc '' u c s dng nh mt ng t bt quy tc.
-

() + -: + => : vit, ng, i (nn)

() + -: + => : to, cao
(): mc ln, ni ln
(): tt ( my mc, din, n)
. Ti ang vit th.
. Ti vit th.
. Ti phi vit th.
. Em trai ti to con

(2) '-' c s dng vi gc ng t tnh t c m cui l nguyn m '' nu m trc n ''

l '' hoc '', '-' c s dng vi gc ng t tnh t c m cui l nguyn m '' nu m
trc n '' nhng m c cc nguyn m khc ngoi tr '' v ''.
Bt quy tc - + '-' khi:
-

() + -: + => : bn rn
(): i bng
(): xu (v tnh cht)
(): kho
(): au
. Hm nay ti bn.
. Sng nay ti () bn.
. Ti v ti bn nn ti khng th i.

Bt quy tc - + '-' khi:

-

() + -: => (p)
(): => (bun)
(): vui
(): bun

d. Bt qui tc
* i vi nhng ng t c gc ng t kt thc l khi kt hp vi nguyn m th c cch chia
nh sau:
* Nu nguyn m lin trc l hoc , th ch s bin thnh ng thi
thm ph m vo lm pachim ca ch lin trc
-

( khng bit) -->

( nhanh) -->
( khc) -->
. Ti khng bit ting Anh.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

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"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

-

My bay th nhanh.
. S in thoi th khc.

* Nu nguyn m lin trc l nhng nguyn m khc ngoi hoc , th ch s

bin thnh ng thi thm ph m vo lm pachim ca ch lin trc.
-

( ht) --> .
( nui) --> .
( nhn, n) --> .
. (Ti) ht mt bi ht.
, . Hi nh ti c nui mt con ch con.
? (Anh) mun m ca ?
, . Nu vy, hy nhn vo y.

e. Bt quy tc '-'
Khi m kt thc ca gc ng t c patchim '' th '-' s c lc b nu kt hp vi cc ui t
c '-,-,-' tip gip vi n.
V d:
-

(sng) --> ? Bn sng u?

(bit) --> . ti bit r v ngi .
(bn) --> ? H bn g trong ca hng vy?
(ng) --> . ng vo.

VII.2 C / khng c '/':

V d:
-

? Bn c em khng?
, . C, ti c a em.

Hoc
-

, . . Khng, ti khng c em. Nhng ti c ch

gi.
.
Ti cng i.

VII.3 Mun lm g '- ': mun

ui t - c s dng th hin mt mong mun ca ch ng v c s dng vi
ng t hnh ng. Ch ng ngi th nht s dng - trong cu trn thut, ch ng ngi th
hai s dng trong cu hi.
V d:
-

.
.
.
?
?

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

Ti mun mua to.

Ti mun ung c ph.
Ti mun i Hn Quc.
Bn mun gp Anna h?
ng/b mun i u?
25

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

ui t biu hin th hoc ph nh s c kt hp vi ''.
-

.
.

Ti mun n pizza.
Ti khng mun n pizza.

* Lu : Ch ng trong cu l ngi th ba s t th ta dng -

VII.4 Th lm g '-(/) '
Ngha gc ca '' l "xem, nhn thy".' ui t '-(/)' c dng chuyn ti ngha
'th lm mt vic g '.
V d:
-

. Hy mang th i giy ny xem.

. Hy th gi in thoi xem.
. Hy th i y xem.

- Khi dng vi th qu kh. n c th c dng din t mt kinh nghim no

-

. Ti tng n Hn Quc ri.

. Ti tng gp Melanie ri.

VII.5 C v nh . '-// ':

ui t ny thng i vi tnh t din t ngha "c v nh...". Th qu kh ca ui t ny l '// .'
-

- c dng sau gc ng t c nguyn m '/'

. Ci o trng hi nh.
- c dng sau gc ng t c nguyn m '///'
. Thc n Hn trng c v ngon.
- c dng sau ng t c ui '-'
. Anh y trng hnh phc qu.

VIII. Khc
VIII.1 n v m
(1) Trong ting Hn c rt nhiu n v m c s dng phc tp. '' c ngha l "ci, tri,
ming', phm vi s dng ca n v m ny rt rng, '' ngha l 'ngi' c dng m ngi.
'' v '' cng c s dng m ngi, nhng '' l th lch s v th hin r s tn trng
vi ngi c m. Cc danh t dng lm n v m khng ng ring mt mnh m phi c
s dng sau vi s m hoc cc nh t ch nh n. V d ' , ', hoc ' , '.
-

: nm ci ng h
: by quyn sch (: cun)
: mi hc sinh
: 18 (v) gio vin (: v, ging qu v)

Mt s con s thun Hn thay i dng thc khi s dng chung cc n v m.

Cp nht ngy 10/17/2008

26

"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

Korean Numbers -> Number + counting unit
-

-> , , ,
-> , , ,
-> , , ,
-> , , ,
-> , , ,
. Hy a cho ti 1 qu to.
. Ti c 3 a con.

(2) C s thun Hn (K.N) v s Hn Hn (C.N) u c s dng khi ni gi. S thun Hn ni gi,

s Hn Hn ni pht:
-

04:40
K.N: C.N.

S thun Hn + (gi)
mt gi
mi gi
S Hn Hn + (pht)
bn mi pht
ba mi pht
. Chng ta hy gp nhau lc 1 gi ri nh.
('' l ri, 30 pht) (ngha gc l bn )
. Tit hc kt thc lc 10:05.

VIII.2 H thng cc cch ni knh ng

Trong ting Hn c hay loi knh ng.
(1) Mt loi l gc ng t kt hp vi tip v ng `--', biu hin s trn trng i vi ngi
nghe. Dng knh ng ny c hnh thnh thnh bng cch gn thm '-()-' vo gc ng t
trc khi kt hp vi mt ui t no nh: -(/), , -, , -?
hoc ?
'--' c dng khi gc ng t khng c patchim v '--' c dng khi gc ng t c
patchim.
-

: + + --> + -->
: + + --> + -->
: + + --> + -->
: + + --> + --> .
: + + -->
: + + --> + -->

C mt s ng t knh ng c bit m khng cn kt hp vi '-'. Nh cc ng t sau:

-

n --> dng ba
ng -->

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"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

-

--> c
--> au m
. (Hy) n nhiu vo nh.
? C ng/b Kim y khng ? (ngha en: ng b Kim c ng y
khng ?)
? M ca bn m nng(au nhiu) lm khng?

(2) Cch th hai trong h thng knh ng l dng ng t tn knh. Chng bo gm c nhng ng
t va k trn.
-

cho--> dng
() --> / hi
--> nhn thy/gp (din kin)
/ --> / a ai/dn ai i u y

VIII.3 ui t kt thc '-/' (chi tit hn)

y l ui t kt thc kh trang trng, c dng ni vi ngi l, ngi ln hn, nhng ngi
quen bit kiu x giao hoc nhng ngi c v tr cao trong x hi.

a. Th hin ti ca ui t ny c dng nh sau

Dng tng thut ca ng t c hnh thnh khi kt hp vi ui t '-/' v l dng nghi
vn khi kt hp vi '-/?'. Gc ng t khng c patchim c kt hp vi '-/?', gc ng t c patchim c kt hp vi '/?'.
-

: + / --> /?
: + / --> / ?
Cm n
Ti thy vui (tm trng tt)

b. Th qu kh ca ui t ny c dng nh sau
Dng tng thut th qu kh ca ng t c hnh thnh khi kt hp vi ui t '(/)' v l dng nghi vn th qu kh khi kt hp vi '-(/)?. '-//'
cng dng kt hp vi ui '-'.
-

: + /? --> /? (rt gn)

: + /? --> /? --> /?
(rt gn)
: + /? --> /? (rt gn)
. Bui ca nhc hm qua hay.
? Lp hc kt thc khi no?
. Hm qua ti mt.

c. Th tng lai ca ui t ny c dng nh sau

Dng tng thut th tng lai ca ng t c hnh thnh khi kt hp vi ui t '()
' v l dng nghi vn th tng lai khi kt hp vi '() ?'
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"Cm nang Ng Php Ting Hn Thc Dng" - MeoMeo@VSAK.vn

-

: + --> .
: + -->
. Mai ti s dy sm.
. . C y. S khng sao u.

d. Dng cu cu khin lch s tng ng vi ui t '-/'

Khi ang ni chuyn bng ui '-/' th ngi ta cng dng dng cu cu khin vi mc
trang trng tng ng l ui t kt thc cu '-()'. Gc ng t khng c patchim c kt
hp vi '-' v gc ng t c patchim th kt hp vi ''.
-

: + --> .
: + . --> .
. Xin hy c chng tip theo.

VIII.4 Danh t ph thuc

Th hin trng thi no vn gi nguyn khng thay i.
ng t + ()
() c gn vo gc ng t, th hin ngha gi nguyn trng thi ng tc trc ri thc
hin tip ng tc sau. C th lc b pha sau danh t ph thuc .
V d:
. ( Mc nguyn qun o nhy xung nc)
. (N ngm cht ming khng ni mt li no)
. (C v nh n m tivi ri ng mt ri)
So snh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------() v -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* -() : Th hin s khng thay i mt trng thi lin tc hoc dng li ca mt ng tc
no
V d: . Ti ci u tr li.
* - : Th hin s khng thay i mt trng thi 'ging nh hnh nh ng tc ang tin hnh'
V d: . Cc em hy th ci u nh ti (ti ang
ci u) xem.

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